Gogo (GOGO) 10-Q 2018 Q3 Quarterly report

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM10-Q

(Mark One):

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934.

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2018

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934.

For the transition period from                    to                    

Commission File Number:001-35975

Gogo Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	27-1650905
(State or other jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

111 North Canal St., Suite 1500

Chicago, IL 60606

(Address of principal executive offices)

Telephone Number(312) 517-5000

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of RegulationS-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, anon-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☒
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐    No   ☒

As of November 1, 2018, 87,458,431 shares of $0.0001 par value common stock were outstanding.

Gogo Inc.

INDEX

		Page
Part I.	Financial Information
Item 1.	Financial Statements		2
	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets		2
	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations		3
	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss		4
	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows		5
	Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements		6
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations		33
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk		52
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures		53
Part II.	Other Information
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings		54
Item 1A.	Risk Factors		54
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds		54
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities		55
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures		55
Item 5.	Other Information		55
Item 6.	Exhibits		55
Signatures			56

1

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Gogo Inc. and Subsidiaries

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

	September 30, 2018			December 31, 2017
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	102,664		$	196,356
Short-term investments		88,575			212,792
Total cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments		191,239			409,148
Accounts receivable, net of allowances of $756 and $587, respectively		146,172			117,896
Inventories		209,734			45,543
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		32,490			20,310
Total current assets		579,635			592,897
Non-current assets:
Property and equipment, net		506,703			656,038
Goodwill and intangible assets, net		84,130			87,133
Othernon-current assets		77,994			67,107
Totalnon-current assets		668,827			810,278
Total assets	$	1,248,462		$	1,403,175
Liabilities and Stockholders’ deficit
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	31,911		$	27,130
Accrued liabilities		184,912			201,815
Deferred revenue		34,815			43,448
Deferred airborne lease incentives		25,877			42,096
Current portion of capital leases		1,233			1,789
Total current liabilities		278,748			316,278
Non-current liabilities:
Long-term debt		1,018,011			1,000,868
Deferred airborne lease incentives		129,865			142,938
Othernon-current liabilities		83,119			134,655
Totalnon-current liabilities		1,230,995			1,278,461
Total liabilities		1,509,743			1,594,739
Commitments and contingencies (Note 12)		—			—
Stockholders’ deficit
Common stock, par value $0.0001 per share; 500,000,000 shares authorized at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017; 87,576,549 and 87,062,578 shares issued at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively; and 87,458,431 and 86,843,928 shares outstanding at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively		9			9
Additionalpaid-in-capital		911,341			898,729
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(2,768	)		(933	)
Accumulated deficit		(1,169,863	)		(1,089,369	)
Total stockholders’ deficit		(261,281	)		(191,564	)
Total liabilities and stockholders’ deficit	$	1,248,462		$	1,403,175

See the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

2

Gogo Inc. and Subsidiaries

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations

(in thousands, except per share amounts)

	For the Three Months Ended September 30,						For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Revenue:
Service revenue	$	160,376		$	153,347		$	470,110		$	453,918
Equipment revenue		56,881			19,527			206,430			57,162
Total revenue		217,257			172,874			676,540			511,080
Operating expenses:
Cost of service revenue (exclusive of items shown below)		69,476			67,854			218,073			201,794
Cost of equipment revenue (exclusive of items shown below)		53,960			15,326			170,603			41,623
Engineering, design and development		30,018			31,313			88,204			103,262
Sales and marketing		13,963			16,294			45,291			47,253
General and administrative		24,860			24,064			71,152			70,162
Depreciation and amortization		32,590			35,824			100,447			96,821
Total operating expenses		224,867			190,675			693,770			560,915
Operating loss		(7,610	)		(17,801	)		(17,230	)		(49,835	)
Other (income) expense:
Interest income		(903	)		(683	)		(3,307	)		(1,999	)
Interest expense		30,743			27,585			91,938			81,754
Other (income) expense		72			228			(59	)		322
Total other expense		29,912			27,130			88,572			80,077
Loss before income taxes		(37,522	)		(44,931	)		(105,802	)		(129,912	)
Income tax provision (benefit)		195			350			(3,459	)		945
Net loss	$	(37,717	)	$	(45,281	)	$	(102,343	)	$	(130,857	)
Net loss attributable to common stock per share—basic and diluted	$	(0.47	)	$	(0.57	)	$	(1.28	)	$	(1.65	)
Weighted average number of shares—basic and diluted		80,196			79,543			79,948			79,340

See the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

3

Gogo Inc. and Subsidiaries

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss

(in thousands)

	For the Three Months Ended September 30,						For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Net loss	$	(37,717	)	$	(45,281	)	$	(102,343	)	$	(130,857	)
Currency translation adjustments		378			655			(1,835	)		1,145
Comprehensive loss	$	(37,339	)	$	(44,626	)	$	(104,178	)	$	(129,712	)

See the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

4

Gogo Inc. and Subsidiaries

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(in thousands)

	For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017
Operating activities:
Net loss	$	(102,343	)	$	(130,857	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		100,447			96,821
Loss on asset disposals, abandonments and write-downs		8,103			7,540
Gain on transition to airline-directed model		(21,551	)		—
Deferred income taxes		(3,866	)		737
Stock-based compensation expense		12,531			15,007
Amortization of deferred financing costs		3,143			2,718
Accretion and amortization of debt discount and premium		14,000			13,872
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable		(28,501	)		(38,130	)
Inventories		(37,451	)		1,645
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		(1,141	)		4,928
Contract assets		(21,557	)		—
Accounts payable		5,568			(1,246	)
Accrued liabilities		13,211			21,399
Deferred airborne lease incentives		(4,040	)		11,722
Deferred revenue		(2,216	)		11,080
Accrued interest		(24,955	)		(17,742	)
Warranty reserves		5,888			84
Othernon-current assets and liabilities		(7,166	)		(3,787	)
Net cash used in operating activities		(91,896	)		(4,209	)
Investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment		(107,096	)		(190,479	)
Acquisition of intangible assets—capitalized software		(17,316	)		(23,759	)
Purchases of short-term investments		(39,323	)		(213,651	)
Redemptions of short-term investments		163,540			363,632
Other, net		—			(3,000	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(195	)		(67,257	)
Financing activities:
Proceeds from the issuance of senior secured notes		—			181,843
Payment of issuance costs		—			(3,602	)
Payments on capital leases		(1,626	)		(2,340	)
Stock-based compensation activity		81			(429	)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		(1,545	)		175,472
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash		(530	)		556
Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		(94,166	)		104,562
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period		203,729			125,189
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	$	109,563		$	229,751
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	$	109,563		$	229,751
Less: current restricted cash		1,773			500
Less:non-current restricted cash		5,126			6,873
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	102,664		$	222,378
Supplemental Cash Flow Information:
Cash paid for interest	$	99,823		$	86,359
Cash paid for taxes		390			35
Noncash Investing and Financing Activities:
Purchases of property and equipment in current liabilities	$	14,739		$	46,817
Purchases of property and equipment paid by commercial airlines		5,920			7,987
Purchases of property and equipment under capital leases		279			1,174
Acquisition of intangible assets in current liabilities		959			1,100
Acquisition of intangible assets innon-current liabilities		1,375			—
Asset retirement obligation incurred and adjustments		778			778

