Investments | 2. Investments AFS Securities — Our AFS investment portfolio includes bonds, collateralized loan obligations (CLO), asset-backed securities (ABS), commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS), RMBS and redeemable preferred stock. Our AFS investment portfolio includes related party investments that are primarily comprised of investments over which Apollo can exercise significant influence. These investments are presented as investments in related parties on the condensed consolidated balance sheets, and are separately disclosed below. The following table represents the amortized cost, allowance for credit losses, gross unrealized gains and losses and fair value of our AFS investments by asset type: June 30, 2020 (In millions) Amortized Cost Allowance for Credit Losses Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value AFS securities U.S. government and agencies $ 71 $ — $ 3 $ — $ 74 U.S. state, municipal and political subdivisions 799 — 146 (2 ) 943 Foreign governments 318 — 20 (1 ) 337 Corporate 47,251 (31 ) 4,608 (629 ) 51,199 CLO 8,441 (1 ) 19 (507 ) 7,952 ABS 4,923 (2 ) 110 (258 ) 4,773 CMBS 2,402 (10 ) 53 (148 ) 2,297 RMBS 7,010 (129 ) 343 (64 ) 7,160 Total AFS securities 71,215 (173 ) 5,302 (1,609 ) 74,735 AFS securities – related party Corporate 18 — 2 — 20 CLO 1,297 (2 ) 5 (61 ) 1,239 ABS 2,858 — 26 (73 ) 2,811 Total AFS securities – related party 4,173 (2 ) 33 (134 ) 4,070 Total AFS securities including related party $ 75,388 $ (175 ) $ 5,335 $ (1,743 ) $ 78,805 The following table represents the amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, fair value and other than temporary impairments (OTTI) in accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) of our AFS investments by asset type: December 31, 2019 (In millions) Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value OTTI in AOCI AFS securities U.S. government and agencies $ 35 $ 1 $ — $ 36 $ — U.S. state, municipal and political subdivisions 1,322 220 (1 ) 1,541 — Foreign governments 298 29 — 327 — Corporate 44,106 3,332 (210 ) 47,228 1 CLO 7,524 21 (196 ) 7,349 — ABS 5,018 124 (24 ) 5,118 4 CMBS 2,304 104 (8 ) 2,400 1 RMBS 6,872 513 (10 ) 7,375 19 Total AFS securities 67,479 4,344 (449 ) 71,374 25 AFS securities – related party Corporate 18 1 — 19 — CLO 951 3 (18 ) 936 — ABS 2,814 37 (2 ) 2,849 — Total AFS securities – related party 3,783 41 (20 ) 3,804 — Total AFS securities including related party $ 71,262 $ 4,385 $ (469 ) $ 75,178 $ 25 The amortized cost and fair value of AFS securities, including related party, are shown by contractual maturity below: June 30, 2020 (In millions) Amortized Cost Fair Value AFS securities Due in one year or less $ 1,203 $ 1,210 Due after one year through five years 9,089 9,467 Due after five years through ten years 11,247 11,958 Due after ten years 26,900 29,918 CLO, ABS, CMBS and RMBS 22,776 22,182 Total AFS securities 71,215 74,735 AFS securities – related party Due after one year through five years 18 20 CLO and ABS 4,155 4,050 Total AFS securities – related party 4,173 4,070 Total AFS securities including related party $ 75,388 $ 78,805 Actual maturities can differ from contractual maturities as borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Unrealized Losses on AFS Securities — The following summarizes the fair value and gross unrealized losses for AFS securities, including related party, for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded, aggregated by asset type and length of time the fair value has remained below amortized cost: June 30, 2020 Less than 12 months 12 months or more Total (In millions) Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Gross Fair Value Gross AFS securities U.S. government and agencies $ 11 $ — $ — $ — $ 11 $ — U.S. state, municipal and political subdivisions 43 (1 ) 10 (1 ) 53 (2 ) Foreign governments 76 (1 ) — — 76 (1 ) Corporate 7,217 (451 ) 398 (84 ) 7,615 (535 ) CLO 4,063 (189 ) 2,782 (305 ) 6,845 (494 ) ABS 2,161 (211 ) 159 (23 ) 2,320 (234 ) CMBS 878 (123 ) 30 (10 ) 908 (133 ) RMBS 817 (36 ) 32 (2 ) 849 (38 ) Total AFS securities 15,266 (1,012 ) 3,411 (425 ) 18,677 (1,437 ) AFS securities – related party CLO 937 (44 ) 172 (17 ) 1,109 (61 ) ABS 1,930 (73 ) — — 1,930 (73 ) Total AFS securities – related party 2,867 (117 ) 172 (17 ) 3,039 (134 ) Total AFS securities including related party $ 18,133 $ (1,129 ) $ 3,583 $ (442 ) $ 21,716 $ (1,571 ) The following summarizes the fair value and gross unrealized losses for AFS securities, including related party, aggregated by asset type and length of time the fair value has remained below amortized cost: December 31, 2019 Less than 12 months 