Background and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | Background and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Background Vishay Precision Group, Inc. (“VPG” or the “Company”) is an internationally recognized designer, manufacturer and marketer of sensors, and sensor-based measurement systems, as well as specialty resistors and strain gages based upon the Company's proprietary technology. The Company provides precision products and solutions, many of which are “designed-in” by its customers, specializing in the growing markets of stress, force, weight, pressure, and current measurements. Principles of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the individual entities in which the Company maintained a controlling financial interest. For those subsidiaries in which the Company’s ownership is less than 100 percent , the outside stockholders’ interests are shown as noncontrolling interests in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. All transactions, accounts, and profits between individual members comprising the Company have been eliminated in consolidation. Restatement of Previously Reported Financial Information In conjunction with the June 27, 2015 quarterly financial statement close process, the Company determined that transactions at one of its Indian subsidiaries had been recorded in their local currency, the Indian rupee, instead of their functional currency, the U.S. dollar, in prior periods. The principal line items impacted in the Indian subsidiary’s financial statements, and therefore the Company's consolidated financial statements, are inventory, property and equipment, net, depreciation expense, costs of products sold, foreign currency re-measurement gains and losses, and foreign currency translation gains and losses recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income within stockholders’ equity. Consequently, the Company has restated certain prior period amounts to correct these errors. The Company has also corrected certain other identified immaterial errors related to prior periods. Based on an analysis of quantitative and qualitative factors in accordance with Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) Staff Accounting Bulletins 99 and 108, the Company concluded that these errors were not material to the consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows as presented in the Company’s quarterly and annual financial statements that have been previously filed in the Company’s Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Annual Reports on Form 10-K. As a result, amendment of such reports was not required. In preparing the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the quarterly and year to date period ended June 27, 2015 and for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015, the Company made appropriate revisions to its financial statements for historical periods. Such changes were reflected in the financial results for the quarterly and year to date period ended June 27, 2015, and are also reflected in the historical financial results included in these consolidated financial statements. The effect of these errors decreased net earnings attributable to VPG stockholders by $0.8 million , or $0.06 per share, for the year ended December 31, 2014, and increased net earnings attributable to VPG stockholders by $0.1 million , or $0.01 per share, for the year ended December 31, 2013. These errors also decreased total assets by $2.7 million and decreased total liabilities by $1.5 million at December 31, 2014. Additional information about these corrections, including a reconciliation of each financial statement line item affected, has been included in Note 12 to the Company’s consolidated condensed financial statements contained in its Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 27, 2015. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates. Revenue Recognition The Company recognizes revenue on product sales during the period when the sales process is complete. This generally occurs when products are shipped to the customer in accordance with terms of an agreement of sale, title and risk of loss have been transferred, collectability is reasonably assured, and pricing is fixed or determinable. For sales where title and risk of loss pass at the point of delivery, the Company recognizes revenue upon delivery to the customer, assuming all other criteria for revenue recognition are met. The Company has post-shipment obligations, such as customer acceptance, training, or installation, with respect to some of its larger systems products. In such circumstances, revenue is deferred until the obligation has been completed, unless such obligation is deemed inconsequential or perfunctory. Given the specialized nature of the Company’s products, it generally does not allow product returns. Shipping and Handling Costs Shipping and handling costs are included in costs of products sold. Research and Development Expenses Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. The amount charged to expense for research and development was $9.6 million , $10.1 million , and $9.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 , 2014 , and 2013 , respectively. The Company spends additional amounts for the development of machinery and equipment for new processes, and for cost reduction measures. Income Taxes The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial statements and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. The Company records net deferred tax assets to the extent it believes these assets will more likely than not be realized. In making such a determination, the Company considers all available positive and negative evidence, including historic earnings, projected future income, and cost-effective tax-planning strategies. When the Company determines that its ability to realize its deferred tax assets is not more likely than not, the Company adjusts its deferred tax asset valuation allowance, which would increase income tax expense. The Company records uncertain tax positions in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 740, Income Taxes, on the basis of a two-step process whereby the Company first determines whether it is more likely than not that the tax positions will be sustained based on the technical merits of the position and then measures those tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold. The Company recognizes the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the tax authority. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits within the income tax expense line in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. Accrued interest and penalties are included within the related tax liability line in the consolidated balance sheets. