Investments (excluding Consolidated Investment Entities) | 50% - 60% >60% - 70% >70% - 80% >80% and above Total 2023 $ 78 $ 168 $ — $ — $ — $ 246 2022 250 330 69 — — 649 2021 242 248 212 — — 702 2020 158 161 9 10 — 338 2019 229 82 28 — — 339 2018 159 38 5 — — 202 2017 and prior 2,489 396 5 — — 2,890 Total $ 3,605 $ 1,423 $ 328 $ 10 $ — $ 5,366 As of December 31, 2022 Loan-to-Value Ratios Year of Origination 0% - 50% >50% - 60% >60% - 70% >70% - 80% >80% and above Total 2022 $ 250 $ 320 $ 65 $ — $ — $ 635 2021 240 272 255 10 — 777 2020 119 209 25 10 — 363 2019 227 94 29 — — 350 2018 163 41 2 — — 206 2017 and prior 2,606 482 26 — — 3,114 Total $ 3,605 $ 1,418 $ 402 $ 20 $ — $ 5,445 The following tables present commercial mortgage loans by year of origination and DSC ratio as of the dates indicated. The information is updated as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. As of June 30, 2023 Debt Service Coverage Ratios Year of Origination >1.5x >1.25x - 1.5x >1.0x - 1.25x <1.0x Total* 2023 $ 70 $ 93 $ 83 $ — $ 246 2022 245 82 210 112 649 2021 256 21 62 363 702 2020 242 27 5 64 338 2019 186 39 107 7 339 2018 123 24 55 — 202 2017 and prior 2,078 362 211 239 2,890 Total $ 3,200 $ 648 $ 733 $ 785 $ 5,366 *No commercial mortgage loans were secured by land or construction loans As of December 31, 2022 Debt Service Coverage Ratios Year of Origination >1.5x >1.25x - 1.5x >1.0x - 1.25x <1.0x Total* 2022 $ 331 $ 100 $ 181 $ 23 $ 635 2021 273 33 269 202 777 2020 259 11 11 82 363 2019 222 54 67 7 350 2018 128 27 51 — 206 2017 and prior 2,172 454 226 262 3,114 Total $ 3,385 $ 679 $ 805 $ 576 $ 5,445 *No commercial mortgage loans were secured by land or construction loans The following tables present the commercial mortgage loans by year of origination and U.S. region as of the dates indicated. The information is updated as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. As of June 30, 2023 U.S. Region Year of Origination Pacific South Atlantic Middle Atlantic West South Central Mountain East North Central New England West North Central East South Central Total 2023 $ 21 $ 48 $ 5 $ 97 $ 11 $ 32 $ 3 $ 26 $ 3 $ 246 2022 140 130 48 99 113 93 5 1 20 649 2021 99 63 128 146 112 95 9 49 1 702 2020 74 160 18 10 12 40 — 7 17 338 2019 53 102 10 75 46 5 14 13 21 339 2018 49 60 53 10 14 10 — 6 — 202 2017 and prior 743 593 736 195 207 201 48 142 25 2,890 Total $ 1,179 $ 1,156 $ 998 $ 632 $ 515 $ 476 $ 79 $ 244 $ 87 $ 5,366 As of December 31, 2022 U.S. Region Year of Origination Pacific South Atlantic Middle Atlantic West South Central Mountain East North Central New England West North Central East South Central Total 2022 $ 140 $ 129 $ 48 $ 98 $ 114 $ 82 $ 4 $ 1 $ 19 $ 635 2021 99 72 134 143 112 138 9 48 22 777 2020 74 170 18 16 12 39 — 7 27 363 2019 58 106 10 77 46 5 14 13 21 350 2018 50 62 55 10 14 10 — 5 — 206 2017 and prior 777 623 759 248 227 257 49 149 25 3,114 Total $ 1,198 $ 1,162 $ 1,024 $ 592 $ 525 $ 531 $ 76 $ 223 $ 114 $ 5,445 The following tables present the commercial mortgage loans by year of origination and property type as of the dates indicated. The information is updated as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. As of June 30, 2023 Property Type Year of Origination Retail Industrial Apartments Office Hotel/Motel Other Mixed Use Total 2023 $ 93 $ 108 $ 26 $ 19 $ — $ — $ — $ 246 2022 79 265 251 34 10 10 — 649 2021 37 153 360 125 — 18 9 702 2020 58 60 77 143 — — — 338 2019 45 83 163 36 12 — — 339 2018 36 82 55 12 — 17 — 202 2017 and prior 806 700 632 485 67 150 50 2,890 Total $ 1,154 $ 1,451 $ 1,564 $ 854 $ 89 $ 195 $ 59 $ 5,366 As of December 31, 2022 Property Type Year of Origination Retail Industrial Apartments Office Hotel/Motel Other Mixed Use Total 2022 $ 79 $ 255 $ 247 $ 34 $ 10 $ 10 $ — $ 635 2021 37 168 420 125 — 18 9 777 2020 58 61 93 151 — — — 363 2019 46 85 165 40 14 — — 350 2018 37 84 56 12 — 17 — 206 2017 and prior 888 757 679 513 69 156 52 3,114 Total $ 1,145 $ 1,410 $ 1,660 $ 875 $ 93 $ 201 $ 61 $ 5,445 The following table summarizes the activity in the allowance for losses for commercial mortgage loans for the periods indicated: June 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 Allowance for credit losses, beginning of period $ 18 $ 15 Credit losses on mortgage loans for which credit losses were not previously recorded 1 3 Increase (decrease) on mortgage loans with allowance recorded in