12 months or more Total (In millions) Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses AFS securities U.S. government and agencies $ 3 $ — $ — $ — $ 3 $ — U.S. state, municipal and political subdivisions 78 (1 ) 10 — 88 (1 ) Corporate 2,898 (140 ) 902 (70 ) 3,800 (210 ) CLO 1,959 (38 ) 3,241 (158 ) 5,200 (196 ) ABS 642 (6 ) 255 (18 ) 897 (24 ) CMBS 220 (4 ) 41 (4 ) 261 (8 ) RMBS 445 (6 ) 163 (4 ) 608 (10 ) Total AFS securities 6,245 (195 ) 4,612 (254 ) 10,857 (449 ) AFS securities – related party CLO 362 (7 ) 242 (11 ) 604 (18 ) ABS 357 (2 ) — — 357 (2 ) Total AFS securities – related party 719 (9 ) 242 (11 ) 961 (20 ) Total AFS securities including related party $ 6,964 $ (204 ) $ 4,854 $ (265 ) $ 11,818 $ (469 ) As of June 30, 2020 , we held 2,316 AFS securities that were in an unrealized loss position. Of this total, 365 were in an unrealized loss position 12 months or more. As of June 30, 2020 , we held 152 related party AFS securities that were in an unrealized loss position. Of this total, 18 were in an unrealized loss position 12 months or more. The unrealized losses on AFS securities can primarily be attributed to changes in market interest rates since acquisition. We did not recognize the unrealized losses in income as we intend to hold these securities and it is not more likely than not we will be required to sell a security before the recovery of its amortized cost. Allowance for Credit Losses — The following table summarizes the activity in the allowance for credit losses for AFS securities by asset type: Three months ended June 30, 2020 Additions Reductions (In millions) Beginning balance Initial credit losses Initial credit losses on PCD securities Securities sold during the period Additions (reductions) to previously impaired securities Ending Balance AFS securities Corporate $ 15 $ 16 $ — $ — $ — $ 31 CLO — 1 — — — 1 ABS 5 — — — (3 ) 2 CMBS 4 5 — — 1 10 RMBS 54 13 60 (1 ) 3 129 Total AFS securities 78 35 60 (1 ) 1 173 AFS securities – related party CLO — 1 — — 1 2 Total AFS securities including related party $ 78 $ 36 $ 60 $ (1 ) $ 2 $ 175 Six months ended June 30, 2020 Additions Reductions (In millions) Beginning balance Initial credit losses Initial credit losses on PCD securities Securities sold during the period Additions (reductions) to previously impaired securities Ending Balance AFS securities Corporate $ — $ 31 $ — $ — $ — $ 31 CLO — 1 — — — 1 ABS — 5 — — (3 ) 2 CMBS — 9 — — 1 10 RMBS 17 48 61 (2 ) 5 129 Total AFS securities 17 94 61 (2 ) 3 173 AFS securities – related party CLO — 1 — — 1 2 Total AFS securities including related party $ 17 $ 95 $ 61 $ (2 ) $ 4 $ 175 Net Investment Income —Net investment income by asset class consists of the following: Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30, (In millions) 2020 2019 2020 2019 AFS securities $ 790 $ 763 $ 1,627 $ 1,516 Trading securities 42 49 90 91 Equity securities 2 4 6 7 Mortgage loans 175 159 361 310 Investment funds 372 123 94 149 Funds withheld at interest 43 134 84 297 Other 38 45 75 84 Investment revenue 1,462 1,277 2,337 2,454 Investment expenses (126 ) (95 ) (256 ) (190 ) Net investment income $ 1,336 $ 1,182 $ 2,081 $ 2,264 Investment Related Gains (Losses) —Investment related gains (losses) by asset class consists of the following: Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30, (In millions) 2020 2019 2020 2019 AFS securities Gross realized gains on investment activity $ 68 $ 56 $ 232 $ 73 Gross realized losses on investment activity (66 ) (4 ) (200 ) (17 ) Net realized investment gains on AFS securities 2 52 32 56 Net recognized investment gains (losses) on trading securities 191 79 (32 ) 135 Net recognized investment gains (losses) on equity securities 30 1 (20 ) 19 Derivative gains (losses) 2,330 1,181 (689 ) 2,873 Provision for credit losses (5 ) — (289 ) — Other gains (losses) — — (26 ) 6 Investment related gains (losses) $ 2,548 $ 1,313 $ (1,024 ) $ 3,089 Proceeds from sales of AFS securities were $1,778 million and $1,958 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 , respectively, and $3,585 million and $3,211 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 , respectively. The following table summarizes the change in unrealized gains (losses) on trading and equity securities we held as of the respective period end: Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30, (In millions) 2020 2019 2020 2019 Trading securities $ 135 $ 98 $ 62 $ 169 Trading securities – related party 66 (13 ) (43 ) (15 ) Equity securities 17 2 (20 ) 20 Equity securities – related party — (5 ) — (2 ) Purchased Financial Assets with Credit Deterioration —The following table summarizes