Segment information | Segment information According to IFRS 8, operating segments are identified based on the ‘management approach’. Operating segments are components of an entity about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Group’s CODM is the Management Committee. IFRS 8 stipulates external segment reporting based on the Group’s internal organizational and management structure and on internal financial reporting to the chief operating decision maker. The Group operates in three major lines of business, namely, Farming; Sugar, Ethanol and Energy; and Land Transformation. • The Company’s ‘Farming’ is further comprised of five reportable segments: • The Company’s ‘Crops’ Segment consists of planting, harvesting and sale of grains, oilseeds and fibers (including wheat, corn, soybeans, cotton and sunflowers, among others), and to a lesser extent the provision of grain warehousing/conditioning and handling and drying services to third parties. Each underlying crop in this segment does not represent a separate operating segment. Management seeks to maximize the use of the land through the cultivation of one or more type of crops. Types and surface amount of crops cultivated may vary from harvest year to harvest year depending on several factors, some of them out of the Group´s control. Management is focused on the long-term performance of the productive land, and to that extent, the performance is assessed considering the aggregated combination, if any, of crops planted in the land. A single manager is responsible for the management of operating activity of all crops rather than for each individual crop. • The Company’s ‘Rice’ Segment consists of planting, harvesting, processing and marketing of rice. • The Company’s ‘Dairy’ Segment consists of the production and sale of raw milk and other dairy products. • The Company’s ‘All Other Segments’ consists of the aggregation of the remaining non-reportable operating segments, which do not meet the quantitative thresholds for disclosure, namely, Coffee and Cattle. • The Company’s ‘Sugar, Ethanol and Energy’ Segment consists of cultivating sugarcane which is processed in owned sugar mills, transformed into ethanol, sugar and electricity and marketed; • The Company’s ‘Land Transformation’ Segment comprises the (i) identification and acquisition of underdeveloped and undermanaged farmland businesses; and (ii) realization of value through the strategic disposition of assets (generating profits). Total segment assets and liabilities are measured in a manner consistent with that of the consolidated financial statements. These assets and liabilities are allocated based on the operations of the segment and the physical location of the asset. Effective July 1, 2018, the Group applied IAS 29 “Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies” (“IAS 29”) to its operations in Argentina. IAS 29 “Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies” requires that the financial statements of entities whose functional currency is that of a hyperinflationary economy be adjusted for the effects of changes in the general price index and be expressed in terms of the current unit of measurement at the closing date of the reporting period (“inflation accounting”). In order to determine whether an economy is classified as hyperinflationary, IAS 29 sets forth a series of factors to be considered, including whether the amount of cumulative inflation nears or exceeds a threshold of 100 %. Accordingly, Argentina has been classified as a hyperinflationary economy under the terms of IAS 29 from July 1, 2018. (Please see Note 33 - Basis of preparation and presentations). According to IAS 29, all Argentine Peso-denominated non-monetary items in the statement of financial position are adjusted by applying a general price index from the date they were initially recognized to the end of the reporting period. Likewise, all Argentine Peso-denominated items in the statement of income should be expressed in terms of the measuring unit current at the end of the reporting period, consequently, income statement items are