previous period 8 — Provision for expected credit losses 27 18 Write-offs — — Recoveries of amounts previously written-off — — Allowance for credit losses, end of period $ 27 $ 18 The following table presents past due commercial mortgage loans as of the dates indicated: June 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 Delinquency: Current $ 5,366 $ 5,445 30-59 days past due — — 60-89 days past due — — Greater than 90 days past due — — Total $ 5,366 $ 5,445 Commercial mortgage loans are placed on non-accrual status when 90 days in arrears if the Company has concerns regarding the collectability of future payments, or if a loan has matured without being paid off or extended. As of June 30, 2023, and December 31, 2022, the Company had no commercial mortgage loan in non-accrual status. There was no interest income recognized on loans in non-accrual status for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and year ended December 31, 2022. Net Investment Income The following table summarizes Net investment income for the periods indicated: Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 2022 2023 2022 Fixed maturities $ 440 $ 495 $ 898 $ 974 Equity securities 7 5 14 9 Mortgage loans on real estate 62 60 123 119 Policy loans 5 5 11 11 Short-term investments and cash equivalents 9 2 18 3 Limited partnerships and other 40 29 62 125 Gross investment income 563 596 1,126 1,241 Less: Investment expenses 18 15 36 30 Net investment income $ 545 $ 581 $ 1,090 $ 1,211 As of June 30, 2023, the Company had $17 of investments in fixed maturities that did not produce net investment income. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had $11 investments in fixed maturities that did not produce net investment income. Fixed maturities are moved to a non-accrual status when the investment defaults. Interest income on fixed maturities is recorded when earned using an effective yield method, giving effect to amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts. Such interest income is recorded in Net investment income in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. Net Gains (Losses) Net gains (losses) comprise the difference between the amortized cost of investments and proceeds from sale and redemption, as well as losses incurred due to the credit-related and intent-related impairment of investments. Net gains (losses) are also primarily generated from changes in fair value of embedded derivatives within products and fixed maturities, changes in fair value of fixed maturities recorded at FVO and changes in fair value including accruals on derivative instruments, except for effective cash flow hedges. Net gains (losses) also include changes in fair value of equity securities. The cost of the investments on disposal is generally determined based on first-in-first-out ("FIFO") methodology. Net gains (losses) were as follows for the periods indicated: Three Months Ended June 30, 2023 2022 Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, including securities pledged $ (18) $ (6) Fixed maturities, at fair value option (144) (245) Equity securities, at fair value (1) (24) Derivatives 119 32 Embedded derivatives - fixed maturities (2) (2) Other derivatives, net — 12 Standalone derivatives — — Managed custody guarantees — 1 Mortgage loans (10) 1 Other investments — 5 Net gains (losses) $ (56) $ (226) Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 2022 Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, including securities pledged $ (17) $ (79) Fixed maturities, at fair value option (108) (550) Equity securities, at fair value (3) (32) Derivatives 65 126 Embedded derivatives - fixed maturities (1) (6) Other derivatives, net — 17 Standalone derivatives — 1 Managed custody guarantees 3 (2) Mortgage Loans (10) 5 Other investments (1) 6 Net gains (losses) $ (72) $ (514) Proceeds from the sale of fixed maturities, available-for-sale and equity securities and the related gross realized gains and losses, before tax, were as follows for the periods indicated: Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 2022 2023 2022 Proceeds on sales $ 2,331 $ 971 $ 3,637 $ 2,220 Gross gains 23 15 43 30 Gross losses 30 12 55 44 " id="sjs-B4" xml:space="preserve">Investments (excluding Consolidated Investment Entities) Fixed Maturities Available-for-sale and fair value option ("FVO") fixed maturities were as follows as of