Investments | 2. Investments The amortized cost and estimated fair value of investments were as follows as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015: (Dollars in thousands) Amortized Cost Gross Gross Estimated Other than As of March 31, 2016 Fixed maturities: U.S. treasury and agency obligations $ 87,107 $ 1,708 $ (3 ) $ 88,812 $ — Obligations of states and political subdivisions 183,920 3,692 (72 ) 187,540 — Mortgage-backed securities 155,333 2,924 (147 ) 158,110 — Asset-backed securities 264,543 647 (1,705 ) 263,485 (8 ) Commercial mortgage-backed securities 137,586 57 (1,841 ) 135,802 — Corporate bonds 359,614 2,992 (1,979 ) 360,627 — Foreign corporate bonds 118,247 659 (373 ) 118,533 — Total fixed maturities 1,306,350 12,679 (6,120 ) 1,312,909 (8 ) Common stock 100,175 18,104 (4,881 ) 113,398 — Other invested assets 32,626 — — 32,626 — Total $ 1,439,151 $ 30,783 $ (11,001 ) $ 1,458,933 $ (8 ) (1) Represents the total amount of other than temporary impairment losses relating to factors other than credit losses recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”). (Dollars in thousands) Amortized Cost Gross Gross Estimated Other than As of December 31, 2015 Fixed maturities: U.S. treasury and agency obligations $ 106,303 $ 1,140 $ (321 ) $ 107,122 $ — Obligations of states and political subdivisions 203,121 2,576 (457 ) 205,240 — Mortgage-backed securities 157,753 2,113 (743 ) 159,123 — Asset-backed securities 261,008 435 (1,421 ) 260,022 (9 ) Commercial mortgage-backed securities 142,742 — (2,352 ) 140,390 — Corporate bonds 334,720 685 (3,294 ) 332,111 — Foreign corporate bonds 102,686 194 (739 ) 102,141 — Total fixed maturities 1,308,333 7,143 (9,327 ) 1,306,149 (9 ) Common stock 100,157 16,118 (5,960 ) 110,315 — Other invested assets 32,592 — — 32,592 — Total $ 1,441,082 $ 23,261 $ (15,287 ) $ 1,449,056 $ (9 ) (1) Represents the total amount of other than temporary impairment losses relating to factors other than credit losses recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”). Excluding U.S. treasuries and agency bonds, the Company did not hold any debt or equity investments in a single issuer that was in excess of 5% of shareholders’ equity at March 31, 2016 or December 31, 2015. The amortized cost and estimated fair value of the Company’s fixed maturities portfolio classified as available for sale at March 31, 2016, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. (Dollars in thousands) Amortized Cost Estimated Due in one year or less $ 87,993 $ 88,387 Due in one year through five years 619,767 624,782 Due in five years through ten years 37,099 38,378 Due in ten years through fifteen years — — Due after fifteen years 4,029 3,965 Mortgage-backed securities 155,333 158,110 Asset-backed securities 264,543 263,485 Commercial mortgage-backed securities 137,586 135,802 Total $ 1,306,350 $ 1,312,909 The following table contains an analysis of the Company’s securities with gross unrealized losses, categorized by the period that the securities were in a continuous loss position as of March 31, 2016: Less than 12 months 12 months or longer (1) Total (Dollars in thousands) Fair Value Gross Fair Value Gross Fair Value Gross Fixed maturities: U.S. treasury and agency obligations $ 10,018 $ (3 ) $ — $ — $ 10,018 $ (3 ) Obligations of states and political subdivisions 13,890 (54 ) 1,071 (18 ) 14,961 (72 ) Mortgage-backed securities 27,336 (125 ) 4,966 (22 ) 32,302 (147 ) Asset-backed securities 156,349 (1,670 ) 17,206 (35 ) 173,555 (1,705 ) Commercial mortgage-backed securities 107,312 (1,477 ) 22,934 (364 ) 130,246 (1,841 ) Corporate bonds 93,317 (1,957 ) 2,478 (22 ) 95,795 (1,979 ) Foreign corporate bonds 14,733 (359 ) 5,158 (14 ) 19,891 (373 ) Total fixed maturities 422,955 (5,645 ) 53,813 (475 ) 476,768 (6,120 ) Common stock 32,709 (4,881 ) — — 32,709 (4,881 ) Total $ 455,664 $ (10,526 ) $ 53,813 $ (475 ) $ 509,477 $ (11,001 ) (1) Fixed maturities in a gross unrealized loss position for twelve months or longer are primarily comprised of non-credit losses on investment grade securities where management does not intend to sell, and it is more likely than not that the Company will not be forced to sell the security before recovery. The Company has analyzed these securities and has determined that they are not other than temporarily impaired. The following table contains an analysis of the Company’s securities with gross unrealized losses, categorized by the period that the securities were in a continuous loss position as of December 31, 2015: Less than 12 months 12 months or longer (1) Total (Dollars in thousands) Fair Value Gross Fair Value Gross Fair Value Gross Fixed maturities: U.S. treasury and agency obligations $ 79,496 $ (321 ) $ — $ — $ 79,496 $ (321 ) Obligations of states and political subdivisions 49,708 (373 ) 7,732 (84 ) 57,440 (457 ) Mortgage-backed securities 63,759 (743 ) — — 63,759 (743 ) Asset-backed securities 203,381 (1,404 ) 4,843 (17 ) 208,224 (1,421 ) Commercial mortgage-backed securities 118,813 (2,005 ) 21,577 (347 ) 140,390 (2,352 ) Corporate bonds 211,364 (3,269 ) 2,120 (25 ) 213,484 (3,294 ) Foreign corporate bonds 