Loans | Loans Loans consist of the following: December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 Loans held for sale, at fair value $ 16,707 $ 21,279 Loans held for investment: Commercial real estate $ 3,019,339 $ 2,670,455 Commercial and industrial 2,093,307 1,971,160 Construction and land 277,864 294,894 Consumer real estate 1,213,434 1,074,923 Other consumer 45,506 53,991 Gross loans held for investment, excluding Warehouse Purchase Program 6,649,450 6,065,423 Net of: Deferred costs (fees) and discounts, net 6,380 (2,251 ) Allowance for loan losses (71,301 ) (64,576 ) Net loans held for investment, excluding Warehouse Purchase Program 6,584,529 5,998,596 Warehouse Purchase Program 1,154,588 1,055,341 Total loans held for investment $ 7,739,117 $ 7,053,937 Activity in the allowance for loan losses for the years ended December 31, 2017 , 2016 and 2015 , segregated by portfolio segment and evaluation for impairment, is set forth below. The below activity does not include Warehouse Purchase Program loans, which are collectively evaluated for impairment and are purchased under several contractual requirements, providing safeguards to the Company. To date, the Company has not experienced a loss on its Warehouse Purchase Program loans and no allowance for loan losses has been allocated to them. At December 31, 2017 , 2016 and 2015 , the allowance for loan impairment related to purchased credit impaired ("PCI") loans totaled $269 , $180 , and $150 , respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2017 Commercial Real Estate Commercial and Industrial Construction and Land Consumer Real Estate Other Consumer Total Allowance for loan losses: Beginning balance $ 18,303 $ 35,464 $ 5,075 $ 4,484 $ 1,250 $ 64,576 Charge-offs (16 ) (32,846 ) (418 ) (96 ) (1,366 ) (34,742 ) Recoveries 205 405 75 42 640 1,367 Provision expense (benefit) 3,095 35,982 (88 ) 408 703 40,100 Ending balance $ 21,587 $ 39,005 $ 4,644 $ 4,838 $ 1,227 $ 71,301 Allowance ending balance: Individually evaluated for impairment $ — $ 10,527 $ — $ 230 $ 34 $ 10,791 Collectively evaluated for impairment 21,587 28,478 4,644 4,608 1,193 60,510 Loans: Individually evaluated for impairment 4,134 84,005 — 2,992 35 91,166 Collectively evaluated for impairment 3,012,892 2,009,126 277,864 1,209,550 45,288 6,554,720 PCI loans 2,313 176 — 892 183 3,564 Ending balance $ 3,019,339 $ 2,093,307 $ 277,864 $ 1,213,434 $ 45,506 $ 6,649,450 For the year ended December 31, 2016 Commercial Real Estate Commercial and Industrial Construction and Land Consumer Real Estate Other Consumer Total Allowance for loan losses: Beginning balance $ 14,123 $ 24,975 $ 3,013 $ 3,992 $ 990 $ 47,093 Charge-offs (79 ) (7,746 ) — (107 ) (927 ) (8,859 ) Recoveries 21 472 — 109 340 942 Provision expense 4,238 17,763 2,062 490 847 25,400 Ending balance $ 18,303 $ 35,464 $ 5,075 $ 4,484 $ 1,250 $ 64,576 Allowance ending balance: Individually evaluated for impairment $ 300 $ 4,521 $ — $ 138 $ 52 $ 5,011 Collectively evaluated for impairment 18,003 30,943 5,075 4,346 1,198 59,565 Loans: Individually evaluated for impairment 5,195 86,664 11,385 3,300 75 106,619 Collectively evaluated for impairment 2,659,644 1,884,263 283,509 1,070,732 53,683 5,951,831 PCI loans 5,616 233 — 891 233 6,973 Ending balance $ 2,670,455 $ 1,971,160 $ 294,894 $ 1,074,923 $ 53,991 $ 6,065,423 For the year ended December 31, 2015 Commercial Real Estate Commercial and Industrial Construction and Land Consumer Real Estate Other Consumer Total Allowance for loan losses: Beginning balance $ 11,830 $ 9,068 $ 174 $ 4,069 $ 408 $ 25,549 Charge-offs (167 ) (3,129 ) — (321 ) (1,090 ) (4,707 ) Recoveries 29 246 — 85 426 786 Provision expense 2,431 18,790 2,839 159 1,246 25,465 Ending balance $ 14,123 $ 24,975 $ 3,013 $ 3,992 $ 990 $ 47,093 Allowance ending balance: Individually evaluated for impairment $ 366 $ 1,470 $ — $ 81 $ 61 $ 1,978 Collectively evaluated for impairment 13,757 23,505 3,013 3,911 929 45,115 Loans: Individually evaluated for impairment 11,580 16,906 33 4,767 120 33,406 Collectively evaluated for impairment 2,155,351 1,595,548 269,675 931,140 69,433 5,021,147 PCI loans 10,612 215 — 850 277 11,954 Ending balance $ 2,177,543 $ 1,612,669 $ 269,708 $ 936,757 $ 69,830 $ 5,066,507 Changes in the allowance for off-balance sheet