Investments | 2. Investments The amortized cost and estimated fair value of investments were as follows as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016: (Dollars in thousands) Amortized Cost Gross Gross Estimated Other than As of September 30, 2017 Fixed maturities: U.S. treasury and agency obligations $ 117,596 $ 665 $ (495 ) $ 117,766 $ — Obligations of states and political subdivisions 116,508 991 (256 ) 117,243 — Mortgage-backed securities 146,800 650 (562 ) 146,888 — Asset-backed securities 209,028 634 (142 ) 209,520 (1 ) Commercial mortgage-backed securities 139,740 94 (741 ) 139,093 — Corporate bonds 485,580 3,851 (838 ) 488,593 — Foreign corporate bonds 140,438 810 (188 ) 141,060 — Total fixed maturities 1,355,690 7,695 (3,222 ) 1,360,163 (1 ) Common stock 124,064 13,148 (3,750 ) 133,462 — Other invested assets 73,553 — — 73,553 — Total $ 1,553,307 $ 20,843 $ (6,972 ) $ 1,567,178 $ (1 ) (1) Represents the total amount of other than temporary impairment losses relating to factors other than credit losses recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”). (Dollars in thousands) Amortized Cost Gross Gross Estimated Other than As of December 31, 2016 Fixed maturities: U.S. treasury and agency obligations $ 71,517 $ 763 $ (233 ) $ 72,047 $ — Obligations of states and political subdivisions 155,402 1,423 (379 ) 156,446 — Mortgage-backed securities 88,131 895 (558 ) 88,468 — Asset-backed securities 233,890 684 (583 ) 233,991 (4 ) Commercial mortgage-backed securities 184,821 118 (1,747 ) 183,192 — Corporate bonds 381,209 1,666 (2,848 ) 380,027 — Foreign corporate bonds 126,369 164 (673 ) 125,860 — Total fixed maturities 1,241,339 5,713 (7,021 ) 1,240,031 (4 ) Common stock 119,515 3,445 (2,403 ) 120,557 — Other invested assets 66,121 — — 66,121 — Total $ 1,426,975 $ 9,158 $ (9,424 ) $ 1,426,709 $ (4 ) (1) Represents the total amount of other than temporary impairment losses relating to factors other than credit losses recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”). Excluding U.S. treasuries and agency bonds, the Company did not hold any debt or equity investments in a single issuer that was in excess of 4% and 5% of shareholders’ equity at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. The amortized cost and estimated fair value of the Company’s fixed maturities portfolio classified as available for sale at September 30, 2017, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Dollars in thousands) Amortized Cost Estimated Due in one year or less $ 86,480 $ 86,515 Due in one year through five years 493,819 495,425 Due in five years through ten years 273,515 276,346 Due in ten years through fifteen years 592 598 Due after fifteen years 5,716 5,778 Mortgage-backed securities 146,800 146,888 Asset-backed securities 209,028 209,520 Commercial mortgage-backed securities 139,740 139,093 Total $ 1,355,690 $ 1,360,163 The following table contains an analysis of the Company’s securities with gross unrealized losses, categorized by the period that the securities were in a continuous loss position as of September 30, 2017: Less than 12 months 12 months or longer (1) Total (Dollars in thousands) Fair Value Gross Fair Value Gross Fair Value Gross Fixed maturities: U.S. treasury and agency obligations $ 96,336 $ (489 ) $ 594 $ (6 ) $ 96,930 $ (495 ) Obligations of states and political subdivisions 27,806 (199 ) 8,629 (57 ) 36,435 (256 ) Mortgage-backed securities 105,162 (554 ) 297 (8 ) 105,459 (562 ) Asset-backed securities 41,719 (142 ) — — 41,719 (142 ) Commercial mortgage-backed securities 97,191 (639 ) 6,727 (102 ) 103,918 (741 ) Corporate bonds 125,550 (600 ) 17,493 (238 ) 143,043 (838 ) Foreign corporate bonds 40,145 (87 ) 10,446 (101 ) 50,591 (188 ) Total fixed maturities 533,909 (2,710 ) 44,186 (512 ) 578,095 (3,222 ) Common stock 29,150 (3,750 ) — — 29,150 (3,750 ) Total $ 563,059 $ (6,460 ) $ 44,186 $ (512 ) $ 607,245 $ (6,972 ) (1) Fixed maturities in a gross unrealized loss position for twelve months or longer are primarily comprised of non-credit The following table contains an analysis of the Company’s securities with gross unrealized losses, categorized by the period that the securities were in a continuous loss position as of December 31, 2016: Less than 12 months 12 months