Loans and Leases Receivable and Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses | LOANS AND LEASES RECEIVABLE AND ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN AND LEASE LOSSES The following table presents loans and leases receivable as of December 31, 2019 and 2018: December 31, (amounts in thousands) 2019 2018 Loans receivable, mortgage warehouse, at fair value $ 2,245,758 $ 1,405,420 Loans receivable: Commercial: Multi-family 1,909,274 3,285,297 Commercial and industrial (including owner occupied commercial real estate) (1) 2,441,987 1,951,277 Commercial real estate non-owner occupied 1,223,529 1,125,106 Construction 118,418 56,491 Total commercial loans and leases receivable 5,693,208 6,418,171 Consumer: Residential real estate 375,014 566,561 Manufactured housing 70,398 79,731 Other consumer 1,178,283 74,035 Total consumer loans receivable 1,623,695 720,327 Loans and leases receivable 7,316,903 7,138,498 Deferred (fees) costs and unamortized (discounts) premiums, net 2,085 (424) Allowance for loan and lease losses (56,379) (39,972) Total loans and leases receivable, net of allowance for loan and lease losses $ 9,508,367 $ 8,503,522 (1) Includes direct finance equipment leases of $89.2 million and $54.5 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Customers' total loans and leases receivable portfolio includes loans receivable which are reported at fair value based on an election made to account for these loans at fair value and loans and leases receivable which are predominately reported at their outstanding unpaid principal balance, net of charge-offs and deferred costs and fees and unamortized premiums and discounts and are evaluated for impairment. Loans receivable, mortgage warehouse, at fair value: Mortgage warehouse loans consist of commercial loans to mortgage companies. These mortgage warehouse lending transactions are subject to master repurchase agreements. As a result of the contractual provisions, for accounting purposes control of the underlying mortgage loan has not transferred and the rewards and risks of the mortgage loans are not assumed by Customers. The mortgage warehouse loans are designated as loans held for investment and reported at fair value based on an election made to account for the loans at fair value. Pursuant to the agreements, Customers funds the pipelines for these mortgage lenders by sending payments directly to the closing agents for funded mortgage loans and receives proceeds directly from third party investors when the underlying mortgage loans are sold into the secondary market. The fair value of the mortgage warehouse loans is estimated as the amount of cash initially advanced to fund the mortgage, plus accrued interest and fees, as specified in the respective agreements. The interest rates on these loans are variable, and the lending transactions are short-term, with an average life under 30 days from purchase to sale. The primary goal of these lending transactions is to provide liquidity to mortgage companies. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, all of Customers' commercial mortgage warehouse loans were current in terms of payment. As these loans are reported at their fair value, they do not have an ALLL and are therefore excluded from ALLL-related disclosures. Loans and leases receivable: The following tables summarize loans and leases receivable by loan and lease type and performance status as of December 31, 2019 and 2018: December 31, 2019 (amounts in thousands) 30-89 Days past due (1) 90 Days or more past due (1) Total past due (1) Non- accrual Current (2) Purchased-credit-impaired loans (3) Total loans and leases (4) Multi-family $ 2,133 $ — $ 2,133 $ 4,117 $ 1,901,336 $ 1,688 $ 1,909,274 Commercial and industrial 2,395 — 2,395 4,531 1,882,700 354 1,889,980 Commercial real estate owner occupied 5,388 — 5,388 1,963 537,992 6,664 552,007 Commercial real estate non-owner occupied 8,034 — 8,034 76 1,211,892 3,527 1,223,529 Construction — — — — 118,418 — 118,418 Residential real estate 5,924 — 5,924 6,128 359,491 3,471 375,014 Manufactured housing (5) 3,699 1,794 5,493 1,655 61,649 1,601 70,398 Other consumer 5,756 — 5,756 1,551 