our PCD investment purchases with the following amounts at the time of purchase: Three months ended June 30, 2020 Six months ended June 30, 2020 (In millions) Fixed maturity securities Mortgage loans Fixed maturity securities Mortgage loans Purchase price $ 225 $ — $ 239 $ — Allowance for credit losses at acquisition 60 — 61 — Discount (premiums) attributable to other factors 33 — 34 — Par value $ 318 $ — $ 334 $ — Repurchase Agreements— The following table summarizes the maturities of our repurchase agreements: June 30, 2020 Remaining Contractual Maturity (In millions) Overnight and continuous Less than 30 days 30-90 days 91 days – 1 year Greater than 1 year Total Payables for repurchase agreements 1 $ — $ — $ 501 $ 500 $ 598 $ 1,599 1 Included in payables for collateral on derivatives and securities to repurchase on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. December 31, 2019 Remaining Contractual Maturity (In millions) Overnight and continuous Less than 30 days 30-90 days 91 days – 1 year Greater than 1 year Total Payables for repurchase agreements 1 $ — $ 102 $ 200 $ 210 $ — $ 512 1 Included in payables for collateral on derivatives and securities to repurchase on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The following table summarizes the securities pledged as collateral for repurchase agreements: June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019 (In millions) Amortized Cost Fair Value Amortized Cost Fair Value AFS securities – Corporate $ 1,595 $ 1,829 $ 498 $ 534 Reverse Repurchase Agreements — Reverse repurchase agreements represent the purchase of investments from a seller with the agreement that the investments will be repurchased by the seller at a specified price and date or within a specified period of time. The investments purchased, which represent collateral on a secured lending arrangement, are not reflected in our condensed consolidated balance sheets; however, the secured lending arrangement is recorded as a short-term investment for the principal amount loaned under the agreement. As of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 , amounts loaned under reverse repurchase agreements were $0 million and $190 million , respectively, and collateral backing the agreement was $0 million and $630 million , respectively. Mortgage Loans, including related party —Mortgage loans, net of allowances, consists of the following: (In millions) June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019 Commercial mortgage loans $ 11,339 $ 10,422 Commercial mortgage loans under development 186 93 Total commercial mortgage loans 11,525 10,515 Allowance for credit losses on commercial mortgage loans (294 ) (10 ) Commercial mortgage loans, net of allowances 11,231 10,505 Residential mortgage loans 4,683 4,455 Allowance for credit losses on residential mortgage loans (85 ) (1 ) Residential mortgage loans, net of allowances 4,598 4,454 Mortgage loans, net of allowances $ 15,829 $ 14,959 We primarily invest in commercial mortgage loans on income producing properties including office and retail buildings, apartments, hotels and industrial properties. We diversify the commercial mortgage loan portfolio by geographic region and property type to reduce concentration risk. We evaluate mortgage loans based on relevant current information to confirm if properties are performing at a consistent and acceptable level to secure the related debt. The distribution of commercial mortgage loans, including those under development, net of allowances, by property type and geographic region, is as follows: June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019 (In millions, except for percentages) Net Carrying Value Percentage of Total Net Carrying Value Percentage of Total Property type Office building $ 3,545 31.6 % $ 2,899 27.6 % Retail 2,080 18.5 % 2,182 20.8 % Apartment 2,401 21.4 % 2,142 20.4 % Hotels 1,131 10.1 % 1,104 10.5 % Industrial 1,385 12.3 % 1,448 13.8 % Other commercial 689 6.1 % 730 6.9 % Total commercial mortgage loans $ 11,231 100.0 % $ 10,505 100.0 % U.S. Region East North Central $ 1,202 10.7 % $ 1,036 9.9 % East South Central 417 3.7 % 428 4.1 % Middle Atlantic 3,058 27.3 % 2,580 24.6 % Mountain 508 4.5 % 528 5.0 % New England 336 3.0 % 340 3.2 % Pacific 2,585 23.0 % 2,502 23.8 % South Atlantic 1,988 17.7 % 1,920 18.3 % West North Central 137 1.2 % 146 1.4 % West South Central 765 6.8 % 791 7.5 % Total U.S. Region 10,996 97.9 % 10,271 97.8 % International Region 235 2.1 % 234 2.2 % Total commercial mortgage loans $ 11,231 100.0 % $ 10,505 100.0 % Our residential mortgage loan portfolio includes first lien residential mortgage loans collateralized by properties in various geographic locations and is summarized by proportion of the portfolio in the following table: June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019 U.S. States California 36.5 % 27.0 % Florida 11.5 % 12.7 % Texas 4.4 % 6.2 % Other 1 35.5 % 41.7 % Total U.S. residential mortgage loan percentage 87.9 % 87.6 % International – Ireland 11.9 % 12.4 % International – Other 2 0.2 % — % Total residential mortgage loan percentage 100.0 % 100.0 % 1 Represents all other states, with each individual state comprising less than 5% of the portfolio. 