LHI AND ACL | LHI AND ACL LHI in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets are summarized as follows: December 31, 2022 2021 LHI, carried at amortized cost: Real estate: Construction and land $ 1,787,400 $ 1,062,144 Farmland 43,500 55,827 1 - 4 family residential 894,456 542,566 Multi-family residential 322,679 310,241 OOCRE 715,829 665,537 NOOCRE 2,341,379 2,120,309 Commercial 2,940,353 2,006,876 MW 446,227 565,645 Consumer 7,806 11,998 9,499,629 7,341,143 Deferred loan fees, net (18,973) (9,489) ACL (91,052) (77,754) LHI carried at amortized cost, net $ 9,389,604 $ 7,253,900 LHI, carried at fair value: PPP Loans $ 1,995 $ 53,369 Total LHI, net $ 9,391,599 $ 7,307,269 Included in the total LHI, net, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 was an accretable discount related to purchased performing and PCD loans acquired in the approximate amounts of $8,260 and $8,657, respectively. The discount is being accreted into income on a level-yield basis over the life of the loans. In addition, included in total LHI, net, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 is a discount on retained loans from sale of originated U.S. Small Business Administration ("SBA") and U.S. Department of Agriculture ("USDA") loans of $5,238 and $3,430, respectively. During 2022, the Company purchased $223,924 in pooled residential real estate loans at a net discount. The remaining net purchase discount of $4,135 is included in the total LHI, net and will be amortized on a straight line basis over five years. LHI, PPP loans, carried at fair value Included in total LHI, net, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, was $1,995 and $53,369, respectively, of PPP loans, which are carried at fair value. The following table summarizes the PPP fee income and net gain due to the change in the fair value of PPP loans which are included in government guaranteed loan income, net on the Company's consolidated statements of income and in change in fair value of government guaranteed loans using fair value option on the Company's consolidated statements of cash flows. December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 PPP fee income $ — $ 7,721 Net gain due to the change in fair value 258 1,531 These PPP loans were originated through an application to the SBA under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (“CARES”) Act and are 100% forgivable if certain criteria are met by the borrowers. As of December 31, 2022 we believe a majority of the Company’s PPP loans will meet such criteria. ACL The Company’s estimate of the ACL reflects losses expected over the remaining contractual life of the assets. The contractual term does not consider extensions, renewals or modifications unless the Company has identified an expected troubled debt restructuring ("TDR"). The activity in the ACL related to LHI is as follows: December 31, 2022 Construction and Land Farmland Residential Multifamily OOCRE NOOCRE Commercial Consumer Total Balance at beginning of year $ 7,293 $ 187 $ 5,982 $ 2,664 $ 9,215 $ 30,548 $ 21,632 $ 233 $ 77,754 Credit loss (benefit) expense non-PCD loans 5,855 (60) 3,757 (57) 4,633 (2,588) 18,933 2,355 32,828 Credit (benefit) loss expense PCD loans (28) — (237) — (2,766) 429 (2,000) (1,276) (5,878) Charge-offs — — — — (2,646) (2,410) (9,731) (1,285) (16,072) Recoveries — — 31 — 271 725 1,308 85 2,420 Ending Balance $ 13,120 $ 127 $ 9,533 $ 2,607 $ 8,707 $ 26,704 $ 30,142 $ 112 $ 91,052 December 31, 2021 Construction and Land Farmland Residential Multifamily OOCRE NOOCRE Commercial Consumer Total Balance at beginning of year $ 7,768 $ 56 $ 8,148 $ 6,231 $ 9,719 $ 35,237 $ 37,554 $ 371 $ 105,084 Credit loss (benefit) expense non-PCD loans (547) 131 (2,153) (3,567) (2,325) (7,490) (9,510) (401) (25,862) Credit loss expense PCD loans 72 — 302 — 3,721 10,737 7,622 59 22,513 Charge-offs — — (379) — (2,400) (7,936) (15,576) (99) (26,390) Recoveries — — 64 — 500 — 1,542 303 2,409 Ending Balance $ 7,293 $ 187 $ 5,982 $ 2,664 $ 9,215 $ 30,548 $ 21,632 $ 