June 30, 2023: Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Capital Gains Gross Unrealized Capital Losses Embedded Derivatives (2) Fair Value Allowance for credit losses Fixed maturities: U.S. Treasuries $ 434 $ 9 $ 18 $ — $ 425 $ — U.S. Government agencies and authorities 54 3 1 — 56 — State, municipalities and political subdivisions 931 1 110 — 822 — U.S. corporate public securities 8,845 116 1,082 — 7,878 1 U.S. corporate private securities 5,113 27 405 — 4,735 — Foreign corporate public securities and foreign governments (1) 3,081 28 336 — 2,767 6 Foreign corporate private securities (1) 3,092 18 193 — 2,915 2 Residential mortgage-backed securities 3,870 33 277 2 3,628 — Commercial mortgage-backed securities 4,326 1 644 — 3,676 7 Other asset-backed securities 2,422 6 137 — 2,291 — Total fixed maturities, including securities pledged 32,168 242 3,203 2 29,193 16 Less: Securities pledged 1,266 — 118 — 1,148 — Total fixed maturities $ 30,902 $ 242 $ 3,085 $ 2 $ 28,045 $ 16 (1) Primarily U.S. dollar denominated. (2) Embedded derivatives within fixed maturity securities are reported with the host investment. The changes in fair value of embedded derivatives are reported in Net gains (losses) in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. Available-for-sale and FVO fixed maturities were as follows as of December 31, 2022: Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Capital Gains Gross Unrealized Capital Losses Embedded Derivatives (2) Fair Value Allowance for credit losses Fixed maturities: U.S. Treasuries $ 590 $ 12 $ 21 $ — $ 581 $ — U.S. Government agencies and authorities 58 3 2 — 59 — State, municipalities and political subdivisions 978 1 134 — 845 — U.S. corporate public securities 9,343 97 1,239 — 8,201 — U.S. corporate private securities 5,087 14 409 — 4,692 — Foreign corporate public securities and foreign governments (1) 3,343 18 403 — 2,949 9 Foreign corporate private securities (1) 3,254 7 225 — 3,034 2 Residential mortgage-backed securities 4,230 34 290 3 3,977 — Commercial mortgage-backed securities 4,466 2 585 — 3,883 — Other asset-backed securities 2,307 3 173 — 2,136 1 Total fixed maturities, including securities pledged 33,656 191 3,481 3 30,357 12 Less: Securities pledged 1,303 3 144 — 1,162 — Total fixed maturities $ 32,353 $ 188 $ 3,337 $ 3 $ 29,195 $ 12 (1) Primarily U.S. dollar denominated. (2) Embedded derivatives within fixed maturity securities are reported with the host investment. The changes in fair value of embedded derivatives are reported in Net gains (losses) in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. The amortized cost and fair value of fixed maturities, including securities pledged, as of June 30, 2023, are shown below by contractual maturity. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities as securities may be restructured, called or prepaid. Mortgage-backed securities ("MBS") and Other asset-backed securities ("ABS") are shown separately because they are not due at a single maturity date. Amortized Fair Due to mature: One year or less $ 650 $ 643 After one year through five years 4,054 3,844 After five years through ten years 4,126 3,887 After ten years 12,720 11,224 Mortgage-backed securities 8,196 7,304 Other asset-backed securities 2,422 2,291 Fixed maturities, including securities pledged $ 32,168 $ 29,193 As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company did not have any investments in a single issuer, other than obligations of the U.S. Government and government agencies, with a carrying value in excess of 10% of the Company’s Total shareholders' equity. The following tables present the composition of the U.S. and foreign corporate securities within the fixed maturity portfolio by industry category as of the dates indicated: Amortized Gross Gross Fair June 30, 2023 Communications $ 1,202 $ 26 $ 114 $ 1,114 Financial 3,982 42 452 3,572 Industrial and other companies 7,824 44 824 7,044 Energy 1,987 43 139 1,891 Utilities 3,547 24 332 3,239 Transportation 1,101 7 105 1,003 Total $ 19,643 $ 186 $ 1,966 $ 17,863 December 31, 2022 Communications $ 1,156 $ 16 $ 130 $ 1,042 Financial 4,153 31 491 3,693 Industrial and other companies 8,379 26 953 7,452 Energy 1,979 39 160 1,858 Utilities 3,664 21 355 3,330 Transportation 1,165 2 128 1,039 Total $ 20,496 $ 135 $ 2,217 $ 18,414 The Company invests in various categories of collateralized