63,860 (697 ) 5,129 (42 ) 68,989 (739 ) Total fixed maturities 790,381 (8,812 ) 41,401 (515 ) 831,782 (9,327 ) Common stock 36,798 (5,960 ) — — 36,798 (5,960 ) Total $ 827,179 $ (14,772 ) $ 41,401 $ (515 ) $ 868,580 $ (15,287 ) (1) Fixed maturities in a gross unrealized loss position for twelve months or longer are primarily comprised of non-credit losses on investment grade securities where management does not intend to sell, and it is more likely than not that the Company will not be forced to sell the security before recovery. The Company has analyzed these securities and has determined that they are not other than temporarily impaired. The Company regularly performs various analytical valuation procedures with respect to its investments, including reviewing each fixed maturity security in an unrealized loss position to assess whether the security has a credit loss. Specifically, the Company considers credit rating, market price, and issuer specific financial information, among other factors, to assess the likelihood of collection of all principal and interest as contractually due. Securities for which the Company determines that a credit loss is likely are subjected to further analysis through discounted cash flow testing to estimate the credit loss to be recognized in earnings, if any. The specific methodologies and significant assumptions used by asset class are discussed below. Upon identification of such securities and periodically thereafter, a detailed review is performed to determine whether the decline is considered other than temporary. This review includes an analysis of several factors, including but not limited to, the credit ratings and cash flows of the securities and the magnitude and length of time that the fair value of such securities is below cost. For fixed maturities, the factors considered in reaching the conclusion that a decline below cost is other than temporary include, among others, whether: (1) the issuer is in financial distress; (2) the investment is secured; (3) a significant credit rating action occurred; (4) scheduled interest payments were delayed or missed; (5) changes in laws or regulations have affected an issuer or industry; (6) the investment has an unrealized loss and was identified by the Company’s investment manager as an investment to be sold before recovery or maturity; and (7) the investment failed cash flow projection testing to determine if anticipated principal and interest payments will be realized. According to accounting guidance for debt securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company is required to assess whether it has the intent to sell the debt security or more likely than not will be required to sell the debt security before the anticipated recovery. If either of these conditions is met the Company must recognize an other than temporary impairment with the entire unrealized loss being recorded through earnings. For debt securities in an unrealized loss position not meeting these conditions, the Company assesses whether the impairment of a security is other than temporary. If the impairment is deemed to be other than temporary, the Company must separate the other than temporary impairment into two components: the amount representing the credit loss and the amount related to all other factors, such as changes in interest rates. The credit loss represents the portion of the amortized book value in excess of the net present value of the projected future cash flows discounted at the effective interest rate implicit in the debt security prior to impairment. The credit loss component of the other than temporary impairment is recorded through earnings, whereas the amount relating to factors other than credit losses is recorded in other comprehensive income, net of taxes. For equity securities, management carefully reviews all securities with unrealized losses to determine if a security should be impaired and further focuses on securities that have either: (1) persisted with unrealized losses for more than twelve consecutive months or (2) the value of the investment has been 20% or more below cost for six continuous months or more. The amount of any write-down, including those that are deemed to be other than temporary, is included in earnings as a realized loss in the period in which the impairment arose. The following is a description, by asset type, of the methodology and significant inputs that the Company used to measure the amount of credit loss recognized in earnings, if any: U.S. treasury and agency obligations Obligations of states and political subdivisions Mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”) - Asset-backed securities (“ABS”) - Commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”) - Corporate bonds - Foreign bonds Common stock The Company recorded the following other than temporary impairments (“OTTI”) on its investment portfolio for the quarters ended March 31, 2016 and 2015: (Dollars in thousands) Quarters Ended March 31, 2016 2015 Fixed maturities: OTTI losses, gross $ (56 ) $ (10 ) Portion of loss recognized in other comprehensive income (pre-tax) — — Net