Liability for Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses | 11. Liability for Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses Consolidated Activity Activity in the liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses is summarized as follows: Years Ended December 31, (Dollars in thousands) 2017 2016 2015 Balance at beginning of period $ 651,042 $ 680,047 $ 675,472 Less: Ceded reinsurance receivables 130,439 108,130 123,201 Net balance at beginning of period 520,603 571,917 552,271 Purchased reserves, gross 19,333 2,007 89,489 Less: Purchased reserves ceded (29 ) (45 ) 12,800 Purchase reserves, net of third party reinsurance 19,362 2,052 76,689 Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses related to: Current year 323,112 321,255 310,066 Prior years (53,900 ) (57,252 ) (34,698 ) Total incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses 269,212 264,003 275,368 Paid losses and loss adjustment expenses related to: Current year 156,325 177,006 164,058 Prior years 115,431 140,363 168,353 Total paid losses and loss adjustment expenses 271,756 317,369 332,411 Net balance at end of period 537,421 520,603 571,917 Plus: Ceded reinsurance receivables 97,243 130,439 108,130 Balance at end of period $ 634,664 $ 651,042 $ 680,047 When analyzing loss reserves and prior year development, the Company considers many factors, including the frequency and severity of claims, loss trends, case reserve settlements that may have resulted in significant development, and any other additional or pertinent factors that may impact reserve estimates. During 2017, the Company reduced its prior accident year loss reserves by $53.9 million, which consisted of a $39.4 million decrease related to Commercial Lines, $6.6 million decrease related to Personal Lines, and a $7.9 million decrease related to Reinsurance Operations. The $39.4 million reduction of prior accident year loss reserves related to Commercial Lines primarily consisted of the following: • General Liability: • Professional Liability: • Property: • Workers Compensation: The $6.6 million reduction of prior accident year loss reserves related to Personal Lines primarily consisted of the following: • Property: • General Liability: The $7.9 million reduction of prior accident year loss reserves related to Reinsurance Operations was primarily from the property lines for accident years 2008 through 2016. Ultimate losses were lowered in these accident years based on review of the experience reported from cedants. During 2016, the Company reduced its prior accident year loss reserves by $57.3 million, which consisted of a $43.8 million decrease related to Commercial Lines and a $13.5 million decrease related to Reinsurance Operations. The $43.8 million reduction of prior accident year loss reserves related to Commercial Lines primarily consisted of the following: • Property: non-catastrophe • General Liability: • Marine: The $13.5 million reduction of prior accident year loss reserves related to Reinsurance Operations was primarily from the property lines for accident years 2010 through 2015. Ultimate losses were lowered in these accident years based on reviews of the experience reported from cedants. During 2015, the Company reduced its prior accident year loss reserves by $34.7 million, which consisted of a $25.2 million decrease related to Commercial Lines, a $0.4 million decrease related to Personal Lines, and a $9.1 million decrease related to Reinsurance Operations. The $25.2 million reduction of prior accident year loss reserves related to Commercial Lines primarily consisted of the following: • General Liability: • Professional: • Umbrella The $0.4 million reduction of prior accident year loss reserves related to Personal Lines primarily consisted of lower than expected case incurred emergence in the 2013 accident year. The $9.1 million reduction of prior accident year loss reserves related to Reinsurance Operations was primarily driven by $6.8 million of favorable development in property mainly due to accident years 2011 through 2014 and $2.8 million of favorable development in the marine product mainly due to accident years 2010 and 2011, partially offset by adverse development of $1.0 million in workers compensation mainly due to accident year 2010. Ultimate losses from quota share underwriting years 2013 and prior were booked to the amount reported from cedants and reserve releases on legacy contracts due to better than anticipated case incurred emergence led