2 Represents all other countries, with each individual country comprising less than 5% of the portfolio. Loan Valuation Allowance — The allowances for our mortgage loan portfolio and other loans is summarized as follows: Three months ended June 30, 2020 Six months ended June 30, 2020 (In millions) Commercial Mortgage Residential Mortgage Other Investments Total Commercial Mortgage Residential Mortgage Other Investments Total Beginning balance $ 343 $ 81 $ 12 $ 436 $ 10 $ 1 $ — $ 11 Adoption of accounting standard — — — — 167 43 11 221 Provision (reversal) for expected credit losses (49 ) 5 8 (36 ) 117 42 9 168 Loans charged-off — (1 ) — (1 ) — (1 ) — (1 ) Ending balance $ 294 $ 85 $ 20 $ 399 $ 294 $ 85 $ 20 $ 399 Residential mortgage loans – Our allowance model for residential mortgage loans is based on the characteristics of the loans in our portfolio, historical economic data and loss information, and current and forecasted economic conditions. Key loan characteristics affecting the estimate include, among others: time to maturity, delinquency status, original credit scores and loan-to-value ratios. Key macroeconomic variables include unemployment rates and the housing price index. Management reviews and approves forecasted macroeconomic variables, along with the reasonable and supportable forecast period and mean reversion technique. Management also evaluates assumptions from independent third parties and these assumptions have a high degree of subjectivity. The mean reversion technique varies by macroeconomic variable and may vary by geographic location. As of June 30, 2020 , our reasonable and supportable forecast period was one year , after which, we revert to the 30-year or greater historical average over a period of up to one year and then continue at those averages through the contractual life of the loan. Commercial mortgage loans – Our allowance model for commercial mortgage loans is based on the characteristics of the loans in our portfolio, historical economic data and loss information, and current and forecasted economic conditions. Key loan characteristics affecting the estimate include, among others: time to maturity, delinquency status, loan-to-value ratios, debt service coverage ratios, etc. Key macroeconomic variables include unemployment rates, rent growth, capitalization rates, and the housing price index. Management reviews and approves forecasted macroeconomic variables, along with the reasonable and supportable forecast period and mean reversion technique. Management also evaluates assumptions from independent third parties and these assumptions have a high degree of subjectivity. The mean reversion technique varies by macroeconomic variable and may vary by geographic location. As of June 30, 2020 , our reasonable and supportable forecast period ranged from one year to two years , after which, we revert to the 30-year or greater historical average over a period of up to eight years . Other investments – The allowance model for the loans included in other investments and related party other investments derives an estimate based on historical loss data available for similarly rated unsecured corporate debt obligations, while also incorporating management’s expectations around prepayment. See Note 11 – Related Parties for further information on the related party loans. Credit Quality Indicators Residential mortgage loans – The underwriting process for our residential mortgage loans includes an evaluation of relevant credit information including past loan performance, credit scores, loan-to-value and other relevant information. Subsequent to purchase or origination, we closely monitor economic conditions and loan performance to manage and evaluate our exposure to credit risk in our residential mortgage loan portfolio. The primary credit quality indicator monitored for residential mortgage loans is loan performance. Nonperforming residential mortgage loans are 90 days or more past due and/or are in non-accrual status. The following represents our residential loan portfolio by origination year and performance status: June 