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents include demand deposits and highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less when purchased. Highly liquid investments with maturities greater than three months are classified as short-term investments. There were no investments classified as short-term investments at December 31, 2015 or 2014 . Allowance for Doubtful Accounts The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of its customers to make required payments. The allowance is determined through an analysis of the aging of accounts receivable and assessments of risk that are based on historical trends and an evaluation of the impact of current and projected economic conditions. The Company evaluates the past-due status of its trade receivables based on contractual terms of sale. If the financial condition of the Company’s customers were to deteriorate, resulting in an impairment of their ability to make payments, additional allowances may be required. The allowance for doubtful accounts was $0.3 million and $0.6 million at December 31, 2015 and 2014 , respectively. Bad debt expense was $0.1 million , $0.2 million , $0.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 , 2014 , and 2013 , respectively. Inventories Inventories are stated at the lower of cost, determined by the first-in, first-out method, or market based on net realizable value. Inventories are adjusted for estimated excess and obsolescence and written down to net realizable value based upon estimates of future demand, technology developments, and market conditions. Property and Equipment Property and equipment is carried at cost and is depreciated principally by the straight-line method based upon the estimated useful lives of the assets. Machinery and equipment are being depreciated over useful lives of seven to ten years . Buildings and building improvements are being depreciated over useful lives of twenty to forty years or the life of the leased property. Software is being depreciated over useful lives of three to five years . Construction in progress is not depreciated until the assets are placed in service. Depreciation expense was $9.0 million , $9.1 million , and $9.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 , 2014 , and 2013 , respectively, which included software depreciation expense of $0.8 million , $1.0 million , and $0.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 , 2014 , and 2013 , respectively. Business Combinations The identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired, and liabilities assumed, are recorded at their estimated fair values. To the extent that purchase price exceeds the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, goodwill is recorded. The results of operations of the acquired businesses are included in the Company's consolidated statements of operations from the dates of acquisition. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets Goodwill and indefinite-lived trade names are tested for impairment at least annually, and whenever events or changes in circumstances occur indicating that a possible impairment may have been incurred. The Company has the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount as a basis for determining if it is necessary to perform the two-step goodwill impairment test. However, if the Company concludes otherwise, then the Company is required to perform the first step of the two-step impairment test by calculating the fair value of the reporting unit and comparing it against its carrying amount. These estimated fair values are based on financial projections, certain cash flow measures, and market information. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, then the Company is required to perform the second step of the goodwill impairment. To measure the amount of the impairment, the Company determines the implied fair value of goodwill in the same manner as if the Company had acquired those reporting units. Specifically, the Company must allocate the fair value of the reporting unit to all of the net assets of that unit, including any unrecognized intangible assets, in a hypothetical calculation that would yield the implied fair value of goodwill. The impairment loss is measured as the difference between the book value of the goodwill and the implied fair value of the goodwill computed in step two. The Company's required goodwill annual impairment test is completed as of the first day of the fourth fiscal quarter each year. As more fully described in Note 4, an interim test for 2015 resulted in the Company recording an impairment charge in the third quarter of 2015 and the annual impairment test for 2014 resulted in the Company recording an impairment charge in the fourth quarter of 2014. There was no impairment identified through the annual impairment test which was completed in 2013. The indefinite-lived trade names are tested for impairment by comparing the carrying value to the fair value based on current revenue projections of the related operations, under the relief from royalty method. Any excess carrying value over the applicable fair value is recognized as impairment. Any impairment would be recognized in the reporting period in which it has been identified. As more fully described in Note 4, the impairment test for 2015 resulted in the Company recording an impairment charge in the third quarter of 2015. There was no impairment identified through the annual impairment tests completed in 2014 or 2013. Included in the Company's patents and acquired technology is an in-process research and development project acquired as part of the acquisition of the George Kelk Corporation ("KELK"). Until this project is ready for sale, it is analyzed as an indefinite-lived intangible asset. The Company's required annual indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment test is completed as of the first day of the fourth fiscal quarter each year. As more fully described in Note 4, the impairment test for 2014 resulted in the Company recording an impairment charge in the fourth quarter of 2014. There was no impairment identified through the annual impairment test which was completed in 2015 and 2013. Definite-lived assets, such as customer relationships, patents and acquired technology, non-competition agreements, and certain trade names are amortized on a straight-line method over their estimated useful lives. Patents and acquired technology are being amortized over useful lives of seven to twenty years . Customer relationships are being amortized over useful lives of five to fifteen years . Trade names are being amortized over useful lives of seven to ten years . Non-competition agreements are being amortized over periods of five to ten years . The Company continually evaluates the reasonableness of the useful lives of these assets. Additionally, the Company reviews the carrying values of these assets for possible impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable based on undiscounted estimated cash flows expected to result from its use and eventual disposition. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets The carrying value of long-lived assets held-and-used, other than goodwill and other intangible assets, is evaluated when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. The carrying value of a long-lived asset group is considered impaired when the total projected undiscounted cash flows from such asset group are separately identifiable and are less than the carrying value. In that event, a loss is recognized based on the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair market value of the long-lived asset group. Fair market value is determined primarily using present value techniques based on projected cash flows from the asset group. Losses on long-lived assets held-for-sale, other than goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets, are determined in a similar manner, except that fair market values are reduced for disposal costs. Foreign Currency Translation The Company has significant operations outside of the United States. The Company's operations in Europe, Canada, and certain locations in Asia primarily generate and expend cash in local currencies, and accordingly, these subsidiaries utilize the local currency as their functional currency. The Company’s operations in Israel and certain locations in Asia primarily generate cash in U.S. dollars, and accordingly, these subsidiaries utilize the U.S. dollar as their functional currency. For those subsidiaries where the local currency is the functional currency, assets and liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets have been translated at the rate of exchange as of the balance sheet date. Revenues and expenses are translated at the average exchange rate for the year. Translation adjustments do not impact the consolidated statements of operations and are reported as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive loss. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are included in the results of operations. For those foreign subsidiaries where the U.S. dollar is the functional currency, all foreign currency financial statement amounts are remeasured into U.S. dollars. Exchange gains and losses arising from remeasurement of foreign currency-denominated monetary assets and liabilities are included in the consolidated statements of operations. Share-Based Compensation Compensation costs related to share-based payments are recognized in the consolidated financial statements. The amount of compensation cost is measured based on the grant-date fair value of the equity instruments issued. Compensation cost is recognized over the period that an officer, employee, or non-employee director provides service in exchange for the award. For performance based awards, the Company recognizes compensation cost for awards that are expected to vest and for which performance criteria are expected to be met. For options and restricted stock units subject to graded vesting, the Company recognizes expense over the service period for each separately vesting portion of the award as if the award was comprised of multiple awards. Reclassifications Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current financial statement presentation. Commitments and Contingencies Liabilities for loss contingencies arising from claims, assessments, litigation, fines, penalties, and other sources are recorded when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the assessment and/or remediation can be reasonably estimated. Recent Accounting Pronouncements In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842),” a comprehensive new lease standard that amends various aspects of existing accounting guidance for leases. The core principle of this ASU will require lessees to present the assets and liabilities that arise from leases on their balance sheets. The ASU is effective for public companies for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is evaluating the new standard to determine the impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. In November 2015, FASB issued ASU No. 2015-17, "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes." The standard requires that deferred tax assets and liabilities be classified as non-current on the balance sheet rather than being separated into current and non-current. This ASU is effective for fiscal years and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2016. Early adoption is permitted and the standard may be applied either retrospectively or on a prospective basis to all deferred tax assets and liabilities. The Company has early adopted this ASU during the fourth quarter of 2015 on a retrospective basis. Accordingly, the Company reclassified the current deferred taxes to non-current on its December 31, 2015 consolidated balance sheets which increased net non-current deferred tax assets by $4.2 million , and decreased non-current deferred tax liabilities by $0.5 million . The Company reclassified the current deferred taxes to non-current on its December 31, 2014 consolidated balance sheets which increased net non-current deferred tax assets by $5.2 million , and decreased non-current deferred tax liabilities by $0.1 million . In September 2015, FASB issued ASU No. 2015-16, " Business Combinations (Topic 805)," which requires that an acquirer recognize adjustments to provisional amounts that are identified during the measurement period in the reporting period in which the adjustment amounts are determined. The amendment will be effective prospectively for reporting periods beginning on or after December 15, 2015, and early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this standard update is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. In July 2015, FASB issued ASU No. 2015-11, "Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory (Topic 330)," which simplifies the subsequent measurement of inventory by requiring inventory to be measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal and transportation. The ASU is effective for public companies for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is evaluating the new standard to determine if this guidance will have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. In April 2015, FASB issued ASU 2015-03, " Interest-Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs. " This standard update requires an entity to present debt issuance costs on the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the related debt liability rather than as an asset. Amortization of the costs will continue to be reported as interest expense. The update is effective for annual reporting periods (including interim reporting periods within those periods) beginning after December 15, 2015. Early adoption is permitted for financial statements that have not been previously issued, and the new provisions will be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented. The adoption of this standard update is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. In May 2014, FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, " Revenue from Contracts with Customers ," which provides a single comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers and will supersede most current revenue recognition guidance. The basis of the guidance is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods and services. The ASU is effective for public entities for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2017. The ASU may be early adopted for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2016 under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"), and either full or modified retrospective application is required. The Company has not yet selected a transition method and the effects of this standard on the Company's financial position, results of operations and cash flows are not yet known. |