Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses | 5. Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses The Company establishes reserves for unpaid losses and LAE which represent the estimated ultimate cost of all losses incurred that were both reported and unreported (i.e., incurred but not yet reported losses, or “IBNR”) and LAE incurred that remain unpaid at the balance sheet date. The Company’s reserving process takes into account known facts and interpretations of circumstances and factors including the Company’s experience with similar cases, actual claims paid, historical trends involving claim payment patterns and pending levels of unpaid claims, loss management programs, product mix and contractual terms, changes in law and regulation, judicial decisions, and economic conditions. In the normal course of business, the Company may also supplement its claims processes by utilizing third party adjusters, appraisers, engineers, inspectors, and other professionals and information sources to assess and settle catastrophe and non-catastrophe related claims. The effects of inflation are implicitly considered in the reserving process. Reserves are estimates of unpaid portions of losses that have occurred, including IBNR losses, therefore the establishment of appropriate reserves, is an inherently uncertain and complex process. The ultimate cost of losses may vary materially from recorded amounts, which are based on management’s best estimates. The highest degree of uncertainty is associated with reserves for losses incurred in the current reporting period as it contains the greatest proportion of losses that have not been reported or settled. The Company regularly updates its reserve estimates as new information becomes available and as events unfold that may affect the resolution of unsettled claims. Changes in prior year reserve estimates, which may be material, are reported in the results of operations in the period such changes are determined to be needed and recorded. Management believes that the reserve for losses and LAE, net of reinsurance recoverables, is appropriately established in the aggregate and adequate to cover the ultimate net cost of reported and unreported claims arising from losses which had occurred by the date of the consolidated financial statements based on available facts and in accordance with applicable laws and regulations. The table below provides the changes in the reserves for losses and LAE, net of recoverables from reinsurers, for the periods indicated (dollars in thousands): December 31, 2020 2019 2018 Gross reserves - beginning of period $ 107,246 $ 92,807 $ 87,896 Less: reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses 22,579 29,685 20,066 Plus: deferred gain on ADC — (5,677 ) — Net reserves - beginning of period 84,667 68,799 67,830 Add: incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance Current period 40,634 49,192 53,482 Prior period 15,594 10,552 9,033 Total net incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses 56,228 59,744 62,515 Deduct: loss and loss adjustment expense payments, net of reinsurance Current period 13,599 14,357 17,025 Prior period 40,244 29,519 44,521 Total net loss and loss adjustment expense payments 53,843 43,876 61,546 Net reserves - end of period 87,052 84,667 68,799 Plus: reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses 24,218 22,579 29,685 Less: deferred gain on ADC — — (5,677 ) Gross reserves - end of period $ 111,270 $ 107,246 $ 92,807 There was $15.6 million, $10.6 million, and $9.0 million of adverse development on prior accident year reserves in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. There were no significant changes in the key methods utilized in the analysis and calculations of the Company’s reserves during 2020, 2019 or 2018. In 2020, the adverse development consisted of $15.2 million from commercial lines and $352,000 from personal lines. Of the $15.2 million of adverse development in commercial lines, the Company experienced $12.0 million and $3.2 million of adverse development in its hospitality and small business lines of business, respectively. The $352,000 of adverse development in personal lines mostly was related to wind-exposed business. In 2019, the adverse development consisted of $7.6 million from commercial lines and $3.0 million from personal lines. Of the $7.6 million of adverse development in commercial lines, the company experienced $11.0 million and $2.4 million of adverse development in its hospitality and small business lines of business, respectively. This was offset by the remaining $5.7 million of benefit from the ADC that was recognized in 2019. Of the $3.0 million