See the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

5

Gogo Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

1. Basis of Presentation

The Business-Gogo (“we”, “us”, “our”) is the global leader in providing broadband connectivity solutions and wirelessin-flight entertainment to the aviation industry. We operate through the following three segments: Commercial Aviation North America, or“CA-NA,” Commercial Aviation Rest of World, or“CA-ROW,” and Business Aviation, or “BA.” Services provided by ourCA-NA andCA-ROW businesses include Passenger Connectivity, which allows passengers to connect to the Internet from their personalWi-Fi-enabled devices; Passenger Entertainment, which offers passengers the opportunity to enjoy a broad selection ofin-flight entertainment options on their personalWi-Fi enabled devices; and Connected Aircraft Services (“CAS”), which offers airlines connectivity for various operations and currently include, among others, real-time credit card transaction processing, electronic flight bags and real-time weather information. Services are provided byCA-NA on commercial aircraft flying routes that generally begin and end within North America, which for this purpose includes the United States, Canada and Mexico.CA-ROW provides service on commercial aircraft operated by foreign-based commercial airlines and flights outside of North America for North American-based commercial airlines. The routes included in ourCA-ROW segment are those that begin and/or end outside of North America (as defined above) on which our international service is provided. BA providesin-flight Internet connectivity and other voice and data communications products and services and sells equipment forin-flight telecommunications to the business aviation market. BA services include Gogo Biz, ourin-flight broadband service, Passenger Entertainment, ourin-flight entertainment service, and satellite-based voice and data services through our strategic alliances with satellite companies.

Basis of Presentation - The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and notes have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and in conformity with Article 10 of RegulationS-X promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements and should be read in conjunction with our annual audited consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included in our Annual Report on Form10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on February 22, 2018 (the “201710-K”). These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect, in the opinion of management, all material adjustments (which include normal recurring adjustments) necessary to fairly state, in all material respects, our financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented.

The results of operations and cash flows for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2018.

We have one class of common stock outstanding as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

Reclassifications- To conform with the current year presentation, certain amounts in our unaudited condensed consolidated statement of cash flows for the nine month period ended September 30, 2017 have been reclassified. Specifically, accrued airline revenue share of $1,169 thousand and current deferred rent of $207 thousand have been combined with accrued liabilities andnon-current deferred rent of $543 thousand has been combined with othernon-current assets and liabilities. Additionally, warranty reserves are now separately stated in its own line, which was included within accrued liabilities previously.

Transition to airline-directed model- The accounting treatment for one of our airline agreements transitioned from our turnkey model to our airline-directed model in January 2018 due to specific provisions elected by the airline that resulted in the transfer of control of the previously installed connectivity equipment. Upon transition to the airline-directed model, the net book value of all previously delivered equipment classified within property and equipment was reclassified to cost of equipment revenue. Additionally, the unamortized proceeds previously received for equipment and classified within current andnon-current deferred airborne lease incentives were eliminated and included as part of estimated contract value, which was then allocated amongst the various performance obligations under the agreement. The value allocated to previously delivered equipment was immediately recognized as equipment revenue in our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements; refer to Note 3, “Revenue Recognition,” for additional disclosures relating to the allocation of consideration among identified performance obligations. For amounts recognized in equipment revenue that were in excess of the amounts billed, we recorded current andnon-current contract assets included within prepaid expenses and other current assets and othernon-current assets, respectively; refer to Note 3, “Revenue Recognition,” for additional details. In connection with the transition of this airline agreement to the airline-directed model, we also established warranty reserves related to previously sold equipment that are still under a warranty period, which is included within accrued liabilities. See Note 8, “Warranties,” for additional information. This transition from the turnkey model to the airline-directed model occurred on January 4, 2018 and the total financial statement effect on our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet and unaudited condensed consolidated statement of operations was as follows (in thousands):

6

Gogo Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

	Increase (decrease)
Unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet
Prepaid expense and other current assets	$	6,603
Property and equipment, net		(32,716	)
Othernon-current assets		18,783
Accrued liabilities		2,000
Current deferred airborne lease incentive		(13,592	)
Non-current deferred airborne lease incentive		(17,289	)
Unaudited condensed consolidated statement of operations
Equipment revenue		45,396
Cost of equipment revenue		23,845

Use of Estimates- The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates the significant estimates and bases such estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. However, actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

2. Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Revenue recognition related new pronouncements:

On January 1, 2018, we adopted Accounting Standards Codification Topic 606,Revenue From Contracts With Customers (“ASC 606”) using the modified retrospective method. As a result, we recognized the cumulative effect of initially applying ASC 606 as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings as of January 1, 2018. Our historical financial statements have not been restated and continue to be reported under the revenue accounting standard in effect for those periods.

Prior to the adoption of ASC 606, equipment revenue (and related cost) under some of ourCA-NA andCA-ROW segment contracts was deferred and recognized over the life of the contract as the equipment and connectivity services did not meet the requirements to be treated as separate units of accounting. Under ASC 606, these same equipment transactions qualify as standalone performance obligations and, therefore, equipment revenue (and related cost) is recognized upon acceptance by our airline customers. Adoption of the new standard did not materially affect the amount or timing of equipment revenue recognized from our BA segment. Our service revenue across all segments continues to be recognized as the services are provided to customers.

In conjunction with the adoption of ASC 606, we also adopted Accounting Standard Codification Subtopic340-40,Other Assets and Deferred Costs – Contracts with Customers(“ASC340-40”), which requires the capitalization of costs incurred to obtain or fulfill a contract with a customer. Prior to the adoption of ASC340-40, we expensed all fulfillment and other costs associated with airline-directed contracts, which were comprised predominantly of costs incurred to obtain supplemental type certificates (“STCs”); these costs are now required to be capitalized and amortized to expense over the life of the contract (and are included within engineering, design and development in our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements). Costs associated with our turnkey contracts are not eligible for capitalization under ASC340-40 and will continue to be expensed as incurred.

7

Gogo Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

The cumulative effect of the adoption of ASC 606 and ASC340-40 to our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet as of January 1, 2018 was as follows (in thousands):

	Balance at December 31, 2017			Impact of ASC 606			Balances with Adoption of ASC 606
Assets
Inventories	$	45,543		$	974		$	46,517
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		20,310			603			20,913
Property and equipment, net		656,038			(5,282	)		650,756
Othernon-current assets		67,107			(30,006	)		37,101
Liabilities
Current deferred revenue		43,448			(7,182	)		36,266
Othernon-current liabilities		134,655			(48,378	)		86,277
Equity
Accumulated deficit		(1,089,369	)		21,849			(1,067,520	)

See Note 3, “Revenue Recognition,” for additional information.

On January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU2016-04,Recognition of Breakage for Certain Prepaid Stored-Value Products (“ASU2016-04”), which amends the guidance on extinguishing financial liabilities for certain prepaid stored-value products by requiring that entities that sell prepaid stored-value products recognize breakage proportionally as the prepaid stored-value product is being redeemed rather than immediately upon sale of the product. Adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

All other new pronouncements:

In March 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU2016-02,Leases (“ASU2016-02”), which introduces a lessee model that records most leases on the balance sheet. ASU2016-02 also aligns certain underlying principles of the new lessor model with those in ASC 606, the FASB’s new revenue recognition standard. Furthermore, ASU2016-02 eliminates the required use of bright-line tests used in current GAAP for determining lease classification. It also requires lessors to provide additional transparency into their exposure to the changes in value of their residual assets and how they manage that exposure. ASU2016-02 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those annual reporting periods. ASU2016-02 required entities to adopt the new leases standard using a modified retrospective method and initially apply the related guidance at the beginning of the earliest period presented in the financial statements. During July 2018, the FASB issued ASU2018-11, which allows for an additional and optional transition method under which an entity would record a cumulative-effect adjustment at the beginning of the period of adoption (“cumulative-effect method”). We will adopt this guidance as of January 1, 2019 using the cumulative-effect method. We have begun implementing a new lease accounting information system and continue to evaluate the impact of the adoption of this guidance on our consolidated financial statements. We anticipate an increase in our assets and liabilities due to the recognition of the requiredright-of-use asset and corresponding lease obligations for leases that are currently classified as operating leases. The primary impact of ASU2016-02 relates to our tower leases and base stations, and our leases of facilities and equipment. See Note 11, “Leases,” for further information on our lease arrangements.

