Employee Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits | EMPLOYEE PENSION AND OTHER POSTRETIREMENT BENEFITS The Company provides defined benefit pension plans and postretirement benefit plans to eligible employees. Non-collectively bargained defined benefit pension benefits accruing under the traditional years of service and compensation formula were amended in 2009 to freeze future service accruals and have been replaced with a cash balance benefit for all current non-collectively bargained employees. Except for major collectively bargained plans, the Company's qualified defined benefit pension plans are frozen to new entrants. The Company's policy is to fund its qualified defined benefit pension plans at least to the minimum amounts required under U.S. Government regulations. Plan obligations are measured based on the present value of projected future benefit payments to participants for services rendered to date. The measurement of projected future benefits is dependent on the terms of each individual plan, demographics, and valuation assumptions. No assumption is made regarding any potential changes to the benefit provisions beyond those to which the Company is currently committed, for example under existing collective bargaining agreements. The Company also sponsors 401(k) defined contribution pension plans in which most employees, including certain hourly employees, are eligible to participate. Company contributions for most defined contribution pension plans are based on the matching of employee contributions up to 4% of eligible compensation. Certain hourly employees are covered under a target benefit plan. In addition to the 401(k) defined contribution pension benefit formula, non-collectively bargained employees hired after June 30, 2008, are eligible to participate in a defined contribution benefit program in lieu of a defined benefit pension plan. The Company's contributions to the qualified defined contribution pension plans for the years ended December 31, 2015 , 2014 , and 2013 , were $73 million , $70 million , and $61 million , respectively. The Company also sponsors defined benefit and defined contribution pension plans to provide benefits in excess of the qualified limits. The liabilities related to these plans as of December 31, 2015, were $146 million and $27 million , respectively, and as of December 31, 2014, were $142 million and $26 million , respectively. Assets, primarily in the form of Level 1 marketable securities, held in grantor trusts, are intended to fund certain of these obligations. The trusts’ fair values supporting these liabilities as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, were $74 million and $45 million , respectively, of which $47 million and $43 million , respectively, were related to the non-qualified defined benefit pension plans. The Company provides contributory postretirement health care and life insurance benefits to a dominantly closed group of eligible employees, retirees, and their qualifying dependents. Covered employees achieve eligibility to participate in these contributory plans upon retirement from active service if they meet specified age, years of service, and grandfathered requirements. Benefits are not guaranteed, and the Company reserves the right to amend or terminate coverage at any time. The Company's contributions for retiree health care benefits are subject to caps, which limit Company contributions when spending thresholds are reached. The measurement date for all of the Company's retirement related plans is December 31. The costs of the Company's defined benefit pension plans and other postretirement plans for the years ended December 31, 2015 , 2014 and 2013 , were as follows: Pension Benefits Other Benefits Year Ended December 31 Year Ended December 31 ($ in millions) 2015 2014 2013 2015 2014 2013 Components of Net Periodic Benefit Cost Service cost $ 150 $ 136 $ 147 $ 13 $ 13 $ 21 Interest cost 242 253 215 27 30 33 Expected return on plan assets (351 ) (322 ) (289 ) — — — Amortization of prior service cost (credit) 19 19 18 (20 ) (26 ) (21 ) Amortization of net actuarial loss (gain) 86 52 118 2 — 16 Curtailments — — (1 ) — — — Net periodic benefit cost $ 146 $ 138 $ 208 $ 22 $ 17 $ 49 The funded status of the Company's plans as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 , was as follows: Pension Benefits Other Benefits December 31 December 31 ($ in millions) 2015 2014 2015 2014 Change in Benefit Obligation Benefit obligation at beginning of year $ 5,671 $ 4,730 $ 650 $ 616 Service cost 150 136 13 13 Interest cost 242 253 27 30 Plan participants' contributions 11 26 6 7 Actuarial loss (gain) (254 ) 714 (91 ) 24 Benefits paid (185 ) (168 ) (39 ) (40 ) Curtailments — (20 ) — — Benefit obligation at end of year 5,635 5,671 566 650 Change in Plan Assets Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year 4,731 4,310 — — Actual return on plan assets (47 ) 437 — — Employer contributions 103 126 33 33 Plan participants' contributions 11 26 6 7 Benefits paid (185 ) (168 ) (39 ) (40 ) Fair value of plan assets at end of year 4,613 4,731 — — Funded status $ (1,022 ) $ (940 ) $ (566 ) $ (650 ) Amounts Recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position: Pension plan assets $ — $ 17 $ — $ — Current liability (1) (21 ) (18 ) (143 ) (143 ) Non-current liability (2) (1,001 ) (939 ) (423 ) (507 ) Accumulated other comprehensive loss (income) (pre-tax) related to: Prior service costs (credits) 86 105 (105 ) (125 ) Net actuarial loss (gain) 1,433 1,374 (21 ) 73 (1) Included in other current liabilities and current portion of postretirement plan liabilities, respectively. (2) Included in pension plan liabilities and other postretirement plan liabilities, respectively. The Projected Benefit Obligation ("PBO"), Accumulated Benefit Obligation ("ABO"), and asset values for the Company's qualified pension plans were $5,490 million , $5,146 million , and $4,613 million , respectively, as of December 31, 2015 , and $5,529 million , $5,124 million , and $4,731 million , respectively, as of December 31, 2014 . The PBO represents the present value of pension benefits earned through the end of the year, with allowance for future salary increases. The ABO is similar to the PBO, but does not provide for future salary increases. The PBO and fair value of plan assets for all qualified and non-qualified pension plans with PBOs in excess of plan assets were $5,635 million and $4,613 million , respectively, as of December 31, 2015 , and $4,394 million and $3,438 million , respectively, as of December 31, 2014 . The ABO and fair value of plan assets for all qualified and non-qualified pension plans with ABOs in excess of plan assets were $4,051 million and $3,391 million , respectively, as of December 31, 2015 , and $3,981 million and $3,438 million , respectively, as of December 31, 2014 . The ABO for all pension plans was $5,273 million and $5,244 million as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 , respectively. The changes in amounts recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) were as follows: Pension Benefits Other Benefits Year Ended December 31 Year Ended December 31 ($ in millions) 2015 2014 2013 2015 2014 2013 Prior service cost (credit) $ — $ — $ (66 ) $ — $ — $ 145 Amortization of prior service cost (credit) 19 19 18 (20 ) (26 ) (21 ) Net actuarial loss (gain) (144 ) (599 ) 716 91 (24 ) 220 Amortization of net actuarial loss (gain) 86 52 118 2 — 16 Other (1 ) 20 12 1 — 1 Total changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) $ (40 ) $ (508 ) $ 798 $ 74 $ (50 ) $ 361 The amounts included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) as of December 31, 2015 , expected to be recognized as components of net periodic expense in 2016 were as follows: ($ in millions) Pension Benefits Other Benefits Prior service cost (credit) $ 18 $ (19 ) Net loss 84 (5 ) Total $ 102 $ (24 ) The weighted average assumptions used to determine the net periodic benefit costs for each year ended December 31 were as follows: Pension Benefits ($ in millions) 2015 2014 2013 Discount rate 4.34 % 5.27 % 4.27 % Expected long-term rate on plan assets 7.50 % 7.50 % 7.50 % Rate of compensation increase 3.64 % 3.69 % 3.66 % Other Benefits ($ in millions) 2015 2014 2013 Discount rate 4.22 % 5.03 % 4.02 % Initial health care cost trend rate assumed for next year 7.00 % 7.33 % 7.67 % Gradually declining to a rate of 5.00 % 5.00 % 5.00 % Year in which the rate reaches the ultimate rate 2023 2022 2021 The weighted average assumptions used to determine the benefit obligations as of December 31 of each year were as follows: Pension Benefits Other Benefits December 31 December 31 ($ in millions) 2015 2014 2015 2014 Discount rate 4.73 % 4.34 % 4.58 % 4.22 % Rate of compensation increase 3.66 % 3.64 % Initial health care cost trend rate assumed for next year 7.00 % 7.00 % Gradually declining to a rate of 5.00 % 5.00 % Year in which the rate reaches the ultimate rate 2024 2023 Health Care Cost Trend Rate - The health care cost trend rate represents the annual rates of change in the cost of health care benefits based on estimates of health care inflation, changes in health care utilization or delivery patterns, technological advances, government mandated benefits, and other considerations. Using a combination of market expectations and economic projections on December 31, 2015 , the Company selected an expected initial health care cost trend rate of 7.00% and an ultimate health care cost trend rate of 5.00% to be reached in 2024 . On December 31, 2014 , the Company assumed an expected initial health care cost trend rate of 7.00% and an ultimate health care cost trend rate of 5.00% to be reached in 2023 . A one percent change in the assumed health care cost trend rates would have the following effects on 2015 results: 1 Percentage Point ($ in millions) Increase Decrease Effect on postretirement benefit expense $ 2 $ (2 ) Effect on postretirement benefit obligations 22 (20 ) The Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 ("ERISA"), including amendments under pension relief, defines the minimum amount that must be contributed to the Company's qualified defined benefit pension plans. In determining whether to make discretionary