Investments | 2. Investments The amortized cost and estimated fair value of investments were as follows as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017: (Dollars in thousands) Amortized Cost Gross Gross Estimated Other than (1) As of March 31, 2018 Fixed maturities: U.S. treasury and agency obligations $ 99,713 $ 476 $ (2,060 ) $ 98,129 $ — Obligations of states and political subdivisions 95,708 304 (601 ) 95,411 — Mortgage-backed securities 176,983 313 (3,511 ) 173,785 — Asset-backed securities 203,834 115 (1,204 ) 202,745 (1) Commercial mortgage-backed securities 151,337 58 (3,554 ) 147,841 — Corporate bonds 431,814 417 (7,424 ) 424,807 — Foreign corporate bonds 122,565 9 (2,296 ) 120,278 — Total fixed maturities 1,281,954 1,692 (20,650 ) 1,262,996 (1) Common stock 133,911 — — 133,911 — Other invested assets 82,159 — — 82,159 — Total $ 1,498,024 $ 1,692 $ (20,650 ) $ 1,479,066 $ (1) (1) Represents the total amount of other than temporary impairment losses relating to factors other than credit losses recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”). (Dollars in thousands) Amortized Cost Gross Gross Estimated Fair Value Other than (1) As of December 31, 2017 Fixed maturities: U.S. treasury and agency obligations $ 105,311 $ 562 $ (1,193 ) $ 104,680 $ — Obligations of states and political subdivisions 94,947 441 (274 ) 95,114 — Mortgage-backed securities 150,237 404 (1,291 ) 149,350 — Asset-backed securities 203,827 267 (393 ) 203,701 (1 ) Commercial mortgage-backed securities 140,761 101 (1,067 ) 139,795 — Corporate bonds 422,486 2,295 (1,391 ) 423,390 — Foreign corporate bonds 125,575 377 (545 ) 125,407 — Total fixed maturities 1,243,144 4,447 (6,154 ) 1,241,437 (1 ) Common stock 124,915 18,574 (3,260 ) 140,229 — Other invested assets 77,820 — — 77,820 — Total $ 1,445,879 $ 23,021 $ (9,414 ) $ 1,459,486 $ (1 ) (1) Represents the total amount of other than temporary impairment losses relating to factors other than credit losses recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”). Excluding U.S. treasuries and agency bonds, the Company did not hold any debt or equity investments in a single issuer that was in excess of 6% and 5% of shareholders’ equity at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The amortized cost and estimated fair value of the Company’s fixed maturities portfolio classified as available for sale at March 31, 2018, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. (Dollars in thousands) Amortized Cost Estimated Fair Value Due in one year or less $ 68,903 $ 68,736 Due in one year through five years 431,430 425,571 Due in five years through ten years 240,272 235,140 Due in ten years through fifteen years 4,215 4,170 Due after fifteen years 4,980 5,008 Mortgage-backed securities 176,983 173,785 Asset-backed securities 203,834 202,745 Commercial mortgage-backed securities 151,337 147,841 Total $ 1,281,954 $ 1,262,996 The following table contains an analysis of the Company’s fixed income securities with gross unrealized losses, categorized by the period that the securities were in a continuous loss position as of March 31, 2018. Due to new accounting guidance implemented in 2018 regarding the treatment of gains and losses on equity securities, common stock is no longer included in the table: Less than 12 months 12 months or longer (1) Total (Dollars in thousands) Fair Value Gross Fair Value Gross Fair Value Gross Fixed maturities: U.S. treasury and agency obligations $ 69,992 $ (1,813 ) $ 20,223 $ (247 ) $ 90,215 $ (2,060 ) Obligations of states and political subdivisions 46,524 (454 ) 7,711 (147 ) 54,235 (601 ) Mortgage-backed securities 165,295 (3,453 ) 1,756 (58 ) 167,051 (3,511 ) Asset-backed securities 148,609 (1,158 ) 6,399 (46 ) 155,008 (1,204 ) Commercial mortgage-backed securities 113,728 (2,766 ) 27,292 (788 ) 141,020 (3,554 ) Corporate bonds 320,235 (6,429 ) 52,303 (995 ) 372,538 (7,424 ) Foreign corporate bonds 93,828 (1,951 ) 16,452 (345 ) 110,280 (2,296 ) Total fixed maturities $ 958,211 $ (18,024 ) $ 132,136 $ (2,626 ) $ 1,090,347 $ (20,650 ) (1) Fixed maturities in a gross unrealized loss position for twelve months or longer are primarily comprised of non-credit The following table contains an analysis of the Company’s securities with gross unrealized losses, categorized by the period that the securities were in a continuous loss position as of December 31, 2017: Less than 12 months 12 months or longer (1) Total (Dollars in thousands) Fair Value Gross Fair Value Gross Fair Value Gross Fixed maturities: U.S. treasury and agency obligations $ 79,403 $ (962 ) $ 17,469 $ (231 ) $ 96,872 $ (1,193 ) Obligations of states and political subdivisions 34,537 (149 ) 12,060 (125 ) 46,597 (274 ) Mortgage-backed securities 127,991 (1,247 ) 1,866 (44 ) 129,857 (1,291 ) Asset-backed securities 97,817 (371 ) 6,423 (22 ) 104,240 (393 ) Commercial mortgage-backed securities 83,051 (523 ) 27,976 (544 ) 111,027 (1,067 ) Corporate bonds 147,064 (754 ) 53,024 (637 ) 200,088 (1,391 ) Foreign corporate bonds 53,320 (305 ) 20,582 (240 ) 73,902 (545 ) Total fixed maturities 623,183 (4,311 ) 139,400 (1,843 ) 762,583 (6,154 ) Common stock 32,759 (3,260 ) — — 32,759 (3,260 ) Total $ 655,942 $ (7,571 ) $ 139,400 $ (1,843 ) $ 795,342 $ (9,414 ) (1) Fixed maturities in a gross unrealized loss position for twelve months or longer are primarily comprised of non-credit The Company regularly performs various analytical valuation procedures with respect to its investments, including reviewing each fixed maturity security in an unrealized loss position to assess whether the security has a credit loss. Specifically, the Company considers credit rating, market price, and issuer specific financial information, among other factors, to assess the likelihood of collection of all principal and interest as contractually due. Securities for which the Company determines that a credit loss is likely are subjected to further analysis through discounted cash flow testing to estimate the credit loss to be recognized in earnings, if any. The specific methodologies and significant assumptions used by asset class are discussed below. Upon identification of such securities and periodically thereafter, a detailed review is performed to determine whether the decline is considered other than temporary. This review includes an analysis of several factors, including but not limited to, the credit ratings and cash flows of the securities and the magnitude and length of time that the fair value of such securities is below cost. For fixed maturities, the factors considered in reaching the conclusion that a decline below cost is other than temporary include, among others, whether: (1) the issuer is in financial distress; (2) the investment is secured; (3) a significant credit rating action occurred; (4) scheduled interest payments were delayed or missed; (5) changes in laws or regulations have affected an issuer or industry; (6) the investment has an unrealized loss and was identified by the Company’s investment manager as an investment to be sold before recovery or maturity; and (7) the investment failed cash flow projection testing to determine if anticipated principal and interest payments will be realized. According to accounting guidance for debt securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company is required to assess whether it has the intent to sell the debt security or more likely than not will be required to sell the debt security before the anticipated recovery. If either of these conditions is met the Company must recognize an other than temporary impairment with the entire unrealized loss being recorded through earnings. For debt securities in an unrealized loss position not meeting these conditions, the Company assesses whether the impairment of a security is other than temporary. If the impairment is deemed to be other than temporary, the Company must separate the other than temporary impairment into two components: the amount representing the credit loss and the amount related to all other factors, such as changes in interest rates. The credit loss represents the portion of the amortized book value in excess of the net present value of the projected future cash flows discounted at the effective interest rate implicit in the debt security prior to impairment. The credit loss component of the other than temporary impairment is recorded through earnings, whereas the amount relating to factors other than credit losses is recorded in other comprehensive income, net of taxes. The following is a description, by asset type, of the methodology and significant inputs that the Company used to measure the amount of credit loss recognized in earnings, if any: U.S. treasury and agency obligations Obligations of states and political subdivisions – in-house Mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”) – HPI-adjusted Asset backed securities (“ABS”) – in-depth Commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”) – re-underwritten Corporate bonds – Foreign bonds – The Company recorded the following other than temporary impairments (“OTTI”) on its investment portfolio for the quarters ended March 31, 2018 and 2017: Quarters Ended March 31, (Dollars in thousands) 2018 2017 Fixed maturities: OTTI losses, gross $ — $ (31 ) Portion of loss recognized in other comprehensive income (pre-tax) — — Net impairment losses on fixed maturities recognized in earnings — (31 ) Equity securities — (79 ) Total $ — $ (110 ) The following table is an analysis of the credit losses recognized in earnings on fixed maturities held by the Company as of March 31, 2018 and 2017 for which a portion of the OTTI loss was recognized in other comprehensive income. Quarters Ended March 31, (Dollars in thousands) 2018 2017 Balance at beginning of period $ 13 $ 31 Additions where no OTTI was previously recorded — — Additions where an OTTI was previously recorded — — Reductions for