233 $ 77,754 December 31, 2020 Construction and Land Farmland Residential Multifamily OOCRE NOOCRE Commercial Consumer Total Balance at beginning of year $ 3,821 $ 62 $ 2,143 $ 1,200 $ 1,991 $ 8,126 $ 12,369 $ 122 $ 29,834 Impact of adopting ASC 326 non-PCD loans (707) 4 3,716 628 3,406 5,138 7,025 217 19,427 Impact of adopting ASC 326 PCD loans 645 — 908 — 7,682 2,037 8,335 103 19,710 Credit loss (benefit) expense non-PCD loans 4,554 (10) 1,720 4,403 4,364 15,397 24,413 (178) 54,663 Credit loss expense PCD loans (545) — (378) — (5,303) 7,404 817 (18) 1,977 Charge-offs — — (18) — (2,421) (2,865) (15,507) (162) (20,973) Recoveries — — 57 — — — 102 287 446 Ending Balance $ 7,768 $ 56 $ 8,148 $ 6,231 $ 9,719 $ 35,237 $ 37,554 $ 371 $ 105,084 The majority of the Company's loan portfolio consists of loans to businesses and individuals in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex and the Houston metropolitan area. This geographic concentration subjects the loan portfolio to the general economic conditions within these areas. The risks created by this concentration have been considered by management in the determination of the adequacy of the ACL. Management believes the ACL was adequate to cover estimated losses on loans as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. A loan is considered collateral-dependent when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. The following table presents the amortized cost basis of collateral dependent loans, which are individually evaluated to determine expected credit losses, and the related ACL allocated to these loans as of December 31, 2022: December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Real Property (1) ACL Allocation Real Property (1) ACL Allocation OOCRE $ 1,193 $ 129 $ — $ — NOOCRE 20,896 2,138 17,908 7,808 Commercial 1,240 396 1,702 — Consumer 15 — 1,063 — Total $ 23,344 $ 2,663 $ 20,673 $ 7,808 (1) Loans reported exclude PCD loans that transitioned upon adoption of ASC 326 and accounted for on a pooled basis. Refer to Note 1 for further discussion. Nonaccrual and Past Due Loans Loans are considered past due if the required principal and interest payments have not been received as of the date such payments were due in accordance with the terms of the loan agreement. Loans are placed on nonaccrual status when, in management’s opinion, the borrower may be unable to meet payment obligations as they become due, as well as when required by regulatory provisions. Loans may be placed on nonaccrual status regardless of whether or not such loans are considered past due. When interest accrual is discontinued, all unpaid accrued interest is reversed. Interest income is subsequently recognized only to the extent cash payments are received in excess of principal due. Loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured. Nonaccrual loans, aggregated by class of loans, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, were as follows: December 31, December 31, Nonaccrual Nonaccrual With No ACL Nonaccrual Nonaccrual With No ACL Real estate: 1 - 4 family residential $ 862 $ 862 $ 990 $ 990 OOCRE 9,737 8,545 14,236 13,824 NOOCRE 21,377 13,178 17,978 191 Commercial 11,397 2,521 15,267 4,207 Consumer 169 169 1,216 1,216 Total $ 43,542 $ 25,275 $ 49,687 $ 20,428 There were $8,545 and $11,056 of PCD loans that are not accounted for on a pooled basis at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. There was $13,178 of PCD loans that are accounted for on a pooled basis included in nonaccrual loans at December 31, 2022. During the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, interest income not recognized on non-accrual loans, excluding PCD loans, was $6,567 and $2,718, respectively. An age analysis of past due loans, aggregated by class of loans, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 is as follows: December 31, 2022 30 to 59 Days 60 to 89 Days 90 Days or Greater Total Past Due (1) Total Current PCD Total Total 90 Days Past Due and Still Accruing (2) Real estate: Construction