contributions to these plans above the minimum required amounts, the Company considers various factors, including attainment of the funded percentage needed to avoid benefit restrictions and other adverse consequences, minimum CAS funding requirements, and the current and anticipated future funding levels of each plan. The Company's contributions to its qualified defined benefit pension plans are affected by a number of factors, including published IRS interest rates, the actual return on plan assets, actuarial assumptions, and demographic experience. These factors and the Company's resulting contributions also impact the plans' funded status. If the IRS publishes updated mortality tables for funding purposes, the Company’s pension contributions could be affected. The Company made the following contributions to its pension and other postretirement plans for the years ended December 31, 2015 , 2014 , and 2013 : Year Ended December 31 ($ in millions) 2015 2014 2013 Pension plans Discretionary Qualified $ 99 $ 123 $ 301 Non-qualified 4 3 4 Other benefit plans 33 33 38 Total contributions $ 136 $ 159 $ 343 For the year ending December 31, 2016 , the Company expects its cash contributions to its qualified defined benefit pension plans to be $167 million , all of which will be discretionary. For the year ending December 31, 2016 , the Company expects its cash contributions to its postretirement benefit plans to be approximately $37 million . In March 2013, the Company concluded negotiations on one of its collective bargaining agreements, which required an amendment to one of the Company's pension plans. As a result of the amendment, the remeasurement of the plan increased the pension liability and pre-tax accumulated other comprehensive loss by approximately $30 million . In May 2013, the Company amended its postretirement benefit plans for salaried post-65 participants, which replaced a Company-sponsored indemnity plan with coverage offered through a third-party vendor and permanently capped the Company's contributions. As a result of the amendment, the remeasurement of the plans decreased the postretirement liability and pre-tax accumulated other comprehensive loss by approximately $177 million . The following table presents estimated future benefit payments, using the same assumptions used in determining the Company's benefit obligations as of December 31, 2015 . Benefit payments depend on future employment and compensation levels, years of service, and mortality. Changes in any of these factors could significantly affect these estimated amounts. Other Benefits ($ in millions) Pension Benefits Benefit Payments Subsidy Receipts 2016 $ 204 $ 37 $ — 2017 217 38 — 2018 231 40 — 2019 246 41 — 2020 263 42 — Years 2021 to 2025 $ 1,617 $ 214 $ 2 Pension Plan Assets Pension assets include public equities, government and corporate bonds, cash and cash equivalents, private real estate funds, hedge funds, and other assets. Plan assets are held in a master trust and overseen by the Company's Investment Committee. All assets are externally managed through a combination of active and passive strategies. Managers may only invest in the asset classes for which they have been appointed. The Investment Committee is responsible for setting the policy that provides the framework for management of the plan assets. The Investment Committee has set the minimum and maximum permitted values for each asset class in the Company's pension plan master trust for the year ended December 31, 2015 , as follows: Range U.S. equities 20 - 42% International equities 15 - 33% Fixed income securities 25 - 50% Alternative investments 5 - 15% The general objectives of the Company's pension asset strategy are to earn a rate of return over time to satisfy the benefit obligations of the plans, meet minimum ERISA funding requirements, and maintain sufficient liquidity to pay benefits and address other cash requirements within the master trust. Specific investment objectives include reducing the volatility of pension assets relative to benefit obligations, achieving a competitive, total investment return, achieving diversification between and within asset classes, and managing other risks. Investment objectives for each asset class are determined based on specific risks and investment opportunities identified. Decisions regarding investment policies and asset allocation are made with the understanding of the historical and prospective return and risk characteristics of various asset classes, the effect of asset allocations on funded status, future Company contributions, and projected expenditures, including benefits. The Company updates its asset allocations periodically. The Company uses various analytics to determine the optimal asset mix and considers plan obligation characteristics, duration, liquidity characteristics, funding requirements, expected rates of return, regular rebalancing, and the distribution of returns. Actual allocations to each asset class could vary from target allocations due to periodic investment strategy changes, short-term market value fluctuations, the length of time it takes to fully implement