Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 2. Summary of significant accounting policies Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation — The Company’s consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All inter-company transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. Use of Estimates —The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of income and expenses during the reporting period. The Company bases estimates and assumptions on historical experience when available and on various factors that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates its estimates and assumptions, including those related to research and development expense accruals, stock-based compensation expense, income taxes, intangible asset, fair values of financial instruments and fair value of common stock warrants. The Company’s actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. There have been no significant changes from the Company’s original estimates in any periods presented. Foreign Currency Translation —The Company’s consolidated financial statements are prepared in U.S. dollars. The Company’s foreign subsidiaries use the Euro and Australian dollar as their functional currencies and maintain their records in their local currencies, except its Ireland subsidiary that uses the U.S. dollar as its functional currency. Assets and liabilities are re-measured at exchange rates in effect at the end of the reporting period for the Company’s French and Australian subsidiaries, and at historical exchange rates for its Irish subsidiary. Equity is measured at historical rates and income and expenses are re-measured at average exchange rates for the reporting period. The resulting foreign currency translation adjustment is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss in the consolidated balance sheet. Transactions denominated in foreign currency are translated at exchange rates at the date of transaction with foreign currency gains (losses) recorded in other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Cash and Cash Equivalents —The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with original maturities of three months or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents include cash held in banks, money market accounts and highly liquid debt securities. Cash equivalents are stated at fair value. Short-Term Investments —All short-term investments, which consist of debt securities and certificates of deposit, have been classified as “available for sale” and are carried at fair value. Unrealized gains and losses, net of any related tax effects, are excluded from earnings and are included in other comprehensive loss and reported as a separate component of stockholders’ equity until realized. Realized gains and losses and declines in value judged to be other than temporary, if any, on available-for-sale securities are included in other income (expense), net in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The cost of securities sold is based on the specific-identification method. The amortized cost of securities is adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts to maturity. Interest on short-term investments is included in other income, net in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. In accordance with the Company’s investment policy, management invests to diversify credit risk and only invests in securities with high credit quality, including U.S. government securities. The Company periodically evaluates whether declines in the fair value of its investments below their cost are other than temporary. The evaluation includes consideration of the cause of the impairment, including the creditworthiness of the security issuers, the number of securities in an unrealized loss position, the severity and duration of the unrealized losses, whether the Company has the intent to sell the securities, and whether it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the securities before the recovery of their amortized cost basis. If the Company determines that the decline in fair value of an investment is below its accounting basis and this decline is other than temporary, the Company would reduce the carrying value of the security it holds and records a loss for the amount of such decline. The Company has not recorded any realized losses or declines in value judged to be other than temporary on its investments. Segment Reporting —The Company operates and manages its business as one reporting and operating segment, which is the business of developing and commercializing gene therapeutics. The Company’s chief executive officer, who is the chief operating decision maker, reviews financial information on an aggregate basis for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance. Concentrations of Credit Risk and Other Uncertainties —Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk consists primarily of cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments. Risks associated with cash, cash equivalents, short-term investments are mitigated by the Company’s investment policy, which limits the Company’s investing to only those marketable securities rated at least A-1/P-1 Short Term Rating and A/A2 Long Term Rating, as determined by independent credit rating agencies. Management believes that the Company is not exposed to significant credit risk. The Company is subject to certain risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to changes in any of the following areas that the Company believes could have a material adverse effect on future financial position or results of operations: ability to obtain future financing; regulatory approval and market acceptance of, and reimbursement for, the Company’s product candidates; performance of third-party clinical research organizations and manufacturers; development of sales channels; protection of the intellectual property; litigation or claims against the Company based on intellectual property, patent, product, regulatory or other factors; and the Company’s ability to attract and retain employees necessary to support the growth. Property and Equipment —Property and equipment are recorded at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is recorded using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, generally three to five years. Leasehold improvements are capitalized and amortized over the shorter period of their