mortgage obligations (CMOs), including CMOs that are not agency-backed, that are subject to different degrees of risk from changes in interest rates and defaults. The principal risks inherent in holding CMOs are prepayment and extension risks related to significant decreases and increases in interest rates resulting in the prepayment of principal from the underlying mortgages, either earlier or later than originally anticipated. As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, approximately 47.5% and 41.6%, respectively, of the Company's CMO holdings, were invested in the above mentioned types of CMOs such as interest-only or principal-only strips, that are subject to more prepayment and extension risk than traditional CMOs. Public corporate fixed maturity securities are distinguished from private corporate fixed maturity securities based upon the manner in which they are transacted. Public corporate fixed maturity securities are issued initially through market intermediaries on a registered basis or pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act of 1933 (the "Securities Act") and are traded on the secondary market through brokers acting as principal. Private corporate fixed maturity securities are originally issued by borrowers directly to investors pursuant to Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act, and are traded in the secondary market directly with counterparties, either without the participation of a broker or in agency transactions. Repurchase Agreements As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company did not have any securities pledged in dollar rolls or reverse repurchase agreements. As of June 30, 2023, the carrying value of securities pledged and obligation to repay loans related to repurchase agreement transactions were $116 and included in Securities pledged and Payables under securities loan and repurchase agreements, including collateral held on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of December 31, 2022, the carrying value of securities pledged and obligation to repay loans related to repurchase agreement transactions was $113. Securities pledged related to repurchase agreements are comprised of other asset-backed securities. Securities Pledged The Company engages in securities lending whereby the initial collateral is required at a rate of 102% of the market value of the loaned securities. The lending agent retains the collateral and invests it in high quality liquid assets on behalf of the Company. The market value of the loaned securities is monitored on a daily basis with additional collateral obtained or refunded as the market value of the loaned securities fluctuates. The lending agent indemnifies the Company against losses resulting from the failure of a counterparty to return securities pledged where collateral is insufficient to cover the loss. As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the fair value of loaned securities was $857 and $907, respectively, and is included in Securities pledged on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. If cash is received as collateral, the lending agent retains the cash collateral and invests it in short-term liquid assets on behalf of the Company. As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, cash collateral retained by the lending agent and invested in short-term liquid assets on the Company's behalf was $704 and $807, respectively, and is recorded in Short-term investments under securities loan agreements, including collateral delivered on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, liabilities to return collateral of $704 and $807, respectively, are included in Payables under securities loan and repurchase agreements, including collateral held on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company accepts non-cash collateral in the form of securities. The securities retained as collateral by the lending agent may not be sold or re-pledged, except in the event of default, and are not reflected on the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. This collateral generally consists of U.S. Treasury, U.S. Government agency securities and MBS pools. As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the fair value of securities retained as collateral by the lending agent on the Company’s behalf was $180 and $135, respectively. The following table