of adverse development in personal lines in 2019, $1.7 million was related to Florida homeowners business. In 2018, the adverse development consisted of $6.2 million from commercial lines and $2.8 million from personal lines. Of the $6.2 million of adverse development in commercial lines, $4.2 million was related to the commercial liability business. Of the $2.8 million of adverse development in personal lines, $2.0 million and $727,000 were related to the Florida homeowners and Texas homeowners business, respectively. This included $960,000 of adverse development related to hurricanes Harvey and Irma. On September 28, 2017, the Company entered into an ADC reinsurance agreement to cover loss development of up to $17.5 million in excess of stated reserves as of June 30, 2017, for accident years 2005 through 2016. The agreement attached when net losses exceed $1.4 million of the $36.6 million carried reserves at June 30, 2017, and extended to $19.5 million in coverage up to $57.5 million. The Company retained a 10% co-participation for any development in excess of the retention. As of December 31, 2019, the deferred gain from the ADC was fully utilized. In 2018, the Company ceded $10.3 million of losses under the ADC. Of the $10.3 million, $4.6 million was recognized as a benefit, reducing losses and LAE expense, and $5.7 million was deferred (recorded as a liability on the Consolidated Balance Sheets) and was amortized into income as a benefit in 2019. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had ceded to the limit of the ADC. In 2017, $7.2 million of adverse development was ceded to the ADC. Discussion of adverse development is net of benefits recognized under the ADC in that period. Incurred losses during 2018 included $583,000 in net catastrophe losses in the current calendar year related to Hurricane Harvey in Texas. Of the $583,000 in net catastrophe losses, personal lines accounted for $960,000 of the losses while commercial lines saw $377,000 of favorable development in calendar year 2018. Losses from Hurricane Irma were in excess of the Company’s $4.0 million retention on its catastrophe reinsurance treaty which resulted in $10.0 million of losses being ceded to the treaty during 2018. This also resulted in a $1.0 million charge for catastrophe reinsurance reinstatement premiums which was recorded as ceded premiums in 2018. Loss Development Tables The following tables represent cumulative incurred loss and allocated loss adjustment expenses ("ALAE"), net of reinsurance, by accident year and cumulative paid loss and ALAE, net of reinsurance, by accident year, for the years ended December 31, 2011 to 2020, as well as total IBNR and the cumulative number of reported claims for the year ended December 31, 2020, by reportable segment and accident year (dollars in thousands). Commercial Lines Incurred loss and allocated loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance Total IBNR Cumulative number of reported claims Accident Year 2011* 2012* 2013* 2014* 2015* 2016* 2017* 2018* 2019* 2020 2020 2020 2011 $ 6,753 $ 5,758 $ 5,326 $ 5,049 $ 4,932 $ 4,903 $ 4,935 $ 4,933 $ 4,933 $ 4,977 $ — 591 2012 7,745 6,421 6,288 6,384 6,253 6,190 6,209 6,209 6,245 — 570 2013 10,018 9,435 9,893 10,237 11,252 11,218 11,624 11,804 40 611 2014 19,709 19,907 22,711 26,367 28,145 28,766 29,045 125 1,753 2015 22,442 26,633 31,861 34,478 36,372 37,795 507 2,359 2016 32,396 34,935 40,440 44,355 46,089 802 3,554 2017 44,251 44,495 49,749 51,883 1,489 5,804 2018 42,624 42,432 49,741 3,610 6,092 2019 41,286 42,129 8,644 6,201 2020 33,867 16,225 3,483 Total $ 313,575 $ 31,442 Cumulative paid loss and allocated loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance Accident Year 2011* 2012* 2013* 2014* 2015* 2016* 2017* 2018* 2019* 2020 2011 $ 2,645 $ 3,534 $ 3,964 $ 4,449 $ 4,641 $ 4,744 $ 4,872 $ 4,903 $ 4,907 $ 4,914 2012 2,325 3,703 4,696 5,558 5,994 6,065 6,209 6,209 6,245 2013 3,979 6,211 7,643 8,622 10,147 10,650 11,137 11,620 2014 8,715 13,977 17,458 22,446 25,609 27,544 28,389 2015 10,470 17,817 22,549 30,475 34,497 35,833 2016 10,255 19,135 27,785 37,967 41,945 2017 12,448 23,020 34,205 42,308 2018 10,375 19,799 31,633 2019 10,078 20,462 2020 10,217 Total $ 233,566 Unpaid losses and ALAE, years 2011 through 2020 $ 80,009 Unpaid losses and ALAE, prior to 2011 (1)* 8 Unpaid losses and ALAE, net of reinsurance $ 80,017 * Presented as unaudited required supplementary information. (1) The Company's formation was in 2009, however, as a result of the acquisition of WPIC in 2010, there is exposure to incurred losses prior to the 2011 accident year. Personal Lines Incurred loss and allocated loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance Total IBNR Cumulative number of reported claims Accident For the years ended December 31, Year 2011* 2012* 2013* 2014* 2015* 2016* 2017* 2018* 2019* 2020 2020 2020 2011 $ 1,678 $ 1,758 $ 1,981 $ 2,031 $ 2,030 $ 2,045 $ 2,027 $ 2,024 $ 2,024 $ 2,024 $ — 717 2012 9,960 11,690 11,740 12,159 12,390 12,365 12,357 12,369 12,382 — 3,339 2013 18,034 17,996 18,925 19,138 19,167 19,202 19,222 19,226 — 5,208 2014 17,951 17,471 17,735 17,880 17,929 18,082 18,095 — 3,737 2015 10,877 13,445 14,721 15,285 15,364 15,427 — 2,152 2016 11,619 13,418 14,949 15,550 15,655 — 1,814 2017 14,058 13,550 14,493 14,793 — 2,913 2018 5,893 6,378 6,283 — 802 2019 3,099 2,712 68 340 2020 2,339 484 323 Total $ 108,936 $ 552 Cumulative paid loss and allocated loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance Accident For the years ended December 31, Year 2011* 2012* 2013* 2014* 2015* 2016* 2017* 2018* 2019* 2020 2011 $ 787 $ 1,292 $ 1,633 $ 1,859 $ 1,983 $ 2,021 $ 2,024 $ 2,024 $ 2,024 $ 2,024 2012 5,665 9,251 10,844 11,777 12,202 12,306 12,329 12,349 12,382 2013 9,955 15,883 18,052 18,600 19,014 19,174 19,214 19,222 2014 12,819 16,515 17,260 17,746 17,855 18,047 18,068 2015 7,771 11,873 13,844 15,159 15,250 15,290 2016 7,119 11,238 14,442 15,110 15,351 2017 8,320 12,944 14,004 14,526 2018 4,296 5,618 6,100 2019 2,119 2,604 2020 1,307 Total $ 106,874 Unpaid losses and ALAE, years 2011 through 2020 $ 2,062 Unpaid losses and ALAE, prior to 2011 (1)* — Unpaid losses and ALAE, net of reinsurance $ 2,062 * Presented as unaudited required supplementary information. (1) The Company's formation was in 2009, however, as a result of the acquisition of WPIC in 2010, there is exposure to losses incurred losses prior to the 2011 accident year. Total Lines Incurred loss and allocated loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance Total IBNR Cumulative number of reported claims Accident For the years ended December 31, Year 2011* 2012* 2013* 2014* 2015* 2016* 2017* 2018* 2019* 2020 2020 2020 2011 8,431 7,517 7,307 7,081 6,963 6,949 6,964 6,957 6,957 7,001 — 1,308 2012 17,705 18,111 18,028 18,544 18,642 18,554 18,566 18,578 18,627 — 3,909 2013 28,052 27,431 28,817 29,375 30,419 30,420 30,846 31,030 40 5,819 2014 37,660 37,378 40,446 44,247 46,074 46,848 47,140 125 5,490 2015 33,319 40,078 46,581 49,763 51,736 53,222 507 4,511 2016 44,015 48,353 55,389 59,905 61,744 802 5,368 2017 58,309 58,045 64,242 66,676 1,489 8,717 2018 48,517 48,810 56,024 3,610 6,894 2019 44,385 44,841 8,712 6,541 2020 36,206 16,709 3,806 Total 422,511 31,994 Cumulative paid loss and allocated loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance Accident For the years ended December 31, Year 2011* 2012* 2013* 2014* 2015* 2016* 2017* 2018* 2019* 2020 2011 $ 3,432 $ 4,826 $ 5,597 $ 6,308 $ 6,624 $ 6,766 $ 6,897 $ 6,927 $ 6,931 $ 6,938 2012 7,990 12,954 15,540 17,335 18,195 18,369 18,538 18,558 18,627 2013 13,934 22,094 25,695 27,223 29,162 29,824 30,351 30,842 2014 21,534 30,492 34,718 40,192 43,464 45,591 46,457 2015 18,241 29,690 36,393 45,634 49,747 51,123 2016 17,374 30,373 42,227 53,077 57,296 2017 20,768 35,964 48,209 56,834 2018 14,671 25,417 37,733 2019 12,197 23,066 2020 11,524 Total $ 340,440 Unpaid losses and ALAE, years 2011 through 2020 $ 82,071 Unpaid losses and ALAE, prior to 2011 (1)* 8 Unpaid losses and ALAE, net of reinsurance $ 82,079 * Presented as unaudited required supplementary information. (1) The Company's formation was in 2009, however, as a result of the acquisition of WPIC in 2010, incurred losses prior to the 2009 accident year remain outstanding. The following table reconciles the loss development information to the consolidated balance sheet for the year ended December 31, 2020, by reportable segment (dollars in thousands). December 31, 2020 Net unpaid losses claims and ALAE Commercial Lines $ 80,017 Personal Lines 2,062 Total unpaid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance 82,079 Reinsurance recoverable on losses and LAE Commercial Lines 21,770 Personal Lines 2,448 Total reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and LAE 24,218 ULAE expense 4,973 Total gross unpaid losses and LAE $ 111,270 Loss Duration Disclosure (unaudited) The following table represents the average annual percentage payout of incurred losses by age, net of reinsurance, for each reportable segment. Average annual percentage payout of incurred losses by age, net of reinsurance Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10+ Commercial Lines 38.0% 27.7% 17.5% 9.1% 4.3% 1.9% 1.0% 0.4% —% 0.1% Personal Lines 77.9% 16.8% 3.3% 0.9% 0.8% 0.1% —% 0.2% —% —% Total Lines 39.8% 27.2% 16.9% 8.8% 4.1% 1.9% 0.9% 0.3% —% 0.1% |