expected lives or the lease term. Major replacements and improvements are capitalized, while general repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. Valuation of Long-Lived Assets and Purchased Intangible Assets —The Company evaluates the carrying value of amortizable long‑lived assets, whenever events, or changes in business circumstances or the planned use of long‑lived assets indicate that their carrying amounts may not be fully recoverable or that their useful lives are no longer appropriate. If these facts and circumstances exist, the Company assesses for recovery by comparing the carrying values of long‑lived assets with their future undiscounted net cash flows. If the comparison indicates that impairment exists, long‑lived assets are written down to their respective fair values based on discounted cash flows. Significant management judgment is required in the forecasting of future operating results that is used in the preparation of expected undiscounted cash flows. If management’s assumptions about future operating results were to change as a result of events or circumstances, the Company may be required to record an impairment loss on these assets. No impairment indicators were noted for the Company’s amortizable long-lived assets, fixed assets, in the periods presented. The Company also evaluates the carrying value of intangible asset (not subject to amortization) related to in‑process research and development (“IPR&D”) asset, which is considered to be indefinite‑lived until the completion or abandonment of the associated research and development efforts. Accordingly, amortization of the IPR&D assets will not occur until the product reaches commercialization. During the period the intangible asset is considered indefinite‑lived, it will be tested for impairment on an annual basis, as well as between annual tests if the Company becomes aware of any events occurring or changes in circumstances that would indicate that the fair value of the IPR&D asset is less than its carrying amount. If and when development is complete, which generally occurs when regulatory approval to market the product is obtained, the associated IPR&D asset would be deemed definite‑lived and would then be amortized based on its estimated useful life at that point in time based on respective patent term. If a potential impairment exists, an impairment loss is measured as the excess of the asset’s carrying value over its fair value. During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $11.2 million related to its intangible assets (see Note 3). Financial Liabilities — During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company entered into a sponsored research agreement with The Alpha-1 Project, Inc. (the “TAP”) with an embedded derivative, the Company determined to account for this financial liability at fair value and recorded as other non-current liabilities in its consolidated balance sheets (see Note 6). Change in fair value is recorded within other income, net in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss. Revenue Recognition —The Company has primarily generated revenue through license, research and collaboration arrangements with its strategic partners. The terms of these types of agreements may include (i) licenses to Adverum technology, (ii) research In arrangements involving the delivery of more than one element, each required deliverable is The arrangement’s consideration that is fixed or determinable is allocated to each separate unit Payments or reimbursements for the Company’s research and development efforts for the arrangements where The Company’s collaboration and license agreements may include contingent payments related to Collaboration and License Revenue Editas Agreement —In August 2016, the Company entered into a collaboration, option and license agreement with Editas Medicine, Inc. (“Editas”) (see Note 7). Under the terms of the agreement, the Company received initial payments of $1.0 million that included $0.5 million for research services during the year ended December 31, 2016. As the agreement provides for multiple deliverables, the Company accounts for this agreement as a multiple elements revenue arrangement. At the inception of the agreement, identified deliverables include research services, manufacturing of viral vectors for research, participation in joint research committee and exclusivity during the option period. These deliverables did not appear to have a standalone value and were combined into one unit of accounting. Options for each indication to license the Company’s AAV vector are considered substantive options and do not include significant incremental discounts. Therefore, they are not considered as deliverables under the agreement. In January 2018, the Company and Editas extended the research collaboration, option and license agreement (see Note 7). In consideration for extending the agreement, Editas made a one-time payment, non-refundable cash payment of $0.5 million to the Company in February 2018. The Company allocated the $1.0 million received to a single unit of accounting identified in the arrangement. The Company expects to recognize $1.0 million ratably over the associated period of performance, which is the maximum research period of three years. As there is no discernible pattern of performance and/or objectively measurable performance measures do not exist, the Company recognizes revenue on a straight-line basis. During the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company recognized $0.3 million and $0.1 million, respectively, as collaboration and license revenue related to Editas agreement. Regeneron Agreement —In May 2014, the Company entered into a research collaboration and license agreement with Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Regeneron”) to discover, develop and commercialize novel gene therapy products for the treatment of ophthalmologic diseases (see Note 7). Under the terms of the agreement, during the year ended December 31, 2014, the Company received initial upfront non-refundable cash payments of $8.0 million that included payment for research license fees, prepaid collaboration research costs and the time-limited right of first negotiation for license to develop and commercialize AVA-101. As the agreement provides for multiple deliverables, the Company accounts for this agreement as a multiple elements revenue arrangement. If deliverables