Fair Value Measurements | NOTE 8—FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS The Company uses valuation techniques that are consistent with the market approach, the income approach, and/or the cost approach to measure assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value. Inputs to valuation techniques refer to the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. Inputs may be observable, meaning those that reflect the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on market data obtained from independent sources, or unobservable, meaning those that reflect the reporting entity's own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on the best information available in the circumstances. In that regard, accounting standards establish a fair value hierarchy for valuation inputs that gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs. The fair value hierarchy is as follows: ● Level 1 —Financial assets and liabilities whose values are based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access. ● Level 2 —Financial assets and liabilities whose values are based on inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. These might include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability (such as interest rates, discount rates, volatilities, prepayment speeds, earnings rates, credit risk, etc.) or inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by market data by correlation or other means. ● Level 3 —Financial assets and liabilities whose values are based on inputs that are both unobservable and significant to the overall valuation. The Company's MSRs are measured at fair value at inception, and thereafter on a nonrecurring basis. That is, the instruments are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis but are subject to fair value measurement when there is evidence of impairment and for disclosure purposes (NOTE 3). The Company's MSRs do not trade in an active, open market with readily observable prices. While sales of multifamily MSRs do occur on occasion, precise terms and conditions vary with each transaction and are not readily available. Accordingly, the estimated fair value of the Company’s MSRs was developed using discounted cash flow models that calculate the present value of estimated future net servicing income. The model considers contractually specified servicing fees, prepayment assumptions, estimated revenue from escrow accounts, costs to service, and other economic factors. The Company periodically reassesses and adjusts, when necessary, the underlying inputs and assumptions used in the model to reflect observable market conditions and assumptions that market participants consider in valuing MSR assets. During the first quarter of 2021, the Company reduced the discount rate and escrow earnings rate assumptions for its capitalized MSRs based on market participant data. MSRs are carried at the lower of amortized cost or fair value. A description of the valuation methodologies used for assets and liabilities measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy, is set forth below. ● Derivative Instruments —The derivative positions consist of interest rate lock commitments with borrowers and forward sale agreements to the Agencies. The fair value of these instruments is estimated using a discounted cash flow model developed based on changes in the applicable U.S. Treasury rate and other observable market data. The value was determined after considering the potential impact of collateralization, adjusted to reflect nonperformance risk of both the counterparty and the Company, and are classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy . ● Loans Held for Sale —All loans held for sale presented in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets are reported at fair value. The Company determines the fair value of the loans held for sale using discounted cash flow models that incorporate quoted observable inputs from market participants such as changes in the U.S. Treasury rate. Therefore, the Company classifies these loans held for sale as Level 2 . ● Pledged Securities —Investments in money market funds are valued using quoted market prices from recent trades. Therefore, the Company classifies this portion of pledged securities as Level 1. The Company determines the fair value of its AFS investments in Agency debt securities using discounted cash flows that incorporate observable inputs from market participants and then compares the fair value to broker estimates of fair value . Consequently, the Company classifies this portion of pledged securities as Level 2. The following table summarizes financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, segregated by the level of the valuation inputs within the fair value hierarchy used to measure fair value: Balance as of (in thousands) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Period End September 30, 2021 Assets Loans held for sale $ — $ 2,711,900 $ — $ 2,711,900 Pledged securities 51,550 97,224 — 148,774 Derivative assets — — 85,486 85,486 Total $ 51,550 $ 2,809,124 $ 85,486 $ 2,946,160 Liabilities Derivative liabilities $ — $ — $ 13,263 $ 13,263 Total $ — $ — $ 13,263 $ 13,263 December 31, 2020 Assets Loans held for sale $ — $ 2,449,198 $ — $ 2,449,198 Pledged securities 17,473 119,763 — 137,236 Derivative assets — — 49,786 49,786 Total $ 17,473 $ 2,568,961 $ 49,786 $ 2,636,220 Liabilities Derivative liabilities $ — $ — $ 5,066 $ 5,066 Total $ — $ — $ 5,066 $ 5,066 There were no transfers between any of the levels within the fair value hierarchy during the nine months ended September 30, 2021. Derivative instruments (Level 3) are outstanding for short periods of time (generally less than 60 days). A roll forward of derivative instruments is presented below for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020: Level 3 Fair Value Measurements: Derivative Instruments For the three months ended For the nine months ended September 30, September 30, Derivative Assets and Liabilities, net (in thousands) 2021 2020 2021 2020 Beginning balance $ 6,340 $ 13,346 $ 44,720 $ 15,532 Settlements (146,841) (141,804) (488,356) (456,639) Realized gains recorded in earnings (1) 140,501 128,458 443,636 441,107 Unrealized gains (losses) recorded in earnings (1) 72,223 33,432 72,223 33,432 Ending balance $ 72,223 $ 33,432 $ 72,223 $ 33,432 (1) Realized and unrealized gains (losses) from derivatives are recognized in Loan origination and debt brokerage fees, net and Fair value of expected net cash flows from servicing, net in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income. The following table presents information about significant unobservable inputs used in the recurring measurement of the fair value of the Company’s Level 3 assets and liabilities as of September 30, 2021: Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements (in thousands) Fair Value Valuation Technique Unobservable Input (1) Input Value (1) Derivative assets $ 85,486 Discounted cash flow Counterparty credit risk — Derivative liabilities $ 13,263 Discounted cash flow Counterparty credit risk — (1) Significant increases in this input may lead to significantly lower fair value measurements. The