Loans | Loans Loans consist of the following: December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Loans held for sale, at fair value $ 23,193 $ 16,707 Loans held for investment: Commercial real estate $ 3,026,754 $ 3,019,339 Commercial and industrial 2,057,791 1,927,049 Construction and land 270,629 277,864 Consumer real estate 1,390,378 1,213,434 Other consumer 45,171 45,506 Gross loans held for investment, excluding Warehouse Purchase Program 6,790,723 6,483,192 Net of: Deferred costs (fees) and discounts, net 10,397 6,380 Allowance for loan losses (67,428 ) (71,301 ) Net loans held for investment, excluding Warehouse Purchase Program 6,733,692 6,418,271 Warehouse Purchase Program 960,404 1,320,846 Total loans held for investment $ 7,694,096 $ 7,739,117 Activity in the allowance for loan losses for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , segregated by portfolio segment and evaluation for impairment, is set forth below. The below activity does not include Warehouse Purchase Program loans, which are collectively evaluated for impairment and are purchased under several contractual requirements, providing safeguards to the Company. To date, the Company has not experienced a loss on its Warehouse Purchase Program loans and no allowance for loan losses has been allocated to them. At December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , the allowance for loan impairment related to purchased credit impaired (“PCI”) loans totaled $250 , $269 , and $180 , respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2018 Commercial Real Estate Commercial and Industrial Construction and Land Consumer Real Estate Other Consumer Total Allowance for loan losses: Beginning balance $ 21,587 $ 39,005 $ 4,644 $ 4,838 $ 1,227 $ 71,301 Charge-offs (239 ) (42,356 ) — (98 ) (1,083 ) (43,776 ) Recoveries — 3,699 — 34 235 3,968 Provision expense (benefit) (1,303 ) 36,050 (734 ) 1,069 853 35,935 Ending balance $ 20,045 $ 36,398 $ 3,910 $ 5,843 $ 1,232 $ 67,428 Allowance ending balance: Individually evaluated for impairment $ 8 $ 4,109 $ — $ 224 $ 25 $ 4,366 Collectively evaluated for impairment 20,037 32,289 3,910 5,619 1,207 63,062 Loans: Individually evaluated for impairment 159 16,708 — 2,375 3 19,245 Collectively evaluated for impairment 3,026,364 2,040,988 270,629 1,387,313 44,995 6,770,289 PCI loans 231 95 — 690 173 1,189 Ending balance $ 3,026,754 $ 2,057,791 $ 270,629 $ 1,390,378 $ 45,171 $ 6,790,723 For the year ended December 31, 2017 Commercial Real Estate Commercial and Industrial Construction and Land Consumer Real Estate Other Consumer Total Allowance for loan losses: Beginning balance $ 18,303 $ 35,464 $ 5,075 $ 4,484 $ 1,250 $ 64,576 Charge-offs (16 ) (32,846 ) (418 ) (96 ) (1,366 ) (34,742 ) Recoveries 205 405 75 42 640 1,367 Provision expense (benefit) 3,095 35,982 (88 ) 408 703 40,100 Ending balance $ 21,587 $ 39,005 $ 4,644 $ 4,838 $ 1,227 $ 71,301 Allowance ending balance: Individually evaluated for impairment $ — $ 10,527 $ — $ 230 $ 34 $ 10,791 Collectively evaluated for impairment 21,587 28,478 4,644 4,608 1,193 60,510 Loans: Individually evaluated for impairment 4,134 84,005 — 2,992 35 91,166 Collectively evaluated for impairment 3,012,892 1,842,868 277,864 1,209,550 45,288 6,388,462 PCI loans 2,313 176 — 892 183 3,564 Ending balance $ 3,019,339 $ 1,927,049 $ 277,864 $ 1,213,434 $ 45,506 $ 6,483,192 For the year ended December 31, 2016 Commercial Real Estate Commercial and Industrial Construction and Land Consumer Real Estate Other Consumer Total Allowance for loan losses: Beginning balance $ 14,123 $ 24,975 $ 3,013 $ 3,992 $ 990 $ 47,093 Charge-offs (79 ) (7,746 ) — (107 ) (927 ) (8,859 ) Recoveries 21 472 — 109 340 942 Provision expense 4,238 17,763 2,062 490 847 25,400 Ending balance $ 18,303 $ 35,464 $ 5,075 $ 4,484 $ 1,250 $ 64,576 Allowance ending balance: Individually evaluated for impairment $ 300 $ 4,521 $ — $ 138 $ 52 $ 5,011 Collectively evaluated for impairment 18,003 30,943 5,075 4,346 1,198 59,565 Loans: Individually evaluated for impairment 5,195 86,664 11,385 3,300 75 106,619 Collectively evaluated for impairment 2,659,644 1,788,459 283,509 1,070,732 53,683 5,856,027 PCI loans 5,616 233 — 891 233 