Loans | Loans Loans consist of the following. All periods presented in this note include a reclassification of three Warehouse relationships from the commercial and industrial category to the Warehouse Purchase Program category. At March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , these reclassified relationships totaled $144,270 and $166,258 , respectively. March 31, December 31, 2017 Loans held for sale, at fair value $ 31,123 $ 16,707 Loans held for investment: Commercial real estate $ 3,053,750 $ 3,019,339 Commercial and industrial 1,967,443 1,927,049 Construction and land 252,213 277,864 Consumer real estate 1,252,433 1,213,434 Other consumer 43,284 45,506 Gross loans held for investment, excluding Warehouse Purchase Program 6,569,123 6,483,192 Net of: Deferred costs (fees) and discounts, net 7,630 6,380 Allowance for loan losses (74,508 ) (71,301 ) Net loans held for investment, excluding Warehouse Purchase Program 6,502,245 6,418,271 Warehouse Purchase Program 1,019,840 1,320,846 Total loans held for investment $ 7,522,085 $ 7,739,117 Activity in the allowance for loan losses for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 , segregated by portfolio segment and evaluation for impairment, is set forth below. The below activity does not include Warehouse Purchase Program loans, which are collectively evaluated for impairment and are purchased under several contractual requirements, providing safeguards to the Company. To date, the Company has not experienced a loss on its Warehouse Purchase Program loans and no allowance for loan losses has been allocated to them. At March 31, 2018 and 2017 , the allowance for loan impairment related to purchased credit impaired ("PCI") loans totaled $314 and $225 , respectively. For the three months ended March 31, 2018 Commercial Real Estate Commercial and Industrial Construction and Land Consumer Real Estate Other Consumer Total Allowance for loan losses: Beginning balance $ 21,587 $ 39,005 $ 4,644 $ 4,838 $ 1,227 $ 71,301 Charge-offs (3 ) (12,236 ) — — (288 ) (12,527 ) Recoveries — 22 — 11 66 99 Provision expense (benefit) (46 ) 15,973 (706 ) 180 234 15,635 Ending balance $ 21,538 $ 42,764 $ 3,938 $ 5,029 $ 1,239 $ 74,508 Allowance ending balance: Individually evaluated for impairment $ 56 $ 11,250 $ — $ 226 $ 30 $ 11,562 Collectively evaluated for impairment 21,482 31,514 3,938 4,803 1,209 62,946 Loans: Individually evaluated for impairment 3,748 40,453 — 2,911 23 47,135 Collectively evaluated for impairment 3,047,695 1,926,847 252,213 1,248,769 43,080 6,518,604 PCI loans 2,307 143 — 753 181 3,384 Ending balance $ 3,053,750 $ 1,967,443 $ 252,213 $ 1,252,433 $ 43,284 $ 6,569,123 For the three months ended March 31, 2017 Commercial Real Estate Commercial and Industrial Construction and Land Consumer Real Estate Other Consumer Total Allowance for loan losses: Beginning balance $ 18,303 $ 35,464 $ 5,075 $ 4,484 $ 1,250 $ 64,576 Charge-offs (16 ) (16,530 ) (418 ) (35 ) (247 ) (17,246 ) Recoveries 205 40 — 12 369 626 Provision expense (benefit) 866 21,912 (98 ) (76 ) 96 22,700 Ending balance $ 19,358 $ 40,886 $ 4,559 $ 4,385 $ 1,468 $ 70,656 Allowance ending balance: Individually evaluated for impairment $ 37 $ 9,337 $ — $ 180 $ 371 $ 9,925 Collectively evaluated for impairment 19,321 31,549 4,559 4,205 1,097 60,731 Loans: Individually evaluated for impairment 4,336 94,494 310 2,783 973 102,896 Collectively evaluated for impairment 2,776,564 1,735,969 289,948 1,105,793 49,520 5,957,794 PCI loans 5,577 208 — 883 229 6,897 Ending balance $ 2,786,477 $ 1,830,671 $ 290,258 $ 1,109,459 $ 50,722 $ 6,067,587 The allowance for loan losses and related provision expense are susceptible to change if the credit quality of our loan portfolio changes, which is evidenced by many factors, including but not limited to charge-offs and non-performing loan trends. Generally, consumer real estate lending has a lower credit risk profile compared to other consumer lending (such as automobile loans). Commercial real estate and commercial and industrial lending, however, can have higher risk profiles than consumer loans due to these loans being larger in amount and non-homogeneous in structure and term. Changes in economic conditions, the mix and size of the loan portfolio, and individual borrower conditions can dramatically impact our level of allowance for loan losses in relatively short periods of time. The allowance for loan losses is maintained to cover incurred losses that are estimated in accordance with US GAAP. It is our estimate of credit losses inherent in our loan portfolio at each balance sheet date. Our methodology for analyzing the allowance for loan losses consists of general and specific components. For the general component, we stratify the loan portfolio into