| Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Although our current estimates contemplate current conditions and how we expect them to change in the future, as appropriate, it is reasonably possible that actual conditions could be worse than anticipated in those estimates, which could materially affect our results of operations and balance sheet. Among other effects, such changes could result in future impairments of goodwill, intangibles and long-lived assets, and adjustments to reserves for employee benefits and income taxes. For example, the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic has had , and could continue to have, a significant impact on our results of operations, and it may also have additional far-reaching impacts on many aspects of our operations including the impact on customer behaviors, business and manufacturing operations, our employees, and the market in general. The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic impacts our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and liquidity may differ from management’s current estimates due to inherent uncertainties regarding the duration and further spread of the pandemic, actions taken to contain the virus, as well as, how quickly and to what extent normal economic and operating conditions resume. Foreign Operations Our consolidated financial statements are presented in U.S. dollars, which is our reporting currency. We translate the results of operations of our subsidiaries with functional currencies other than the U.S. dollar using average exchange rates during each period and translate balance sheet accounts using exchange rates at the end of each period. We record currency translation adjustments as a component of equity within accumulated other comprehensive loss and transaction gains and losses in other expense, net in our consolidated statements of (loss) income. Foreign currency translation balances reported within accumulated other comprehensive loss are recognized in the consolidated statements of (loss) income when the operation is disposed of or substantially liquidated. Variable Interest Entities Variable interest entities (“VIEs”) are primarily entities that lack sufficient equity to finance their activities without additional financial support from other parties or whose equity holders, as a group, lack one or more of the following characteristics: (a) direct or indirect ability to make decisions, (b) obligation to absorb expected losses or (c) right to receive expected residual returns. VIEs must be evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively to determine the primary beneficiary, which is the reporting entity that has (a) the power to direct activities of a VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and (b) the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The primary beneficiary is required to consolidate the VIE for financial reporting purposes. To determine a VIE’s primary beneficiary, we perform a qualitative assessment to determine which party, if any, has the power to direct activities of the VIE and the obligation to absorb losses and or receive its benefits. This assessment involves identifying the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and determine whether we, or another party, has the power to direct those activities. Until termination of our $450 million securitization facility (the “Securitization Facility”) in July 2020, we had a variable interest in one VIE related to our non-recourse factoring arrangements in which receivables were sold from certain of our operations to a special purpose trust (“SPE”) in exchange for cash. We were the sole beneficiary of the SPE. The SPE was considered to be a VIE and we were its primary beneficiary as we had the power to direct its activities and the right to receive its benefits. Prior to July 2020, we consolidated the results, assets and liabilities of this SPE for all years presented in these consolidated financial statements. As a result of consolidating the SPE, we continued to recognize the trade receivables and external borrowings of this entity with carrying values of $789 million (including $469 million presented within assets held for sale or distribution) and $420 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2019. The obligations of the SPE were non-recourse to us and only the assets of the SPE could be used to settle those obligations. For more information regarding the Securitization Facility, refer to Note 10, Debt Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents include demand deposits with banks and all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. We maintain our bank accounts with a relatively small number of high quality financial institutions. Accounts Receivable Accounts receivable are stated net of allowances for doubtful accounts and primarily include trade receivables. No single customer comprised more than 10% of our consolidated net revenues in 2020, 2019 or 2018. Specific customer provisions are made when a review of outstanding amounts, utilizing information about customer creditworthiness and current economic trends, indicates that collection is doubtful. In addition, provisions are made at differing rates, based upon the age of the receivable and our historical collection experience. Inventories Inventories include raw materials, supplies, direct labor and manufacturing overhead associated with production and are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, utilizing the first-in, first-out method. In evaluating net realizable value, appropriate consideration is given to obsolescence, excessive inventory levels, product deterioration and other factors. Property, Plant and Equipment Property, plant and equipment are stated at historical cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, if any. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Machinery and equipment are depreciated over periods ranging from 3 to 20 years 7 to 44 years Long-Lived Assets Finite-lived intangible assets, which primarily consist of customer relationships, are stated at historical cost and amortized using the straight-line method (which reflects the pattern of how the assets’ economic benefits are consumed) over the assets’ estimated useful lives which range from 9 to 20 years. We assess potential impairments to our long-lived assets if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. In those circumstances, we perform an undiscounted cash flow analysis to determine if an impairment exists. When testing for asset impairment, we group assets and liabilities at the lowest level for which cash flows are separately identifiable. An impaired asset is written down to its estimated fair value based upon the most recent information available. Estimated fair market value is generally measured by discounting estimated future cash flows or using a capitalization of earnings methodology. Long-lived assets which are part of a disposal group are presented as held for sale and are recorded at the lower of the carrying value or the fair market value less the estimated cost to sell. Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets We test goodwill for impairment on an annual basis in the fourth quarter and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of goodwill may not be recoverable. For certain reporting units, we may perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. As part of this assessment, we consider various factors, including the excess of prior year estimates of fair value compared to carrying value, the effect of market or industry changes and the reporting units’ actual results compared to projected results. Based on this qualitative analysis, if we determine that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is greater than its carrying value, no further impairment testing is performed. For the remaining reporting units, we perform a Step 1 impairment analysis to compare each reporting unit’s fair value to its carrying value. We determine estimated fair value using an income approach based on a discounted cash flow model. Estimating the fair value of individual reporting units requires us to make assumptions and estimates regarding our future plans and industry and economic conditions. If the carrying value of a reporting unit’s net assets exceeds its fair value, we would recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value. Our indefinite-lived intangible assets consist primarily of certain trade names. We test indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment on an annual basis in the fourth quarter and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. If potential impairment risk exists for a specific asset, we quantitatively test it for impairment by comparing its estimated fair value with its carrying value. We determine estimated fair value using the relief-from-royalty method, using key assumptions including planned revenue growth rates, market-based discount rates and estimates of royalty rates. If the carrying value of the asset exceeds its fair value, we consider the asset impaired and reduce its carrying value to the estimated fair value. Revenue Recognition Our revenues are primarily derived from the sale of packaging products to customers. Revenue is recognized when performance obligations are satisfied, in an amount reflecting the consideration we expect to receive. We consider the promise to transfer products to be our sole performance obligation. If the consideration agreed to in a contract includes a variable amount, we estimate the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring the promised goods to the customer using an expected value method. Our main sources of variable consideration are customer rebates and cash discounts. We base these estimates on anticipated performance and our best judgment at the time to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of revenue recognized will not occur. Estimates are monitored and adjusted each period until the incentives are realized. There are no material instances where variable consideration is constrained and not recorded at the initial time of sale. Generally, our revenue is recognized at the time of shipment, when title and risk of loss pass to the customer. A small number of our contracts are for sales of products which are customer specific and cannot be repurposed. Revenue for these products is recognized over time based on costs incurred plus a reasonable profit. This revenue represents approximately 2% of our net revenues and has a relatively short period of time between the goods being manufactured and shipped to customers. Shipping and handling fees billed to a customer are recorded on a gross basis in net revenues with the corresponding shipping and handling costs included in cost of sales in the concurrent period as the revenue is recorded. Any taxes collected on behalf of government authorities are excluded from net revenues. We do not receive non-cash consideration for the sale of goods nor do we grant payment financing terms greater than one year. We do not incur any significant costs to obtain a contract. We consider purchase orders, which in some cases are governed by master supply agreements, to be the contracts with a customer. Key sales terms, such as pricing and quantities ordered, are established frequently, so most customer arrangements and related sales incentives have a duration of one year or shorter. We generally do not have any unbilled receivables at the end of a period. See Note 21, Segment Information, Restructuring Costs We incur restructuring costs when we take action to exit or significantly curtail a part of our operations or change the deployment of assets or personnel. A restructuring charge can consist of an impairment of affected assets, severance costs associated with reductions to our workforce, costs to terminate an operating lease or contract and charges for legal obligations from which no future benefit will be derived. Such restructuring activities are recorded when management has committed to an exit or reorganization plan and when termination benefits are probable and can be reasonably estimated based on circumstances at the time the restructuring plan is approved by management or when termination benefits are communicated. The accrual of both severance and exit costs requires the use of estimates. Though we believe that our estimates accurately reflect the anticipated costs, actual results may be different from the original estimated amounts. Leases We determine if an arrangement is a lease or a service contract at inception. Where an arrangement is a lease we determine if it is an operating lease or a finance lease. Subsequently, if the arrangement is modified, we re-evaluate our