6,973 Ending balance $ 2,670,455 $ 1,875,356 $ 294,894 $ 1,074,923 $ 53,991 $ 5,969,619 Changes in the allowance for off-balance sheet credit losses on lending-related commitments and guarantees on credit card debt, included in “accrued expenses and other liabilities” on the consolidated balance sheets, are summarized in the following table. Please see Note 18 - Commitments and Contingent Liabilities for more information. Years Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Balance at beginning of period $ 929 $ 1,573 $ 73 Charge-offs on lending-related commitments — — — Provision (recovery) for credit losses on lending-related commitments (200 ) (644 ) 1,500 Balance at end of period $ 729 $ 929 $ 1,573 Impaired loans at December 31, 2018 and 2017 , were as follows 1 : December 31, 2018 Unpaid Contractual Principal Balance Recorded Investment With No Allowance Recorded Investment With Allowance Total Recorded Investment Related Allowance Commercial real estate $ 177 $ 159 $ — $ 159 $ — Commercial and industrial 17,124 1,844 14,864 16,708 4,109 Consumer real estate 2,865 2,370 5 2,375 4 Other consumer 35 — 3 3 3 Total $ 20,201 $ 4,373 $ 14,872 $ 19,245 $ 4,116 December 31, 2017 Commercial real estate $ 4,411 $ 4,134 $ — $ 4,134 $ — Commercial and industrial 89,713 48,463 35,542 84,005 10,502 Consumer real estate 3,545 2,985 7 2,992 7 Other consumer 71 16 19 35 13 Total $ 97,740 $ 55,598 $ 35,568 $ 91,166 $ 10,522 1 No Warehouse Purchase Program loans were impaired at December 31, 2018 or 2017 . Loans reported do not include PCI loans. Income on impaired loans at December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , was as follows 1 December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 Average Recorded Investment Interest Income Recognized Average Recorded Investment Interest Income Recognized Average Recorded Investment Interest Income Recognized Commercial real estate $ 4,215 $ 8 $ 4,421 $ 8 $ 5,240 $ 9 Commercial and industrial 30,827 — 83,508 — 28,634 1 Construction and land — — 2,273 — 901 — Consumer real estate 2,711 38 2,786 14 4,831 14 Other consumer 16 3 264 4 95 4 Total $ 37,769 $ 49 $ 93,252 $ 26 $ 39,701 $ 28 1 Loans reported do not include PCI loans. Loans past due over 90 days that were still accruing interest at December 31, 2018 totaled $58 , which consisted entirely of PCI loans. No loans past due over 90 days were still accruing interest at December 31, 2017 . At December 31, 2018 , no PCI loans were considered non-performing loans. No Warehouse Purchase Program loans were non-performing at December 31, 2018 or 2017 . Non-performing loans were as follows: December 31, 2018 2017 Commercial real estate $ 159 $ 4,134 Commercial and industrial 16,710 84,003 Consumer real estate 5,506 6,190 Other consumer 46 76 Total $ 22,421 $ 94,403 For the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , gross interest income which would have been recorded had the non-accruing loans been current in accordance with their original terms amounted to $656 , $4,229 and $1,746 , respectively. No interest income was recorded on these loans for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 . The outstanding balances of TDRs are shown below: December 31, 2018 2017 Nonaccrual TDRs (1) $ 1,160 $ 17,294 Performing TDRs (2) 926 768 Total $ 2,086 $ 18,062 Outstanding commitments to lend additional funds to borrowers with TDR loans — — 1 Nonaccrual TDR loans are included in the nonaccrual loan totals. 2 Performing TDR loans are loans that have been performing under the restructured terms for at least six months and the Company is accruing interest on these loans. The following table provides the recorded balances of loans modified as a TDR during the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 . December 31, 2018 Principal Deferrals Combination of Rate Reduction & Principal Deferral Other Total Commercial and industrial $ 71 $ 45 $ — $ 116 Total $ 71 $ 45 $ — $ 116 December 31, 2017 Commercial and industrial $ 38 $ 131 $ 14,063 (1) $ 14,232 Total $ 38 $ 131 $ 14,063 $ 14,232 December 31, 2016 Commercial and industrial $ 685 $ — $ 7,090 (1) $ 7,775 Consumer real estate — 79 — 79 Other consumer 1 — — 1 Total $ 686 $ 79 $ 