credit losses on lending-related commitments and guarantees on credit card debt, included in "accrued expenses and other liabilities" on the consolidated balance sheets, are summarized in the following table. Please see Note 17 - Commitments and Contingent Liabilities for more information. Years Ended December 31, 2017 2016 Balance at beginning of period $ 1,573 $ 73 Charge-offs on lending-related commitments — — Provision (recovery) for credit losses on lending-related commitments (644 ) 1,500 Balance at end of period $ 929 $ 1,573 Impaired loans at December 31, 2017 and 2016 , were as follows 1 : December 31, 2017 Unpaid Contractual Principal Balance Recorded Investment With No Allowance Recorded Investment With Allowance Total Recorded Investment Related Allowance Commercial real estate $ 4,411 $ 4,134 $ — $ 4,134 $ — Commercial and industrial 89,713 48,463 35,542 84,005 10,502 Consumer real estate 3,545 2,985 7 2,992 7 Other consumer 71 16 19 35 13 Total $ 97,740 $ 55,598 $ 35,568 $ 91,166 $ 10,522 December 31, 2016 Commercial real estate $ 5,388 $ 4,429 $ 766 $ 5,195 $ 272 Commercial and industrial 87,756 73,377 13,287 86,664 4,519 Construction and land 11,384 11,385 — 11,385 — Consumer real estate 3,766 3,290 10 3,300 10 Other consumer 107 33 42 75 30 Total $ 108,401 $ 92,514 $ 14,105 $ 106,619 $ 4,831 1 No Warehouse Purchase Program loans were impaired at December 31, 2017 or 2016 . Loans reported do not include PCI loans. Income on impaired loans at December 31, 2017 , 2016 and 2015 , was as follows 1 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 Average Recorded Investment Interest Income Recognized Average Recorded Investment Interest Income Recognized Average Recorded Investment Interest Income Recognized Commercial real estate $ 4,421 $ 8 $ 5,240 $ 9 $ 8,178 $ 24 Commercial and industrial 83,508 — 28,634 1 19,595 8 Construction and land 2,273 — 901 — 84 — Consumer real estate 2,786 14 4,831 14 5,269 7 Other consumer 264 4 95 4 202 2 Total $ 93,252 $ 26 $ 39,701 $ 28 $ 33,328 $ 41 1 Loans reported do not include PCI loans. No loans past due over 90 days were still accruing interest at December 31, 2017 . At December 31, 2016 , loans past due over 90 days still accruing interest totaled $141 , which consisted entirely of PCI loans. At December 31, 2017 , no PCI loans were considered non-performing loans. No Warehouse Purchase Program loans were non-performing at December 31, 2017 or 2016 . Non-performing loans were as follows: December 31, 2017 2016 Commercial real estate $ 4,134 $ 5,195 Commercial and industrial 84,003 86,664 Construction and land — 11,385 Consumer real estate 6,190 7,987 Other consumer 76 158 Total $ 94,403 $ 111,389 For the years ended December 31, 2017 , 2016 and 2015 , gross interest income which would have been recorded had the non-accruing loans been current in accordance with their original terms amounted to $4,229 , $1,746 and $1,594 , respectively. No interest income was recorded on these loans for the years ended December 31, 2017 , 2016 and 2015 . The outstanding balances of TDRs are shown below: December 31, 2017 2016 Nonaccrual TDRs (1) $ 17,294 $ 11,701 Performing TDRs (2) 768 454 Total $ 18,062 $ 12,155 Outstanding commitments to lend additional funds to borrowers with TDR loans — — 1 Nonaccrual TDR loans are included in the nonaccrual loan totals. 2 Performing TDR loans are loans that have been performing under the restructured terms for at least six months and the Company is accruing interest on these loans. The following table provides the recorded balances of loans modified as a TDR during the years ended December 31, 2017 , 2016 and 2015 . December 31, 2017 Principal Deferrals Combination of Rate Reduction & Principal Deferral Other Total Commercial and industrial $ 38 $ 131 $ 14,063 (1) $ 14,232 Total $ 38 $ 131 $ 14,063 $ 14,232 December 31, 2016 Commercial and industrial $ 685 $ — $ 7,090 (1) $ 7,775 Consumer real estate — 79 — 79 Other consumer 1 — — 1 Total $ 686 $ 79 $ 7,090 $ 7,855 December 31, 2015 Commercial real estate $ 100 $ — $ — $ 100 Commercial and industrial — — 191 191 Consumer real estate 209 (2) 60 36 305 Other consumer 1 — 3 4 Total $ 310 $ 60 $ 230 $ 600 1 Reserve-based energy relationships where the primary modification consisted of suspension of required borrowing base payments. 