investment allocation positions, such as real estate and other alternative investments, and the timing of benefit payments and Company contributions. Taking into account the asset allocation ranges, the investment fiduciary determines the specific allocation of the master trust's investments within various asset classes. The master trust utilizes select investment strategies, which are executed through separate account or fund structures with external investment managers who demonstrate experience and expertise in the appropriate asset classes and styles. The selection of investment managers is done with careful evaluation of all aspects of performance and risk, demonstrated fiduciary responsibility, investment management experience, and a review of the investment managers' policies and processes. Investment performance is monitored frequently against appropriate benchmarks and tracked to compliance guidelines with the assistance of third party consultants and performance evaluation tools and metrics. Plan assets are stated at fair value. The Company employs a variety of pricing sources to estimate the fair value of its pension plan assets, including independent pricing vendors, dealer or counterparty-supplied valuations, third-party appraisals, and appraisals prepared by the Company's investment managers or other experts. Investments in equity securities, common and preferred, are valued at the last reported sales price when an active market exists. Securities for which official or last trade pricing on an active exchange is available are classified as Level 1. If closing prices are not available, securities are valued at the last trade price, if deemed reasonable, or a broker's quote in a non-active market, and are typically categorized as Level 2. Investments in fixed-income securities are generally valued by independent pricing services or dealers who make markets in such securities. Pricing methods are based upon market transactions for comparable securities and various relationships between securities that are generally recognized by institutional traders, and fixed-income securities typically are categorized as Level 2. Investments in collective trust funds and commingled funds based on the use of Net Asset Values (“NAV”) are valued based on the redemption price of units owned by the master trust, which is based on the current fair values of the funds’ underlying assets, as reported by the investment manager. The underlying assets are valued based on observable inputs. Accordingly, collective trust and commingled funds are categorized as Level 2. Investments in hedge funds generally do not have readily available market quotations and are estimated at fair value, which primarily utilizes NAV or the equivalent, as a practical expedient, as reported by the investment manager. Hedge funds usually have restrictions on redemptions that might affect the ability to sell the investment at NAV in the short term. Accordingly, these investments are typically classified as Level 3. Real estate funds are typically valued through updated independent third-party appraisals, which are adjusted for changes in cash flows, market conditions, property performance, and leasing status. Since real estate funds do not have readily available market quotations, they are generally valued at NAV or its equivalent, as a practical expedient, as reported by the asset manager. Redemptions from real estate funds are also subject to various restrictions. Accordingly, these investments are classified as Level 3. Management reviews independently appraised values, audited financial statements, and additional pricing information to evaluate the net asset values. For the very limited group of investments for which market quotations are not readily available or for which the above valuation procedures are deemed not to reflect fair value, additional information is obtained from the investment manager and evaluated internally to determine whether any adjustments are required to reflect fair value. The Company might be unable to quickly liquidate some assets at amounts close or equal to fair value in order to meet the plans' liquidity requirements or respond to specific events, such as the creditworthiness of any particular issuer or counterparty. Illiquid assets are generally long-term investments that complement the long-term nature of the Company's pension obligations and are generally not used to fund benefit payments in the short term. Management monitors liquidity risk on an ongoing basis and has procedures designed to maintain flexibility in troubled markets. The master trust has considerable investments in fixed income securities for which changes in the relevant interest rate of a particular instrument might result in the inability to secure similar returns upon the maturity or sale. Changes in prevailing interest rates might result in an increase or decrease in fair value of the instrument. Investment managers are permitted to use interest rate swaps and other financial derivatives to manage interest rate risk. Counterparty risk is the risk that a counterparty to a financial instrument held by