securities for which the company intends to sell or more likely than not will be required to sell before recovery — — Reductions reflecting increases in expected cash flows to be collected — — Reductions for securities sold during the period — — Balance at end of period $ 13 $ 31 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, Net of Tax Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax, as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 was as follows: (Dollars in thousands) March 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Net unrealized gains (losses) from: Fixed maturities $ (18,958 ) $ (1,707 ) Common stock — 15,314 Foreign currency fluctuations 179 551 Deferred taxes 2,248 (5,175 ) Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax $ (16,531 ) $ 8,983 The following tables present the changes in accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax, by component for the quarters ended March 31, 2018 and 2017: Quarter Ended March 31, 2018 (Dollars in thousands) Unrealized Gains Foreign Currency Accumulated Other Beginning balance $ 8,272 $ 711 $ 8,983 Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification (15,189 ) (372 ) (15,561 ) Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) 75 — 75 Other comprehensive income (loss) (15,114 ) (372 ) (15,486 ) Cumulative-effect adjustment (9,868 ) (160 ) (10,028 ) Ending balance $ (16,710 ) $ 179 $ (16,531 ) Quarter Ended March 31, 2017 (Dollars in thousands) Unrealized Gains Foreign Currency Accumulated Other Beginning balance $ (554 ) $ (64 ) $ (618 ) Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification 5,171 185 5,356 Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (399 ) (7 ) (406 ) Other comprehensive income (loss) 4,772 178 4,950 Ending balance $ 4,218 $ 114 $ 4,332 The reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive income for the quarters ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 were as follows: (Dollars in thousands) Details about Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Components Affected Line Item in the Consolidated Statements of Operations Amounts Reclassified 2018 2017 Unrealized gains and losses on available for sale securities Other net realized investment (gains) losses $ 93 $ (701 ) Other than temporary impairment losses on investments — 110 Total before tax 93 (591 ) Income tax (benefit) (18 ) 192 Unrealized gains and losses on available for sale securities, net of tax 75 (399 ) Foreign currency items Other net realized investment (gains) — (11 ) Income tax expense — 4 Foreign currency items, net of tax — (7 ) Total reclassifications Total reclassifications, net of tax $ 75 $ (406 ) Net Realized Investment Gains (Losses) The components of net realized investment gains (losses) for the quarters ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 were as follows: Quarters Ended March 31, (Dollars in thousands) 2018 2017 Fixed maturities: Gross realized gains $ 24 $ 189 Gross realized losses (117 ) (83 ) Net realized gains (losses) (93 ) 106 Common stock: Gross realized gains 3,453 575 Gross realized losses (7,827 ) (79 ) Net realized gains (losses) (4,374 ) 496 Derivatives: Gross realized gains 4,801 1,236 Gross realized losses (650 ) (1,063 ) Net realized gains (1) 4,151 173 Total net realized investment gains (losses) $ (316 ) $ 775 (1) Includes $0.7 million and $1.1 million of periodic net interest settlements related to the derivatives for the quarters ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. New accounting guidance regarding equity securities was implemented during the quarter ended March 31, 2018 which requires companies to disclose realized gains and losses for equity securities still held at period end and gains and losses from securities sold during the period. See Note 13 for additional information regarding new accounting pronouncements. The following table shows the calculation of the portion of realized gains and losses related to common stock being held as of March 31, 2018: Quarter (Dollars in thousands) 2018 Net gains and losses recognized during the period on equity securities $ (4,374 ) Less: Net gains and losses recognized during the period on equity securities sold during the period 554 Unrealized gains and losses recognized during the reporting period on equity securities still held at the reporting date $ (4,928 ) The proceeds from sales and redemptions of available for sale and equity securities resulting in net realized investment gains (losses) for the quarters ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 were as follows: Quarters Ended March 31, (Dollars in thousands) 2018 2017 Fixed maturities $ 47,148 $ 139,350 Equity securities 9,283 5,626 Net Investment Income The sources of net investment income for the quarters ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 were as follows: Quarters Ended March 31, (Dollars in thousands) 2018 2017 Fixed maturities $ 8,528 $ 6,678 Equity securities 