adjusted by applying a general price index on a monthly basis from the dates they were initially recognized in the financial statements to the end of the reporting period. This process is called “re-measurement”. Once the re-measurement process is completed, all Argentine Peso denominated accounts are translated into U.S. Dollars, the Group’s reporting currency, applying the guidelines in IAS 21 “The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates”(“IAS 21”). IAS 21 requires that amounts be translated at the closing rate at the date of the most recent statement of financial position. This process is called “translation”. The re-measurement and translation processes are applied on a monthly basis until year-end. Due to this process, the re-measured and translated results of operations for a given month are subject to change until year-end, affecting comparison and analysis. Following the adoption of IAS 29 to the Argentine operations of the Group, management revised the information reviewed by the CODM. Accordingly, as from July 1, 2018, (commencement of hyper-inflation accounting in Argentina), the information provided to the CODM departs from the application of IAS 29 and IAS 21 re-measurement and translation processes as follows. The segment results of the Argentinean operations for each reporting period were adjusted for inflation and translated into the Group’s reporting currency using the reporting period average exchange rate. The translated amounts were not subsequently re-measured and translated in accordance with the IAS 29 and IAS 21 procedures outlined above. From January 1, 2018 through June 30, 2018, the Group’s segment results were still based on the IFRS measurement principles adopted until June 30, 2018. In order to evaluate the economic performance of businesses on a monthly basis, results of operations in Argentina are based on monthly data that have been adjusted for inflation and converted into the average exchange rate of the U.S. Dollar each month. These already converted figures are subsequently not readjusted and reconverted as described above under IAS 29 and IAS 21. It should be noted that this translation methodology for evaluating segment information is the same that the company uses to translate results of operation from its other subsidiaries from other countries that have not been designated hyperinflationary economies because it allows for a more accurate analysis of the economic performance of its business as a whole. The Group’s CODM believes that the exclusion of the re-measurement and translation processes from the segment reporting structure allows for a more useful presentation and facilitates period-to-period comparison and performance analysis. The following tables show a reconciliation of each reportable segment as per the information reviewed by the CODM and the reportable segment measured in accordance with IAS 29 and IAS 21 as per the consolidated financial statements. Crops Rice Dairy Total segment reporting Adjustment Total as per statement of income Total segment reporting Adjustment Total as per statement of income Total segment reporting Adjustment Total as per statement of income Sales of goods sold and services rendered 164,538 (9,120 ) 155,418 100,013 (4,610 ) 95,403 33,201 (3,491 ) 29,710 Cost of goods and services rendered (165,988 ) 9,052 (156,936 ) (75,739 ) 766 (74,973 ) (31,488 ) 3,361 (28,127 ) Initial recognition and changes in fair value of biological assets and agricultural produce 36,422 (7,755 ) 28,667 8,967 (4,842 ) 4,125 7,295 (1,840 ) 5,455 Gain from changes in net realizable value of agricultural produce after harvest 2,704 (3,613 ) (909 ) — — — — — — Margin on Manufacturing and Agricultural Activities Before Operating Expenses 37,676 (11,436 ) 26,240 33,241 (8,686 ) 24,555 9,008 (1,970 ) 7,038 General and administrative expenses (4,239 ) 37 (4,202 ) (5,070 ) (869 ) (5,939 ) (2,034 ) (246 ) (2,280 ) Selling expenses (5,921 ) 474 (5,447 ) (15,465 ) 1,375 (14,090 ) (983 ) 41 (942 ) Other operating income, net 5,422 1,741 7,163 275 (58 ) 217 (1,055 ) 58 (997 ) Profit from