presents borrowings under securities lending transactions by asset class from cash collateral invested and non-cash collateral as of the dates indicated: June 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 U.S. Treasuries $ 41 $ 53 U.S. corporate public securities 576 604 Short-term investments 1 — Foreign corporate public securities and foreign governments 266 285 Total $ 884 $ 942 The Company's securities lending activities are conducted on an overnight basis, and all securities loaned can be recalled at any time. The Company does not offset assets and liabilities associated with its securities lending program. Allowance for credit losses The following table presents a rollforward of the allowance for credit losses on available-for-sale fixed maturity securities for the periods presented: Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 U.S. corporate public securities Commercial mortgage-backed securities Foreign corporate public securities and foreign governments Foreign corporate private securities Other asset-backed securities Total Balance as of January 1 $ — $ — $ 9 $ 2 $ 1 $ 12 Credit losses on securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded 1 7 — — — 8 Reductions for securities sold during the period — — (2) — — (2) Increase (decrease) on securities with allowance recorded in previous period — — (1) — (1) (2) Balance as of June 30 $ 1 $ 7 $ 6 $ 2 $ — $ 16 Year Ended December 31, 2022 Residential mortgage-backed securities Foreign Foreign corporate private securities Other asset-backed securities Total Balance as of January 1 $ 1 $ — $ 56 $ 1 $ 58 Credit losses on securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded — 9 — — 9 Reductions for securities sold during the period — — (57) — (57) Increase (decrease) on securities with allowance recorded in previous period (1) — 3 — 2 Balance as of December 31 $ — $ 9 $ 2 $ 1 $ 12 Unrealized Capital Losses The following table presents available-for-sale fixed maturities, including securities pledged, for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded by market sector and duration as of June 30, 2023: Twelve Months or Less More Than Twelve Total Fair Value Unrealized Capital Losses Number of securities Fair Value Unrealized Capital Losses Number of securities Fair Value Unrealized Capital Losses Number of securities U.S. Treasuries $ 202 $ 5 24 $ 63 $ 13 14 $ 265 $ 18 38 U.S. Government agencies and authorities 14 — * 1 3 1 1 17 1 2 State, municipalities and political subdivisions 191 10 80 587 100 216 778 110 296 U.S. corporate public securities 1,723 89 305 4,266 993 1,011 5,989 1,082 1,316 U.S. corporate private securities 1,272 55 127 2,597 350 276 3,869 405 403 Foreign corporate public securities and foreign governments 552 19 97 1,588 317 334 2,140 336 431 Foreign corporate private securities 1,051 33 74 1,497 160 133 2,548 193 207 Residential mortgage-backed 585 31 236 1,146 246 545 1,731 277 781 Commercial mortgage-backed 492 46 79 3,046 598 550 3,538 644 629 Other asset-backed 192 7 44 1,745 130 467 1,937 137 511 Total $ 6,274 $ 295 1,067 $ 16,538 $ 2,908 3,547 $ 22,812 $ 3,203 4,614 *Less than $1 The Company concluded that an allowance for credit losses was unnecessary for these securities because the unrealized losses are interest rate related. The following table presents available-for-sale fixed maturities, including securities pledged, for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded by market sector and duration as of December 31, 2022: Twelve Months or Less More Than Twelve Total Fair Value Unrealized Capital Losses Number of securities Fair Value Unrealized Capital Losses Number of securities Fair Value Unrealized Capital Losses Number of securities U.S. Treasuries $ 197 $ 19 19 $ 9 $ 2 7 $ 206 $ 21 26 U.S. Government agencies and authorities 21 2 2 — — — 21 2 2 State, municipalities and political subdivisions 751 121 284 30 13 17 781 134 301 U.S. corporate public securities 5,479 792 1,054 1,137 447 347 6,616 1,239 1,401 U.S. corporate private securities 3,569 322 375 458 87 32 4,027 409 407 Foreign corporate public securities and foreign governments 2,050 260 371 391 143 97 2,441 403 468 Foreign corporate private securities 2,728 211 217 65 14 6 2,793 225 223 Residential mortgage-backed 1,538 128 536 562 162 283 2,100 290 819 Commercial mortgage-backed 2,628 390 441 1,133 195 207 3,761 585 648 Other asset-backed 