to the recognition of favorable development. Prior to 2001, the Company underwrote multi-peril business insuring general contractors, developers, and sub-contractors The Company has exposure to asbestos and environmental (“A&E”) claims. The asbestos exposure primarily arises from the sale of product liability insurance, and the environmental exposure arises from the sale of general liability and commercial multi-peril insurance. In establishing the liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses related to A&E exposures, management considers facts currently known and the current state of the law and coverage litigation. Liabilities are recognized for known claims (including the cost of related litigation) when sufficient information has been developed to indicate the involvement of a specific insurance policy, and management can reasonably estimate its liability. In addition, liabilities have been established to cover additional exposures on both known and unasserted claims. Estimates of the liabilities are reviewed and updated regularly. Case law continues to evolve for such claims, and uncertainty exists about the outcome of coverage litigation and whether past claim experience will be representative of future claim experience. Included in net unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses as of December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 were IBNR reserves of $26.9 million, $26.7 million, and $26.0 million, respectively, and case reserves of approximately $3.3 million, $3.2 million, and $4.5 million, respectively, for known A&E-related The following table shows the Company’s gross reserves for A&E losses: Years Ended December 31, (Dollars in thousands) 2017 2016 2015 Gross reserve for A&E losses and loss adjustment expenses — beginning of period $ 51,919 $ 53,824 $ 56,535 Plus: Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses — case reserves 542 (669 ) 2,666 Plus: Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses — IBNR 928 2,064 (2,663 ) Less: Payments 1,516 3,300 2,714 Gross reserves for A&E losses and loss adjustment expenses — end of period $ 51,873 $ 51,919 $ 53,824 The following table shows the Company’s net reserves for A&E losses: Years Ended December 31, (Dollars in thousands) 2017 2016 2015 Net reserve for A&E losses and loss adjustment expenses — beginning of period $ 29,890 $ 30,529 $ 31,185 Plus: Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses — case reserves 769 (125 ) 395 Plus: Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses — IBNR 198 631 (394 ) Less: Payments 733 1,145 657 Net reserves for A&E losses and loss adjustment expenses — end of period $ 30,124 $ 29,890 $ 30,529 Establishing reserves for A&E and other mass tort claims involves more judgment than other types of claims due to, among other things, inconsistent court decisions, an increase in bankruptcy filings as a result of asbestos-related liabilities, and judicial interpretations that often expand theories of recovery and broaden the scope of coverage. The insurance industry continues to receive a substantial number of asbestos-related bodily injury claims, with an increasing focus being directed toward other parties, including installers of products containing asbestos rather than against asbestos manufacturers. This shift has resulted in significant insurance coverage litigation implicating applicable coverage defenses or determinations, if any, including but not limited to, determinations as to whether or not an asbestos-related bodily injury claim is subject to aggregate limits of liability found in most comprehensive general liability policies. As of December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, the survival ratio on a gross basis for the Company’s open A&E claims was 20.7 years, 13.8 years, and 15.0 years, respectively. As of December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, the survival ratio on a net basis for the Company’s open A&E claims was 35.6 years, 19.3 years, and 16.8 years, respectively. The survival ratio, which is the ratio of gross or net reserves to the 3-year Line of Business Categories The following is information, presented by lines of business with similar characteristics including similar payout patterns, about incurred and paid claims development as of December 31, 2017, net of reinsurance, as well as cumulative claim frequency and the total of incurred-but-not-reported The information about incurred and paid claims development for the