or longer (1) Total (Dollars in thousands) Fair Value Gross Fair Value Gross Fair Value Gross Fixed maturities: U.S. treasury and agency obligations $ 39,570 $ (233 ) $ — $ — $ 39,570 $ (233 ) Obligations of states and political subdivisions 46,861 (369 ) 670 (10 ) 47,531 (379 ) Mortgage-backed securities 52,780 (541 ) 298 (17 ) 53,078 (558 ) Asset-backed securities 62,737 (493 ) 23,937 (90 ) 86,674 (583 ) Commercial mortgage-backed securities 94,366 (1,090 ) 69,747 (657 ) 164,113 (1,747 ) Corporate bonds 171,621 (2,731 ) 9,218 (117 ) 180,839 (2,848 ) Foreign corporate bonds 76,036 (673 ) — — 76,036 (673 ) Total fixed maturities 543,971 (6,130 ) 103,870 (891 ) 647,841 (7,021 ) Common stock 57,439 (2,403 ) — — 57,439 (2,403 ) Total $ 601,410 $ (8,533 ) $ 103,870 $ (891 ) $ 705,280 $ (9,424 ) (1) Fixed maturities in a gross unrealized loss position for twelve months or longer are primarily comprised of non-credit The Company regularly performs various analytical valuation procedures with respect to its investments, including reviewing each fixed maturity security in an unrealized loss position to assess whether the security has a credit loss. Specifically, the Company considers credit rating, market price, and issuer specific financial information, among other factors, to assess the likelihood of collection of all principal and interest as contractually due. Securities for which the Company determines that a credit loss is likely are subjected to further analysis through discounted cash flow testing to estimate the credit loss to be recognized in earnings, if any. The specific methodologies and significant assumptions used by asset class are discussed below. Upon identification of such securities and periodically thereafter, a detailed review is performed to determine whether the decline is considered other than temporary. This review includes an analysis of several factors, including but not limited to, the credit ratings and cash flows of the securities and the magnitude and length of time that the fair value of such securities is below cost. For fixed maturities, the factors considered in reaching the conclusion that a decline below cost is other than temporary include, among others, whether: (1) the issuer is in financial distress; (2) the investment is secured; (3) a significant credit rating action occurred; (4) scheduled interest payments were delayed or missed; (5) changes in laws or regulations have affected an issuer or industry; (6) the investment has an unrealized loss and was identified by the Company’s investment manager as an investment to be sold before recovery or maturity; and (7) the investment failed cash flow projection testing to determine if anticipated principal and interest payments will be realized. According to accounting guidance for debt securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company is required to assess whether it has the intent to sell the debt security or more likely than not will be required to sell the debt security before the anticipated recovery. If either of these conditions is met the Company must recognize an other than temporary impairment with the entire unrealized loss being recorded through earnings. For debt securities in an unrealized loss position not meeting these conditions, the Company assesses whether the impairment of a security is other than temporary. If the impairment is deemed to be other than temporary, the Company must separate the other than temporary impairment into two components: the amount representing the credit loss and the amount related to all other factors, such as changes in interest rates. The credit loss represents the portion of the amortized book value in excess of the net present value of the projected future cash flows discounted at the effective interest rate implicit in the debt security prior to impairment. The credit loss component of the other than temporary impairment is recorded through earnings, whereas the amount relating to factors other than credit losses is recorded in other comprehensive income, net of taxes. For equity securities, management carefully reviews all securities with unrealized losses to determine if a security should be impaired and further focuses on securities that have either: (1) persisted with