Operations Before Financing and Taxation 32,938 (9,184 ) 23,754 12,981 (8,238 ) 4,743 4,936 (2,117 ) 2,819 Depreciation and amortization (1,697 ) (329 ) (2,026 ) (5,846 ) 5,840 (6 ) (2,253 ) (280 ) (2,533 ) Net gain from Fair value adjustment of investment property — — — — — — — — — All other segments Corporate Total Total segment reporting Adjustment Total as per statement of income Total segment reporting Adjustment Total as per statement of income Total segment reporting Adjustment Total as per statement of income Sales of goods sold and services rendered 1,919 (149 ) 1,770 — — — 810,609 (17,370 ) 793,239 Cost of goods and services rendered (1,412 ) 99 (1,313 ) — — — (623,243 ) 13,278 (609,965 ) Initial recognition and changes in fair value of biological assets and agricultural produce (806 ) (393 ) (1,199 ) — — — 31,025 (14,830 ) 16,195 Gain from changes in net realizable value of agricultural produce after harvest — — — — — — 2,704 (3,613 ) (909 ) Margin on Manufacturing and Agricultural Activities Before Operating Expenses (299 ) (443 ) (742 ) — — — 221,095 (22,535 ) 198,560 General and administrative expenses (155 ) (9 ) (164 ) (19,626 ) 1,433 (18,193 ) (56,426 ) 346 (56,080 ) Selling expenses (165 ) 16 (149 ) (178 ) 33 (145 ) (92,154 ) 1,939 (90,215 ) Other operating income, net 10,668 2,728 13,396 (167 ) 36 (131 ) 99,727 4,505 104,232 Profit from Operations Before Financing and Taxation 10,049 2,292 12,341 (19,971 ) 1,502 (18,469 ) 172,242 (15,745 ) 156,497 Depreciation and amortization (171 ) (6 ) (177 ) — — — (153,169 ) (1,085 ) (154,254 ) Net gain from Fair value adjustment of investment property 10,680 2,729 13,409 — — — 10,680 2,729 13,409 Sugar, Ethanol and Energy, and Land Transformation segments have not been reconciliated due to the lack of differences. The following table presents information with respect to the Group’s reportable segments. Certain other activities of a holding function nature not allocable to the segments are disclosed in the column ‘Corporate’ . Segment analysis for the year ended December 31, 2018 Farming Sugar, Ethanol and Energy Land Transformation Corporate Total Crops Rice Dairy All other segments Farming subtotal Sales of goods and services rendered 164,538 100,013 33,201 1,919 299,671 510,938 — — 810,609 Cost of goods sold and services rendered (165,988 ) (75,739 ) (31,488 ) (1,412 ) (274,627 ) (348,616 ) — — (623,243 ) Initial recognition and changes in fair value of biological assets and agricultural produce 36,422 8,967 7,295 (806 ) 51,878 (20,853 ) — — 31,025 Changes in net realizable value of agricultural produce after harvest 2,704 — — — 2,704 — — — 2,704 Margin on manufacturing and agricultural activities before operating expenses 37,676 33,241 9,008 (299 ) 79,626 141,469 — — 221,095 General and administrative expenses (4,239 ) (5,070 ) (2,034 ) (155 ) (11,498 ) (25,302 ) — (19,626 ) (56,426 ) Selling expenses (5,921 ) (15,465 ) (983 ) (165 ) (22,534 ) (69,442 ) — (178 ) (92,154 ) Other operating income, net 5,422 275 (1,055 ) 10,668 15,310 48,357 36,227 (167 ) 99,727 Profit / (loss) from operations before financing and taxation 32,938 12,981 4,936 10,049 60,904 95,082 36,227 (19,971 ) 172,242 Depreciation and amortization (1,697 ) (5,846 ) (2,253 ) (171 ) (9,967 ) (143,202 ) — — (153,169 ) Net gain from Fair value adjustment of investment property — — — 10,680 10,680 — — — 10,680 Initial recognition and changes in fair value of biological assets and agricultural produce (unrealized) 8,205 (181 ) (599 ) 102 7,527 (37,808 ) — — (30,281 ) Initial recognition and changes in fair value of biological assets and agricultural produce (realized) 28,217 9,148 7,894 (908 ) 44,351 16,955 — — 61,306 Changes in net realizable value of agricultural produce after harvest (unrealized) (647 ) — — — (647 ) — — — (647 ) Changes in net realizable value of agricultural produce after harvest (realized) 3,351 — — — 3,351 — — — 3,351 Farmlands and farmland improvements, net 547,842 173,481 727 22,891 744,941 51,567 — — 796,508 Machinery, equipment and other fixed assets, net 5,049 23,135 32,821 459 61,464 338,607 — — 