Investments | 2. Investments The amortized cost and estimated fair value of investments were as follows as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015: (Dollars in thousands) Amortized Cost Gross Gross Estimated Fair Value Other than As of September 30, 2016 Fixed maturities: U.S. treasury and agency obligations $ 79,290 $ 1,549 $ — $ 80,839 $ — Obligations of states and political subdivisions 167,430 3,315 (49 ) 170,696 — Mortgage-backed securities 104,222 2,765 (38 ) 106,949 — Asset-backed securities 250,766 1,731 (297 ) 252,200 (6 ) Commercial mortgage-backed securities 175,469 372 (1,188 ) 174,653 — Corporate bonds and debt 391,277 5,073 (695 ) 395,655 — Foreign corporate bonds 129,011 982 (28 ) 129,965 — Total fixed maturities 1,297,465 15,787 (2,295 ) 1,310,957 (6 ) Common stock 102,899 22,225 (2,345 ) 122,779 — Other invested assets 32,635 — — 32,635 — Total $ 1,432,999 $ 38,012 $ (4,640 ) $ 1,466,371 $ (6 ) (1) Represents the total amount of other than temporary impairment losses relating to factors other than credit losses recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”). (Dollars in thousands) Amortized Cost Gross Gross Estimated Fair Value Other than As of December 31, 2015 Fixed maturities: U.S. treasury and agency obligations $ 106,303 $ 1,140 $ (321 ) $ 107,122 $ — Obligations of states and political subdivisions 203,121 2,576 (457 ) 205,240 — Mortgage-backed securities 157,753 2,113 (743 ) 159,123 — Asset-backed securities 261,008 435 (1,421 ) 260,022 (9 ) Commercial mortgage-backed securities 142,742 — (2,352 ) 140,390 — Corporate bonds 334,720 685 (3,294 ) 332,111 — Foreign corporate bonds 102,686 194 (739 ) 102,141 — Total fixed maturities 1,308,333 7,143 (9,327 ) 1,306,149 (9 ) Common stock 100,157 16,118 (5,960 ) 110,315 — Other invested assets 32,592 — — 32,592 — Total $ 1,441,082 $ 23,261 $ (15,287 ) $ 1,449,056 $ (9 ) (1) Represents the total amount of other than temporary impairment losses relating to factors other than credit losses recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”). Excluding U.S. treasuries and agency bonds, the Company did not hold any debt or equity investments in a single issuer that was in excess of 4% and 5% of shareholders’ equity at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. The amortized cost and estimated fair value of the Company’s fixed maturities portfolio classified as available for sale at September 30, 2016, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. (Dollars in thousands) Amortized Cost Estimated Due in one year or less $ 81,811 $ 82,130 Due after one year through five years 633,977 642,829 Due after five years through ten years 47,779 48,727 Due after ten years through fifteen years — — Due after fifteen years 3,441 3,469 Mortgage-backed securities 104,222 106,949 Asset-backed securities 250,766 252,200 Commercial mortgage-backed securities 175,469 174,653 Total $ 1,297,465 $ 1,310,957 The following table contains an analysis of the Company’s securities with gross unrealized losses, categorized by the period that the securities were in a continuous loss position as of September 30, 2016: Less than 12 months 12 months or longer (1) Total (Dollars in thousands) Fair Value Gross Fair Value Gross Fair Value Gross Fixed maturities: Obligations of states and political subdivisions $ 17,372 $ (44 ) $ 677 $ (5 ) $ 18,049 $ (49 ) Mortgage-backed securities 3,123 (27 ) 309 (11 ) 3,432 (38 ) Asset-backed securities 52,109 (185 ) 19,260 (112 ) 71,369 (297 ) Commercial mortgage-backed securities 82,291 (571 ) 57,970 (617 ) 140,261 (1,188 ) Corporate bonds and debt 43,156 (626 ) 6,507 (69 ) 49,663 (695 ) Foreign corporate bonds 19,869 (28 ) — — 19,869 (28 ) Total fixed maturities 218,520 (1,481 ) 84,723 (814 ) 303,243 (2,295 ) Common stock 24,387 (2,079 ) 2,027 (266 ) 26,414 (2,345 ) Total $ 242,907 $ (3,560 ) $ 86,750 $ (1,080 ) $ 329,657 $ (4,640 ) (1) Fixed maturities in a gross unrealized loss position for twelve months or longer are primarily comprised of non-credit losses on investment grade securities where management does not intend to sell, and it is more likely than not that the Company will not be forced to sell the security before recovery. The Company has analyzed these securities and has determined that they are not other than temporarily impaired. The following table contains an analysis of the Company’s securities with gross unrealized losses, categorized by the period that the securities were in a continuous loss position as of December 31, 2015: Less than 12 months 12 months or longer (1) Total (Dollars in thousands) Fair Value Gross Fair Value Gross Fair Value Gross Fixed maturities: U.S. treasury and agency obligations $ 79,496 $ (321 ) $ — $ — $ 79,496 $ (321 ) Obligations of states and political subdivisions 49,708 (373 ) 7,732 (84 ) 57,440 (457 ) Mortgage-backed securities 