years ended December 31, 2008 to 2015, is presented as required supplementary unaudited information. Commercial Lines Property and Casualty Methodologies Commercial Lines internal actuarial reserve reviews were completed for loss and allocated loss adjustment expenses (“ALAE”) separately for property excluding catastrophe experience, property catastrophes, and casualty reserve categories. The internal actuarial reserve reviews were completed with data through December, 2017. Actuarial methodologies, such as the Loss Development and Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods, were employed to develop estimates of ultimate Loss & ALAE for most reserve categories. Additional actuarial methodologies were employed to develop estimates of ultimate Loss & ALAE for mass tort and constructions defect reserve categories due to the unique characteristics of the exposures involved. Management’s ultimate selections were based on the internal actuarial review and a third party actuarial review completed during the 4 th Commercial Lines cumulative claim frequency has been calculated at the claim level and includes claims closed without payment. Commercial Lines — Property (Dollars in thousands) Incurred Claims and Allocated Net of Reinsurance For the Years As of December 31, 2017 Accident Year 2015 2016 2017 IBNR (1) Cumulative (unaudited) 2015 $ 63,574 $ 64,722 $ 62,575 $ 2,868 4,649 2016 61,990 61,014 5,097 4,104 2017 44,785 8,583 2,778 Total $ 168,374 (1) Incurred-but-not-reported Commercial Lines — Property (Dollars in thousands) Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Accident Year 2015 2016 2017 (unaudited) 2015 $ 41,942 $ 57,653 $ 58,926 2016 39,643 51,967 2017 28,541 Total 139,434 All outstanding liabilities before 2015, net of reinsurance 7,635 Liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance $ 36,575 The following is required supplementary information about average historical claims duration as of December 31, 2017: Average Annual Percentage Year 1 2 3 Commercial Lines — Property 65.2 % 22.7 % 2.0 % Commercial Lines — Casualty (Dollars in thousands) Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance For the Years Ended December 31, As of December 31, Accident Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 IBNR (1) Cumulative Number of Reported Claims (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) 2008 $ 138,417 $ 170,855 $ 160,325 $ 149,564 $ 148,019 $ 146,142 $ 138,558 $ 134,514 $ 129,894 $ 126,924 $ 7,096 6,191 2009 93,748 96,956 104,518 104,803 104,392 96,206 94,016 91,297 88,384 7,444 3,896 2010 79,188 101,830 102,252 101,113 94,484 91,368 84,681 82,824 10,785 3,503 2011 115,441 117,602 117,288 115,193 108,720 96,361 84,269 5,701 3,741 2012 61,340 65,911 65,637 63,359 55,137 52,504 11,346 2,379 2013 63,807 68,089 67,702 66,301 64,877 11,435 2,519 2014 61,325 60,227 58,042 56,837 15,139 2,307 2015 57,262 56,620 57,775 17,359 2,010 2016 54,130 53,776 25,895 1,750 2017 54,338 37,994 1,283 Total $ 722,508 (1) Incurred-but-not-reported Commercial Lines — Casualty (Dollars in thousands) Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claims Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance For the Years Ended December 31, Accident Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) 2008 $ 7,844 $ 34,172 $ 65,700 $ 86,889 $ 100,369 $ 110,145 $ 114,546 $ 116,246 $ 117,797 $ 118,254 2009 5,564 19,154 37,653 53,738 65,721 71,108 75,181 77,771 79,896 2010 5,503 19,926 34,659 50,520 58,913 65,377 67,277 69,615 2011 5,451 21,325 41,282 56,562 64,722 72,087 74,839 2012 3,500 11,884 22,456 31,231 36,360 39,596 2013 6,400 17,881 29,510 38,438 46,272 2014 3,968 15,690 26,268 33,697 2015 3,336 14,584 25,147 2016 4,135 14,027 2017 4,914 Total 506,257 All outstanding liabilities before 2008, net of reinsurance 64,830 Liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance $ 281,081 The following is required supplementary information about average historical claims duration as of December 31, 2017: Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Claims by Age, Net of Reinsurance (Unaudited) Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Commercial Lines — Casualty 7.2 % 18.3 % 20.3 % 16.5 % 11.0 % 7.3 % 3.4 % 2.4 % 1.8 % 0.4 % Personal Lines Property and Casualty Methodologies Personal Lines internal actuarial reserve reviews were completed for loss and allocated loss adjustment expenses (ALAE) separately for property excluding catastrophe experience, property catastrophes, and