1,430 104 334 578 69 191 2,008 173 525 Total $ 20,391 $ 2,349 3,633 $ 4,363 $ 1,132 1,187 $ 24,754 $ 3,481 4,820 Based on the Company's quarterly evaluation of its securities in an unrealized loss position, described below, the Company concluded that these securities were not impaired as of June 30, 2023. The Company does not intend to sell the investments and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost bases. Gross unrealized capital losses on fixed maturities, including securities pledged, decreased $278 from $3,481 to $3,203 for the six months ended June 30, 2023. The decrease in unrealized losses was driven by tighter credit spreads. As of June 30, 2023, $834 of the total $3,203 of gross unrealized losses were from 603 available-for-sale fixed maturity securities with an unrealized loss position of 20% or more of amortized cost for 12 months or greater. Evaluating Securities for Impairments The Company performs a regular evaluation, on a security-by-security basis, of its available-for-sale securities holdings, including fixed maturity securities, in accordance with its impairment policy in order to evaluate whether such investments are impaired. The following table identifies the Company's intent impairments included in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations, excluding impairments included in Other comprehensive income (loss) by type for the periods indicated: Three Months Ended June 30, 2023 2022 Impairment No. of Impairment No. of Residential mortgage-backed $ 2 34 $ 2 17 Commercial mortgage-backed 5 3 — * 1 Total $ 7 37 $ 2 18 *Less than $1 Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 2022 Impairment No. of Impairment No. of Residential mortgage-backed $ 2 36 $ 9 27 Commercial mortgage-backed 5 3 — * 1 Total $ 7 39 $ 9 28 *Less than $1 The Company may sell securities during the period in which fair value has declined below amortized cost for fixed maturities. In certain situations, new factors, including changes in the business environment, can change the Company’s previous intent to continue holding a security. Accordingly, these factors may lead the Company to record additional intent related capital losses. Debt Restructuring Upon the adoption of ASU 2022-02 as of January 1, 2023, the Company no longer identifies certain debt modifications as troubled debt restructuring, but instead evaluates all debt modifications to determine whether a modification results in a new loan or a continuation of an existing loan. Disclosures are required for loan modifications with borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, the Company had no material debt modifications that require such disclosure. Mortgage Loans on Real Estate The Company diversifies its commercial mortgage loan portfolio by geographic region and property type to reduce concentration risk. The Company manages risk when originating commercial mortgage loans by generally lending only up to 75% of the estimated fair value of the underlying real estate. Subsequently, the Company continuously evaluates mortgage loans based on relevant current information including a review of loan-specific performance, property characteristics and market trends. Loan performance is monitored on a loan specific basis through the review of submitted appraisals, operating statements, rent revenues and annual inspection reports, among other items. This review ensures properties are performing at a consistent and acceptable level to secure the debt. The components to evaluate debt service coverage are received and reviewed at least annually to determine the level of risk. Loan-to-value ("LTV") and debt service coverage ("DSC") ratios are measures commonly used to assess the risk and quality of mortgage loans. The LTV ratio, calculated at time of origination, is expressed as a percentage of the amount of the loan relative to the value of the underlying property. A LTV ratio in excess of 100% indicates the unpaid loan amount exceeds the underlying collateral. The DSC ratio, based upon the most recently received financial statements, is expressed as a percentage of the amount of a property’s net income to its debt service payments. A DSC ratio of less than 1.0 indicates that a property’s operations do not generate sufficient income to cover debt payments. These ratios are utilized as part of the review process described above. The following tables