1,170,793 183 1,178,283 Total $ 33,329 $ 1,794 $ 35,123 $ 20,021 $ 7,244,271 $ 17,488 $ 7,316,903 December 31, 2018 (amounts in thousands) 30-89 Days past due (1) 90 Days or more past due (1) Total past due (1) Non- accrual Current (2) Purchased-credit-impaired loans (3) Total loans and leases (4) Multi-family $ — $ — $ — $ 1,155 $ 3,282,452 $ 1,690 $ 3,285,297 Commercial and industrial 1,914 — 1,914 17,764 1,353,586 536 1,373,800 Commercial real estate owner occupied 193 — 193 1,037 567,809 8,438 577,477 Commercial real estate non-owner occupied 1,190 — 1,190 129 1,119,443 4,344 1,125,106 Construction — — — — 56,491 — 56,491 Residential real estate 5,940 — 5,940 5,605 550,679 4,337 566,561 Manufactured housing (5) 3,926 2,188 6,114 1,693 69,916 2,008 79,731 Other consumer 200 — 200 111 73,503 221 74,035 Total $ 13,363 $ 2,188 $ 15,551 $ 27,494 $ 7,073,879 $ 21,574 $ 7,138,498 (1) Includes past-due loans and leases that are accruing interest because collection is considered probable. (2) Loans and leases where next payment due is less than 30 days from the report date. (3) Purchased-credit-impaired loans aggregated into a pool are accounted for as a single asset with a single composite interest rate and an aggregate expectation of cash flows, and the past due status of the pools, or that of the individual loans within the pools, is not meaningful. Due to the credit impaired nature of the loans, the loans are recorded at a discount reflecting estimated future cash flows and the Bank recognizes interest income on each pool of loans reflecting the estimated yield and passage of time. Such loans are considered to be performing. Purchased-credit-impaired loans that are not in pools accrete interest when the timing and amount of their expected cash flows are reasonably estimable, and are reported as performing loans. (4) Amounts exclude deferred costs and fees, unamortized premiums and discounts, and the ALLL. (5) Certain manufactured housing loans purchased in 2010 are supported by cash reserves held at the Bank of $0.1 million and $0.5 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, which are used to fund past-due payments when the loan becomes 90 days or more delinquent. Each quarter, these funds are evaluated to determine if they would be sufficient to absorb the probable incurred losses within the manufactured housing portfolio. As of both December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Bank had $0.2 million, respectively, of residential real estate held in OREO. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Bank had initiated foreclosure proceedings on $0.9 million and $2.1 million, respectively, in loans secured by residential real estate. Allowance for loan and lease losses: The changes in the ALLL for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the loans and leases and ALLL by loan and lease type based on impairment-evaluation method as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 are presented in the tables below. Twelve months ended December 31, 2019 Multi-family Commercial and industrial Commercial real estate owner occupied Commercial real estate non-owner occupied Construction Residential real estate Manufactured housing Other consumer Total (amounts in thousands) Ending Balance, $ 11,462 $ 12,145 $ 3,320 $ 6,093 $ 624 $ 3,654 $ 145 $ 2,529 $ 39,972 Charge-offs (541) (532) (119) — — (297) — (8,101) (9,590) Recoveries 7 1,050 236 — 136 27 — 314 1,770 Provision for loan and lease losses (4,771) 2,893 (1,202) 150 502 (166) 915 25,906 24,227 Ending Balance, $ 6,157 $ 15,556 $ 2,235 $ 6,243 $ 1,262 $ 3,218 $ 1,060 $ 20,648 $ 56,379 As of December 31, 2019 (amounts in thousands) Loans and leases receivable: Individually evaluated for impairment $ 4,117 $ 4,591 $ 1,976 $ 76 $ — $ 9,063 $ 9,898 $ 1,551 $ 31,272 Collectively evaluated for impairment 1,903,469 1,885,035 543,367 1,219,926 118,418 362,480 58,899 1,176,549 7,268,143 Loans acquired with credit deterioration 1,688 354 6,664 3,527 — 3,471 1,601 183 17,488 Total loans and leases receivable $ 1,909,274 $ 1,889,980 $ 552,007 $ 1,223,529 $ 118,418 $ 375,014 $ 70,398 $ 1,178,283 $ 7,316,903 Allowance for loan and lease losses: Individually evaluated for impairment $ — $ 523 $ 83 $ — $ — $ 44 $ 129 $ 73 $ 852 Collectively evaluated for impairment 6,157 14,768 2,113 4,361 1,262 2,923 897 20,420 52,901 Loans acquired with credit deterioration — 265 39 1,882 — 251 34 155 2,626 Total allowance for loan and lease losses $ 6,157 $ 15,556 $ 2,235 $ 6,243 $ 1,262 $ 3,218 $ 1,060 $ 20,648 $ 56,379 Twelve months ended December 31, 2018 Multi-family Commercial and industrial Commercial real estate owner occupied Commercial real estate non-owner occupied Construction Residential real estate Manufactured housing Other consumer Total (amounts in thousands) Ending Balance, $ 12,168 $ 10,918 $ 3,232 $ 7,437 $ 979 $ 2,929 $ 180 $ 172 $ 38,015 Charge-offs — (1,722) (747) — — (466) — (1,822) (4,757) Recoveries — 403 326 5 241 76 — 21 1,072 Provision for loan and lease losses (706) 2,546 509 (1,349) (596) 1,115 (35) 4,158 5,642 Ending Balance, $ 11,462 $ 12,145 $ 3,320 $ 6,093 $ 624 $ 3,654 $ 145 $ 2,529 $ 39,972 As of December 31, 2018 (amounts in thousands) Loans and leases receivable: Individually evaluated for impairment $ 1,155 $ 17,828 $ 1,069 $ 129 $ — $ 8,631 $ 10,195 $ 111 $ 39,118 Collectively evaluated for impairment 3,282,452 1,355,436 567,970 1,120,633 56,491 553,593 67,528 73,703 7,077,806 Loans acquired with credit deterioration 1,690 536 8,438 4,344 — 4,337 2,008 221 21,574 Total loans and leases receivable $ 3,285,297 $ 1,373,800 $ 577,477 $ 1,125,106 $ 56,491 $ 566,561 $ 79,731 $ 74,035 $ 7,138,498 Allowance for loan and lease losses: Individually evaluated for impairment $ 539 $ 261 $ 1 $ — $ — $ 41 $ 3 $ — $ 845 Collectively evaluated for impairment 10,923 11,516 3,319 4,161 624 3,227 89 2,390 36,249 Loans acquired with credit deterioration — 368 — 1,932 — 386 53 139 2,878 Total allowance for loan and lease losses $ 11,462 $ 12,145 $ 3,320 $ 6,093 $ 624 $ 3,654 $ 145 $ 2,529 $ 39,972 Impaired Loans - Individually Evaluated for Impairment The following tables present the recorded investment (net of charge-offs), unpaid principal balance and related allowance by loan type for impaired loans that were individually evaluated for impairment as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 and the average recorded investment and interest income recognized for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Customers had no impaired lease receivables as of December 31, 2019 and 2018. Purchased-credit-impaired loans are considered to be performing and are not included in the tables below. December 31, 2019 For the Year Ended (amounts in thousands) Recorded investment net of charge-offs Unpaid principal balance Related allowance Average recorded investment Interest income recognized With no related allowance recorded: Multi-family $ 4,117 $ 4,117 $ — $ 1,223 $ 239 Commercial and industrial 3,084 4,726 — 7,439 1,077 Commercial real estate owner occupied 1,109 1,880 — 1,111 55 Commercial real estate non-owner occupied 76 187 — 97 7 Residential real estate 4,559 4,861 — 2,766 129 Manufactured housing 4,169 4,169 — 5,638 325 Other consumer 140 140 — 4,127 266 With an allowance recorded: Multi-family — — — 231 — Commercial and industrial 1,507 1,507 523 3,723 64 Commercial real estate owner occupied 867 878 83 278 54 Residential real estate 4,504 4,522 44 2,523 119 Manufactured housing 5,729 5,729 129 3,792 253 Other consumer 1,411 1,411 73 584 — Total $ 31,272 $ 34,127 $ 852 $ 33,532 $ 2,588 December 31, 2018 For the Year Ended, For the Year Ended, (amounts in thousands) Recorded investment net of charge-offs Unpaid principal balance Related allowance Average recorded investment Interest income recognized Average recorded investment Interest income recognized With no related allowance recorded: Multi-family $ — $ — $ — $ 537 $ 8 $ — $ — Commercial and industrial 13,660 15,263 — 8,831 673 8,865 214 Commercial real estate owner occupied 1,037 1,766 — 776 19 1,439 70 Commercial real estate non-owner occupied 129 241 — 645 48 898 2 Residential real estate 4,842 5,128 — 4,129 151 4,617 24 Manufactured housing 10,027 10,027 — 10,015 561 10,003 558 Other consumer 111 111 — 89 1 51 — With an allowance recorded: Multi-family 1,155 1,155 539 231 37 — — Commercial