casualty reserve categories. The internal actuarial reserve reviews were completed with data through December, 2017. Actuarial methodologies, such as the Loss Development and Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods, were employed to develop estimates of ultimate Loss & ALAE. Management’s ultimate selections were based on the internal actuarial review and a third party actuarial review completed during the 4 th Personal lines are primarily comprised of business acquired in the purchase of American Reliable, which occurred on January 1, 2015. The acquisition included the purchase of the business of the legal entity as well as additional books of business written by other Assurant entities. In addition, ceding arrangements subsequent to the date of the acquisition are not consistent with years prior to the acquisition. As a result, it is not practical, nor would it be consistent, to include information for years prior to 2015 in the development tables for Personal Lines. Personal Lines cumulative claim frequency has been calculated at the claim level and includes claims closed without payment. Personal Lines — Property (Dollars in thousands) Incurred Claims and Allocated Claims As of December 31, 2017 Accident Year 2016 2017 IBNR (1) Cumulative 2016 $ 146,571 $ 144,787 5,418 17,356 2017 148,016 15,743 16,384 Total $ 292,803 (1) Incurred-but-not-reported Personal Lines — Property (Dollars in thousands) Cumulative Paid Claims For the Years Ended Accident Year 2016 2017 2016 $ 121,899 $ 138,289 2017 114,360 Total 252,649 All outstanding liabilities before 2016, net of reinsurance 4,206 Liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance $ 44,360 The following is required supplementary information about average historical claims duration as of December 31, 2017. Average Annual Percentage Payout of Year 1 2 Personal Lines — Property 80.7 % 11.3 % Personal Lines — Casualty (Dollars in thousands) Incurred Claims and Allocated Expenses, Net of Reinsurance For the Years Ended December 31, As of December 31, 2017 Accident Year 2015 2016 2017 IBNR (1) Cumulative (unaudited) 2015 $ 18,930 $ 20,506 $ 21,850 $ 5,059 1,317 2016 21,476 21,073 11,345 1,370 2017 19,999 15,334 878 Total $ 62,922 (1) Incurred-but-not-reported Personal Lines — Casualty (Dollars in thousands) Cumulative Paid Claims and For the Years Ended December 31, Accident Year 2015 2016 2017 (unaudited) 2015 $ 3,439 $ 8,757 $ 12,926 2016 3,507 6,885 2017 2,132 Total 21,943 All outstanding liabilities before 2015, net of reinsurance 11,672 Liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance $ 52,651 The following is required supplementary information about average historical claims duration as of December 31, 2017: Average Annual Percentage Payout of Year 1 2 3 Personal Lines — Casualty 14.3 % 20.2 % 19.1 % Reinsurance Lines Property & Casualty Methodologies Reinsurance Operations internal reserve reviews were completed for loss and allocated loss adjustment expenses (ALAE) combined for run off treaties and the current book of business. The current book of business is constituted of professional liability portfolios and retrocessions from Bermuda based companies for property catastrophe, marine business, and mortgage insurance. The reserve reviews were completed based on the latest data reported from the cedants which is typically on a quarter lag. Paid loss, ALAE and Case reserves, shown in the reinsurance category tables below, which are originally based in a foreign currency, are remeasured in U.S. dollars based on the Foreign Exchange (FX) rate at the date the cedant’s report. Management’s ultimate selections were based on a review of ultimates reported from the cedants, including loss emergence during the reporting period, and a third party actuarial review completed during the 4 th The Company does not have direct access to claim frequency information underlying certain reinsurance contracts. As a result, the Company does not believe providing claim frequency information is practicable. Reinsurance Lines — Property (Dollars in thousands) Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance For the Years Ended December 31, As of December 31, Accident Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 IBNR (1) Cumulative Number of Reported Claims (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) 2011 $ 30,963 $ 28,547 $ 26,916 $ 25,994 $ 24,994 $ 24,912 $ 24,786 $ 1,028 — 2012 10,388 10,578 9,279 8,579 8,497 8,397 539 — 2013 15,153 9,948 8,197 