homogeneous groups of loans that possess similar loss potential characteristics and apply a loss ratio to these groups of loans to estimate the credit losses in the loan portfolio. We use both historical loss ratios and qualitative loss factors assigned to major loan collateral types to establish general component loss allocations, inclusive of estimated loss emergence periods. Qualitative loss factors are based on management's judgment of company, market, industry or business specific data and external economic indicators, which are not yet reflected in the historical loss ratios, and that could impact the Company's specific loan portfolios. The Allowance for Loan Loss Committee sets and adjusts qualitative loss factors by regularly reviewing changes in underlying loan composition and the seasonality of specific portfolios. The Allowance for Loan Loss Committee also considers credit quality and trends relating to delinquency, non-performing and adversely rated loans within the Company's loan portfolio when evaluating qualitative loss factors. Additionally, the Allowance for Loan Loss Committee adjusts qualitative factors to account for the potential impact of external economic factors, including the unemployment rate, vacancy and capitalization rates and other pertinent economic data specific to our primary market area and lending portfolios. For the specific component, the allowance for loan losses includes loans where management has concerns about the borrower's ability to repay and on individually analyzed loans found to be impaired. Management evaluates current information and events regarding a borrower's ability to repay its obligations and considers a loan to be impaired when the ultimate collectability of amounts due, according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement, is in doubt. If an impaired loan is collateral-dependent, the fair value of the collateral, less the estimated cost to sell, is used to determine the amount of impairment. If an impaired loan is not collateral-dependent, estimated discounted cash flows are used to determine the amount of impairment, if any. For impaired loans, the amount of the impairment can be adjusted, based on current data, until such time as the actual basis is established by acquisition of the collateral or until the basis is collected. Impairment losses are reflected in the allowance for loan losses through a charge to the provision for credit losses. Subsequent recoveries are credited to the allowance for loan losses. Cash receipts for accruing loans are applied to principal and interest under the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Cash receipts on impaired loans for which the accrual of interest has been discontinued are applied first to principal. Large groups of smaller-balance homogeneous loans are collectively evaluated for impairment. As a result, the Company does not separately identify consumer real estate loans less than $417 or individual consumer non-real estate secured loans for impairment disclosures. The Company considers these loans to be homogeneous in nature due to the smaller dollar amount and the similar underwriting criteria. Changes in the allowance for off-balance sheet credit losses on lending-related commitments and guarantees on credit card debt, included in "accrued expenses and other liabilities" on the consolidated balance sheets, are summarized in the following table. Please see Note 10 - Commitments and Contingent Liabilities for more information. Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 2017 Beginning Balance $ 929 $ 1,573 Charge-offs on lending-related commitments — — Provision (benefit) for credit losses on lending-related commitments 28 (399 ) Ending Balance $ 957 $ 1,174 Impaired loans at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , were as follows 1 : March 31, 2018 Unpaid Recorded Recorded Total Recorded Investment Related Commercial real estate $ 4,069 $ 3,748 $ — $ 3,748 $ — Commercial and industrial 42,309 17,111 23,342 40,453 11,234 Consumer real estate 3,472 2,905 6 2,911 6 Other consumer 61 11 12 23 8 Total $ 49,911 $ 23,775 $ 23,360 $ 47,135 $ 11,248 December 31, 2017 Commercial real estate $ 4,411 $ 4,134 $ — $ 4,134 $ — Commercial and industrial 89,713 48,463 35,542 84,005 10,502 Consumer real estate 3,545 2,985 7 2,992 7 Other consumer 71 16 19 35 13 Total $ 97,740 $ 55,598 $ 35,568 $ 91,166 $ 10,522 1 No Warehouse Purchase Program loans were impaired at March 31, 2018 or December 31, 2017 . Loans reported do not include PCI loans. Income on impaired loans for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 , was as follows 1 : Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 2017 Average Interest Average Interest Commercial real estate $ 3,879 $ 2 $ 4,966 $ 2 Commercial and industrial 63,294 — 88,076 — Construction and land — — 7,388 — Consumer real estate 2,952 8 3,042 3 Other consumer 29 1 297 1 Total $ 70,154 $ 11 $ 103,769 $ 6 1 Loans reported do not include PCI loans. Past due status is based on the contractual terms of the loan. Loans that are past due 30 days are considered delinquent. Interest income on loans is discontinued at the time the loan is 90 days delinquent unless the loan is well-secured and in process of collection. Non-mortgage consumer loans are typically charged off no later than 120 days past due. In all cases, loans are placed on nonaccrual status or charged-off at an earlier date if collection of principal or interest is considered doubtful. Nonaccrual loans include both smaller balance homogeneous loans that are collectively evaluated for impairment and larger individually classified impaired loans. All interest accrued but not received for loans placed on nonaccrual status is reversed against interest income. Subsequent receipts on non-accrual loans are recorded as a reduction of principal, and interest income is recorded only after principal recovery is reasonably assured. Loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured. No loans past due over 90 days were still accruing interest at March 31, 2018 or December 31, 2017 . At March 31, 2018 , no PCI loans were considered non-performing loans. No Warehouse Purchase Program loans were non-performing at March 31, 2018 or December 31, 2017 . Non-performing (nonaccrual) loans were as follows: March 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Commercial real estate $ 3,748 $ 4,134 Commercial and industrial 40,455 84,003 Consumer real estate 5,548 6,190 Other consumer 85 76 Total $ 49,836 $ 94,403 A loan that has been modified is considered a troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”) when two conditions are met: 1) the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and 2) concessions are made for the borrower's benefit that would not otherwise be considered for a borrower or transaction with similar credit risk characteristics. Modifications to loan terms may include a modification of the contractual interest rate to a below-market rate (even if the modified rate is higher than the original rate), forgiveness of accrued interest, forgiveness of a portion of principal, an extended repayment period or a deed in lieu of foreclosure or other transfer of assets other than cash to fully or partially satisfy a debt. The Company's policy is to place all TDRs on nonaccrual for a minimum period of six months . Loans qualify for return to accrual status once they have demonstrated performance with the restructured terms of the loan agreement for a minimum of six months and the collection of principal and interest under the revised terms is deemed probable. All TDRs are considered to be impaired loans. The outstanding balances of TDRs are shown below: March 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Nonaccrual TDRs (1) $ 17,117 $ 17,294 Performing TDRs (2) 732 768 Total $ 17,849 $ 18,062 Outstanding commitments to lend additional funds to borrowers with TDR loans — — 1 Nonaccrual TDR loans are included in the nonaccrual loan totals. 2 Performing TDR loans are loans that have been performing under the restructured terms for at least six months and the Company is accruing interest on these loans. The following tables provide the recorded balances of loans modified as a TDR during the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 . For the three months ended March 31, 2018 Principal Deferrals Other Total Commercial and industrial $ 83 $ — $ 83 Total $ 83 $ — $ 83 For the three months ended March 31, 2017 Principal Deferrals Other Total Commercial and industrial $ — $ 14,592 (1) $ 14,592 Total $ — $ 14,592 $ 14,592 1 Reserve-based energy relationships where the primary modifications consisted of suspension of required borrowing base payments. No loans modified as a TDR during the three months ended March 31, 2018 or 2017 , experienced a subsequent payment default in the preceding twelve months. A payment default is defined as a loan that was 90 days or more past due. Loans acquired with evidence of credit quality deterioration at acquisition, for which it was probable that the Company would not be able to collect all contractual amounts due, were accounted for as PCI loans. The carrying amount of PCI loans included in the consolidated balance sheets and the related outstanding balances at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 are set forth in the table below. The outstanding balance represents the total amount owed, including accrued but unpaid interest, and any amounts previously charged off. March 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Carrying