2 Principal deferrals include Chapter 7 bankruptcy loans for which the court has discharged the borrower's obligation and the borrower has not reaffirmed the debt. Such loans are placed on non-accrual status. Loans modified as a TDR during the years ended December 31, 2017 , 2016 and 2015 , which experienced a subsequent payment default during the periods, are shown below. A payment default is defined as a loan that was 90 days or more past due. Years Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 Consumer real estate $ — $ 31 $ 178 Loans acquired with evidence of credit quality deterioration at acquisition, for which it was probable that the Company would not be able to collect all contractual amounts due, were accounted for as PCI loans. The carrying amount of PCI loans included in the consolidated balance sheets and the related outstanding balances at December 31, 2017 and 2016 are set forth in the table below. The outstanding balance represents the total amount owed, including accrued but unpaid interest, and any amounts previously charged off. December 31, 2017 2016 Carrying amount 1 $ 3,295 $ 6,793 Outstanding balance 3,992 7,597 1 The carrying amounts are reported net of allowance for loan losses of $269 and $180 as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 . Changes in the accretable yield for PCI loans for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 , are as follows: December 31, 2017 2016 Balance at beginning of period $ 2,515 $ 3,356 Reclassifications from nonaccretable 602 429 Disposals (187 ) (359 ) Accretion (651 ) (911 ) Balance at end of period $ 2,279 $ 2,515 Below is an analysis of the age of recorded investment in loans that were past due at December 31, 2017 and 2016 . No Warehouse Purchase Program loans were delinquent at December 31, 2017 or 2016 and therefore are not included in the following table. December 31, 2017 30-59 Days Past Due 60-89 Days Past Due 90 Days and Greater Past Due Total Loans Past Due Current Loans 1 Total Loans Commercial real estate $ 9,414 $ — $ 250 $ 9,664 $ 3,009,675 $ 3,019,339 Commercial and industrial 918 284 7,350 8,552 2,084,755 2,093,307 Construction and land 9,354 — — 9,354 268,510 277,864 Consumer real estate 16,436 2,928 1,367 20,731 1,192,703 1,213,434 Other consumer 891 34 2 927 44,579 45,506 Total $ 37,013 $ 3,246 $ 8,969 $ 49,228 $ 6,600,222 $ 6,649,450 December 31, 2016 Commercial real estate $ 1,829 $ 72 $ 766 $ 2,667 $ 2,667,788 $ 2,670,455 Commercial and industrial 20,910 495 46 21,451 1,949,709 1,971,160 Construction and land 19,517 283 — 19,800 275,094 294,894 Consumer real estate 10,487 1,916 1,199 13,602 1,061,321 1,074,923 Other consumer 1,523 31 6 1,560 52,431 53,991 Total $ 54,266 $ 2,797 $ 2,017 $ 59,080 $ 6,006,343 $ 6,065,423 1 Includes acquired PCI loans with a total carrying value of $3,338 and $6,729 at December 31, 2017 and 2016 , respectively. The recorded investment in loans by credit quality indicators at December 31, 2017 and 2016 , was as follows. Real Estate and Commercial and Industrial Credit Exposure Credit Risk Profile by Internally Assigned Grade December 31, 2017 Commercial Real Estate Commercial and Industrial Construction and Land Consumer Real Estate Grade: 1 Pass $ 2,980,656 $ 1,953,496 $ 277,864 $ 1,203,236 Special Mention 30,656 43,161 — 1,408 Substandard 8,027 96,546 — 7,762 Doubtful — 104 — 1,028 Total $ 3,019,339 $ 2,093,307 $ 277,864 $ 1,213,434 December 31, 2016 Grade: 1 Pass $ 2,648,842 $ 1,712,171 $ 283,423 $ 1,062,549 Special Mention 7,972 155,110 — 2,083 Substandard 12,875 103,815 11,471 8,252 Doubtful 766 64 — 2,039 Total $ 2,670,455 $ 1,971,160 $ 294,894 $ 1,074,923 1 PCI loans are included in the substandard or doubtful categories for December 31, 2017 and 2016 , respectively. These categories are generally consistent with the "substandard" and "doubtful" categories as defined by regulatory authorities. Warehouse Purchase Program Credit Exposure All Warehouse Purchase Program loans were graded pass as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 . Consumer Other Credit Exposure Credit Risk Profile Based on Payment Activity December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 Performing $ 45,430 $ 53,833 Non-performing 76 158 Total $ 45,506 $ 53,991 |