63,759 (743 ) — — 63,759 (743 ) Asset-backed securities 203,381 (1,404 ) 4,843 (17 ) 208,224 (1,421 ) Commercial mortgage-backed securities 118,813 (2,005 ) 21,577 (347 ) 140,390 (2,352 ) Corporate bonds 211,364 (3,269 ) 2,120 (25 ) 213,484 (3,294 ) Foreign corporate bonds 63,860 (697 ) 5,129 (42 ) 68,989 (739 ) Total fixed maturities 790,381 (8,812 ) 41,401 (515 ) 831,782 (9,327 ) Common stock 36,798 (5,960 ) — — 36,798 (5,960 ) Total $ 827,179 $ (14,772 ) $ 41,401 $ (515 ) $ 868,580 $ (15,287 ) (1) Fixed maturities in a gross unrealized loss position for twelve months or longer are primarily comprised of non-credit losses on investment grade securities where management does not intend to sell, and it is more likely than not that the Company will not be forced to sell the security before recovery. The Company has analyzed these securities and has determined that they are not other than temporarily impaired. The Company regularly performs various analytical valuation procedures with respect to its investments, including reviewing each fixed maturity security in an unrealized loss position to assess whether the security has a credit loss. Specifically, the Company considers credit rating, market price, and issuer specific financial information, among other factors, to assess the likelihood of collection of all principal and interest as contractually due. Securities for which the Company determines that a credit loss is likely are subjected to further analysis through discounted cash flow testing to estimate the credit loss to be recognized in earnings, if any. The specific methodologies and significant assumptions used by asset class are discussed below. Upon identification of such securities and periodically thereafter, a detailed review is performed to determine whether the decline is considered other than temporary. This review includes an analysis of several factors, including but not limited to, the credit ratings and cash flows of the securities and the magnitude and length of time that the fair value of such securities is below cost. For fixed maturities, the factors considered in reaching the conclusion that a decline below cost is other than temporary include, among others, whether: (1) the issuer is in financial distress; (2) the investment is secured; (3) a significant credit rating action occurred; (4) scheduled interest payments were delayed or missed; (5) changes in laws or regulations have affected an issuer or industry; (6) the investment has an unrealized loss and was identified by the Company’s investment manager as an investment to be sold before recovery or maturity; and (7) the investment failed cash flow projection testing to determine if anticipated principal and interest payments will be realized. According to accounting guidance for debt securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company is required to assess whether it has the intent to sell the debt security or more likely than not will be required to sell the debt security before the anticipated recovery. If either of these conditions is met the Company must recognize an other than temporary impairment with the entire unrealized loss being recorded through earnings. For debt securities in an unrealized loss position not meeting these conditions, the Company assesses whether the impairment of a security is other than temporary. If the impairment is deemed to be other than temporary, the Company must separate the other than temporary impairment into two components: the amount representing the credit loss and the amount related to all other factors, such as changes in interest rates. The credit loss represents the portion of the amortized book value in excess of the net present value of the projected future cash flows discounted at the effective interest rate implicit in the debt security prior to impairment. The credit loss component of the other than temporary impairment is recorded through earnings, whereas the amount relating to factors other than credit losses is recorded in other comprehensive income, net of taxes. For equity securities, management carefully reviews all securities with unrealized losses to determine if a security should be impaired and further focuses on securities that have either: (1) persisted with unrealized losses for more than twelve consecutive months or (2) the value of the investment has been 20% or more below cost for six continuous months or more. The amount of any write-down, including those that are deemed to be other than temporary, is included in earnings as a realized loss in the period in which the impairment arose. The following is a description, by asset type, of the methodology and significant inputs that the Company used to measure the amount of credit loss recognized in earnings, if any: Obligations of states and political subdivisions Mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”) – Asset-backed securities (“ABS”) - Commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”) - Corporate bonds and debt - Foreign bonds Common stock The Company recorded the following other than temporary impairments (“OTTI”) on its investment portfolio for the quarters and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015: Quarters Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended (Dollars in thousands) 2016 2015 2016 2015 Fixed maturities: OTTI losses, gross $ (108 ) $ — $ (201 ) $ (23 ) Portion of loss recognized in other comprehensive income (pre-tax) — — — — Net impairment losses on fixed maturities recognized in earnings (108 ) — (201 ) (23 ) Equity securities (2,106 ) (4,641 ) (4,280 ) (6,856 ) Total $ (2,214 ) $ (4,641 ) $ (4,481 ) $ (6,879 ) The following table is an analysis of the credit losses recognized in earnings on fixed maturities held by the Company for the quarters and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 for which a portion of the OTTI loss was recognized in other comprehensive income. Quarters Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended (Dollars in thousands) 2016 2015 2016 2015 Balance at beginning of period $ 31 $ 31 $ 31 $ 50 Additions where no OTTI was previously recorded — — — — Additions where an OTTI was previously recorded — — — — Reductions for securities for which the company intends to sell or more likely than not will be required to sell before recovery — — — — Reductions reflecting increases in expected cash flows to be collected — — — — Reductions for securities sold during the period — — — (19 ) Balance at end of period $ 31 $ 31 $ 31 $ 31 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, Net of Tax Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax, as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 was as follows: (Dollars in thousands) September 30, 2016 December 31, 2015 Net unrealized gains (losses) from: Fixed maturities $ 13,492 $ (2,184 ) Common stock 19,880 10,158 Deferred taxes (10,093 ) (3,896 ) Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax $ 23,279 $ 4,078 The following tables present the changes in accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax, by component for the quarters and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015: Quarter Ended September 30, 2016 (Dollars in thousands) Unrealized Gains Foreign Currency Accumulated Other Beginning balance $ 22,511 $ (435 ) $ 22,076 Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification 2,073 (89 ) 1,984 Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (loss) (781 ) — (781 ) Other comprehensive income (loss) 1,292 (89 ) 1,203 Ending balance $ 23,803 $ (524 ) $ 23,279 Quarter Ended September 30, 2015 (Dollars in thousands) Unrealized Gains Foreign Currency Accumulated Other Beginning balance $ 20,201 $ (99 ) $ 20,102 Other comprehensive (loss) before reclassification (9,009 ) (47 ) (9,056 ) Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income 2,129 70 2,199 Other comprehensive income (loss) (6,880 ) 23 (6,857 ) Ending balance $ 13,321 $ (76 ) $ 13,245 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016 (Dollars in thousands) Unrealized Gains Foreign Currency Accumulated Other Beginning balance $ 4,200 $ (122 ) $ 4,078 Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification 22,075 (400 ) 21,675 Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (loss) (2,472 ) (2 ) (2,474 ) Other comprehensive income (loss) 19,603 (402 ) 19,201 Ending balance $ 23,803 $ (524 ) $ 23,279 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2015 (Dollars in thousands) Unrealized Gains Foreign Currency Accumulated Other Beginning balance $ 23,647 $ (263 ) $ 23,384 Other comprehensive (loss) before reclassification (9,413 ) (209 ) (9,622 ) Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (913 ) 396 (517 ) Other comprehensive income (loss) (10,326 ) 187 (10,139 ) Ending balance $ 13,321 $ (76 ) $ 13,245 The reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive income for the quarters and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 were as follows: (Dollars in thousands) Amounts Reclassified from Quarters Ended September 30, Details about Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Components Affected Line Item in the Consolidated Statements of Operations 2016 2015 Unrealized gains and losses on available for sale securities Other net realized investment (gains) $ (3,384 ) $ (2,042 ) Other than temporary impairment losses on investments 2,214 4,641 Total before tax (1,170 ) 2,599 Income tax expense (benefit) 389 (470 ) Unrealized gains on available for sale securities, net of tax $ (781 ) $ 2,129 Foreign currency items Other net realized investment losses $ — $ 108 Income tax (benefit) — (38 ) Foreign currency items, net of tax $ — $ 70 Total