999 990 Cash and cash equivalents 264 84 Other invested assets 2,323 1,692 Total investment income 12,114 9,444 Investment expense (710 ) (800 ) Net investment income $ 11,404 $ 8,644 The Company’s total investment return on a pre-tax Quarters Ended March 31, (Dollars in thousands) 2018 2017 Net investment income $ 11,404 $ 8,644 Net realized investment gains (losses) (316 ) 775 Change in unrealized holding gains (losses) (17,623 ) 7,017 Net realized and unrealized investment returns (17,939 ) 7,792 Total investment return $ (6,535 ) $ 16,436 Total investment return % (1) (0.4 %) 1.1 % Average investment portfolio (2) $ 1,538,651 $ 1,559,965 (1) Not annualized. (2) Average of total cash and invested assets, net of receivable/payable for securities purchased and sold, as of the beginning and end of the period. Insurance Enhanced Asset-Backed and Credit Securities As of March 31, 2018, the Company held insurance enhanced asset-backed, commercial mortgage-backed, and credit securities with a market value of approximately $33.0 million. Approximately $1.1 million of these securities were tax-free pre-refunded A summary of the Company’s insurance enhanced municipal bonds that are backed by financial guarantors, including the pre-refunded (Dollars in thousands) Financial Guarantor Total Pre-refunded Government Exposure Net of Pre-refunded Securities Municipal Bond Insurance Association $ 1,136 $ — $ — $ 1,136 Total backed by financial guarantors 1,136 — — 1,136 Other credit enhanced municipal bonds — — — — Total $ 1,136 $ — $ — $ 1,136 In addition to the tax-free The Company had no direct investments in the entities that have provided financial guarantees or other credit support to any security held by the Company at March 31, 2018. Bonds Held on Deposit Certain cash balances, cash equivalents, equity securities, and bonds available for sale were deposited with various governmental authorities in accordance with statutory requirements, were held as collateral pursuant to borrowing arrangements, or were held in trust pursuant to intercompany reinsurance agreements. The fair values were as follows as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017: Estimated Fair Value (Dollars in thousands) March 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 On deposit with governmental authorities $ 26,412 $ 26,852 Intercompany trusts held for the benefit of U.S. policyholders 291,974 328,494 Held in trust pursuant to third party requirements 96,803 94,098 Letter of credit held for third party requirements 2,707 3,944 Securities held as collateral for borrowing arrangements (1) 78,053 88,040 Total $ 495,949 $ 541,428 (1) Amount required to collateralize margin borrowing facility. Variable Interest Entities A Variable Interest Entity (VIE) refers to an investment in which an investor holds a controlling interest that is not based on the majority of voting rights. Under the VIE model, the party that has the power to exercise significant management influence and maintain a controlling financial interest in the entity’s economics is said to be the primary beneficiary, and is required to consolidate the entity within their results. Other entities that participate in a VIE, for which their financial interests fluctuate with changes in the fair value of the investment entity’s net assets but do not have significant management influence and the ability to direct the VIE’s significant economic activities are said to have a variable interest in the VIE but do not consolidate the VIE in their financial results. The Company has variable interests in three VIE’s for which it is not the primary beneficiary. These investments are accounted for under the equity method of accounting as their ownership interest exceeds 3% of their respective investments. The fair value of one of the Company’s VIE’s, which invests in distressed securities and assets, was $22.9 million and $26.3 million as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss from this VIE, which factors in future funding commitments, was $37.2 million and $40.5 million at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The fair value of a second VIE that provides financing for middle market companies, was $36.4 million and $33.8 million at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss from this VIE, which factors in future funding commitments, was $41.6 million and $43.8 million at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The fair value of a third VIE that also invests in distressed securities and assets, was $22.9 million and $17.8 million as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss from this VIE, which factors in future funding commitments, was $52.1 million and $51.3 million at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The Company’s investment in VIEs is included in other invested assets on the consolidated balance sheet with changes in fair value recorded in the consolidated statements of operations. |