30, 2020 (In millions) 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 Prior Total Current (less than 30 days past due) $ 794 $ 959 $ 1,782 $ 467 $ 114 $ 8 $ 4,124 30 to 59 days past due 4 30 85 43 19 — 181 60 to 89 days past due 1 53 122 50 22 — 248 Over 90 days past due — 22 34 48 24 2 130 Total residential mortgages $ 799 $ 1,064 $ 2,023 $ 608 $ 179 $ 10 $ 4,683 As of December 31, 2019 , $67 million of our residential mortgage loans were nonperforming. The following represents our residential loan portfolio in non-accrual status: (In millions) June 30, 2020 Beginning amortized cost of residential mortgage loans in non-accrual status $ 67 Ending amortized cost of residential mortgage loans in non-accrual status 130 Amortized cost of residential mortgage loans in non-accrual status without a related allowance for credit losses 22 During the three months and six months ended June 30, 2020 , we recognized $0 million and $1 million , respectively, of interest income on residential mortgage loans in non-accrual status. Commercial mortgage loans – The following represents our commercial mortgage loan portfolio by origination year and loan performance status: June 30, 2020 (In millions) 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 Prior Total Current (less than 30 days past due) $ 1,266 $ 4,553 $ 2,860 $ 1,049 $ 146 $ 1,651 $ 11,525 As of December 31, 2019 , none of our commercial loans were 30 days or more past due. The following represents our commercial mortgage loan portfolio in non-accrual status: (In millions) June 30, 2020 Beginning amortized cost of commercial mortgage loans in non-accrual status $ — Ending amortized cost of commercial mortgage loans in non-accrual status 39 Amortized cost of commercial mortgage loans in non-accrual status without a related allowance for credit losses — During the three months and six months ended June 30, 2020 , no interest income was recognized on commercial mortgage loans in non-accrual status. Loan-to-value and debt service coverage ratios are measures we use to assess the risk and quality of commercial mortgage loans other than those under development. Loans under development are not evaluated using these ratios as the properties underlying these loans are generally not yet income-producing and the value of the underlying property significantly fluctuates based on the progress of construction. Therefore, the risk and quality of loans under development are evaluated based on the aging and geographical distribution of such loans as shown above. The loan-to-value ratio is expressed as a percentage of the amount of the loan relative to the value of the underlying property. A loan-to-value ratio in excess of 100% indicates the unpaid loan amount exceeds the value of the underlying collateral. Loan-to-value information is updated annually as part of the re-underwriting process supporting the NAIC risk based capital rating criteria. The following represents the loan-to-value ratio of the commercial mortgage loan portfolio, excluding those under development, by origination year: June 30, 2020 (In millions) 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 Prior Total Less than 50% $ 274 $ 631 $ 207 $ 147 $ 60 $ 1,324 $ 2,643 50% to 60% 144 1,268 831 332 40 135 2,750 61% to 70% 442 2,023 1,445 475 46 106 4,537 71% to 80% 342 599 287 95 — 47 1,370 Greater than 100% — — — — — 39 39 Commercial mortgage loans $ 1,202 $ 4,521 $ 2,770 $ 1,049 $ 146 $ 1,651 $ 11,339 The following represents the loan-to-value ratio of the commercial mortgage loan portfolio, excluding those under development, net of valuation allowances: (In millions) December 31, 2019 Less than 50% $ 2,640 50% to 60% 2,486 61% to 70% 4,093 71% to 80% 1,162 81% to 100% 31 Commercial mortgage loans $ 10,412 The debt service coverage ratio is expressed as a percentage of a property’s net operating income to its debt service payments. A debt service ratio of less than 1.0 indicates a property’s operations do not generate enough income to cover debt payments. Debt service coverage ratios are updated as more recent financial statements become available, at least annually or as frequently as quarterly in some cases. The following represents the debt service coverage ratio of the commercial mortgage loan portfolio, excluding those under development, by origination year: June 30, 2020 (In millions) 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 Prior Total Greater than 1.20x $ 928 $ 3,501 $ 2,712 $ 994 $ 146 $ 1,564 $ 9,845 1.00x – 1.20x 274 1,020 58 32 — 80 1,464 Less than 1.00x — — — 23 — 7 30 Commercial mortgage loans $ 1,202 $ 4,521 $ 2,770 $ 1,049 $ 146 $ 1,651 $ 11,339 The following