On January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU2016-15,Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments (“ASU2016-15”), which amends ASC 230,Statement of Cash Flows, the FASB’s standard for reporting cash flows in general-purpose financial statements. The amendment addresses the diversity in practice related to the classification of certain cash receipts and payments including debt prepayment or debt extinguishment costs. We adopted this guidance using the full retrospective method, which did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements as we have historically reported debt prepayment and debt extinguishment costs in a manner consistent with ASU2016-15.

On January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU2016-16,Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory (“ASU2016-16”), which removes the prohibition in ASC 740,Income Taxes, against the immediate recognition of the current and deferred income tax effects of intra-entity transfers of assets other than inventory. This is intended to reduce the complexity of GAAP and diversity in practice related to the tax consequences of certain types of intra-entity asset transfers, particularly those involving intellectual property. Adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

8

Gogo Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

On January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU2016-18,Restricted Cash – A Consensus of the FASB Emerging Issues Task Force, (“ASU2016-18”), which amends ASC 230,Statement of Cash Flows, to clarify guidance on the classification and presentation of restricted cash in the statement of cash flows using the full retrospective method. Adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. See our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the reconciliation of cash presented in the statements of cash flows to the cash presented on the balance sheet.

On January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU2017-09,Scope of Modification Accounting(“ASU2017-09”), which amends the scope of modification accounting for share-based payment arrangements. The ASU provides guidance on the types of changes to the terms or conditions of share-based payment awards to which an entity would be required to apply modification accounting under ASC 718,Compensation – Stock Compensation.Specifically, an entity would not apply modification accounting if the fair value, vesting conditions, and classification of the awards are the same immediately before and after the modification. Adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU2018-02,Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income(“ASU2018-02”), which permits entities to reclassify tax effects stranded in accumulated other comprehensive income as a result of tax reform to retained earnings. Companies that elect to reclassify these amounts must reclassify stranded tax effects for all items accounted for in accumulated other comprehensive income. ASU2018-02 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently assessing the impact of ASU2018-02 on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU2018-07,Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting (“ASU2018-07”), which expands the scope of ASC 718,Compensation – Stock Compensation, to include share-based payment transactions for acquiring goods or services from nonemployees. ASU2018-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018 and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently assessing the impact of ASU2018-07 on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU2018-13,Fair Value Measurement (“ASU2018-13”), which changes the disclosure requirements for fair value measurements by removing, adding and modifying certain disclosures. ASU2018-13 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently assessing the impact of ASU2018-13 on our disclosures.

3. Revenue Recognition

Our revenue is primarily earned from providing connectivity and entertainment services and through sales of equipment. Additionally, to a lesser extent, we earn revenue from providing ancillary services, including installation and Connected Aircraft Services (“CAS”).

We determine revenue recognition through the following steps:

• Identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer

• Identification of the performance obligations in the contract

• Determination of the transaction price

• Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract

• Recognition of revenue as we satisfy the performance obligations

ForCA-NA andCA-ROW, pursuant to contractual agreements with our airline partners, we place our equipment on commercial aircraft operated by the airlines in order to deliver our service to passengers on the aircraft. We currently have two types of commercial airline arrangements: turnkey and airline-directed. Under the airline-directed model, we have transferred control of the equipment to the airline and therefore the airline is our customer in these transactions. Under the turnkey model, we have not transferred control of our equipment to our airline partner and, as a result, the airline passenger is deemed to be our customer. Transactions with our airline partners under the turnkey model are accounted for as an operating lease of space on an aircraft. See Note 11, “Leases,” for additional information on the turnkey model.

9

Gogo Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

CA-NA andCA-ROW Service Revenue:

CA-NA andCA-ROW revenue consists of service revenue primarily derived from connectivity services, and, to a lesser extent, from entertainment services and CAS. Connectivity is provided to our customers using both our ATG and satellite technologies.

Airline-directed connectivity revenue:

As noted above, under the airline-directed model, the airline is our customer and we earn service revenue as connectivity services are consumed directly by the airline or indirectly by passengers.

Turnkey connectivity revenue (passenger connectivity):

Under the turnkey model, passenger connectivity revenue is generated by services paid for by passengers, airlines and third parties.

Passenger paid revenue representspoint-of-sale sessions (which may be flight-based, time-based, multiple individual session packages (“multi-pack”) and subscriptions). Flight-based, time-based and multi-pack revenue is recognized when the sessions are used. Subscription revenue is recognized evenly throughout the subscription period, regardless of the number of times the customer uses the network.

Third party and airline paid revenue is generated by sales of connectivity services to airlines or third parties in sponsorship, wholesale, enterprise and roaming arrangements. Sponsorship revenue is recognized over the sponsorship term. Revenue from wholesale, enterprise and roaming arrangements is recognized as sessions are used by the passenger.

Entertainment revenue:

Entertainment revenue consists of entertainment services we provide to the airline for use by its passengers. Revenue is recognized as the services are provided to the airline.

CAS:

CAS includes, among other things, real-time credit card transaction processing, electronic flight bags and real-time weather information. Revenue is recognized as the service is provided.

BA Service Revenue:

BA service revenue primarily consists of monthly subscription and usage fees paid by aircraft owners and operators for telecommunication, data, andin-flight entertainment services. Revenue is recognized as the services are provided to the customer.     

Equipment Revenue:

Equipment revenue primarily consists of the sale of ATG and satellite connectivity equipment and the sale of entertainment equipment.CA-NA andCA-ROW recognize equipment revenue upon acceptance by our airline customers. BA recognizes equipment revenue when the equipment is shipped to OEMs and dealers.

Equipment revenue also includes revenue generated by the installation of the connectivity or entertainment equipment on commercial aircraft, which is recognized when the installation is complete.

Contract price and allocation considerations:

OurCA-NA andCA-ROW airline-directed contracts contain multiple performance obligations, which primarily include the sale of equipment, installation services, connectivity services and entertainment services. For these contracts, we account for each distinct good or service as a separate performance obligation. We allocate the contract’s transaction price to each performance obligation using the relative standalone selling price, which is based on the actual selling price for any good or service sold separately to a similar class of customer, if available. To the extent a good or service is not sold separately, we use our best estimate of the standalone selling price and maximize the use of observable inputs. The primary method we use to estimate the standalone selling price is the expected cost-plus margin approach.

The contractual consideration used for allocation purposes includes connectivity and entertainment services, which may be based on a fixed monthly fee per aircraft or a variable fee based on the volume of connectivity activity, or a combination of both. Examples of variable consideration within our contracts include megabyte overages andpay-per-use sessions. We constrain our estimates to reduce the probability of a significant revenue reversal in future periods, allocate such variable consideration to the identified performance obligations and recognize revenue in the period the services are provided. Our estimates are based on historical experience, anticipated future performance, market conditions and our best judgment at the time.