and land $ 1,121 $ 2,111 $ — $ 3,232 $ 1,782,624 $ 1,544 $ 1,787,400 $ — Farmland — — — — 43,500 — 43,500 — 1 - 4 family residential 4,319 129 499 4,947 888,329 1,180 894,456 123 Multi-family residential 1,000 — — 1,000 321,679 — 322,679 — OOCRE 3,342 1,186 1,193 5,721 690,291 19,817 715,829 — NOOCRE 5,156 — 20,896 26,052 2,302,579 12,748 2,341,379 — Commercial 3,088 2,188 1,675 6,951 2,929,701 3,701 2,940,353 — MW — — — — 446,227 — 446,227 — Consumer 352 — 45 397 7,386 23 7,806 2 $ 18,378 $ 5,614 $ 24,308 $ 48,300 $ 9,412,316 $ 39,013 $ 9,499,629 $ 125 (1) Total past due loans includes $13,178 of pooled PCD loans as of December 31, 2022. (2) Loans 90 days past due and still accruing excludes $2,004 of PCD loans and $669 of PPP loans as of December 31, 2022. December 31, 2021 30 to 59 Days 60 to 89 Days 90 Days or Greater Total Past Due Total Current PCD Total Total 90 Days Past Due and Still Accruing (1) Real estate: Construction and land $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 1,059,796 $ 2,348 $ 1,062,144 $ — Farmland — — — — 55,827 — 55,827 — 1 - 4 family residential 2,073 — 1,008 3,081 538,307 1,178 542,566 24 Multi-family residential — — — — 310,241 — 310,241 — OOCRE 4,538 965 11,622 17,125 620,848 27,564 665,537 — NOOCRE 936 — 192 1,128 2,100,981 18,200 2,120,309 — Commercial 1,525 4,395 3,708 9,628 1,988,622 8,626 2,006,876 191 MW — — — — 565,645 — 565,645 — Consumer 135 105 1,082 1,322 10,499 177 11,998 20 $ 9,207 $ 5,465 $ 17,612 $ 32,284 $ 7,250,766 $ 58,093 $ 7,341,143 $ 235 (1) Loans 90 days past due and still accruing excludes $9,345 of pooled PCD loans and $206 of PPP loans as of December 31, 2021. Loans 90 days past due and still accruing interest were $125 and $235 as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. These loans are considered well-secured and in the process of collection as of the reporting date with plans in place for the borrowers to bring the loans fully current. The Company believes that it will collect all principal and interest due on each of the loans 90 days past due and still accruing. Troubled Debt Restructuring Modifications of terms for the Company’s loans and their inclusion as TDRs are based on individual facts and circumstances. Loan modifications that are included as TDRs may involve a reduction of the stated interest rate of the loan, an extension of the maturity date at a stated rate of interest lower than the current market rate for new debt with similar risk, or deferral of principal payments, regardless of the period of the modification. The recorded investment in TDRs was $13,666 and $25,518 as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The following table presents the pre- and post-modification amortized cost of loans modified as TDRs during the twelve months ended December 31, 2022. There was three new TDR during the year ended December 31, 2022 and one new TDRs during the year ended December 31, 2021, which was paid off prior to year-end . The Company did not grant principal reductions or interest rate concessions on any TDRs during the twelve months ended December 31, 2022. The terms of certain loans modified as TDRs during the year ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are summarized in the following tables: During the year ended December 31, 2022 Adjusted Payment Structure Payment Deferrals Total Modifications Number of Loans Commercial $ — $ 946 $ 946 1 Consumer 29 — 29 2 Total $ 29 $ 946 $ 975 3 There were no loans modified as TDR loans within the previous 12 months and for which there was a payment default during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. A default for purposes of this disclosure is a TDR loan in which the borrower is 90 days past due or results in the foreclosure and repossession of the applicable collateral. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 , interest income that would have been recorded on TDR loans had the terms of the loans not been modified was $742 and $778, respectively. The Company has not committed to lend additional amounts to customers with outstanding loans classified as TDRs as of December 31, 2022 or December 31, 2021. Credit Quality Indicators From a credit risk standpoint, the Company classifies its loans in one of the following categories: (i) pass, (ii) special mention, (iii) substandard or (iv) doubtful. Loans classified as loss are charged-off. Loans not rated special mention, substandard, doubtful or loss are classified as pass loans. The classifications of loans reflect a judgment about the risks of default and loss associated with the loan. The Company reviews the ratings on criticized credits monthly. Ratings are adjusted to reflect the degree of risk and loss that is felt to be inherent in each credit as of each monthly reporting period. All classified credits are evaluated for impairment. If impairment is determined to exist, a specific reserve is established. The Company’s methodology is structured so that specific reserves are increased in accordance with deterioration in credit quality (and a corresponding increase in risk and loss) or decreased in accordance with improvement in credit quality (and a corresponding decrease in risk and loss). Credits rated special mention show clear signs of financial weaknesses or deterioration in credit worthiness, however, such concerns are generally not so pronounced that the Company expects to experience significant loss within the short-term. Such credits typically maintain the ability to perform within standard credit terms and credit exposure is not as prominent as credits with a lower rating. Credits rated substandard are those in which the normal repayment of principal and interest may be, or has been, jeopardized by reason of adverse trends or developments of a financial, managerial, economic or political nature, or important weaknesses which exist in collateral. A protracted workout on these credits is a distinct possibility. Prompt corrective action is therefore required to strengthen the Company’s position, and/or to reduce exposure and to assure that adequate remedial measures are taken by the borrower. Credit exposure becomes more likely in such credits and a serious evaluation of the secondary support to the credit is performed. Credits rated doubtful are those in which full collection of principal appears highly questionable, and in which some degree of loss is anticipated, even though the ultimate amount of loss may not yet be certain and/or other factors exist which could affect collection of debt. Based upon available information, positive action by the Company is required to avert or minimize loss. Credits rated doubtful are generally also placed on nonaccrual. Credits classified as PCD are those that, at acquisition date, have experienced a more-than-insignificant deterioration in credit quality since origination. All loans considered to be PCI loans prior to January 1, 2020 were converted to PCD loans upon adoption of ASC 326. The Company elected to maintain pools of loans that were previously accounted for under ASC 310-30 and will continue to account for these pools as a unit of account. Loans are only removed from the existing pools if they are foreclosed, written off, paid off, or sold. The Company considers the guidance in ASC 310-20 when determining whether a modification, extension or renewal of a loan constitutes a current period origination. Generally, current period renewals of credit are re-underwritten at the point of renewal and considered current period originations for purposes of the table below. Based on the most recent analysis performed, the risk category of loans by class of loans based on year or origination is as follows: Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year 1 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Prior Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis Revolving Loans Converted to Term Total As of December 31, Construction and land: Pass $ 347,855 $ 709,208 $ 378,229 $ 69,241 $ 30,673 $ 14,025 $ 215,263 $ 140 $ 1,764,634 Special mention — 