reclassifications Total reclassifications, net of tax $ (781 ) $ 2,199 (Dollars in thousands) Amounts Reclassified from Comprehensive Income Nine Months Ended September 30, Details about Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Components Affected Line Item in the Consolidated Statements of Operations 2016 2015 Unrealized gains and losses on available for sale securities Other net realized investment (gains) $ (8,214 ) $ (9,168 ) Other than temporary impairment losses on investments 4,481 6,879 Total before tax (3,733 ) (2,289 ) Income tax expense 1,261 1,376 Unrealized gains and losses on available for sale securities, net of tax $ (2,472 ) $ (913 ) Foreign currency items Other net realized investment (gains) losses $ (4 ) $ 609 Income tax expense (benefit) 2 (213 ) Foreign currency items, net of tax $ (2 ) $ 396 Total reclassifications Total reclassifications, net of tax $ (2,474 ) $ (517 ) Net Realized Investment Gains (Losses) The components of net realized investment gains (losses) for the quarters and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 were as follows: Quarters Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, (Dollars in thousands) 2016 2015 2016 2015 Fixed maturities: Gross realized gains $ 434 $ 110 $ 1,252 $ 1,589 Gross realized losses (147 ) (1,451 ) (291 ) (1,692 ) Net realized gains 287 (1,341 ) 961 (103 ) Common stock: Gross realized gains 3,345 3,494 8,068 9,418 Gross realized losses (2,462 ) (4,860 ) (5,292 ) (7,731 ) Net realized gains 883 (1,366 ) 2,776 1,687 Preferred stock: Gross realized gains — — — 96 Gross realized losses — — — — Net realized gains — — — 96 Derivatives: Gross realized gains 1,955 — — — Gross realized losses (1,197 ) (8,071 ) (12,794 ) (8,896 ) Net realized gains (losses) 758 (8,071 ) (12,794 ) (8,896 ) Total net realized investment gains (losses) $ 1,928 $ (10,778 ) $ (9,057 ) $ (7,216 ) The proceeds from sales of available-for-sale securities resulting in net realized investment gains for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 were as follows: Nine Months Ended September 30, (Dollars in thousands) 2016 2015 Fixed maturities $ 279,659 $ 290,580 Equity securities $ 34,976 $ 34,161 Preferred stock $ — $ 1,540 Net Investment Income The sources of net investment income for the quarters and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 were as follows: Quarters Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, (Dollars in thousands) 2016 2015 2016 2015 Fixed maturities $ 8,131 $ 8,673 $ 22,729 $ 24,709 Equity securities 698 703 2,647 2,419 Cash and cash equivalents 44 32 111 59 Other invested assets 909 193 3,806 1,535 Total investment income 9,782 9,601 29,293 28,722 Investment expense (1) (987 ) (749 ) (4,190 ) (2,488 ) Net investment income $ 8,795 $ 8,852 $ 25,103 $ 26,234 (1) Investment expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 includes $1.5 million in upfront fees necessary to enter into a new investment. See Note 9 for additional information on the Company’s $40 million commitment related to this new investment. The Company’s total investment return on a pre-tax basis for the quarters and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 were as follows: Quarters Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, (Dollars in thousands) 2016 2015 2016 2015 Net investment income $ 8,795 $ 8,852 $ 25,103 $ 26,234 Net realized investment gains (losses) 1,928 (10,778 ) (9,057 ) (7,216 ) Change in unrealized holding gains and (losses) 2,061 (10,420 ) 25,398 (15,575 ) Net realized and unrealized investment returns 3,989 (21,198 ) 16,341 (22,791 ) Total investment return $ 12,784 $ (12,346 ) $ 41,444 $ 3,443 Total investment return % (1) 0.8 % (0.7 %) 2.7 % 0.2 % Average investment portfolio (2) $ 1,530,599 $ 1,800,993 $ 1,522,247 $ 1,788,777 (1) Not annualized. (2) Average of total cash and invested assets, net of receivable/payable for securities purchased and sold, as of the beginning and end of the period. Insurance Enhanced Asset Backed and Credit Securities As of September 30, 2016, the Company held insurance enhanced asset backed and credit securities with a market value of approximately $33.1 million. Approximately $13.7 million of these securities were tax free municipal bonds, which represented approximately 0.9% of the Company’s total cash and invested assets, net of payable/receivable for securities purchased and sold. These securities had an average rating of “A+.” Approximately $5.4 million of these bonds are pre-refunded with U.S. treasury securities, of which $0.5 million are backed by financial guarantors, meaning that funds have been set aside in escrow to satisfy the future interest and principal obligations of the bond. Of the remaining $8.3 million of tax free insurance enhanced municipal bonds, $0.5 million would have carried a lower credit rating had they not been