unrealized losses for more than twelve consecutive months or (2) the value of the investment has been 20% or more below cost for six continuous months or more. The amount of any write-down, including those that are deemed to be other than temporary, is included in earnings as a realized loss in the period in which the impairment arose. The following is a description, by asset type, of the methodology and significant inputs that the Company used to measure the amount of credit loss recognized in earnings, if any: U.S. treasury and agency obligations Obligations of states and political subdivisions – in-house Mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”) – HPI-adjusted Asset-backed securities (“ABS”) - in-depth Commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”) - re-underwritten Corporate bonds - A- Foreign bonds Common stock The Company recorded the following other than temporary impairments (“OTTI”) on its investment portfolio for the quarters and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016: Quarters Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended (Dollars in thousands) 2017 2016 2017 2016 Fixed maturities: OTTI losses, gross $ — $ (108 ) $ (31 ) $ (201 ) Portion of loss recognized in other comprehensive income (pre-tax) — — — — Net impairment losses on fixed maturities recognized in earnings — (108 ) (31 ) (201 ) Equity securities (1,020 ) (2,106 ) (1,677 ) (4,280 ) Total $ (1,020 ) $ (2,214 ) $ (1,708 ) $ (4,481 ) The following table is an analysis of the credit losses recognized in earnings on fixed maturities held by the Company for the quarters and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 for which a portion of the OTTI loss was recognized in other comprehensive income. Quarters Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended (Dollars in thousands) 2017 2016 2017 2016 Balance at beginning of period $ 16 $ 31 $ 31 $ 31 Additions where no OTTI was previously recorded — — — — Additions where an OTTI was previously recorded — — — — Reductions for securities for which the company intends to sell or more likely than not will be required to sell before recovery — — — — Reductions reflecting increases in expected cash flows to be collected — — — — Reductions for securities sold during the period (3 ) — (18 ) — Balance at end of period $ 13 $ 31 $ 13 $ 31 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, Net of Tax Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax, as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 was as follows: (Dollars in thousands) September 30, 2017 December 31, 2016 Net unrealized gains (losses)from: Fixed maturities $ 4,473 $ (1,308 ) Common stock 9,398 1,042 Foreign currency fluctuations 584 — Deferred taxes (4,370 ) (352 ) Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax $ 10,085 $ (618 ) The following tables present the changes in accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax, by component for the quarters and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016: Quarter Ended September 30, 2017 (Dollars in thousands) Unrealized Gains Foreign Currency Accumulated Other Beginning balance $ 5,549 $ 437 $ 5,986 Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification 3,173 485 3,658 Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) 653 (212 ) 441 Other comprehensive income (loss) 3,826 273 4,099 Ending balance $ 9,375 $ 710 $ 10,085 Quarter Ended September 30, 2016 (Dollars in thousands) Unrealized Gains Foreign Currency Accumulated Other Beginning balance $ 22,511 $ (435 ) $ 22,076 Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification 2,073 (89 ) 1,984 Amounts reclassified from accumulated other Comprehensive loss (781 ) — (781 ) Other comprehensive income (loss) 1,292 (89 ) 1,203 Ending balance $ 23,803 $ (524 ) $ 23,279 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 (Dollars in thousands) Unrealized Gains Foreign Currency Accumulated Other Beginning balance $ (554 ) $ (64 ) $ (618 ) Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification 10,498 993 11,491 Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (569 ) (219 ) (788 ) Other comprehensive income (loss) 9,929 774 10,703 Ending balance $ 9,375 $ 710 $ 10,085 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016 (Dollars in thousands) Unrealized Gains Foreign Currency Accumulated Other Beginning balance $ 4,200 $ (122 ) $ 4,078 Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification 22,075 (400 ) 21,675 Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss (2,472 ) (2 ) (2,474 ) Other comprehensive income (loss) 19,603 (402 ) 19,201 Ending balance $ 23,803 $ (524 ) $ 23,279 The reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive income for the quarters and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 were as follows: (Dollars in thousands) Amounts Reclassified from Details about Accumulated Other Affected Line Item in the Operations 2017 2016 Unrealized gains and losses on available for sale securities Other net realized investment gains $ (97 ) $ (3,384 ) Other than temporary impairment losses on investments 1,020 2,214 Total before tax 923 (1,170 ) Income tax expense (270 ) 389 Unrealized gains and losses on available for sale securities, net of tax $ 653 $ (781 ) Foreign currency items Other net realized investment gains $ (326 ) $ — Income tax expense 114 — Foreign currency items, net of tax $ (212 ) $ — Total reclassifications Total reclassifications, net of tax $ 441 $ (781 ) (Dollars in thousands) Amounts Reclassified from Details about Accumulated Other Affected Line Item in the Operations 2017 2016 Unrealized gains and losses on available for sale securities Other net realized investment gains $ (2,538 ) $ (8,214 ) Other than temporary impairment losses on investments 1,708 4,481 Total before tax (830 ) (3,733 ) Income tax expense 261 1,261 Unrealized gains and losses on available for sale securities, net of tax $ (569 ) $ (2,472 ) Foreign currency items Other net realized investment gains $ (336 ) $ (4 ) Income tax expense 117 2 Foreign currency items, net of tax $ (219 ) $ (2 ) Total reclassifications Total reclassifications, net of tax $ (788 ) $ (2,474 ) Net Realized Investment Gains (Losses) The components of net realized investment gains (losses) for the quarters and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 were as follows: Quarters Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, (Dollars in thousands) 2017 2016 2017 2016 Fixed maturities: Gross realized gains $ 434 $ 434 $ 3,122 $ 1,252 Gross realized losses (300 ) (147 ) (2,358 ) (291 ) Net realized gains 134 287 764 961 Common stock: Gross realized gains 917 3,345 2,711 8,068 Gross realized losses (1,648 ) (2,462 ) (2,309 ) (5,292 ) Net realized gains (731 ) 883 402 2,776 Derivatives: Gross realized gains 486 1,955 822 — Gross realized losses (852 ) (1,197 ) (2,838 ) (12,794 ) Net realized gains (losses) (1) (366 ) 758 (2,016 ) (12,794 ) Total net realized investment gains (losses) $ (963 ) $ 1,928 $ (850 ) $ (9,057 ) (1) Includes periodic net interest settlements related to the derivatives of $0.9 million and $1.2 million for the quarters ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and $2.8 million and $3.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The proceeds from sales and redemptions of available-for-sale Nine Months Ended September 30, (Dollars in thousands) 2017 2016 Fixed maturities $ 742,229 $ 279,659 Equity securities 24,483 34,976 Net Investment Income The sources of net investment income for the quarters and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 were as follows: Quarters Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, (Dollars in thousands) 2017 2016 2017 2016 Fixed maturities $ 9,020 $ 8,131 $ 24,032 $ 22,729 Equity securities 906 698 2,740 2,647 Cash and cash equivalents 226 44 621 111 Other invested assets 655 909 2,423 3,806 Total investment income 10,807 9,782 29,816 29,293 Investment expense (1) (673 ) (987 ) (2,198 ) (4,190 ) Net investment income $ 10,134 $ 8,795 $ 27,618 $ 25,103 (1) Investment expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 includes $1.5 million in upfront fees necessary to enter into a new investment. See Note 9 for additional information on the Company’s $40 million commitment related to this investment. The Company’s total investment return on a pre-tax Quarters Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, (Dollars in thousands) 2017 2016 2017 2016 Net investment income $ 10,134 $ 8,795 $ 27,618 $ 25,103 Net