7,090 $ 7,855 1 Reserve-based energy relationships where the primary modification consisted of suspension of required borrowing base payments. Loans modified as a TDR during the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , which experienced a subsequent payment default during the periods, are shown below. A payment default is defined as a loan that was 90 days or more past due. Years Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Consumer real estate $ — $ — $ 31 Loans acquired with evidence of credit quality deterioration at acquisition, for which it was probable that the Company would not be able to collect all contractual amounts due, were accounted for as PCI loans. The carrying amount of PCI loans included in the consolidated balance sheets and the related outstanding balances at December 31, 2018 and 2017 are set forth in the table below. The outstanding balance represents the total amount owed, including accrued but unpaid interest, and any amounts previously charged off. December 31, 2018 2017 Carrying amount 1 $ 939 $ 3,295 Outstanding balance 1,170 3,992 1 The carrying amounts are reported net of allowance for loan losses of $250 and $269 as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 . Changes in the accretable yield for PCI loans for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 , are as follows: December 31, 2018 2017 Balance at beginning of period $ 2,279 $ 2,515 Reclassifications from nonaccretable 157 687 Disposals (1,493 ) (272 ) Accretion (319 ) (651 ) Balance at end of period $ 624 $ 2,279 Below is an analysis of the age of recorded investment in loans that were past due at December 31, 2018 and 2017 . No Warehouse Purchase Program loans were delinquent at December 31, 2018 or 2017 and therefore are not included in the following table. December 31, 2018 30-59 Days Past Due 60-89 Days Past Due 90 Days and Greater Past Due Total Loans Past Due Current Loans 1 Total Loans Commercial real estate $ 6 $ — $ — $ 6 $ 3,026,748 $ 3,026,754 Commercial and industrial 289 — 217 506 2,057,285 2,057,791 Construction and land 557 — — 557 270,072 270,629 Consumer real estate 18,885 4,241 1,632 24,758 1,365,620 1,390,378 Other consumer 271 15 29 315 44,856 45,171 Total $ 20,008 $ 4,256 $ 1,878 $ 26,142 $ 6,764,581 $ 6,790,723 December 31, 2017 Commercial real estate $ 9,414 $ — $ 250 $ 9,664 $ 3,009,675 $ 3,019,339 Commercial and industrial 918 284 7,350 8,552 1,918,497 1,927,049 Construction and land 9,354 — — 9,354 268,510 277,864 Consumer real estate 16,436 2,928 1,367 20,731 1,192,703 1,213,434 Other consumer 891 34 2 927 44,579 45,506 Total $ 37,013 $ 3,246 $ 8,969 $ 49,228 $ 6,433,964 $ 6,483,192 1 Includes acquired PCI loans with a total carrying value of $1,120 and $3,338 at December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively. The recorded investment in loans by credit quality indicators at December 31, 2018 and 2017 , was as follows. Real Estate and Commercial and Industrial Credit Exposure Credit Risk Profile by Internally Assigned Grade December 31, 2018 Commercial Real Estate Commercial and Industrial Construction and Land Consumer Real Estate Grade: 1 Pass $ 3,007,810 $ 1,935,786 $ 270,629 $ 1,382,388 Special Mention 17,322 56,016 — 1,218 Substandard 1,622 65,987 — 6,429 Doubtful — 2 — 343 Total $ 3,026,754 $ 2,057,791 $ 270,629 $ 1,390,378 December 31, 2017 Grade: 1 Pass $ 2,980,656 $ 1,787,238 $ 277,864 $ 1,203,236 Special Mention 30,656 43,161 — 1,408 Substandard 8,027 96,546 — 7,762 Doubtful — 104 — 1,028 Total $ 3,019,339 $ 1,927,049 $ 277,864 $ 1,213,434 1 PCI loans are included in the substandard or doubtful categories for December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively. These categories are generally consistent with the “substandard” and “doubtful” categories as defined by regulatory authorities. Warehouse Purchase Program Credit Exposure All Warehouse Purchase Program loans were graded pass as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 . Consumer Other Credit Exposure Credit Risk Profile Based on Payment Activity December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Performing $ 45,125 $ 45,430 Non-performing 46 76 Total $ 45,171 $ 45,506 |