6,698 6,345 753 — 2014 21,787 18,861 14,139 13,590 1,264 — 2015 19,877 16,738 12,526 2,977 — 2016 23,646 22,485 10,433 — 2017 43,782 26,239 — Total $ 131,911 (1) Incurred-but-not-reported Reinsurance Lines — Property (Dollars in thousands) Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claims Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance For the Years Ended December 31, Accident Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) 2011 $ 12,044 $ 19,274 $ 20,698 $ 22,060 $ 22,426 $ 22,771 $ 23,096 2012 1,127 5,481 7,221 7,648 7,527 7,584 2013 723 4,008 5,835 5,111 5,255 2014 2,243 9,035 10,460 11,182 2015 742 5,163 6,768 2016 2,071 5,704 2017 2,152 Total 61,741 All outstanding liabilities before 2011, net of reinsurance 322 Liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance $ 70,492 The following is required supplementary information about average historical claims duration as of December 31, 2017: Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Claims by Age, Net of Reinsurance (Unaudited) Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Reinsurance Lines — Property 15.7 % 39.0 % 15.7 % 1.1 % 0.8 % 1.0 % 1.3 % Reinsurance Lines — Casualty (Dollars in thousands) Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance For the Years Ended December 31, As of December 31, Accident Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 IBNR (1) Cumulative Number of Reported Claims (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) 2008 $ 8,906 $ 8,758 $ 8,988 $ 8,997 $ 10,167 $ 10,340 $ 10,340 $ 9,435 $ 9,835 $ 9,768 $ 291 — 2009 20,706 23,818 25,444 30,533 30,850 31,340 31,419 31,453 31,514 386 — 2010 41,831 53,279 57,916 62,628 61,062 61,792 60,701 60,573 2,015 — 2011 45,726 48,846 44,692 47,980 46,510 43,657 42,968 2,122 — 2012 15,865 15,624 17,123 17,579 17,360 17,348 1,113 — 2013 1,224 1,262 1,172 1,013 974 870 — 2014 1,988 2,095 2,060 1,957 1,954 — 2015 2,908 2,911 2,780 2,779 — 2016 3,627 3,627 3,627 — 2017 4,358 4,358 — Total $ 175,867 (1) Incurred-but-not-reported Reinsurance Lines — Casualty (Dollars in thousands) Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claims Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance For the Years Ended December 31, Accident Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) 2008 $ — $ 627 $ 1,955 $ 5,149 $ 5,648 $ 6,832 $ 8,713 $ 8,875 $ 8,919 $ 8,981 2009 1,986 9,759 11,064 12,597 13,652 15,104 30,141 31,019 31,128 2010 10,185 21,447 30,754 36,090 39,123 55,315 55,848 56,960 2011 7,968 20,072 28,495 36,020 38,907 39,815 40,079 2012 5,312 9,435 11,658 15,534 15,696 15,790 2013 123 50 62 65 65 2014 88 47 50 1 2015 107 128 1 2016 — — 2017 — Total 153,005 All outstanding liabilities before 2008, net of reinsurance 1,210 Liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance $ 24,072 The following is required supplementary information about average historical claims duration as of December 31, 2017: Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Claims by Age, Net of Reinsurance (Unaudited) Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Reinsurance Lines — Casualty 9.3 % 10.3 % 7.8 % 12.0 % 3.5 % 9.2 % 17.1 % 2.1 % 0.4 % 0.6 % The reconciliation of the net incurred and paid claims development tables to the liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses in the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2017 is as follows: Net outstanding liabilities Commercial Lines — Property $ 36,575 Commercial Lines — Casualty 281,081 Personal Lines — Property 44,360 Personal Lines — Casualty 52,651 Reinsurance Lines — Property 70,492 Reinsurance Lines — Casualty 24,072 Liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance 509,231 Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid claims Commercial Lines — Property 8,508 Commercial Lines — Casualty 68,786 Personal Lines — Property 10,608 Personal Lines — Casualty 7,718 Reinsurance Lines — Property — Reinsurance Lines — Casualty 71 Total reinsurance recoverable on unpaid claims 95,691 Other outstanding liabilities Commercial Lines Ceded Allowance 8,040 Unallocated claims adjustment expenses 16,930 Purchase accounting adjustment (1,200 ) Loss Clearing 322 Personal Lines Fronted business ceded to Assurant 2,752 Unallocated claims adjustment expenses 2,190 Loss Clearing (25 ) Reinsurance Lines Unallocated claims adjustment expenses 987 Other (254 ) Total other outstanding liabilities 29,742 Total gross liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses $ 634,664 |