present commercial mortgage loans by year of origination and LTV ratio as of the dates indicated. The information is updated as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. As of June 30, 2023 Loan-to-Value Ratios Year of Origination 0% - 50% >50% - 60% >60% - 70% >70% - 80% >80% and above Total 2023 $ 78 $ 168 $ — $ — $ — $ 246 2022 250 330 69 — — 649 2021 242 248 212 — — 702 2020 158 161 9 10 — 338 2019 229 82 28 — — 339 2018 159 38 5 — — 202 2017 and prior 2,489 396 5 — — 2,890 Total $ 3,605 $ 1,423 $ 328 $ 10 $ — $ 5,366 As of December 31, 2022 Loan-to-Value Ratios Year of Origination 0% - 50% >50% - 60% >60% - 70% >70% - 80% >80% and above Total 2022 $ 250 $ 320 $ 65 $ — $ — $ 635 2021 240 272 255 10 — 777 2020 119 209 25 10 — 363 2019 227 94 29 — — 350 2018 163 41 2 — — 206 2017 and prior 2,606 482 26 — — 3,114 Total $ 3,605 $ 1,418 $ 402 $ 20 $ — $ 5,445 The following tables present commercial mortgage loans by year of origination and DSC ratio as of the dates indicated. The information is updated as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. As of June 30, 2023 Debt Service Coverage Ratios Year of Origination >1.5x >1.25x - 1.5x >1.0x - 1.25x <1.0x Total* 2023 $ 70 $ 93 $ 83 $ — $ 246 2022 245 82 210 112 649 2021 256 21 62 363 702 2020 242 27 5 64 338 2019 186 39 107 7 339 2018 123 24 55 — 202 2017 and prior 2,078 362 211 239 2,890 Total $ 3,200 $ 648 $ 733 $ 785 $ 5,366 *No commercial mortgage loans were secured by land or construction loans As of December 31, 2022 Debt Service Coverage Ratios Year of Origination >1.5x >1.25x - 1.5x >1.0x - 1.25x <1.0x Total* 2022 $ 331 $ 100 $ 181 $ 23 $ 635 2021 273 33 269 202 777 2020 259 11 11 82 363 2019 222 54 67 7 350 2018 128 27 51 — 206 2017 and prior 2,172 454 226 262 3,114 Total $ 3,385 $ 679 $ 805 $ 576 $ 5,445 *No commercial mortgage loans were secured by land or construction loans The following tables present the commercial mortgage loans by year of origination and U.S. region as of the dates indicated. The information is updated as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. As of June 30, 2023 U.S. Region Year of Origination Pacific South Atlantic Middle Atlantic West South Central Mountain East North Central New England West North Central East South Central Total 2023 $ 21 $ 48 $ 5 $ 97 $ 11 $ 32 $ 3 $ 26 $ 3 $ 246 2022 140 130 48 99 113 93 5 1 20 649 2021 99 63 128 146 112 95 9 49 1 702 2020 74 160 18 10 12 40 — 7 17 338 2019 53 102 10 75 46 5 14 13 21 339 2018 49 60 53 10 14 10 — 6 — 202 2017 and prior 743 593 736 195 207 201 48 142 25 2,890 Total $ 1,179 $ 1,156 $ 998 $ 632 $ 515 $ 476 $ 79 $ 244 $ 87 $ 5,366 As of December 31, 2022 U.S. Region Year of Origination Pacific South Atlantic Middle Atlantic West South Central Mountain East North Central New England West North Central East South Central Total 2022 $ 140 $ 129 $ 48 $ 98 $ 114 $ 82 $ 4 $ 1 $ 19 $ 635 2021 99 72 134 143 112 138 9 48 22 777 2020 74 170 18 16 12 39 — 7 27 363 2019 58 106 10 77 46 5 14 13 21 350 2018 50 62 55 10 14 10 — 5 — 206 2017 and prior 777 623 759 248 227 257 49 149 25 3,114 Total $ 1,198 $ 1,162 $ 1,024 $ 592 $ 525 $ 531 $ 76 $ 223 $ 114 $ 5,445 The following tables present the commercial mortgage loans by year of origination and property type as of the dates indicated. The information is updated as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. As of June 30, 2023 Property Type Year of Origination Retail Industrial Apartments Office Hotel/Motel Other Mixed Use Total 2023 $ 93 $ 108 $ 26 $ 19 $ — $ — $ — $ 246 2022 79 265 251 34 10 10 — 649 2021 37 153 360 125 — 18 9 702 2020 58 60 77 143 — — — 338 2019 45 83 163 36 12 — — 339 2018 36 82 55 12 — 17 — 202 2017 and prior 806 700 632 485 67 150 50 2,890 Total $ 1,154 $ 1,451 $ 1,564 $ 854 $ 89 $ 195 $ 59 $ 5,366 As of December 31, 2022 Property Type Year of Origination Retail Industrial Apartments Office Hotel/Motel Other Mixed Use Total 2022 $ 79 $ 255 $ 247 $ 34 $ 10 $ 10 $ — $ 635 2021 37 168 420 125 — 18 9 777 2020 58 61 93 151 — — — 363 2019 46 85 165 40 14 — — 350 2018 37 84 56 12 — 17 — 206 2017 and prior 888 757 679 513 69 156 52 3,114 Total $ 1,145 $ 1,410 $ 1,660 $ 875 $ 93 $ 201 $ 61 $ 5,445 The following table summarizes the activity in the allowance for losses for commercial mortgage loans for the periods indicated: June 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 Allowance for