the master trust will default on its commitment. Counterparty risk is generally related to over-the-counter derivative instruments used to manage risk exposure to interest rates on long-term debt securities. Certain agreements with counterparties employ set-off agreements, collateral support arrangements, and other risk mitigation practices designed to reduce the net credit risk exposure in the event of a counterparty default. Credit policies and processes are in place to manage concentrations of risk by seeking to undertake transactions with large well-capitalized counterparties and by monitoring the creditworthiness of these counterparties. The fair values of the Company's retirement plan assets by asset category and by valuation hierarchy level as described in Note 2: Summary of Significant Accounting Policies were as follows: December 31, 2015 ($ in millions) Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Asset Category Equity U.S. equities (1) $ 1,392 $ 460 $ 932 $ — International equities (1) 1,074 597 477 — Fixed Income U.S. government 175 — 175 — U.S. agency 171 — 171 — Non-U.S. government 70 — 70 — Investment grade (2) 1,008 — 1,008 — Asset backed 39 — 39 — Non-investment grade (3) 40 — 40 — Cash and cash equivalents (4) 45 5 40 — Hedge funds 312 — — 312 Real estate fund 285 — — 285 Other 2 — 2 — Total assets at fair value $ 4,613 $ 1,062 $ 2,954 $ 597 (1) U.S. and international equity securities include investments in small, medium, and large capitalization stocks of public companies held in separately managed accounts or commingled trust funds. (2) Investment grade fixed income securities include corporate bonds rated Baa3/BBB- or higher by one or more rating agencies. (3) Non-investment grade fixed income securities include corporate bonds consistently rated below Baa3/BBB- by one or more rating agencies and units of a high yield commingled fund. (4) Cash and cash equivalents are highly liquid short-term investment funds and include net receivables and payables of the trust. These funds are available for immediate use to fund daily operations, execute investment policies, and serve as a temporary investment vehicle. The Company's plan asset allocation policy does not include cash. December 31, 2014 ($ in millions) Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Asset Category Equity U.S. equities (1) $ 1,423 $ 467 $ 956 $ — International equities (1) 1,082 599 483 — Fixed Income U.S. government 237 — 237 — U.S. agency 174 — 174 — Non-U.S. government 88 — 88 — Investment grade (2) 1,041 — 1,041 — Asset backed 52 — 52 — Non-investment grade (3) 45 — 45 — Cash and cash equivalents (4) 42 5 37 — Hedge funds 298 — — 298 Real estate fund 247 — — 247 Other 2 — 2 — Total assets at fair value $ 4,731 $ 1,071 $ 3,115 $ 545 (1) U.S. and international equity securities include investments in small, medium, and large capitalization stocks of public companies held in separately managed accounts or commingled trust funds. (2) Investment grade fixed income securities include corporate bonds rated Baa3/BBB- or higher by one or more rating agencies. (3) Non-investment grade fixed income securities include corporate bonds consistently rated below Baa3/BBB- by one or more rating agencies and units of a high yield commingled fund. (4) Cash and cash equivalents are highly liquid short-term investment funds and include net receivables and payables of the trust. These funds are available for immediate use to fund daily operations, execute investment policies, and serve as a temporary investment vehicle. The Company's plan asset allocation policy does not include cash. The master trust limits the use of derivatives through direct or separate account investments, such that the derivatives used are liquid and able to be readily valued in the market. Derivative usage in separate account structures is limited to hedging purposes or to gain market exposure in a non-speculative manner. The net fair market value of the master trust's derivatives through direct or separate account investments was less than $1 million as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 . The following tables summarize the changes in Level 3 retirement plan assets measured at fair value for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 . Return on plan assets Attributable to Assets Held at December 31, 2015 Fair Value at December 31, 2014 Attributable to Assets Sold Transfers Fair Value at December 31, 2015 Into (Out) of ($ in millions) Purchases Sales Level 3 Level 3 Asset Category: Hedge funds $ 298 $ 14 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 312 Real estate fund 247 38 — — — — — 285 Total Level 3 fair value $ 545 $ 52 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 597 Return on plan assets Attributable to Assets Held at December 31, 2014 Fair Value at December 31, 2013 Attributable to Assets Sold Transfers Fair Value at December 31, 2014 Into (Out) of ($ in millions) Purchases Sales Level 3 Level 3 Asset Category: Hedge funds $ 257 $ 19 $ — $ 22 $ — $ — $ — $ 298 Real estate fund 188 24 — 35 — — — 247 Total Level 3 fair value $ 445 $ 43 $ — $ 57 $ — $ — $ — $ 545 |