represents the debt service coverage ratio of the commercial mortgage loan portfolio, excluding those under development, net of valuation allowances: (In millions) December 31, 2019 Greater than 1.20x $ 9,212 1.00x – 1.20x 1,166 Less than 1.00x 34 Commercial mortgage loans $ 10,412 Investment Funds —Our investment fund portfolio consists of funds that employ various strategies and include investments in real estate, real assets, credit , equity and natural resources. Investment funds can meet the definition of VIEs. Our investment funds do not specify timing of distributions on the funds’ underlying assets. The following summarizes our investment funds, including related party: June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019 (In millions, except for percentages) Carrying value Percent of total Carrying value Percent of total Investment funds Real estate $ 274 40.2 % $ 277 36.9 % Credit funds 115 16.9 % 153 20.4 % Private equity 232 34.0 % 236 31.5 % Real assets 61 8.9 % 83 11.1 % Natural resources — — % 1 0.1 % Total investment funds 682 100.0 % 750 100.0 % Investment funds – related parties Differentiated investments MidCap FinCo Designated Activity Company (MidCap) 1 517 9.8 % 547 15.4 % AmeriHome Mortgage Company, LLC (AmeriHome) 1 594 11.3 % 487 13.7 % Catalina Holdings Ltd. (Catalina) 295 5.6 % 271 7.6 % Athora Holding Ltd. (Athora) 1 497 9.4 % 132 3.7 % Venerable Holdings, Inc. (Venerable) 1 118 2.2 % 99 2.8 % Other 246 4.7 % 222 6.3 % Total differentiated investments 2,267 43.0 % 1,758 49.5 % Real estate 709 13.4 % 853 24.0 % Credit funds 363 6.9 % 370 10.4 % Private equity 255 4.8 % 105 3.0 % Real assets 233 4.4 % 182 5.1 % Natural resources 95 1.8 % 163 4.6 % Public equities 43 0.8 % 119 3.4 % Investment in Apollo 1 1,313 24.9 % — — % Total investment funds – related parties 5,278 100.0 % 3,550 100.0 % Total investment funds including related party $ 5,960 $ 4,300 1 See further discussion on MidCap, AmeriHome, Athora, Venerable and our investment in Apollo in Note 11 – Related Parties. Non-Consolidated Securities and Investment Funds Fixed maturity securities – We invest in securitization entities as a debt holder or an investor in the residual interest of the securitization vehicle. These entities are deemed VIEs due to insufficient equity within the structure and lack of control by the equity investors over the activities that significantly impact the economics of the entity. In general, we are a debt investor within these entities and, as such, hold a variable interest; however, due to the debt holders’ lack of ability to control the decisions within the trust that significantly impact the entity, and the fact the debt holders are protected from losses due to the subordination of the equity tranche, the debt holders are not deemed the primary beneficiary. Securitization vehicles in which we hold the residual tranche are not consolidated because we do not unilaterally have substantive rights to remove the general partner, or when assessing related party interests, we are not under common control, as defined by GAAP, with the related party, nor are substantially all of the activities conducted on our behalf; therefore, we are not deemed the primary beneficiary. Debt investments and investments in the residual tranche of securitization entities are considered debt instruments and are held at fair value on the balance sheet and classified as AFS or trading. Investment funds – Investment funds include non-fixed income, alternative investments in the form of limited partnerships or similar legal structures. Equity securities – We invest in preferred equity securities issued by entities deemed to be VIEs due to insufficient equity within the structure. Our risk of loss associated with our non-consolidated investments depends on the investment. Investment funds, equity securities and trading securities are limited to the carrying value plus unfunded commitments. AFS securities are limited to amortized cost plus unfunded commitments. The following summarizes the carrying value and maximum loss exposure of these non-consolidated investments: June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019 (In millions) Carrying Value Maximum Loss Exposure Carrying Value Maximum Loss Exposure Investment funds $ 682 $ 1,165 $ 750 $ 1,265 Investment in related parties – investment funds 5,278 7,316 3,550 5,955 Investment in fixed maturity securities 22,589 23,183 22,694 22,170 Investment in related parties – fixed maturity securities 4,922 5,393 4,570 4,878 Investment in related parties – equity securities 52 52 58 58 Total non-consolidated investments $ 33,523 $ 37,109 $ 31,622 $ 34,326 |