credit losses, beginning of period $ 18 $ 15 Credit losses on mortgage loans for which credit losses were not previously recorded 1 3 Increase (decrease) on mortgage loans with allowance recorded in previous period 8 — Provision for expected credit losses 27 18 Write-offs — — Recoveries of amounts previously written-off — — Allowance for credit losses, end of period $ 27 $ 18 The following table presents past due commercial mortgage loans as of the dates indicated: June 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 Delinquency: Current $ 5,366 $ 5,445 30-59 days past due — — 60-89 days past due — — Greater than 90 days past due — — Total $ 5,366 $ 5,445 Commercial mortgage loans are placed on non-accrual status when 90 days in arrears if the Company has concerns regarding the collectability of future payments, or if a loan has matured without being paid off or extended. As of June 30, 2023, and December 31, 2022, the Company had no commercial mortgage loan in non-accrual status. There was no interest income recognized on loans in non-accrual status for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and year ended December 31, 2022. Net Investment Income The following table summarizes Net investment income for the periods indicated: Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 2022 2023 2022 Fixed maturities $ 440 $ 495 $ 898 $ 974 Equity securities 7 5 14 9 Mortgage loans on real estate 62 60 123 119 Policy loans 5 5 11 11 Short-term investments and cash equivalents 9 2 18 3 Limited partnerships and other 40 29 62 125 Gross investment income 563 596 1,126 1,241 Less: Investment expenses 18 15 36 30 Net investment income $ 545 $ 581 $ 1,090 $ 1,211 As of June 30, 2023, the Company had $17 of investments in fixed maturities that did not produce net investment income. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had $11 investments in fixed maturities that did not produce net investment income. Fixed maturities are moved to a non-accrual status when the investment defaults. Interest income on fixed maturities is recorded when earned using an effective yield method, giving effect to amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts. Such interest income is recorded in Net investment income in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. Net Gains (Losses) Net gains (losses) comprise the difference between the amortized cost of investments and proceeds from sale and redemption, as well as losses incurred due to the credit-related and intent-related impairment of investments. Net gains (losses) are also primarily generated from changes in fair value of embedded derivatives within products and fixed maturities, changes in fair value of fixed maturities recorded at FVO and changes in fair value including accruals on derivative instruments, except for effective cash flow hedges. Net gains (losses) also include changes in fair value of equity securities. The cost of the investments on disposal is generally determined based on first-in-first-out ("FIFO") methodology. Net gains (losses) were as follows for the periods indicated: Three Months Ended June 30, 2023 2022 Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, including securities pledged $ (18) $ (6) Fixed maturities, at fair value option (144) (245) Equity securities, at fair value (1) (24) Derivatives 119 32 Embedded derivatives - fixed maturities (2) (2) Other derivatives, net — 12 Standalone derivatives — — Managed custody guarantees — 1 Mortgage loans (10) 1 Other investments — 5 Net gains (losses) $ (56) $ (226) Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 2022 Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, including securities pledged $ (17) $ (79) Fixed maturities, at fair value option (108) (550) Equity securities, at fair value (3) (32) Derivatives 65 126 Embedded derivatives - fixed maturities (1) (6) Other derivatives, net — 17 Standalone derivatives — 1 Managed custody guarantees 3 (2) Mortgage Loans (10) 5 Other investments (1) 6 Net gains (losses) $ (72) $ (514) Proceeds from the sale of fixed maturities, available-for-sale and equity securities and the related gross realized gains and losses, before tax, were as follows for the periods indicated: Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 2022 2023 2022 Proceeds on sales $ 2,331 $ 971 $ 3,637 $ 2,220 Gross gains 23 15 43 30 Gross losses 30 12 55 44 |