18,662 2,560 — — — — — 21,222 PCD — — — — — 1,544 — — 1,544 Total construction and land $ 347,855 $ 727,870 $ 380,789 $ 69,241 $ 30,673 $ 15,569 $ 215,263 $ 140 $ 1,787,400 Farmland: Pass $ 2,546 $ 16,242 $ 18,530 $ 21 $ — $ 5,069 $ 1,092 $ — $ 43,500 Total farmland $ 2,546 $ 16,242 $ 18,530 $ 21 $ — $ 5,069 $ 1,092 $ — $ 43,500 1 - 4 family residential: Pass $ 135,006 $ 188,635 $ 87,861 $ 43,293 $ 41,960 $ 257,768 $ 86,900 $ 726 $ 842,149 Special mention — — — — — 278 26,068 — 26,346 Substandard — 184 — — 1,028 23,569 — 24,781 PCD — — — — — 1,180 — — 1,180 Total 1-4 family residential $ 135,006 $ 188,819 $ 87,861 $ 43,293 $ 41,960 $ 260,254 $ 136,537 $ 726 $ 894,456 Multi-family residential: Pass $ 72,044 $ 80,793 $ 110,426 $ 8,402 $ 32,822 $ 2,494 $ — $ — $ 306,981 Substandard — — — 1,954 13,744 — — — 15,698 Total multi-family residential $ 72,044 $ 80,793 $ 110,426 $ 10,356 $ 46,566 $ 2,494 $ — $ — $ 322,679 OOCRE: Pass $ 191,044 $ 106,698 $ 84,230 $ 43,965 $ 49,461 $ 167,968 $ 5,225 $ — $ 648,591 Special mention — 2,321 1,409 1,964 — 3,447 — 45 9,186 Substandard — — — — 23,231 15,004 — — 38,235 PCD — — — — — 19,817 — — 19,817 Total OOCRE $ 191,044 $ 109,019 $ 85,639 $ 45,929 $ 72,692 $ 206,236 $ 5,225 $ 45 $ 715,829 NOOCRE: Pass $ 752,476 $ 531,735 $ 215,076 $ 149,246 $ 196,424 $ 305,434 $ 16,642 $ 465 $ 2,167,498 Special mention — — 22,774 19,464 12,274 51,451 — — 105,963 Substandard — — — 1,310 7,659 46,201 — — 55,170 PCD — — — — 12,697 51 — — 12,748 Total NOOCRE $ 752,476 $ 531,735 $ 237,850 $ 170,020 $ 229,054 $ 403,137 $ 16,642 $ 465 $ 2,341,379 Commercial: Pass $ 473,084 $ 132,396 $ 88,548 $ 83,996 $ 40,030 $ 31,269 $ 1,906,074 $ 553 $ 2,755,950 Special mention — 666 — 4,543 7,385 270 114,447 — 127,311 Substandard 17,894 4,058 5,189 4,195 10,954 4,732 6,292 77 53,391 PCD — — — — 273 3,428 — — 3,701 Total commercial $ 490,978 $ 137,120 $ 93,737 $ 92,734 $ 58,642 $ 39,699 $ 2,026,813 $ 630 $ 2,940,353 MW: Pass $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 444,393 $ — $ 444,393 Special mention — — — — — — 1,626 — 1,626 Substandard — — — — 46 162 — — 208 Total MW $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 46 $ 162 $ 446,019 $ — $ 446,227 Consumer: Pass $ 1,965 $ 452 $ 872 $ 216 $ 135 $ 2,298 $ 1,618 $ — $ 7,556 Special mention — — — — — 58 — — 58 Substandard — — — — — 169 — — 169 PCD — — — — — 23 — — 23 Total consumer $ 1,965 $ 452 $ 872 $ 216 $ 135 $ 2,548 $ 1,618 $ — $ 7,806 Total Pass $ 1,976,020 $ 1,766,159 $ 983,772 $ 398,380 $ 391,505 $ 786,325 $ 2,677,207 $ 1,884 $ 8,981,252 Total Special Mention — 21,649 26,743 25,971 19,659 55,504 142,141 45 291,712 Total Substandard 17,894 4,242 5,189 7,459 55,634 67,296 29,861 77 187,652 Total PCD — — — — 12,970 26,043 — — 39,013 Total $ 1,993,914 $ 1,792,050 $ 1,015,704 $ 431,810 $ 479,768 $ 935,168 $ 2,849,209 $ 2,006 $ 9,499,629 1 Term loans amortized cost basis by origination year excludes $18,973 of deferred loan fees, net. Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year 1 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 Prior Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis Revolving Loans Converted to Term Total As of December 31, Construction and land: Pass $ 389,420 $ 453,262 $ 116,855 $ 57,637 $ 5,741 $ 29,182 $ 4,631 $ 1,163 $ 1,057,891 Special mention — 1,593 — 312 — — — — 1,905 PCD — — — — — 2,348 — — 2,348 Total construction and land $ 389,420 $ 454,855 $ 116,855 $ 57,949 $ 5,741 $ 31,530 $ 4,631 $ 1,163 $ 1,062,144 Farmland: Pass $ 16,849 $ 28,655 $ 27 $ 3,367 $ 2,957 $ 2,643 $ 1,329 $ — $ 55,827 Total farmland $ 16,849 $ 28,655 $ 27 $ 3,367 $ 2,957 $ 2,643 $ 1,329 $ — $ 55,827 1 - 4 family residential: Pass $ 191,333 $ 101,377 $ 54,826 $ 59,861 $ 27,743 $ 85,661 $ 12,659 $ 6,025 $ 539,485 Special mention — — — — — 352 — — 352 Substandard — — — — 81 903 567 — 1,551 PCD — — — — — 1,178 — — 1,178 Total 1 - 4 family residential $ 191,333 $ 101,377 $ 54,826 $ 59,861 $ 27,824 $ 88,094 $ 13,226 $ 6,025 $ 542,566 Multi-family residential: Pass $ 67,979 $ 59,239 $ 54,321 $ 68,531 $ 11,815 $ 27,020 $ 49 $ — $ 288,954 Special mention — — — 21,287 — — — — 21,287 Total multi-family residential $ 67,979 $ 59,239 $ 54,321 $ 89,818 $ 11,815 $ 27,020 $ 49 $ — $ 310,241 OOCRE: Pass $ 114,413 $ 111,516 $ 56,964 $ 73,112 $ 54,921 $ 174,500 $ 2,986 $ 2,965 $ 591,377 Special mention 2,420 — 1,052 — — 6,232 — — 9,704 Substandard — 412 — 25,440 781 10,259 — — 36,892 PCD — 1,377 — — 6,567 19,620 — — 27,564 Total OOCRE $ 116,833 $ 113,305 $ 58,016 $ 98,552 $ 62,269 $ 210,611 $ 2,986 $ 2,965 $ 665,537 NOOCRE: Pass $ 628,140 $ 298,091 $ 254,566 $ 319,359 $ 56,710 $ 336,713 $ 5,861 $ 23,015 $ 1,922,455 Special mention — 613 1,685 29,469 16,354 48,952 — 489 97,562 Substandard — 0 48 0 1,775 0 26,209 1,581 52,479 — — 82,092 PCD — — — 13,620 — 4,580 — — 18,200 Total NOOCRE $ 628,140 $ 298,752 $ 258,026 $ 388,657 $ 74,645 $ 442,724 $ 5,861 $ 23,504 $ 2,120,309 Commercial: Pass $ 430,213 $ 187,370 $ 124,798 $ 65,186 $ 40,254 $ 52,491 $ 968,229 $ 19,130 $ 1,887,671 Special mention 7,958 2,341 149 15,136 1,069 3,368 3,482 2,589 36,092 Substandard 15,662 5,843 6,286 14,908 4,167 2,779 20,500 4,342 74,487 PCD — — — 315 1,785 6,526 — — 8,626 Total commercial $ 453,833 $ 195,554 $ 131,233 $ 95,545 $ 47,275 $ 65,164 $ 992,211 $ 26,061 $ 2,006,876 MW: Pass $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 564,850 $ 250 $ 565,100 Substandard — — — — — — 545 — 545 Total MW $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 565,395 $ 250 $ 565,645 Consumer: Pass $ 3,362 $ 1,566 $ 512 $ 408 $ 2,777 $ 784 $ 1,006 $ 25 $ 10,440 Special mention — — — — 65 14 — — 79 Substandard — — 22 — 177 39 1,064 — 1,302 PCD — — — — 24 153 — — 177 Total consumer $ 3,362 $ 1,566 $ 534 $ 408 $ 3,043 $ 990 $ 2,070 $ 25 $ 11,998 Total Pass $ 1,841,709 $ 1,241,076 $ 662,869 $ 647,461 $ 202,918 $ 708,994 $ 1,561,600 $ 52,573 $ 6,919,200 Total Special Mention 10,378 4,547 2,886 66,204 17,488 58,918 3,482 3,078 166,981 Total Substandard 15,662 6,303 8,083 66,557 6,787 66,459 22,676 4,342 196,869 Total PCD — 1,377 — 13,935 8,376 34,405 — — 58,093 Total $ 1,867,749 $ 1,253,303 $ 673,838 $ 794,157 $ 235,569 $ 868,776 $ 1,587,758 $ 59,993 $ 7,341,143 1 Term loans amortized cost basis by origination year excludes $9,489 of deferred loan fees, net. Servicing Assets The Company was servicing loans of approximately $543,220 and $509,977 as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. A summary of the changes in the related servicing assets are as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 Balance at beginning of year $ 17,705 $ 3,363 Servicing assets acquired through acquisition — 13,913 Increase from loan sales 2,670 1,330 Servicing asset impairment, net of recoveries (1,823) (71) Amortization charged as a reduction to income (3,672) (830) Balance at year-end $ 14,880 $ 17,705 Fair value of servicing assets is estimated by discounting estimated future cash flows from the servicing assets using discount rates that approximate current market rates over the expected lives of the loans being serviced. A valuation allowance is recorded when the fair value is below the carrying amount of the asset. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021 there was a valuation allowance of $2,451 and $628, respectively. The Company may also receive a portion of subsequent interest collections on loans sold that exceed the contractual servicing fees. In that case, the Company records an interest-only strip based on its relative fair market value and the other components of the loans. There was no interest-only strip receivable recorded at December 31, 2022 and 2021 . The following table reflects principal sold and related gain for SBA and USDA LHFI. The gain on sale of these loans is recorded in government guaranteed loan income, net in the Company's consolidated statements of income. Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 SBA LHFI principal sold $ 9,491 $ 40,001 $ 41,488 Gain on sale of SBA LHFI 848 4,911 3,379 USDA LHFI principal sold 72,670 — — Gain on sale of USDA LHFI 10,731 — — |