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

A significant change in one or more of these estimates could affect our estimated contract value, and we regularly review and update our estimates and recognize adjustments under the cumulativecatch-up method. Any adjustment under this method is recorded as a cumulative adjustment in the period identified and revenue for future periods is recognized using the new adjusted estimate.

As of September 30, 2018, the aggregate amount of the transaction price in our contracts allocated to the remaining unsatisfied performance obligations is approximately $1,096 million, most of which relates to our commercial aviation contracts. Approximately $218 million represents future equipment revenue that is expected to be recognized within the next one to three years. The remaining $878 million primarily represents connectivity and entertainment service revenues which are recognized as services are provided, which is expected to occur through the remaining term of the contract (approximately5-10 years). We have excluded from this amount: all variable consideration derived from our connectivity or entertainment services that is allocated entirely to our performance of obligations related to such services; consideration from contracts that have an original duration of one year or less; revenue from passenger service on airlines operating under the turnkey model; and revenue from contracts that have been executed but under which have not yet met the accounting definition of a contract since the airline has not yet determined which products in our portfolio it wishes to select, and, as a result we are unable to determine which products and services will be transferred to the customer.

Disaggregation of revenue

The following table presents our revenue disaggregated by category(in thousands):

	For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
	CA-NA		CA-ROW		BA		Total
Service revenue
Connectivity	$	85,930	$	17,168	$	48,926	$	152,024
Entertainment, CAS and other		7,513		478		361		8,352
Total service revenue	$	93,443	$	17,646	$	49,287	$	160,376
Equipment revenue
ATG	$	2,518	$	—	$	20,158	$	22,676
Satellite		12,509		17,551		4,022		34,082
Other		—		—		123		123
Total equipment revenue	$	15,027	$	17,551	$	24,303	$	56,881
Customer type
Airline passenger and aircraft owner/operator	$	53,873	$	6,086	$	49,287	$	109,246
Airline, OEM and aftermarket dealer		39,336		27,146		24,303		90,785
Third party		15,261		1,965		—		17,226
Total revenue	$	108,470	$	35,197	$	73,590	$	217,257

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

	For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
	CA-NA		CA-ROW		BA		Total
Service revenue
Connectivity	$	256,803	$	45,365	$	144,149	$	446,317
Entertainment, CAS and other		21,169		1,711		913		23,793
Total service revenue	$	277,972	$	47,076	$	145,062	$	470,110
Equipment revenue
ATG(1)	$	49,534	$	—	$	56,076	$	105,610
Satellite(1)		44,435		40,935		12,741		98,111
Other		—		—		2,709		2,709
Total equipment revenue	$	93,969	$	40,935	$	71,526	$	206,430
Customer type
Airline passenger and aircraft owner/operator	$	161,515	$	15,912	$	145,062	$	322,489
Airline, OEM and aftermarket dealer(2)		165,903		66,151		71,526		303,580
Third party		44,523		5,948		—		50,471
Total revenue	$	371,941	$	88,011	$	216,588	$	676,540

1) ATG and satellite equipment revenue for theCA-NA segment includes the $45.4 million related to the accounting impact of the transition of one of our airline partners to the airline-directed model. Approximately $43.4 million was included in ATG equipment revenue and approximately $2.0 million was included in satellite equipment revenue.

2) Airline, OEM and aftermarket dealer revenue includes all equipment revenue for our three segments, including the $45.4 million accounting impact of the transition of one of our airline partners to the airline-directed model.

Contract balances

Our current andnon-current deferred revenue balances totaled $58.9 million and $61.1 million as of September 30, 2018 and January 1, 2018, respectively. Deferred revenue includes, among other things, equipment, multi-packs, subscriptions and sponsorships activities.

Our current andnon-current contract asset balances totaled $51.8 million and $5.1 million as of September 30, 2018 and January 1, 2018, respectively. Contract assets represents the aggregate amount of revenue recognized in excess of billings for our airline-directed contracts.

Our STC balances were $16.7 million and $7.6 million as of September 30, 2018 and January 1, 2018, respectively. We recognized $0.3 million and $0.7 million, respectively, of deferred STC costs as part of our engineering, design and development costs in our unaudited condensed consolidated statement of operations during the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018. As noted above, STC costs for our airline-directed contracts are capitalized and expensed on a straight-line basis over the life of the contract.

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

Impact of adoption of ASC 606

The following table presents the post adoption impact of ASC 606 on our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet and the statement of operations(in thousands):

	As of September 30, 2018
	As Reported			Impact of ASC 606			Balances Without Adoption of ASC 606
Assets
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	$	32,490		$	(11,835	)	$	20,655
Othernon-current assets		77,994			66,218			144,212
Liabilities
Current deferred revenue		34,815			27,899			62,714
Othernon-current liabilities		83,119			64,803			147,922
Equity
Accumulated deficit		(1,169,863	)		(24,165	)		(1,194,028	)
	For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
	As Reported			Impact of ASC 606			Balances Without Adoption of ASC 606
Revenue:
Service revenue	$	160,376		$	3,071		$	163,447
Equipment revenue		56,881			(18,545	)		38,336
Operating expenses:
Cost of equipment revenue		53,960			(12,478	)		41,482
Engineering, design and development		30,018			394			30,412
Net loss		(37,717	)		(3,390	)		(41,107	)
	For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
	As Reported			Impact of ASC 606			Balances Without Adoption of ASC 606
Revenue:
Service revenue	$	470,110		$	11,574		$	481,684
Equipment revenue		206,430			(100,564	)		105,866
Operating expenses:
Cost of equipment revenue		170,603			(76,772	)		93,831
Engineering, design and development		88,204			1,936			90,140
Net loss		(102,343	)		(14,154	)		(116,497	)

13

Gogo Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

4. Net Loss Per Share

Basic and diluted net loss per share have been calculated using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. The shares of common stock effectively repurchased in connection with the Forward Transactions (as defined and described in Note 9, “Long-Term Debt and Other Liabilities”) are considered participating securities requiring thetwo-class method to calculate basic and diluted earnings per share. Net earnings in future periods will be allocated between common shares and participating securities. In periods of a net loss, the shares associated with the Forward Transactions will not receive an allocation of losses, as the counterparties to the Forward Transactions are not required to fund losses. Accordingly, the calculation of weighted average shares outstanding as of September 30, 2018 and 2017 excludes approximately 7.2 million shares that will be repurchased as a result of the Forward Transactions.

As a result of the net loss for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, all of the outstanding shares of common stock underlying stock options, deferred stock units and restricted stock units were excluded from the computation of diluted shares outstanding because they were anti-dilutive.

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017; however, because of the undistributed losses, the shares of common stock associated with the Forward Transactions are excluded from the computation of basic earnings per share in 2018 and 2017 as undistributed losses are not allocated to these shares (in thousands, except per share amounts):

	For the Three Months Ended September 30,						For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Net loss	$	(37,717	)	$	(45,281	)	$	(102,343	)	$	(130,857	)
Less: Participation rights of the Forward Transactions		—			—			—			—
Undistributed losses	$	(37,717	)	$	(45,281	)	$	(102,343	)	$	(130,857	)
Weighted-average common shares outstanding-basic and diluted		80,196			79,543			79,948			79,340
Net loss attributable to common stock per share-basic and diluted	$	(0.47	)	$	(0.57	)	$	(1.28	)	$	(1.65	)

5. Inventories

Inventories consist primarily of telecommunications systems and parts, and are recorded at the lower of cost (average cost) or market. We evaluate the need for write-downs associated with obsolete, slow-moving, and nonsalable inventory by reviewing net realizable inventory values on a periodic basis.