impairment losses on fixed maturities recognized in earnings (56 ) (10 ) Equity securities (994 ) (331 ) Total $ (1,050 ) $ (341 ) The following table is an analysis of the credit losses recognized in earnings on fixed maturities held by the Company for the quarters ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 for which a portion of the OTTI loss was recognized in other comprehensive income. (Dollars in thousands) Quarters Ended March 31, 2016 2015 Balance at beginning of period $ 31 $ 50 Additions where no OTTI was previously recorded — — Additions where an OTTI was previously recorded — — Reductions for securities for which the company intends to sell or more likely than not will be required to sell before recovery — — Reductions reflecting increases in expected cash flows to be collected — — Reductions for securities sold during the period — — Balance at end of period $ 31 $ 50 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, Net of Tax Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax, as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 was as follows: (Dollars in thousands) March 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 Net unrealized gains (losses)from: Fixed maturities $ 6,559 $ (2,184 ) Common stock 13,223 10,158 Deferred taxes (6,546 ) (3,896 ) Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax $ 13,236 $ 4,078 The following tables present the changes in accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax, by component for the quarters ended March 31, 2016 and 2015: Quarter Ended March 31, 2016 (Dollars in thousands) Unrealized Gains Foreign Currency Accumulated Other Beginning balance $ 4,200 $ (122 ) $ 4,078 Other comprehensive income (loss) before Reclassification 10,129 (1 ) 10,128 Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (970 ) — (970 ) Other comprehensive income (loss) 9,159 (1 ) 9,158 Ending balance $ 13,359 $ (123 ) $ 13,236 Quarter Ended March 31, 2015 (Dollars in thousands) Unrealized Gains Foreign Currency Accumulated Other Beginning balance $ 23,647 $ (263 ) $ 23,384 Other comprehensive income (loss) before Reclassification 6,441 (321 ) 6,120 Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (1,882 ) 83 (1,799 ) Other comprehensive income (loss) 4,559 (238 ) 4,321 Ending balance $ 28,206 $ (501 ) $ 27,705 The reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive income for the quarters ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 were as follows: (Dollars in thousands) Amounts Reclassified from Quarters Ended March 31, Details about Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Components Affected Line Item in the Consolidated Statements of Operations 2016 2015 Unrealized gains and losses on available for sale securities Other net realized investment gains $ (2,535 ) $ (3,381 ) Other than temporary impairment losses on investments 1,050 341 Total before tax (1,485 ) (3,040 ) Income tax expense 515 1,158 Unrealized gains and losses on available for sale securities, net of tax $ (970 ) $ (1,882 ) Foreign currency items Other net realized investment losses $ — $ 128 Income tax (benefit) — (45 ) Foreign currency items, net of tax $ — $ 83 Total reclassifications Total reclassifications, net of tax $ (970 ) $ (1,799 ) Net Realized Investment Losses The components of net realized investment losses for the quarters ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 were as follows: Quarters Ended March 31, (Dollars in thousands) 2016 2015 Fixed maturities: Gross realized gains $ 180 $ 733 Gross realized losses (72 ) (131 ) Net realized gains 108 602 Common stock: Gross realized gains 2,564 2,552 Gross realized losses (1,187 ) (338 ) Net realized gains 1,377 2,214 Preferred stock: Gross realized gains — 96 Gross realized losses — — Net realized gains — 96 Derivatives: Gross realized gains — — Gross realized losses (8,978 ) (5,882 ) Net realized losses (8,978 ) (5,882 ) Total net realized investment losses $ (7,493 ) $ (2,970 ) The proceeds from sales of available-for-sale securities resulting in net realized investment losses for the quarters ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 were as follows: Quarters Ended March 31, (Dollars in thousands) 2016 2015 Fixed maturities $ 65,641 $ 108,120 Equity securities 11,453 6,509 Preferred stock — 1,540 Net Investment Income The sources of net investment income for the quarters ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 were as follows: Quarters Ended March 31, (Dollars in thousands) 2016 2015 Fixed maturities $ 7,224 $ 8,014 Equity securities 1,189 792 Cash and cash equivalents 30 18 Other invested assets 2,034 253 Total investment income 10,477 9,077 Investment expense (731 ) (836 ) Net investment income $ 9,746 $ 8,241 The Company’s total investment return on a pre-tax basis for the quarters ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 were as follows: Quarters Ended March 31, (Dollars in thousands) 2016 2015 Net investment income $ 9,746 $ 8,241 Net realized investment losses (7,493 ) (2,970 ) Change in unrealized holding gains and losses 11,808 4,597 Net realized and unrealized investment returns 