realized investment gains (losses) (963 ) 1,928 (850 ) (9,057 ) Change in unrealized holding gains and losses 5,631 2,061 14,721 25,398 Net realized and unrealized investment returns 4,668 3,989 13,871 16,341 Total investment return $ 14,802 $ 12,784 $ 41,489 $ 41,444 Total investment return % (1) 0.9 % 0.8 % 2.6 % 2.7 % Average investment portfolio $ 1,629,989 $ 1,530,599 $ 1,587,645 $ 1,522,247 (1) Not annualized. Insurance Enhanced Asset Backed and Credit Securities As of September 30, 2017, the Company held insurance enhanced asset-backed, commercial mortgage-backed, and credit securities with a market value of approximately $37.9 million. Approximately $4.2 million of these securities were tax free municipal bonds, which represented approximately 0.3% of the Company’s total cash and invested assets, net of payable/receivable for securities purchased and sold. These securities had an average rating of “AA-.” pre-refunded pre-refunded (Dollars in thousands) Financial Guarantor Total Pre-refunded Government Exposure Net of Pre-refunded & Government Securities Ambac Financial Group $ 1,029 $ — $ — $ 1,029 Municipal Bond Insurance Association 1,191 — — 1,191 Gov’t National Housing Association 440 — 440 — Total backed by financial guarantors 2,660 — 440 2,220 Other credit enhanced municipal bonds 1,523 1,523 — — Total $ 4,183 $ 1,523 $ 440 $ 2,220 In addition to the tax-free The Company had no direct investments in the entities that have provided financial guarantees or other credit support to any security held by the Company at September 30, 2017. Bonds Held on Deposit Certain cash balances, cash equivalents, equity securities and bonds available for sale were deposited with various governmental authorities in accordance with statutory requirements, were held as collateral pursuant to borrowing arrangements, or were held in trust pursuant to intercompany reinsurance agreements. The fair values were as follows as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016: Estimated Fair Value (Dollars in thousands) September 30, 2017 December 31, 2016 On deposit with governmental authorities $ 28,489 $ 29,079 Intercompany trusts held for the benefit of U.S. policyholders 335,444 351,002 Held in trust pursuant to third party requirements 80,820 88,178 Letter of credit held for third party requirements 4,028 4,871 Securities held as collateral for borrowing arrangements (1) 93,736 85,939 Total $ 542,517 $ 559,069 (1) Amount required to collateralize margin borrowing facility. Variable Interest Entities A Variable Interest Entity (VIE) refers to an investment in which an investor holds a controlling interest that is not based on the majority of voting rights. Under the VIE model, the party that has the power to exercise significant management influence and maintain a controlling financial interest in the entity’s economics is said to be the primary beneficiary, and is required to consolidate the entity within their results. Other entities that participate in a VIE, for which their financial interests fluctuate with changes in the fair value of the investment entity’s net assets but do not have significant management influence and the ability to direct the VIE’s significant economic activities are said to have a variable interest in the VIE but do not consolidate the VIE in their financial results. The Company has variable interests in three VIE’s for which it is not the primary beneficiary. These investments are accounted for under the equity method of accounting as their ownership interest exceeds 3% of their respective investments. The fair value of one of the Company’s VIE’s, which invests in distressed securities and assets, was $29.8 million and $32.9 million as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss from this VIE, which factors in future funding commitments, was $44.0 million at September 30, 2017 and $48.6 million at December 31, 2016. The fair value of a second VIE that provides financing for middle market companies, was $26.8 million at September 30, 2017 and $33.2 million at December 31, 2016. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss from this VIE, which factors in future funding commitments, was $38.6 million at September 30, 2017 and $42.3 million at December 31, 2016. During the 2 nd |