400,071 Bearer plants, net 427 — — — 427 232,529 — — 232,956 Work in progress 8,690 5,214 14,317 18 28,239 22,665 — — 50,904 Investment property — — — 40,725 40,725 — — — 40,725 Goodwill 9,463 4,142 — 2,110 15,715 5,635 — — 21,350 Biological assets 27,347 17,173 10,298 3,094 57,912 47,475 — — 105,387 Finished goods 29,144 9,507 1,170 — 39,821 39,937 — — 79,758 Raw materials, stocks held by third parties and others 15,834 7,394 2,217 121 25,566 22,778 — — 48,344 Total segment assets 643,796 240,046 61,550 69,418 1,014,810 761,193 — — 1,776,003 Borrowings 111,692 58,999 543 4,860 176,094 600,810 — 85,212 862,116 Total segment liabilities 111,692 58,999 543 4,860 176,094 600,810 — 85,212 862,116 Segment analysis for the year ended December 31, 2017 Farming Sugar, Ethanol and Energy Land Transformation Corporate Total Crops Rice Dairy All other segments Farming subtotal Sales of goods and services rendered 197,222 86,478 37,523 1,336 322,559 610,619 — — 933,178 Cost of goods sold and services rendered (196,302 ) (71,087 ) (36,979 ) (853 ) (305,221 ) (461,506 ) — — (766,727 ) Initial recognition and changes in fair value of biological assets and agricultural produce 17,158 10,236 11,769 267 39,430 23,790 — — 63,220 Changes in net realizable value of agricultural produce after harvest 8,852 — — — 8,852 — — — 8,852 Margin on manufacturing and agricultural activities before operating expenses 26,930 25,627 12,313 750 65,620 172,903 — — 238,523 General and administrative expenses (2,981 ) (4,699 ) (1,058 ) (174 ) (8,912 ) (26,806 ) — (21,581 ) (57,299 ) Selling expenses (7,501 ) (13,324 ) (711 ) (156 ) (21,692 ) (73,664 ) — (43 ) (95,399 ) Other operating income, net 7,719 724 662 4,279 13,384 30,419 — (40 ) 43,763 Profit / (loss) from operations before financing and taxation 24,167 8,328 11,206 4,699 48,400 102,852 — (21,664 ) 129,588 Depreciation and amortization (1,511 ) (3,851 ) (1,037 ) (159 ) (6,558 ) (144,449 ) — — (151,007 ) Net gain from Fair value adjustment of investment property — — — 4,302 4,302 — — — 4,302 Initial recognition and changes in fair value of biological assets and agricultural produce (unrealized) 4,366 5,346 1,849 159 11,720 2,925 — — 14,645 Initial recognition and changes in fair value of biological assets and agricultural produce (realized) 12,792 4,890 9,920 108 27,710 20,865 — — 48,575 Changes in net realizable value of agricultural produce after harvest (unrealized) 2,371 — — — 2,371 — — — 2,371 Changes in net realizable value of agricultural produce after harvest (realized) 6,481 — — — 6,481 — — — 6,481 Farmlands and farmland improvements, net 70,126 13,688 248 9,346 93,408 26,342 — — 119,750 Machinery, equipment and other fixed assets, net 21,365 18,851 12,175 341 52,732 390,350 — — 443,082 Bearer plants, net 252 — — 1,832 2,084 236,826 — — 238,910 Work in progress 714 1,940 5,659 — 8,313 21,322 — — 29,635 Investment property — — — 42,342 42,342 — — — 42,342 Goodwill 3,221 1,480 — 1,110 5,811 6,601 — — 12,412 Biological assets 31,745 29,717 9,338 4,016 74,816 93,178 — — 167,994 Finished goods 21,146 8,476 — — 29,622 32,266 — — 61,888 Raw materials,Stocks held by third parties and others 17,958 9,927 1,726 364 29,975 17,056 — — 47,031 Total segment assets 166,527 84,079 29,146 59,351 339,103 823,941 — — 1,163,044 Borrowings 69,789 62,790 2,384 3,829 138,792 633,638 — 45,528 817,958 Total segment liabilities 69,789 62,790 2,384 3,829 138,792 633,638 — 45,528 817,958 Segment analysis for the year ended December 31, 2016 Farming Sugar, Ethanol and Energy Land Transformation Corporate Total Crops Rice Dairy All other segments Farming subtotal Sales of goods and services rendered 142,124 96,562 32,897 960 272,543 596,692 — — 869,235 Cost of goods sold and services rendered (141,731 ) (83,574 ) (32,571 ) (212 ) (258,088 ) (420,493 ) — — (678,581 ) Initial recognition and changes in fair value of biological assets and agricultural produce 48,790 10,498 5,476 (13 ) 64,751 60,705 — — 125,456 Changes in net realizable value of agricultural produce after harvest (5,841 ) — — — (5,841 ) — — — (5,841 ) Margin on manufacturing and