Inventories as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 were as follows (in thousands):

	September 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
Work-in-process component parts	$	30,080	$	35,009
Finished goods(1)		179,654		10,534
Total inventory	$	209,734	$	45,543

(1) The increase in our inventories is primarily due to the allocation of a portion of our uninstalled airborne equipment (i.e., shipsets designated for installation under an airline-directed contract) within ourCA-NA andCA-ROW segments from property and equipment, net, to inventories. Historically, all uninstalled airborne equipment for theCA-NA andCA-ROW segments was classified as property and equipment, net, as the majority of our installations were performed under our turnkey model agreements. See Note 11, “Leases” for additional information on the turnkey model treatment. As our uninstalled airborne equipment is increasingly being deployed under airline-directed model agreements, we now allocate our uninstalled airborne equipment between property and equipment, net, and inventories, based on our forecasts of estimated future installations by contract type.

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

6. Composition of Certain Balance Sheet Accounts

Prepaid expenses and other current assets as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 were as follows (in thousands):

	September 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
Contract assets(1)	$	9,919	$	—
Prepaid satellite services		6,241		3,360
Restricted cash		1,773		500
Other		14,557		16,450
Total prepaid expenses and other current assets	$	32,490	$	20,310

(1) Changes between September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 are due to the adoption of ASC 606 and additional activity during the nine month period ended September 30, 2018. See Note 2, “Recent Accounting Pronouncements,” for additional information.

Property and equipment as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 were as follows (in thousands):

	September 30, 2018			December 31, 2017
Office equipment, furniture, fixtures and other	$	50,903		$	46,445
Leasehold improvements		44,593			42,522
Airborne equipment(1) (2)		617,795			765,652
Network equipment		201,957			199,304
	915,248			1,053,923
Accumulated depreciation(1)		(408,545	)		(397,885	)
Property and equipment, net	$	506,703		$	656,038

(1) Changes between September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 relate to the accounting impact of the transition of one of our airline partner agreements to the airline-directed model (see Note 1, “Basis of Presentation,” for additional information) and the adoption of ASC 606 (see Note 2, “Recent Accounting Pronouncements,” for additional information).

(2) Changes between September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 also relate to the allocation of uninstalled airborne equipment to inventory (see Note 5, “Inventories,” for additional information).

Othernon-current assets as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 were as follows (in thousands):

	September 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
Contract assets(1)	$	41,901	$	—
Deferred STC costs(1)		16,723		—
Deferred cost of equipment revenue(1)		—		40,986
Restricted cash		5,126		6,873
Other		14,244		19,248
Total othernon-current assets	$	77,994	$	67,107

(1) Changes between September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 are primarily due to the adoption of ASC 606 and additional activity during the nine month period ended September 30, 2018. See Note 2, “Recent Accounting Pronouncements,” for additional information.

15

Gogo Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

Accrued liabilities as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 were as follows (in thousands):

	September 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
Employee compensation and benefits	$	18,295	$	25,621
Airborne equipment and installation costs		22,002		44,059
Airline related accrued liabilities		30,568		13,566
Accrued interest		22,694		47,649
Accrued revenue share		14,354		17,339
Accrued satellite network costs		17,061		12,667
Warranty reserve		10,302		2,424
Other		49,636		38,490
Total accrued liabilities	$	184,912	$	201,815

Othernon-current liabilities as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 were as follows (in thousands):

	September 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
Deferred revenue(1)	$	24,047	$	73,192
Deferred rent		36,562		37,354
Asset retirement obligations		9,505		9,668
Deferred tax liabilities		2,117		5,983
Other		10,888		8,458
Total othernon-current liabilities	$	83,119	$	134,655

(1) Changes between September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 are primarily due to the adoption of ASC 606. See Note 2, “Recent Accounting Pronouncements,” for additional information.

7. Intangible Assets

Our intangible assets are comprised of both indefinite-lived and finite-lived intangible assets. Intangible assets with indefinite lives and goodwill are not amortized, but are reviewed for impairment at least annually or whenever events or circumstances indicate the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. We perform our annual impairment tests of our indefinite-lived intangible assets and goodwill during the fourth quarter of each fiscal year. We also reevaluate the useful life of indefinite-lived intangible assets each reporting period to determine whether events and circumstances continue to support an indefinite useful life. The results of our annual indefinite-lived intangible assets and goodwill impairment assessments in the fourth quarter of 2017 indicated no impairment.

As of both September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, our goodwill balance, all of which related to our BA segment, was $0.6 million.

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Gogo Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

Our intangible assets, other than goodwill, as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 were as follows (in thousands, except for weighted average remaining useful life):

	Weighted Average		As of September 30, 2018							As of December 31, 2017
	Remaining Useful Life (in years)		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net Carrying Amount		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net Carrying Amount
Amortized intangible assets:
Software		2.2	$	159,512	$	(111,430	)	$	48,082	$	145,063	$	(93,523	)	$	51,540
Service customer relationship		1.6		8,081		(6,550	)		1,531		8,081		(5,788	)		2,293
Other intangible assets		5.1		3,000		(1,386	)		1,614		1,500		(1,103	)		397
OEM and dealer relationships				6,724		(6,724	)		—		6,724		(6,724	)		—
Total amortized intangible assets				177,317		(126,090	)		51,227		161,368		(107,138	)		54,230
Unamortized intangible assets:
FCC Licenses				32,283		—			32,283		32,283		—			32,283
Total intangible assets			$	209,600	$	(126,090	)	$	83,510	$	193,651	$	(107,138	)	$	86,513

Amortization expense was $6.1 million and $20.8 million, respectively, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018 and $4.9 million and $16.5 million, respectively, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2017.

Amortization expense for each of the next five years and thereafter is estimated to be as follows (in thousands):

Years ending December 31,	Amortization Expense
2018 (period from October 1 to December 31)	$	6,524
2019	$	20,550
2020	$	12,829
2021	$	7,130
2022	$	2,441
Thereafter	$	1,753

Actual future amortization expense could differ from the estimated amount as a result of future investments and other factors.

8. Warranties

We provide warranties on parts and labor related to our products. Our warranty terms range from two to five years. Warranty reserves are established for costs that are estimated to be incurred after the sale, delivery and installation of the products under warranty. The warranty reserves are determined based on known product failures, historical experience and other available evidence, and are included in accrued liabilities in our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. Our warranty reserve balance was $10.3 million and $2.4 million, respectively, as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. Changes between September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 relate to the accounting impact of the transition of one of our airline agreements to the airline-directed model, additional activity under airline-directed models and costs associated with remediation of quality issues associated with our 2Ku technology. See Note 1, “Basis of Presentation” for additional information.