4,315 1,627 Total investment return $ 14,061 $ 9,868 Total investment return % (1) 0.9 % 0.6 % Average investment portfolio (2) $ 1,511,204 $ 1,764,110 (1) Not annualized. (2) Average of total cash and invested assets, net of receivable/payable for securities purchased and sold, as of the beginning and end of the period. Insurance Enhanced Asset Backed and Credit Securities As of March 31, 2016, the Company held insurance enhanced asset backed and credit securities with a market value of approximately $34.9 million. Approximately $15.2 million of these securities were tax free municipal bonds, which represented approximately 1.0% of the Company’s total cash and invested assets, net of payable/receivable for securities purchased and sold. These securities had an average rating of “A+.” Approximately $5.2 million of these bonds are pre-refunded with U.S. treasury securities, of which $0.5 million are backed by financial guarantors, meaning that funds have been set aside in escrow to satisfy the future interest and principal obligations of the bond. Of the remaining $10.0 million of insurance enhanced municipal bonds, $0.5 million would have carried a lower credit rating had they not been insured. The following table provides a breakdown of the ratings for these municipal bonds with and without insurance. (Dollars in thousands) Ratings with Ratings without Rating Insurance Insurance AA $ 505 $ — BBB — 505 Total $ 505 $ 505 A summary of the Company’s insurance enhanced municipal bonds that are backed by financial guarantors, including the pre-refunded bonds that are escrowed in U.S. government obligations, as of March 31, 2016, is as follows: (Dollars in thousands) Financial Guarantor Total Pre-refunded Government Exposure Net of Pre-refunded & Government Securities Ambac Financial Group $ 1,536 $ 464 $ — $ 1,072 Assured Guaranty Corporation 3,577 — — 3,577 Municipal Bond Insurance Association 4,828 — — 4,828 Gov’t National Housing Association 552 — 552 — Total backed by financial guarantors 10,493 464 552 9,477 Other credit enhanced municipal bonds 4,759 4,759 — — Total $ 15,252 $ 5,223 $ 552 $ 9,477 In addition to the tax-free municipal bonds, the Company held $19.7 million of insurance enhanced asset-backed and taxable municipal bonds, which represented approximately 1.3% of the Company’s total invested assets, net of receivable/payable for securities purchased and sold. The financial guarantors of the Company’s $19.7 million of insurance enhanced asset-backed and taxable municipal securities include Municipal Bond Insurance Association ($4.0 million), Ambac Financial Group ($1.0 million), Assured Guaranty Corporation ($14.6 million), and Financial Guaranty Insurance Group ($0.1 million). The Company had no direct investments in the entities that have provided financial guarantees or other credit support to any security held by the Company at March 31, 2016. Bonds Held on Deposit Certain cash balances, cash equivalents, equity securities and bonds available for sale were deposited with various governmental authorities in accordance with statutory requirements, were held as collateral pursuant to borrowing arrangements, or were held in trust pursuant to intercompany reinsurance agreements. The fair values were as follows as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015: Estimated Fair Value (Dollars in thousands) March 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 On deposit with governmental authorities $ 39,070 $ 38,815 Intercompany trusts held for the benefit of U.S. policyholders 620,691 643,216 Held in trust pursuant to third party requirements 63,997 66,544 Letter of credit held for third party requirements 5,428 5,598 Securities held as collateral for borrowing arrangements (1) 89,119 95,647 Total $ 818,305 $ 849,820 (1) Amount required to collateralize margin borrowing facilities. Variable Interest Entities The Company has variable interest in a Variable Interest Entity (‘VIE”) for which it is not the primary beneficiary and accounts for this VIE under the equity method since its ownership interest exceeds 3%. This partnership is deemed to be a VIE because the equity holders invest as passive limited partners and as a group lack power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the respective entity’s economic performance. The VIE generates variability from investment portfolio performance and that variability is passed to the equity holders. For this VIE, the Company absorbs a portion, but not the majority of this variability, based on its proportional equity interest. The fair value of the non-consolidated VIE, in which the Company has a significant variable interest, was $32.6 million as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss was $54.6 million and $52.6 million as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. Maximum exposure to loss includes the fair value of the Company’s investment in this VIE and its unfunded commitment to the VIE. The Company’s investment in this VIE is included in other invested assets on the consolidated balance sheet with changes in fair value recorded in the statement of operations. |