and industrial 4,168 4,351 261 6,504 25 5,984 230 Commercial real estate owner occupied 32 32 1 443 3 882 — Residential real estate 3,789 3,789 41 4,566 131 3,307 187 Manufactured housing 168 168 3 214 14 131 8 Total $ 39,118 $ 42,031 $ 845 $ 36,980 $ 1,671 $ 36,177 $ 1,293 Troubled Debt Restructurings At December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, there were $13.3 million, $19.2 million and $20.4 million, respectively, in loans reported as TDRs. TDRs are reported as impaired loans in the calendar year of their restructuring and are evaluated to determine whether they should be placed on non-accrual status. In subsequent years, a TDR may be returned to accrual status if it satisfies a minimum performance requirement of six months, however, it will remain classified as impaired. Generally, the Bank requires sustained performance for nine months before returning a TDR to accrual status. Modifications of PCI loans that are accounted for within loan pools in accordance with the accounting standards for PCI loans do not result in the removal of these loans from the pool even if the modifications would otherwise be considered a TDR. Accordingly, as each pool is accounted for as a single asset with a single composite interest rate and an aggregate expectation of cash flows, modifications of loans within such pools are not considered TDRs. Customers had no lease receivables that had been restructured as a TDR as of December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The following table presents total TDRs based on loan type and accrual status at December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. Nonaccrual TDRs are included in the reported amount of total non-accrual loans. December 31, 2019 2018 2017 Accruing TDRs Nonaccrual TDRs Total Accruing TDRs Nonaccrual TDRs Total Accruing TDRs Nonaccrual TDRs Total (amounts in thousands) Commercial and industrial $ 60 $ 23 $ 83 $ 64 $ 5,273 $ 5,337 $ 63 $ 5,939 $ 6,002 Commercial real estate owner occupied 13 — 13 32 — 32 — — — Residential real estate 2,935 631 3,566 3,026 667 3,693 3,828 703 4,531 Manufactured housing 8,243 1,382 9,625 8,502 1,620 10,122 8,130 1,766 9,896 Other consumer — 10 10 — 12 12 — — — Total TDRs $ 11,251 $ 2,046 $ 13,297 $ 11,624 $ 7,572 $ 19,196 $ 12,021 $ 8,408 $ 20,429 The following table presents loans modified in a TDR by type of concession for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. There were no modifications that involved forgiveness of debt for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 (dollars in thousands) Number of loans Recorded investment Number of loans Recorded investment Number of loans Recorded investment Extensions of maturity 2 $ 514 2 $ 60 5 $ 6,497 Interest-rate reductions 26 923 39 1,615 35 1,574 Total 28 $ 1,437 41 $ 1,675 40 $ 8,071 The following table provides, by loan type, the number of loans modified in TDRs and the related recorded investment for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 (dollars in thousands) Number of loans Recorded investment Number of loans Recorded investment Number of loans Recorded investment Commercial and industrial 1 $ 431 — $ — 4 $ 6,437 Residential real estate 1 83 2 352 — — Manufactured housing 26 923 38 1,310 36 1,634 Other consumer — — 1 13 — — Total loans 28 $ 1,437 41 $ 1,675 40 $ 8,071 As of December 31, 2019, there were no commitments to lend additional funds to borrowers whose loans have been modified in TDRs. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, except for one commercial and industrial loan with an outstanding commitment of $1.5 million and $2.1 million, respectively, there were no other commitments to lend additional funds to debtors whose loans have been modified in TDRs. The following table presents, by loan type, the number of loans modified in TDRs and the related recorded investment, for which there was a payment default within twelve months following the modification: December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 (dollars in thousands) Number of loans Recorded investment Number of loans Recorded investment Number of loans Recorded investment Residential real estate $ 1 $ 81 $ — $ — $ — $ — Manufactured housing 3 73 4 92 5 211 Total loans 4 $ 154 4 $ 92 5 $ 211 Loans modified in TDRs are evaluated for impairment. The nature and extent of impairment of TDRs, including those which have experienced a subsequent default, is considered in the determination of an appropriate level of ALLL. During the year ended December 31, 2019, allowances totaling $17 thousand were recorded on fifteen loans that had been modified in TDRs. There were no allowances recorded as a result of TDR modifications during 2018. For the year ended December 31, 2017, there was one allowance resulting from TDR modifications totaling $1 thousand for one manufactured housing loan. Purchased-Credit-Impaired Loans The changes in accretable yield related to PCI loans for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 were as follows: For the Years Ended December 31, (amounts in thousands) 2019 2018 2017 Accretable yield balance, beginning of period $ 6,178 $ 7,825 $ 10,202 Accretion to interest income (1,144) (1,455) (1,673) Reclassification from nonaccretable difference and disposals, net 44 (192) (704) Accretable yield balance, end of period $ 5,078 $ 6,178 $ 7,825 Credit Quality Indicators The ALLL represents management's estimate of probable losses in Customers' loans and leases receivable portfolio, excluding commercial mortgage warehouse loans reported at fair value pursuant to a fair value option election. Multi-family, commercial and industrial, owner occupied commercial real estate, non-owner occupied commercial real estate, and construction loans are rated based on an internally assigned risk rating system which is assigned at the time of loan origination and reviewed on a periodic, or on an “as needed” basis. Residential real estate loans, manufactured housing and other consumer loans are evaluated based on the payment activity of the loan. To facilitate the monitoring of credit quality within the multi-family, commercial and industrial, owner occupied commercial real estate, non-owner occupied commercial real estate, and construction loan portfolios, and for purposes of analyzing historical loss rates used in the determination of the ALLL for the respective loan portfolios, the Bank utilizes the following categories of risk ratings: pass/satisfactory (includes risk rating 1 through 6), special mention, substandard, doubtful and loss. The risk rating categories, which are derived from standard regulatory rating definitions, are assigned upon initial approval of credit to borrowers and updated periodically thereafter. Pass/satisfactory ratings, which are assigned to those borrowers who do not have identified potential or well-defined weaknesses and for whom there is a high likelihood of orderly repayment, are updated periodically based on the size and credit characteristics of the borrower. All other categories are updated on a quarterly basis during the month preceding the end of the calendar quarter. While assigning risk ratings involves judgment, the risk-rating process allows management to identify riskier credits in a timely manner and allocate the appropriate resources to manage those loans and leases. The risk rating grades are defined as follows: “1” – Pass / Excellent Loans and leases rated 1 represent a credit extension of the highest quality. The borrower’s historic (at least five years) cash flows manifest extremely large and stable margins of coverage. Balance sheets are conservative, well capitalized, and liquid. After considering debt service for proposed and existing debt, projected cash flows continue to be strong and provide ample coverage. The borrower typically reflects broad geographic and product diversification and has access to alternative financial markets. “2” – Pass / Superior Loans and leases rated 2 are those for which the borrower has a strong financial condition, balance sheet, operations, cash flow, debt capacity and coverage with ratios better than industry norms. The borrowers of these loans and leases exhibit a limited leverage position, are virtually immune to local economies, and are in stable growing industries. The management team is well respected, and the company has ready