classification. We have no significant finance leases. Beginning January 1, 2019, at lease commencement, we record a lease liability and corresponding right-of-use (“ROU”) asset in accordance with ASC 842 Leases Prior to January 1, 2019 we classified leases at the inception date, or upon modification, as either an operating lease or a capital lease in accordance with ASC 840 Leases Employee Benefit Plans We record annual income and expense amounts relating to our defined benefit pension plans and other post-employment benefit (“OPEB”) plans based on calculations which include various actuarial assumptions, including discount rates, mortality, assumed rates of return, compensation increases, turnover rates and healthcare cost trend rates. We review our actuarial assumptions on an annual basis and make modifications to the assumptions based on current rates and trends when it is deemed appropriate to do so. The effect of modifications on the value of plan obligations and assets is recognized immediately within other comprehensive (loss) income and amortized into non-operating expense, net over future periods. We believe that the assumptions utilized in recording our obligations under our plans are reasonable based on our experience, market conditions and input from our actuaries and investment advisors. See Note 13, Employee Benefits, Stock based compensation Stock-based compensation awarded to employees and non-employee directors is valued at fair value on the grant date. Expense for performance-based restricted stock units (“RSUs”) is recognized when it is probable the performance goal will be achieved. Compensation expense is recognized ratably over the requisite service period. Share Repurchases When accounting for a share repurchase and retirement of shares, including in connection with transactions that are deemed to be a reverse stock split, we record the repurchase as a reduction of common stock and additional paid in capital. The reduction in common stock represents the par value of the canceled shares, and the reduction in additional paid in capital is the lower of the excess of the repurchase amount over the par value of the repurchased shares or the pro rata portion of additional paid in capital, based on the number of shares retired as a percentage of total shares outstanding prior to the repurchase. Any residual excess of the repurchase amount over the reduction in additional paid in capital is presented as a reduction to retained earnings. Earnings per Share Basic earnings per share is computed based on the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share is computed based on the weighted average number of shares of common stock and the effect of dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the period, calculated using the treasury stock method. Dilutive potential common shares include outstanding RSUs. Performance-based RSUs are considered dilutive when the related performance criterion has been met. Financial Instruments We are exposed to interest rate risk related to variable rate borrowings and price risk related to forecasted purchases of certain commodities that we primarily use as raw materials. From time to time we may enter into derivative financial instruments to mitigate certain risks. We are not a party to leveraged derivatives and, by policy, do not use financial instruments for speculative purposes. We record derivative financial instruments on a gross basis and at fair value in our consolidated balance sheets in other current assets, other noncurrent assets or accrued and other current liabilities depending on their duration. Cash flows from derivative instruments are classified as operating activities in our consolidated statements of cash flows based on the nature of the derivative instrument. Historically, we have not elected to use hedge accounting. Accordingly, any unrealized gains or losses (mark-to-market impacts) and realized gains or losses are recorded in cost of sales, for commodity derivatives, and interest expense, net, for interest rate derivatives, in our consolidated statements of (loss) income. Income Taxes Our income tax expense includes amounts payable or refundable for the current year, the effects of deferred taxes and impacts from uncertain tax positions. We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial statement and tax basis of our assets and liabilities, tax loss carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply in the years in which those differences are expected to reverse. The realization of certain deferred tax assets is dependent on generating sufficient taxable income in the appropriate jurisdiction prior to the expiration of the carryforward periods. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that some portion, or all, of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. When assessing the need for a valuation allowance, we consider any carryback potential, future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences (including liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits), future taxable income and tax planning strategies. We recognize tax benefits in our consolidated financial statements from uncertain tax positions only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained based on the technical merits of the position. The amount we recognize is measured as the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely of being realized upon resolution. Future changes related to the expected resolution of uncertain tax positions could affect tax expense in the period when the change occurs. Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures Certain assets and liabilities are required to be recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Certain other assets are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. Fair value is determined based on the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. Our assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are presented in Note 12, Financial Instruments
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Level 1: Valuations based on quoted prices for identical assets and liabilities in active markets.
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Level 2: Valuations based on observable inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1, such as quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.