did not appear to have a standalone value, they were combined with other deliverables into a unit of accounting with a standalone value. The Company allocated the $8.0 million to the relative fair value of the two units of accounting identified in the arrangement. The Company recognizes $6.5 million allocated to the first unit of accounting for the research licenses and related research and development services ratably over the associated period of performance, which is the maximum research period of eight years. As there was no discernible pattern of performance and/or objectively measurable performance measures did not exist for the first unit of accounting, the Company recognizes revenue on a straight-line basis over the eight years performance period. The remaining $1.5 million allocated to the second unit of accounting for the time-limited right of first negotiation for license to develop and commercialize AVA-101 was deferred. On November 2, 2015, Regeneron notified the Company that it did not exercise this right of first negotiation and the Company recognized the entire $1.5 million as revenue during the year ended December 31, 2015. As original research budget was fully used in the fourth quarter of 2015, the Company and Regeneron will agree on the reimbursement of additional research expenses annually. The Company invoices for services performed quarterly. These additional research fees are added to the research licenses and related research and development services unit of accounting, recorded as deferred revenue and recognized to revenue over the remaining research term. During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the Company recognized $1.5 million, $1.4 million and $0.8 million, respectively, related to the research licenses and research and development services unit of accounting in the Regeneron agreement. Research and Development Expenses —Research and development expenses are charged to expense as incurred. Research and development expenses include primarily personnel-related costs, stock-based compensation expense, laboratory supplies, consulting costs, external contract research and development expenses, including expenses incurred under agreements with CROs, the cost of acquiring, developing and manufacturing clinical study materials, and overhead expenses, such as rent, equipment depreciation, insurance and utilities. Advance payments for goods or services for future research and development activities are deferred and expensed as the goods are delivered or the related services are performed. The Company estimates preclinical studies and clinical trial expenses based on the services performed pursuant to contracts with research institutions and clinical research organizations that conduct and manage preclinical studies and clinical trials on the Company’s behalf. In accruing service fees, the Company estimates the time period over which services will be performed and the level of effort to be expended in each period. These estimates are based on communications with the third-party service providers and the Company’s estimates of accrued expenses and on information available at each balance sheet date. If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from the estimate, the Company will adjust the accrual accordingly. There have been no significant changes from the Company’s original estimates in any of the periods presented. The Company received tax credits from the Australian and French governments in connection with certain research costs incurred in conducting research by the Company’s Australian and French subsidiaries. These refunds do not depend on the taxable income or tax position of the Company and therefore the Company does not account for them under an income tax accounting model. The Company recognizes such tax credits in the period when qualified expenses are incurred as a reduction of research expenses. The Company has recorded the reimbursement of $0.1 million, $0.3 million and $0.1 million from the tax authorities as a reduction of research and development expense in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss in the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Fair Value Measurements —Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. The carrying amounts of the Company’s financial instruments, including cash equivalents, prepaid and other current assets, accounts payable, accrued expenses and other current liabilities approximate their fair values due to their short-term maturities. Refer to Note 6 for the methodologies and assumptions used in valuing financial instruments. Stock-Based Compensation Expense —Stock-based compensation expense related to stock awards to employees is measured at fair value of the award on the date of the grant. The Company estimates the grant-date fair value, and the resulting stock-based compensation expense, using the Black-Scholes valuation model for stock options and using intrinsic value, which is the closing price of its common stock on the date of the grant, for the restricted stock units (“RSUs”). The fair value of the award that is ultimately expected to vest is recognized as expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period. As of January 1, 2017, the Company adopted Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-09 and elected to account for forfeitures as they occur using a modified retrospective transition method, which requires the Company to record cumulative-effect adjustment to accumulated deficit. The Company determined that the impact of this adoption was immaterial and no adjustments were recorded in its consolidated financial statements. Prior to the adoption of ASU No. 2016-09, stock-based compensation expense recognized for the portion of the award that is expected to vest was reduced by an estimated forfeiture rate. The Black-Scholes valuation model requires the use of following assumptions: Expected Term —The expected term assumption represents the period that the Company’s stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding and is determined using the simplified method. Expected Volatility —Expected volatility is estimated using comparable public companies’ volatility for similar terms. Expected Dividend —The Black-Scholes valuation model calls for a single expected dividend yield as an input. The Company has never paid dividends and has no plans to pay dividends. Risk-Free Interest Rate —The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues in effect at the time of grant for periods corresponding with the expected term of option. Stock-based compensation expense related to awards granted to non-employees is recognized based on the then-current fair value at each measurement date over the associated service period of the award, which is generally the vesting term, using the accelerated attribution method. The fair value of non-employee stock options is estimated using the Black-Scholes valuation model with assumptions generally consistent with those used for employee stock options, with the exception of the expected term, which is the remaining contractual life at each measurement date. Refer to Note 13 for more information on assumptions used in estimating stock-based compensation expense. Income Taxes —The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method. The Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements or tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. In evaluating the ability to recover its deferred income tax assets, the Company considers all available positive and negative evidence, including its operating results, ongoing tax planning and forecasts of future taxable income on a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction basis. In the event the Company determines that it would be able to realize its deferred income tax assets in the future in excess of their net recorded amount, it would make an adjustment to the valuation allowance that would reduce the provision for income taxes. Conversely, in the event that all or part of the net deferred tax assets are determined not to be realizable in the future, an adjustment to the valuation allowance would be charged to earnings in the period when such determination is made. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company has recorded a full valuation allowance on its deferred tax assets. Tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions are recognized when it is more likely than not that a tax position will be sustained during an audit. Interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits are included within the provision for income tax. Comprehensive Loss —Comprehensive loss is comprised of net loss and other comprehensive income (loss). Other comprehensive income (loss) consists of foreign currency translation adjustments related to translation of the financial statements of the Company’s Australia and France subsidiaries and unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities. The Company did not have reclassifications from other comprehensive income (loss) to the income (loss) during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015. Basic and Diluted Net Loss Per Share — Basic net loss per share is calculated by dividing the net loss by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period. Diluted net loss per share is computed by giving effect to all potential dilutive common stock equivalents outstanding for the period using the treasury stock method. Outstanding stock options, RSUs, ESPP and warrants are considered to be common stock equivalents and are only included in the calculation of diluted net loss per share when their effect is dilutive. Recent Accounting Standard Update Not Yet Effective — In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), which supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in ASC 605 , Revenue Recognition . This ASU is based on the principle that revenue is recognized to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. ASU 2014-09 defines a five-step process to achieve this core principle and, in doing so, it is possible more judgment and estimates may be required within the revenue recognition process than required under existing U.S. GAAP including identifying performance obligations in the contract, estimating the amount of variable consideration to include in the transaction price and allocating the transaction price to each separate performance obligation. ASU 2014-09 is required to be adopted, using either of two methods: (i) retrospective to each prior reporting period presented with the option to elect certain practical expedients as defined within ASU 2014-09; or (ii) retrospective with the cumulative effect of initially applying ASU 2014-09 recognized at the date of initial application and providing certain additional disclosures. In July 2015, the FASB voted to approve a one-year deferral of the effective date to December 15, 2017 for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after that date and permitted early adoption of the standard, but not before the original effective date of December 15, 2016 . The FASB issued supplemental adoption guidance and clarification to ASU 2014-09 in March 2016, April 2016, May 2016, December 2016 and November 2017 within ASU 2016-08 Revenue From Contracts With Customers: Principal vs. Agent Considerations , ASU 2016-10 Revenue From Contracts with Customers: Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing , ASU 2016-12 Revenue from Contracts with Customers: Narrow-Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients , ASU 2016-20 Technical Corrections and Improvement to Topic 606 – Revenue from Contracts with Customers and ASU 2017-14 Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220), Revenue Recognition (Topic 605), and Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), respectively. The Company will adopt the new standard in the first quarter of 2018 using the retrospective approach noted in (ii) above. The Company concluded that its collaboration agreements with Regeneron and Editas will be impacted by the adoption of the new revenue standards. The Company is in the process of allocating the transaction price to the performance obligations in each of the contracts. Preliminarily, the Company anticipates a material impact to its accounting policies, business processes, internal controls and disclosures . In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-2, Leases In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13 Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-09, Scope of Modification Accounting The Company has reviewed other recent accounting pronouncements and concluded they are either not applicable to the business or no material effect is expected on the consolidated financial statements as a result of future adoption. |