access to public markets. “3” – Pass / Strong Loans and leases rated 3 are those loans and leases for which the borrowers have above average financial condition and flexibility; more than satisfactory debt service coverage; balance sheet and operating ratios are consistent with or better than industry peers; operate in industries with little risk; move in diversified markets; and are experienced and competent in their industry. These borrowers’ access to capital markets is limited mostly to private sources, often secured, but the borrower typically has access to a wide range of refinancing alternatives. “4” – Pass / Good Loans and leases rated 4 have a sound primary and secondary source of repayment. The borrower may have access to alternative sources of financing, but sources are not as widely available as they are to a higher-grade borrower. These loans and leases carry a normal level of risk with very low loss exposure. The borrower has the ability to perform according to the terms of the credit facility. The margins of cash flow coverage are satisfactory but vulnerable to more rapid deterioration than the higher-quality loans and leases. “5” – Satisfactory Loans and leases rated 5 are extended to borrowers who are considered to be a reasonable credit risk and demonstrate the ability to repay the debt from normal business operations. Risk factors may include reliability of margins and cash flows, liquidity, dependence on a single product or industry, cyclical trends, depth of management, or limited access to alternative financing sources. The borrower’s historical financial information may indicate erratic performance, but current trends are positive and the quality of financial information is adequate, but is not as detailed and sophisticated as information found on higher grade loans. If adverse circumstances arise, the impact on the borrower may be significant. “6” – Satisfactory / Bankable with Care Loans and leases rated 6 are those for which the borrower has higher than normal credit risk; however, cash flow and asset values are generally intact. These borrowers may exhibit declining financial characteristics, with increasing leverage and decreasing liquidity and may have limited resources and access to financial alternatives. Signs of weakness in these borrowers may include delinquent taxes, trade slowness and eroding profit margins. “7” – Special Mention Loans and leases rated 7 are credit facilities that may have potential developing weaknesses and deserve extra attention from the account manager and other management personnel. In the event potential weaknesses are not corrected or mitigated, deterioration in the ability of the borrower to repay the debt in the future may occur. This grade is not assigned to loans and leases that bear certain peculiar risks normally associated with the type of financing involved, unless circumstances have caused the risk to increase to a level higher than would have been acceptable when the credit was originally approved. Loans and leases where significant actual, not potential, weaknesses or problems are clearly evident are graded in the category below. “8” – Substandard Loans and leases are rated 8 when the loans and leases are inadequately protected by the current sound worth and payment capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans and leases so classified must have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt and are characterized by the distinct possibility that the company will sustain some loss if the weaknesses are not corrected. “9” – Doubtful The Bank assigns a doubtful rating to loans and leases that have all the attributes of a substandard rating with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions and values, highly questionable and improbable. The possibility of loss is extremely high, but because of certain important and reasonable specific pending factors that may work to the advantage of and strengthen the credit quality of the loan or lease, its classification as an estimated loss is deferred until its more exact status may be determined. Pending factors may include a proposed merger or acquisition, liquidation proceeding, capital