17

Gogo Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

9. Long-Term Debt and Other Liabilities

Long-term debt as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 was as follows (in thousands):

	September 30, 2018			December 31, 2017
Senior Secured Notes	$	703,411		$	705,520
Convertible Notes		327,653			311,544
Total debt		1,031,064			1,017,064
Less deferred financing costs		(13,053	)		(16,196	)
Total long-term debt	$	1,018,011		$	1,000,868

Senior Secured Notes– On June 14, 2016 (the “Issue Date”), Gogo Intermediate Holdings LLC (“GIH”) (a wholly owned subsidiary of Gogo Inc.) and Gogo Finance Co. Inc. (a wholly owned subsidiary of GIH) (the“Co-Issuer” and, together with GIH, the “Issuers”), issued $525 million aggregate principal amount of 12.500% senior secured notes due 2022 (the “Original Senior Secured Notes”) under an Indenture, dated as of June 14, 2016 (the “Original Indenture”), among the Issuers, us, as guarantor, certain subsidiaries of GIH, as guarantors (the “Subsidiary Guarantors” and, together with us, the “Guarantors”), and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (in such capacity, the “Trustee”) and as collateral agent (in such capacity, the “Collateral Agent”). On January 3, 2017, the Issuers issued $65 million aggregate principal amount of additional 12.500% senior secured notes due 2022 (the “January 2017 Additional Notes”). The January 2017 Additional Notes were issued at a price equal to 108% of their face value resulting in gross proceeds of $70.2 million. On September 20, 2017, the Issuers, the Guarantors and the Trustee entered into the first supplemental indenture (the “Supplemental Indenture” and, together with the Original Indenture, the “Indenture”) to modify certain covenants, as discussed below. On September 25, 2017, the Issuers issued $100 million aggregate principal amount of additional 12.500% senior secured notes due 2022 (the “September 2017 Additional Notes”). The September 2017 Additional Notes were issued at a price equal to 113% of their face value resulting in gross proceeds of $113.0 million. Additionally, we received approximately $2.9 million for interest that accrued from July 1, 2017 through September 24, 2017, which was paid in our January 2018 interest payment. We refer to the Original Senior Secured Notes, the January 2017 Additional Notes and the September 2017 Additional Notes collectively as the “Senior Secured Notes.”

As noted above, on September 20, 2017, the Issuers, the Guarantors and the Trustee entered into the Supplemental Indenture to (i) increase the amount of additional secured indebtedness under Credit Facilities (as defined in the Indenture) that may be incurred by the Issuer and its Restricted Subsidiaries (as defined in the Indenture) under the Indenture by $100 million (from $75 million to $175 million in aggregate principal amount), (ii) permit the Issuer and its Restricted Subsidiaries to incur additional secured indebtedness in connection with vendor financing arrangements not to exceed $50 million in aggregate principal amount at any time outstanding and (iii) permit the Issuer and its Restricted Subsidiaries to make additional dividends or distributions to Gogo in an aggregate amount of up to $15 million during any twelve-month period to pay interest on any indebtedness or preferred stock with a maturity later than July 1, 2022. The Supplemental Indenture became effective immediately upon execution, following our receipt of consents from holders of a majority of the outstanding principal amount of the Existing Notes (excluding Existing Notes held by the Issuers or any affiliates of the Issuers) to the Supplemental Indenture and amendments to the collateral agency agreement governing the Senior Secured Notes (the “Consent Solicitation”). In connection with the Consent Solicitation, GIH paid $1.4 million in fees (“Consent Fees”) to holders of Existing Notes who validly tendered (and did not revoke) their consents prior to the expiration of the Consent Solicitation.

As of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the outstanding principal amount of the Senior Secured Notes was $690.0 million and $690.0 million, respectively, the unamortized debt premium and Consent Fees were $13.4 million and $15.5 million, respectively, and the net carrying amount was $703.4 million and $705.5 million, respectively.

Interest on the Senior Secured Notes accrues at the rate of 12.500% per annum and is payable semi-annually in arrears on January 1 and July 1, interest payments commenced on January 1, 2017 (other than the January 2017 Additional Notes, for which interest payments commenced on July 1, 2017, and the September 2017 Additional Notes, for which interest payments commenced on January 1, 2018). The Senior Secured Notes mature on July 1, 2022. The January 2017 Additional Notes and September 2017 Additional Notes have the same terms as the Original Senior Secured Notes, except with respect to the issue date and issue price, and are treated as a single series for all purposes under the Indenture and the security documents that govern the Senior Secured Notes.

18

Gogo Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

We paid approximately $11.4 million, $2.0 million and $2.5 million, respectively, of aggregate origination fees and financing costs related to the issuance of the Original Senior Secured Notes, the January 2017 Additional Notes and the September 2017 Additional Notes, which have been accounted for as deferred financing costs. Additionally, as noted above, we paid approximately $1.4 million of Consent Fees, which partially offset the net carrying value of the Senior Secured Notes. The deferred financing costs on our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet are being amortized over the contractual term of the Senior Secured Notes using the effective interest method. Total amortization expense was $0.7 million and $2.0 million, respectively, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018, and $0.5 million and $1.6 million, respectively, for the prior year periods. As of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the balance of unamortized deferred financing costs related to the Senior Secured Notes was $10.7 million and $12.6 million, respectively, and is included as a reduction to long-term debt in our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet. See Note 10, “Interest Costs,” for additional information.

The Senior Secured Notes are the senior secured indebtedness of the Issuers and are:

• effectively senior to all of the Issuers’ existing and future senior unsecured indebtedness and the Issuers’ indebtedness secured on a junior priority basis by the same collateral securing the Senior Secured Notes, if any, in each case to the extent of the value of the collateral securing the Senior Secured Notes;

• effectively senior in right of payment to all of the Issuers’ future indebtedness that is subordinated in right of payment to the Senior Secured Notes;

• effectively equal in right of payment with the Issuers’ existing and future (i) unsecured indebtedness that is not subordinated in right of payment to the Senior Secured Notes and (ii) indebtedness secured on a junior priority basis by the same collateral securing the Senior Secured Notes, if any, in each case to the extent of any insufficiency in the collateral securing the Senior Secured Notes;

• structurally senior to all of our existing and future indebtedness, including our Convertible Notes (as defined below); and

• structurally subordinated to all of the indebtedness and other liabilities of anynon-Guarantors (other than the Issuers).

The Senior Secured Notes are guaranteed, on a senior secured basis, by us and all of GIH’s existing and future domestic restricted subsidiaries (other than theCo-Issuer), subject to certain exceptions. The Issuers’ obligations under the Senior Secured Notes are not guaranteed by Gogo International Holdings LLC, a subsidiary of ours that holds no material assets other than equity interests in our foreign subsidiaries. Each guarantee is a senior secured obligation of such Guarantor and is:

• effectively senior to all of such Guarantor’s existing and future senior unsecured indebtedness and such Guarantor’s indebtedness secured on a junior priority basis by the same collateral, if any, securing the guarantee of such Guarantor, in each case to the extent of the value of the collateral securing such guarantee;

• effectively senior in right of payment to all of such Guarantor’s future indebtedness that is subordinated in right of payment to such Guarantor’s guarantee;

• effectively equal in right of payment with all of such Guarantor’s existing and future (i) unsecured indebtedness that is not subordinated in right of payment to such Guarantor’s guarantee, and (ii) indebtedness secured on a junior priority basis by the same collateral, if any, securing the guarantee of such Guarantor, in each case to the extent of any insufficiency in the collateral securing such guarantee; and

• structurally subordinated to all indebtedness and other liabilities of anynon-Guarantor subsidiary of such Guarantor (excluding, in the case of our guarantee, the Issuers).

The Senior Secured Notes and the related guarantees are secured by first-priority liens, subject to permitted liens, on substantially all of the Issuers’ and the Guarantors’ assets, except for certain excluded assets, including pledged equity interests of the Issuers and all of our existing and future domestic restricted subsidiaries guaranteeing the Senior Secured Notes.

The security interests in certain collateral may be released without the consent of holders of the Senior Secured Notes, if such collateral is disposed of in a transaction that complies with the Indenture and related security agreements. In addition, under certain circumstances, we and the Guarantors have the right to transfer certain intellectual property assets that on the Issue Date constitute collateral securing the Senior Secured Notes or the guarantees to a restricted subsidiary organized under the laws of Switzerland, resulting in the release of such collateral without consent of the holders of the Senior Secured Notes.