agricultural activities before operating expenses 43,342 23,486 5,802 735 73,365 236,904 — — 310,269 General and administrative expenses (2,770 ) (3,373 ) (983 ) (290 ) (7,416 ) (22,648 ) — (20,686 ) (50,750 ) Selling expenses (5,692 ) (11,583 ) (752 ) (49 ) (18,076 ) (62,518 ) — (79 ) (80,673 ) Other operating income, net (8,787 ) 402 686 22,546 14,847 (8,903 ) — (192 ) 5,752 Profit / (loss) from operations before financing and taxation 26,093 8,932 4,753 22,942 62,720 142,835 — (20,957 ) 184,598 Depreciation and amortization (1,369 ) (2,766 ) (964 ) (192 ) (5,291 ) (122,209 ) — — (127,500 ) Net gain from Fair value adjustment of investment property — — — 14,049 14,049 — — — 14,049 Initial recognition and changes in fair value of biological assets and agricultural produce (unrealized) 5,790 2,316 1,319 107 9,532 279 — — 9,811 Initial recognition and changes in fair value of biological assets and agricultural produce (realized) 43,000 8,182 4,157 (120 ) 55,219 60,426 — — 115,645 Changes in net realizable value of agricultural produce after harvest (unrealized) (90 ) — — — (90 ) — — — (90 ) Changes in net realizable value of agricultural produce after harvest (realized) (5,751 ) — — — (5,751 ) — — — (5,751 ) Total segment assets and liabilities are measured in a manner consistent with that of the consolidated financial statements. These assets and liabilities are allocated based on the operations of the segment and the physical location of the asset. Total reportable segments’ assets and liabilities are reconciled to total assets as per the statement of financial position as follows: 2018 2017 Total reportable assets as per segment information 1,776,003 1,163,044 Intangible assets (excluding goodwill) 6,559 4,780 Deferred income tax assets 16,191 30,808 Trade and other receivables 197,506 172,214 Other assets 1,192 565 Derivative financial instruments 6,286 4,483 Cash and cash equivalents 273,635 269,195 Total assets as per the statement of financial position 2,277,372 1,645,089 2018 2017 Total reportable liabilities as per segment information 862,116 817,958 Trade and other payables 106,437 99,250 Deferred income tax liabilities 168,171 10,457 Payroll and social liabilities 27,197 28,507 Provisions for other liabilities 3,625 4,843 Current income tax liabilities 1,398 503 Derivative financial instruments 283 552 Total liabilities as per the statement of financial position 1,169,227 962,070 Non-current assets and revenues and fair value gains and losses are shown by geographic region. These are the regions in which the Group is active: Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. As of and for the year ended December 31, 2018 : Argentina Brazil Uruguay Total Property, plant and equipment 811,890 656,586 11,963 1,480,439 Investment property 40,725 — — 40,725 Goodwill 15,081 6,269 — 21,350 Non-current portion of biological assets 11,270 — — 11,270 Sales of goods and services rendered 207,480 496,966 106,163 810,609 Initial recognition and changes in fair value of biological assets and agricultural produce 45,985 (13,541 ) (1,419 ) 31,025 Changes in net realizable value of agricultural produce after harvest 1,148 1,436 120 2,704 As of and for the year ended December 31, 2017 : Argentina Brazil Uruguay Total Property, plant and equipment 113,758 710,523 7,096 831,377 Investment property 42,342 — — 42,342 Goodwill 5,095 7,317 — 12,412 Non-current portion of biological assets 11,276 — — 11,276 Sales of goods and services rendered 214,888 545,859 172,431 933,178 Initial recognition and changes in fair value of biological assets and agricultural produce 36,341 26,326 553 63,220 Changes in net realizable value of agricultural produce after harvest 5,705 1,346 1,801 8,852 As of and for the year ended December 31, 2016 : Argentina Brazil Uruguay Total Sales of goods and services rendered 164,264 432,468 272,503 869,235 Initial recognition and changes in fair value of biological assets and agricultural produce 62,970 62,556 (70 ) 125,456 Loss from changes in net realizable value of agricultural produce after harvest (4,491 ) (958 ) (392 ) (5,841 ) |