exposure with each counterparty, and any difference, if in excess of a specified minimum transfer amount, is adjusted and settled within two business days.
Forward currency contracts are valued at their quoted daily prices obtained from an independent third party, adjusted for currency risk based on the expiration date of each contract. Fluctuations in the value of the contracts are recorded as an asset (liability).
G. Swap Contracts: The fund invests in credit default swaps to adjust the overall credit risk of the fund or to actively overweight or underweight credit risk to a specific issuer or group of issuers. The fund may sell credit protection through credit default swaps to simulate investments in long positions that are either unavailable or considered to be less attractively priced in the bond market. The fund may purchase credit protection through credit default swaps to reduce credit exposure to a given issuer or issuers. Under the terms of the swaps, an up-front payment may be exchanged between the seller and buyer. In addition, the seller of the credit protection receives a periodic payment of premium from the buyer that is a fixed percentage applied to a notional amount. If, for example, the reference entity is subject to a credit event (such as bankruptcy, failure to pay, or obligation acceleration) during the term of the swap, the seller agrees to either physically settle or cash settle the swap contract. If the swap is physically settled, the seller agrees to pay the buyer an amount equal to the notional amount and take delivery of a debt instrument of the reference issuer with a par amount equal to such notional amount. If the swap is cash settled, the seller agrees to pay the buyer the difference between the notional amount and the final price for the relevant debt instrument, as determined either in a market auction or pursuant to a pre-agreed-upon valuation procedure.
The fund enters into interest rate swap transactions to adjust the fund’s sensitivity to changes in interest rates and maintain the ability to generate income at prevailing market rates. Under the terms of the swaps, one party pays the other either an amount that is a fixed percentage rate or a floating rate, which is reset periodically based on short-term interest rates, applied to a notional amount. In return, the counterparty agrees to pay a different floating rate, which is reset periodically based on short-term interest rates, applied to the same notional amount.
The fund enters into centrally cleared interest rate and credit default swaps to achieve the same objectives specified with respect to the equivalent over-the-counter swaps but with less counterparty risk because a regulated clearinghouse is the counterparty instead of the clearing broker or executing broker. The clearinghouse imposes initial margin requirements to secure the fund's performance, and requires daily settlement of variation margin representing changes in the market value of each contract. To further mitigate counterparty risk, the fund trades with a diverse group of prequalified executing brokers; monitors the financial strength of its clearing brokers, executing brokers, and clearinghouse; and has entered into agreements with its clearing brokers and executing brokers.
The primary risk associated with selling credit protection is that, upon the occurrence of a defined credit event, the market value of the debt instrument received by the fund (or, in a cash settled swap, the debt instruments used to determine the settlement payment by the fund) will be significantly less than the amount paid by the fund and, in a physically settled swap, the fund may receive an illiquid debt instrument. A risk associated with all types of swaps is the possibility that a counterparty may default on its obligation to pay net amounts due to the fund. The fund’s maximum amount subject to counterparty risk is the unrealized appreciation on the swap contract. The fund mitigates its counterparty risk by entering into swaps only with a diverse group of prequalified counterparties, monitoring their financial strength, entering into master netting arrangements with its counterparties, and requiring its counterparties to transfer collateral as security for their performance. In the absence of a default, the collateral pledged or received by the fund cannot be repledged, resold, or rehypothecated. In the event of a counterparty’s default (including bankruptcy), the fund may terminate any swap contracts with that counterparty, determine the net amount owed by either party in accordance with its master netting arrangements, and sell or retain any collateral held up to the net amount owed to the fund under the master netting arrangements. The swap contracts contain provisions whereby a counterparty