19

Gogo Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

On or after July 1, 2019, the Issuers may, at their option, at any time or from time to time, redeem any of the Senior Secured Notes in whole or in part. The Senior Secured Notes will be redeemable at the following redemption prices (expressed in percentages of principal amount), plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but not including) the redemption date (subject to the right of holders of record on the relevant regular record date on or prior to the redemption date to receive interest due on an interest payment date), if redeemed during the twelve-month period commencing on July 1 of the following years:

	Redemption
Year	Price
2019		106.250	%
2020		103.125	%
2021 and thereafter		100.000	%

In addition, at any time prior to July 1, 2019, the Issuers may redeem up to 35% of the aggregate principal amount of the Senior Secured Notes with the proceeds of certain equity offerings at a redemption price of 112.500% of the principal amount redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but not including) the date of redemption;provided, however, that Senior Secured Notes representing at least 65% of the principal amount of the Senior Secured Notes remain outstanding immediately after each such redemption.

The Issuers may redeem the Senior Secured Notes, in whole or in part, at any time prior to July 1, 2019, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Senior Secured Notes redeemed plus the make-whole premium set forth in the Indenture as of, and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but not including) the applicable redemption date.

The Indenture contains covenants that, among other things, limit the ability of the Issuers and the Subsidiary Guarantors and, in certain circumstances, our ability, to: incur additional indebtedness; pay dividends, redeem stock or make other distributions; make investments; create restrictions on the ability of our restricted subsidiaries to pay dividends to the Issuers or make other intercompany transfers; create liens; transfer or sell assets; merge or consolidate; and enter into certain transactions with the Issuers’ affiliates, including us. Most of these covenants will cease to apply if, and for as long as, the Senior Secured Notes have investment grade ratings from both Moody’s Investment Services, Inc. and Standard & Poor’s.

If we or the Issuers undergo specific types of change of control prior to July 1, 2022, GIH is required to make an offer to repurchase for cash all of the Senior Secured Notes at a repurchase price equal to 101% of the principal amount thereof, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but not including) the payment date.

The Indenture provides for events of default, which, if any of them occur, would permit or require the principal, premium, if any, and interest on all of the then outstanding Senior Secured Notes issued under the Indenture to be due and payable immediately. As of September 30, 2018, no event of default had occurred.

Convertible Notes– On March 3, 2015, we issued $340.0 million aggregate principal amount of 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes due 2020 (the “Convertible Notes”) in a private offering to qualified institutional buyers, pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act. We granted an option to the initial purchasers to purchase up to an additional $60.0 million aggregate principal amount of Convertible Notes to cover over-allotments, of which $21.9 million was subsequently exercised during March 2015, resulting in a total issuance of $361.9 million aggregate principal amount of Convertible Notes. The Convertible Notes mature on March 1, 2020, unless earlier repurchased or converted into shares of our common stock under certain circumstances described below. Upon maturity, we have the option to settle our obligation through cash, shares of common stock, or a combination of cash and shares of common stock. We pay interest on the Convertible Notes semi-annually in arrears on March 1 and September 1 of each year. Interest payments began on September 1, 2015.

The $361.9 million of proceeds received from the issuance of the Convertible Notes was initially allocated between long-term debt (the liability component) at $261.9 million and additionalpaid-in-capital (the equity component) at $100.0 million, within the consolidated balance sheet. The fair value of the liability component was measured using rates determined for similar debt instruments without a conversion feature. The carrying amount of the equity component, representing the conversion option, was determined by deducting the fair value of the liability component from the aggregate face value of the Convertible Notes. If we or the note holders elect not to settle the debt through conversion, we must settle the Convertible Notes at face value. Therefore, the liability component will be accreted up to the face value of the Convertible Notes, which will result in additionalnon-cash interest expense

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

being recognized in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations through the Convertible Notes maturity date (see Note 10, “Interest Costs” for additional information). The effective interest rate on the Convertible Notes, including accretion of the notes to par and debt issuance cost amortization, was approximately 11.5%. The equity component will not be remeasured as long as it continues to meet the conditions for equity classification.

As of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the outstanding principal on the Convertible Notes was $361.9 million, the unamortized debt discount was $34.3 million and $50.4 million, respectively, and the net carrying amount of the liability component was $327.7 million and $311.5 million, respectively.

We incurred approximately $10.4 million of issuance costs related to the issuance of the Convertible Notes of which $7.5 million and $2.9 million were recorded as deferred financing costs and additionalpaid-in capital, respectively, in proportion to the allocation of the proceeds of the Convertible Notes. The $7.5 million recorded as deferred financing costs on our consolidated balance sheet is being amortized over the term of the Convertible Notes using the effective interest method. Total amortization expense of the deferred financing costs was $0.4 million and $1.2 million, respectively, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018, and $0.4 million and $1.1 million, respectively, for the prior year periods. Amortization expense is included in interest expense in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. As of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the balance of unamortized deferred financing costs related to the Convertible Notes was $2.4 million and $3.6 million, respectively, and is included as a reduction to long-term debt in our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. See Note 10, “Interest Costs” for additional information.

The Convertible Notes had an initial conversion rate of 41.9274 common shares per $1,000 principal amount of Convertible Notes, which is equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $23.85 per share of our common stock. Upon conversion, we currently expect to deliver cash up to the principal amount of the Convertible Notes then outstanding. With respect to any conversion value in excess of the principal amount, we currently expect to deliver shares of our common stock. We may elect to deliver cash in lieu of all or a portion of such shares. The shares of common stock subject to conversion are excluded from diluted earnings per share calculations under theif-converted method as their impact is anti-dilutive.

Holders may convert the Convertible Notes, at their option, in multiples of $1,000 principal amount at any time prior to December 1, 2019, but only in the following circumstances:

• during any fiscal quarter beginning after the fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2015, if the last reported sale price of our common stock for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during the last 30 consecutive trading days of the immediately preceding fiscal quarter is greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price of the Convertible Notes on each applicable trading day;

• during the five business day period following any five consecutive trading day period in which the trading price for the Convertible Notes is less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of our common stock and the conversion rate for the Convertible Notes on each such trading day; or

• upon the occurrence of specified corporate events.

None of the above events allowing for conversion prior to December 1, 2019 occurred during the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018 or the year ended December 31, 2017. Regardless of whether any of the foregoing circumstances occurs, a holder may convert its Convertible Notes, in multiples of $1,000 principal amount, at any time on or after December 1, 2019 until maturity.

In addition, if we undergo a fundamental change (as defined in the indenture governing the Convertible Notes), holders may, subject to certain conditions, require us to repurchase their Convertible Notes for cash at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Convertible Notes to be purchased, plus any accrued and unpaid interest. In addition, if specific corporate events occur prior to the maturity date, we will increase the conversion rate for a holder who elects to convert its Convertible Notes in connection with such a corporate event in certain circumstances.

In connection with the issuance of the Convertible Notes, we paid approximately $140 million to enter into prepaid forward stock repurchase transactions (the “Forward Transactions”) with certain financial institutions (the “Forward Counterparties”), pursuant to which we purchased approximately 7.2 million shares of common stock for settlement on or around the March 1, 2020 maturity date for the Convertible Notes, subject to the ability of each Forward Counterparty to elect to settle all or a portion of its Forward Transactions early. As a result of the Forward Transactions, total shareholders’ equity within our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet was reduced by approximately $140 million. Approximately 7.2 million shares of common stock that will be effectively repurchased through the Forward Transactions are treated as retired shares for basic and diluted EPS purposes although they remain legally outstanding.