carrying amounts and the fair values of the Company's financial instruments as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 are presented below: September 30, 2021 December 31, 2020 Carrying Fair Carrying Fair (in thousands) Amount Value Amount Value Financial Assets: Cash and cash equivalents $ 318,188 $ 318,188 $ 321,097 $ 321,097 Restricted cash 34,875 34,875 19,432 19,432 Pledged securities 148,774 148,774 137,236 137,236 Loans held for sale 2,711,900 2,711,900 2,449,198 2,449,198 Loans held for investment, net 233,685 234,996 360,402 362,586 Derivative assets 85,486 85,486 49,786 49,786 Total financial assets $ 3,532,908 $ 3,534,219 $ 3,337,151 $ 3,339,335 Financial Liabilities: Derivative liabilities $ 13,263 $ 13,263 $ 5,066 $ 5,066 Secured borrowings — — 73,314 73,314 Warehouse notes payable 2,848,579 2,849,372 2,517,156 2,518,101 Note payable 289,763 292,539 291,593 294,773 Total financial liabilities $ 3,151,605 $ 3,155,174 $ 2,887,129 $ 2,891,254 The following methods and assumptions were used for recurring fair value measurements as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020. Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash —The carrying amounts approximate fair value because of the short maturity of these instruments (Level 1). Pledged Securities —Consist of cash, highly liquid investments in money market accounts invested in government securities, and investments in Agency debt securities. The investments of the money market funds typically have maturities of 90 days or less and are valued using quoted market prices from recent trades. The fair value of the Agency debt securities incorporates the contractual cash flows of the security discounted at market-rate, risk-adjusted yields. Loans Held for Sale —Consist of originated loans that are generally transferred or sold within 60 days from the date that a mortgage loan is funded and are valued using discounted cash flow models that incorporate observable prices from market participants. Derivative Instruments — Consist of interest rate lock commitments and forward sale agreements. These instruments are valued using discounted cash flow models developed based on changes in the U.S. Treasury rate and other observable market data. The value is determined after considering the potential impact of collateralization, adjusted to reflect nonperformance risk of both the counterparty and the Company . Fair Value of Derivative Instruments and Loans Held for Sale — In the normal course of business, the Company enters into contractual commitments to originate and sell multifamily mortgage loans at fixed prices with fixed expiration dates. The commitments become effective when the borrowers "lock-in" a specified interest rate within time frames established by the Company. All mortgagors are evaluated for creditworthiness prior to the extension of the commitment. Market risk arises if interest rates move adversely between the time of the "lock-in" of rates by the borrower and the sale date of the loan to an investor . To mitigate the effect of the interest rate risk inherent in providing rate lock commitments to borrowers, the Company enters into a sale commitment with the investor simultaneously with the rate lock commitment with the borrower. The sale contract with the investor locks in an interest rate and price for the sale of the loan. The terms of the contract with the investor and the rate lock with the borrower are matched in substantially all respects, with the objective of eliminating interest rate risk to the extent practical. Sale commitments with the investors have an expiration date that is longer than our related commitments to the borrower to allow, among other things, for the closing of the loan and processing of paperwork to deliver the loan into the sale commitment . Both the rate lock commitments to borrowers and the forward sale contracts to buyers are undesignated derivatives and, accordingly, are marked to fair value through Loan origination and debt brokerage fees, net in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income. The fair value of the Company's rate lock commitments to borrowers and loans held for sale and the related input levels includes, as applicable : ● the estimated gain of the expected loan sale to the investor (Level 2); ● the expected net cash flows associated with servicing the loan, net of any guaranty obligations retained (Level 2); ● the effects of interest rate movements between the date of the rate lock and the balance sheet date (Level 2); and ● the nonperformance risk of both the counterparty and the Company (Level 3; derivative instruments only). The estimated gain considers the origination fees the Company expects to collect upon loan closing (derivative instruments only) and premiums the Company expects to receive upon sale of the loan (Level 2). The fair value of the expected net cash flows associated with servicing the loan is calculated pursuant to the valuation techniques applicable to the fair value of future servicing, net at loan sale (Level 2). To calculate the effects of interest rate movements, the Company uses applicable published U.S. Treasury prices, and multiplies the price movement between the rate lock date and the balance sheet date by the notional loan commitment amount (Level 2). The fair value of the Company's forward sales contracts to investors considers effects of interest rate movements between the trade date and the balance sheet date (Level 2). The market price changes are multiplied by the notional amount of the forward sales contracts to measure the fair value. The fair value of the Company’s interest rate lock commitments and forward sales contracts is adjusted to reflect the risk that the agreement will not be fulfilled. The Company’s exposure to nonperformance in interest rate lock commitments and forward sale contracts is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. Given the credit quality of our counterparties and the short duration of interest rate lock commitments and forward sale contracts, the risk of nonperformance by the Company’s counterparties has historically been minimal (Level 3). The following table presents the components of fair value and other relevant information associated with the Company’s derivative instruments and loans held for sale as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020: Fair Value Adjustment Components Balance Sheet Location Fair Value Notional or Estimated Total Adjustment Principal Gain Interest Rate Fair Value Derivative Derivative to Loans (in thousands) Amount on Sale Movement Adjustment Assets Liabilities Held for Sale September 30, 2021 Rate lock commitments $ 1,979,035 $ 52,838 $ (31,638) $ 21,200 $ 32,111 $ (10,911) $ — Forward sale contracts 4,667,125 — 51,023 51,023 53,375 (2,352) — Loans held for sale 2,688,090 43,195 (19,385) 23,810 — — 23,810 Total $ 96,033 $ — $ 96,033 $ 85,486 $ (13,263) $ 23,810 December 31, 2020 Rate lock commitments $ 1,374,784 $ 45,581 $ (1,697) $ 43,884 $ 43,895 $ (11) $ — Forward sale contracts 3,760,953 — 836 836 5,891 (5,055) — Loans held for sale 2,386,169 62,167 861 63,028 — — 63,028 Total $ 107,748 $ — $ 107,748 $ 49,786 $ (5,066) $ 63,028 |