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Level 3 : Valuations based on unobservable inputs reflecting our own assumptions, consistent with reasonably available assumptions made by other market participants. Recently Adopted Accounting Guidance In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments and subsequent amendments to the initial guidance: ASU 2019-04, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326), Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815), and Financial Instruments - Codification Improvements (Topic 825), ASU 2019-05, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses - Targeted Transition Relief (Topic 326), ASU 2019-11, Codification Improvements, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326) and ASU 2020-03, Codification Improvements to Financial Instruments. These ASUs modify the impairment model to use an expected loss methodology in place of the currently used incurred loss methodology, which may result in earlier recognition of losses related to financial instruments. These ASUs are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted, and require a cumulative effect adjustment to the balance sheet upon adoption. We adopted these standards on January 1, 2020 and they had no material impact on our consolidated financial statements. In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework - Change to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement, which modifies the disclosure requirements for fair value measurements by removing, modifying and adding certain disclosures. This ASU is effective for annual reporting years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. We adopted this guidance on January 1, 2020 and it had no material impact on our consolidated financial statements. In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That is a Service Contract, which aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs for internal-use software. This ASU is effective for annual reporting years beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. We adopted this standard on January 1, 2020 and it had no material impact on our consolidated financial statements. In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes, which is intended to simplify various aspects related to accounting for income taxes. This ASU removes certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740 and also clarifies and amends existing guidance to improve consistent application. This ASU is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2020, with early adoption permitted. We early adopted this guidance on January 1, 2020. Certain components of this guidance were adopted on a prospective basis. The remaining components were adopted on a modified retrospective basis and had no material impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). The ASU revises existing U.S. GAAP and outlines a new model for lessors and lessees to use in accounting for lease contracts. The guidance requires lessees to recognize an ROU asset and a lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases, with the exception of short-term leases. Lessees will classify leases as either operating (resulting in straight-line expense recognition) or finance (resulting in a front-loaded expense pattern). In July 2018, the FASB issued an ASU which allows for an alternative transition approach, which would not require adjustments to comparative prior-year amounts. Topic 842 and all related ASUs are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. We adopted the new standard on January 1, 2019 on a modified retrospective basis using a simplified transition approach, with no adjustment made to our prior year consolidated financial statements. We elected to apply the package of practical expedients, including not reassessing whether expired or existing contracts contained leases, the classification of those leases and initial direct costs for any existing leases. We also elected to exclude short-term leases (term of 12 months or less) from the balance sheet presentation. The most significant impact from adopting the standard is the initial recognition of ROU assets and operating lease liabilities on our consolidated balance sheet. Upon adoption, we recorded ROU assets (adjusted for prepaid and deferred rent) and operating lease liabilities of $322 million and $331 million, respectively, representing the present value of future lease payments with terms greater than 12 months. In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income. This guidance permits companies to reclassify to retained earnings the tax effects stranded in accumulated other comprehensive loss as a result of the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. We adopted the standard on January 1, 2019 which resulted in a reclassification of $41 million of income tax benefit from accumulated other comprehensive loss into retained earnings. Accounting Guidance Issued b ut Not Yet Adopted as of December 31, 20 20 In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-14, Compensation - Retirement Benefits - Defined Benefit Plans - General (Subtopic 715-20) Disclosure - Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans. The ASU requires sponsors of defined benefit pension or other postretirement plans to provide additional disclosures, including a narrative description of reasons for any significant gains or losses impacting the benefit obligation for the period. It also eliminates certain previous disclosure requirements. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, with early adoption permitted, and must be applied on a retrospective basis to all years presented. The requirements of this guidance are expected to impact our disclosures but have no impact on the measurement and recognition of amounts in our consolidated financial statements. In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform - Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting (Topic 848). This ASU provides temporary optional expedients and exceptions to the guidance on contract modifications and hedge accounting to ease the financial reporting burdens of the expected market transition from LIBOR and other interbank offered rates to alternative reference rates. This ASU is effective upon issuance and generally can be applied through the end of calendar year 2022. We are currently evaluating the impact and whether we plan to adopt the optional expedients and exceptions provided under this new standard. We reviewed all other recently issued accounting pronouncements and concluded that they were either not applicable or not expected to have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements. |