injection, perfecting liens on additional collateral or refinancing plans. “10” – Loss The Bank assigns a loss rating to loans and leases considered uncollectible and of such little value that their continuance as an active asset is not warranted. Amounts classified as loss are immediately charged off. Risk ratings are not established for certain consumer loans, including residential real estate, home equity, manufactured housing, and installment loans, mainly because these portfolios consist of a larger number of homogeneous loans with smaller balances. Instead, these portfolios are evaluated for risk mainly based upon aggregate payment history through the monitoring of delinquency levels and trends and are classified as performing and non-performing. The following tables present the credit ratings of loans and leases receivable as of December 31, 2019 and 2018. December 31, 2019 (amounts in thousands) Multi-family Commercial and industrial Commercial real estate owner occupied Commercial real estate non-owner occupied Construction Residential real estate Manufactured housing Other consumer Total (3) Pass/Satisfactory $ 1,816,200 $ 1,841,074 $ 536,777 $ 1,129,838 $ 118,418 $ — $ — $ — $ 5,442,307 Special Mention 69,637 26,285 8,286 6,949 — — — — 111,157 Substandard 23,437 22,621 6,944 86,742 — — — — 139,744 Performing (1) — — — — — 362,962 63,250 1,170,976 1,597,188 Non-performing (2) — — — — — 12,052 7,148 7,307 26,507 Total $ 1,909,274 $ 1,889,980 $ 552,007 $ 1,223,529 $ 118,418 $ 375,014 $ 70,398 $ 1,178,283 $ 7,316,903 December 31, 2018 (amounts in thousands) Multi-family Commercial and industrial Commercial real estate owner occupied Commercial real estate non-owner occupied Construction Residential real estate Manufactured housing Other consumer Total (3) Pass/Satisfactory $ 3,201,822 $ 1,306,466 $ 562,639 $ 1,054,493 $ 56,491 $ — $ — $ — $ 6,181,911 Special Mention 55,696 30,551 9,730 30,203 — — — — 126,180 Substandard 27,779 36,783 5,108 40,410 — — — — 110,080 Performing (1) — — — — — 555,016 71,924 73,724 700,664 Non-performing (2) — — — — — 11,545 7,807 311 19,663 Total $ 3,285,297 $ 1,373,800 $ 577,477 $ 1,125,106 $ 56,491 $ 566,561 $ 79,731 $ 74,035 $ 7,138,498 (1) Includes residential real estate, manufactured housing, and other consumer loans not assigned internal ratings. (2) Includes residential real estate, manufactured housing, and other consumer loans that are past due and still accruing interest or on nonaccrual status. (3) Excludes commercial mortgage warehouse loans reported at fair value. Loan Purchases and Sales Purchases and sales of loans were as follows for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017: For the Years Ended December 31, (amounts in thousands) 2019 2018 2017 Purchases (1) Residential real estate $ 105,858 $ 368,402 $ 264,090 Other consumer (2) 1,058,261 30,066 — Total $ 1,164,119 $ 398,468 $ 264,090 Sales (3) Multi-family $ — $ (54,638) $ (226,831) Commercial and industrial (4) (22,267) (32,263) (19,974) Commercial real estate owner occupied (4) (16,320) (20,218) (19,813) Residential real estate (230,285) — (191,574) Total $ (268,872) $ (107,119) $ (458,192) (1) Amounts reported represent the unpaid principal balance at time of purchase. The purchase price was 100.3%, 99.9% and 99.4% of loans outstanding for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. (2) Other consumer loan purchases for the year ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, consist of third-party originated unsecured consumer loans. None of the loans are considered sub-prime at the time of origination. Customers considers sub-prime borrowers to be those with FICO scores below 660. (3) Amounts reported represent the unpaid principal balance at time of sale. For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, loan sales resulted in net gains of $2.8 million, $3.3 million and $4.2 million, respectively. (4) Primarily sales of SBA loans. Loans Pledged as Collateral Customers has pledged eligible real estate loans as collateral for potential borrowings from the FHLB and FRB in the amount of $4.6 billion and $5.4 billion at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. |