insured. The following table provides a breakdown of the ratings for these municipal bonds with and without insurance. (Dollars in thousands) Ratings with Ratings without Rating Insurance Insurance AA $ 509 $ — A — 509 Total $ 509 $ 509 A summary of the Company’s insurance enhanced municipal bonds that are backed by financial guarantors, including the pre-refunded bonds that are escrowed in U.S. government obligations, as of September 30, 2016, is as follows: (Dollars in thousands) Financial Guarantor Total Pre-refunded Government Exposure Net of Pre-refunded Securities Ambac Financial Group $ 1,512 $ 455 $ — $ 1,057 Assured Guaranty Corporation 3,500 — — 3,500 Municipal Bond Insurance Association 3,229 — — 3,229 Gov’t National Housing Association 498 — 498 — Total backed by financial guarantors 8,739 455 498 7,786 Other credit enhanced municipal bonds 4,923 4,923 — — Total $ 13,662 $ 5,378 $ 498 $ 7,786 In addition to the tax-free municipal bonds, the Company held $19.4 million of insurance enhanced bonds that are comprised of $18.3 million of taxable municipal bonds and $1.1 million of asset-backed securities, which represented approximately 1.3% of the Company’s total invested assets, net of receivable/payable for securities purchased and sold. The financial guarantors of the Company’s $19.4 million of insurance enhanced asset-backed and taxable municipal securities include Municipal Bond Insurance Association ($3.8 million), Ambac Financial Group ($0.9 million), Assured Guaranty Corporation ($14.6 million), and Financial Guaranty Insurance Group ($0.1 million). The Company had no direct investments in the entities that have provided financial guarantees or other credit support to any security held by the Company at September 30, 2016. Bonds Held on Deposit Certain cash balances, cash equivalents, equity securities, and bonds available for sale were deposited with various governmental authorities in accordance with statutory requirements, were held as collateral pursuant to borrowing arrangements, or were held in trust pursuant to intercompany reinsurance agreements. The fair values were as follows as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015: Estimated Fair Value (Dollars in thousands) September 30, 2016 December 31, 2015 On deposit with governmental authorities $ 26,203 $ 38,815 Intercompany trusts held for the benefit of U.S. policyholders 601,052 643,216 Held in trust pursuant to third party requirements 67,924 66,544 Letter of credit held for third party requirements 4,292 5,598 Securities held as collateral for borrowing arrangements (1) 97,638 95,647 Total $ 797,109 $ 849,820 (1) Amount required to collateralize margin borrowing facilities. Variable Interest Entities A Variable Interest Entity (VIE) refers to an investment in which an investor holds a controlling interest that is not based on the majority of voting rights. Under the VIE model, the party that has the power to exercise significant management influence and maintain a controlling financial interest in the entity’s economics is said to be the primary beneficiary, and is required to consolidate the entity within their results. Other entities that participate in a VIE, for which their financial interests fluctuate with changes in the fair value of the investment entity’s net assets but do not have significant management influence and the ability to direct the VIE’s significant economic activities are said to have a variable interest in the VIE but do not consolidate the VIE in their financial results. The Company has variable interests in several VIE’s for which it is not the primary beneficiary. These investments are accounted for under the equity method of accounting as their ownership interest exceeds 3% of their respective investments. The fair value of one of the Company’s variable interest VIE’s was $29.1 million and $32.6 million as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss from this variable interest VIE, which factors in future funding commitments, was $51.1 million at September 30, 2016 and $52.6 million at December 31, 2015. The fair value of the remaining three variable interest VIE’s, which were acquired in 2016, were $3.6 million at September 30, 2016. The Company is not able to accurately estimate future funding requirements for the remaining three variable interest VIE’s due to related debt components of the underlying investments that are not considered variable interest VIE’s. If the entire future funding commitments of these three investments were considered variable interest VIE’s, the Company’s maximum exposure to loss from the remaining VIE’s at September 30, 2016 would be $24.6 million. The Company’s investment in variable interest VIE’s is included in other invested assets on the consolidated balance sheet with changes in fair value recorded in the statement of operations. |