amount 1 $ 3,070 $ 3,295 Outstanding balance 3,804 3,992 1 The carrying amounts are reported net of allowance for loan losses of $314 and $269 as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 . Changes in the accretable yield for PCI loans for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 are as follows: Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 2017 Beginning balance $ 2,279 $ 2,515 Reclassifications (to) from nonaccretable 51 198 Disposals (64 ) — Accretion (99 ) (186 ) Balance at end of period $ 2,167 $ 2,527 Below is an analysis of the age of recorded investment in loans that were past due at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 . No Warehouse Purchase Program loans were delinquent at March 31, 2018 or December 31, 2017 and therefore are not included in the following tables. March 31, 2018 30-59 Days Past Due 60-89 Days Past Due 90 Days and Greater Past Due Total Loans Past Due Current Loans 1 Total Loans Commercial real estate $ 40,817 $ — $ — $ 40,817 $ 3,012,933 $ 3,053,750 Commercial and industrial 2,891 122 1,340 4,353 1,963,090 1,967,443 Construction and land 891 — — 891 251,322 252,213 Consumer real estate 16,097 196 741 17,034 1,235,399 1,252,433 Other consumer 341 52 — 393 42,891 43,284 Total $ 61,037 $ 370 $ 2,081 $ 63,488 $ 6,505,635 $ 6,569,123 December 31, 2017 Commercial real estate $ 9,414 $ — $ 250 $ 9,664 $ 3,009,675 $ 3,019,339 Commercial and industrial 918 284 7,350 8,552 1,918,497 1,927,049 Construction and land 9,354 — — 9,354 268,510 277,864 Consumer real estate 16,436 2,928 1,367 20,731 1,192,703 1,213,434 Other consumer 891 34 2 927 44,579 45,506 Total $ 37,013 $ 3,246 $ 8,969 $ 49,228 $ 6,433,964 $ 6,483,192 1 Includes acquired PCI loans with a total carrying value of $3,371 and $3,338 at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , respectively. For loans collateralized by real property and commercial and industrial loans, credit exposure is monitored by internally assigned grades used for classification of loans. A loan is considered “special mention” when management has determined that there is a potential weakness that deserves management's close attention. Loans rated as "special mention" are not adversely classified according to regulatory classifications and do not expose the Company to sufficient risk to warrant adverse classification. A loan is considered “substandard” if it is inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or the collateral pledged, if any. “Substandard” loans include those characterized by the “distinct possibility” that the insured institution will sustain “some loss” if the deficiencies are not corrected, and the loan may or may not meet the criteria for impairment. Loans classified as “doubtful” have all of the weaknesses of those classified as “substandard” with the added characteristic that the weaknesses present makes “collection or liquidation in full,” on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions and values, “highly questionable and improbable.” All other loans that do not fall into the above mentioned categories are considered “pass” loans. Updates to internally assigned grades are made monthly and/or upon significant developments. For other consumer loans (non-real estate), credit exposure is monitored by payment history of the loans. Non-performing other consumer loans are on nonaccrual status and are generally greater than 90 days past due. The recorded investment in loans by credit quality indicators at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , was as follows: Real Estate and Commercial and Industrial Credit Exposure Credit Risk Profile by Internally Assigned Grade March 31, 2018 Commercial Real Estate Commercial and Industrial Construction and Land Consumer Real Estate Grade: 1 Pass $ 3,026,208 $ 1,848,915 $ 252,213 $ 1,243,095 Special Mention 19,929 38,292 — 1,376 Substandard 7,613 80,196 — 7,196 Doubtful — 40 — 766 Total $ 3,053,750 $ 1,967,443 $ 252,213 $ 1,252,433 December 31, 2017 Grade: 1 Pass $ 2,980,656 $ 1,787,238 $ 277,864 $ 1,203,236 Special Mention 30,656 43,161 — 1,408 Substandard 8,027 96,546 — 7,762 Doubtful — 104 — 1,028 Total $ 3,019,339 $ 1,927,049 $ 277,864 $ 1,213,434 1 PCI loans are included in the substandard or doubtful categories. These categories are consistent with the "substandard" and "doubtful" categories as defined by regulatory authorities. Warehouse Purchase Program Credit Exposure All Warehouse Purchase Program loans were graded pass as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 . Other Consumer Credit Exposure Credit Risk Profile Based on Payment Activity March 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Performing $ 43,199 $ 45,430 Non-performing 85 76 Total $ 43,284 $ 45,506 |