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

Restricted Cash - Our restricted cash balances were $6.9 million and $7.4 million, respectively, as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 and primarily consist of letters of credit. Certain of the letters of credit require us to maintain restricted cash accounts in a similar amount, and are issued for the benefit of the landlords at our current office locations in Chicago, IL, Bensenville, IL and Broomfield, CO.

10. Interest Costs

We capitalize a portion of our interest on funds borrowed during the active construction period of major capital projects. Capitalized interest is added to the cost of the underlying assets and amortized over the useful lives of the assets.

The following is a summary of our interest costs for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017(in thousands):

	For the Three Months Ended September 30,						For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Interest costs charged to expense	$	24,887		$	21,936		$	74,795		$	65,164
Amortization of deferred financing costs		1,060			919			3,143			2,718
Accretion of debt discount on Convertible Notes		5,517			4,945			16,109			14,438
Amortization of debt premium on Senior Secured Notes		(721	)		(215	)		(2,109	)		(566	)
Interest expense		30,743			27,585			91,938			81,754
Interest costs capitalized to property and equipment		7			9			22			15
Interest costs capitalized to software		101			193			208			804
Total interest costs	$	30,851		$	27,787		$	92,168		$	82,573

11. Leases

Arrangements with Commercial Airlines— Pursuant to contractual agreements with our airline partners, we place our equipment on commercial aircraft operated by the airlines for the purpose of delivering our service to passengers on the aircraft. There are currently two types of commercial airline arrangements: turnkey and airline-directed. See Note 3, “Revenue Recognition,” for additional information on airline-directed arrangements.

Under the turnkey model, we account for equipment transactions as operating leases of space for our equipment on the aircraft. We may be responsible for the costs of installing and/or deinstalling the equipment. Under the turnkey model, the equipment transactions involve the transfer of legal title but do not meet sales recognition for accounting purposes because the risks and rewards of ownership are not fully transferred due to our continuing involvement with the equipment, the length of the term of our agreements with the airlines, and restrictions in the agreements regarding the airlines’ use of the equipment. Under the turnkey model, we refer to the airline as a “partner.”

Under the turnkey model, the assets are recorded as airborne equipment on our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets, as noted in Note 6, “Composition of Certain Balance Sheet Accounts.” Any upfront equipment payments are accounted for as lease incentives and recorded as deferred airborne lease incentives on our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets and are recognized as a reduction of the cost of service revenue on a straight-line basis over the term of the agreement with the airline. We recognized $8.1 million and $23.2 million, respectively, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018 and $10.1 million and $28.1 million, respectively, for the prior year periods as a reduction to our cost of service revenue in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. As of September 30, 2018, deferred airborne lease incentives of $25.9 million and $129.9 million, respectively, are included in current andnon-current liabilities in our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet. As of December 31, 2017, deferred airborne lease incentives of $42.1 million and $142.9 million, respectively, are included in current andnon-current liabilities in our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet. The decrease in our deferred airborne lease incentives and the amortization of the deferred airborne lease incentives relate to the accounting impact of the transition of one of our airline agreements to the airline-directed model. See Note 1, “Basis of Presentation,” for additional information.

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

Under the turnkey model, the revenue share paid to our airline partners represents operating lease payments. They are deemed to be contingent rental payments, as the payments due to each airline are based on a percentage of ourCA-NA andCA-ROW service revenue generated from that airline’s passengers, which is unknown until realized. Therefore, we cannot estimate the lease payments due to an airline at the commencement of our contract with such airline. This rental expense is included in cost of service revenue and is partially offset by the amortization of the deferred airborne lease incentives discussed above. Such rental expenses totaled a net charge of $5.5 million and $18.6 million, respectively, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018 and $7.7 million and $26.9 million, respectively, for the prior year periods. The decrease in rental expense was due to the transition of one of our airline agreements to the airline-directed model. See Note 1, “Basis of Presentation,” for additional information.

Leases and Cell Site Contracts— We have lease agreements relating to certain facilities and equipment, which are considered operating leases. Rent expense for such operating leases was $3.3 million and $9.4 million, respectively, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018 and $3.0 million and $9.0 million, respectively, for the prior year periods. Additionally, we have operating leases for tower space and base stations (“cell site leases”), some of which provide for minimum annual payments. Our cell site leases generally provide for an initial noncancelable term with various renewal options. Total cell site rental expense was $2.6 million and $7.9 million, respectively, during the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018 and $2.3 million and $7.0 million, respectively, for the prior year periods.

Annual future minimum obligations for operating leases for each of the next five years and thereafter, other than the arrangements we have with our commercial airline partners, as of September 30, 2018, are as follows (in thousands):

Years ending December 31,	Operating Leases
2018 (period from October 1 to December 31)	$	5,760
2019	$	21,641
2020	$	19,680
2021	$	19,567
2022	$	18,272
Thereafter	$	92,599

Equipment Leases – We lease certain computer and network equipment under capital leases, for which interest has been imputed with annual interest rates in an approximate range of 8% to 14%. As of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 the computer equipment leases were classified as part of office equipment, furniture, and fixtures and other in our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet at a gross cost of $5.3 million and $5.0 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the network equipment leases were classified as part of network equipment in our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet at a gross cost of $7.5 million and $7.5 million, respectively.

Annual future minimum obligations under capital leases for each of the next five years and thereafter, as of September 30, 2018, are as follows (in thousands):

Years ending December 31,	Capital Leases
2018 (period from October 1 to December 31)	$	385
2019		1,053
2020		222
Thereafter		—
Total minimum lease payments		1,660
Less: Amount representing interest		(93	)
Present value of net minimum lease payments	$	1,567

23

Gogo Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

The $1.6 million present value of net minimum lease payments as of September 30, 2018 has a current portion of $1.2 million included in the current portion of long-term debt and capital leases and anon-current portion of $0.4 million included in othernon-current liabilities.

12. Commitments and Contingencies

Contractual Commitments - We have agreements with vendors to provide us with transponder and teleport satellite services. These agreements vary in length and amount and as of September 30, 2018 commit us to purchase transponder and teleport satellite services totaling approximately $21.5 million in 2018 (October 1 through December 31), $85.7 million in 2019, $82.7 million in 2020, $70.2 million in 2021, $62.8 million in 2022 and $216.5 million thereafter.

We have agreements with various vendors under which we have remaining commitments to purchase satellite-based systems, certifications and development services. Such commitments will become payable as we receive the equipment or certifications, or as development services are provided.

A contract with one of our airline customers required us to provide the airline customer with a cash rebate of $1.8 million in June 2018, which has not yet been paid.

Damages and Penalties—We have entered into a number of agreements with our airline partners that require us to provide a credit or pay penalties or liquidated damages to our airline partners if we are unable to install our equipment on aircraft by specified timelines or fail to comply with service level commitments. The maximum amount of future credits or payments we could be required to make under these agreements is uncertain because the amount of future credits or payments is based on certain variable inputs.

Indemnifications and Guarantees - In accordance with Delaware law, we indemnify our officers and directors for certain events or occurrences while the officer or director is, or was, serving at our request in such capacity. The maximum potential amount of future payments we could be required to make under this indemnification is uncertain and may be unlimited, depending upon circumstances. However, our Directors’ and Officers’ insurance does provide coverage for certain of these losses.

In the ordinary course of business we may occasionally enter into agreements pursuant to which we may be obligated to pay for the failure of performance of others, such as the use of corporate credit cards issued to employees. Based on historical experience, we believe that the risk of sustaining any material loss related to such guarantees is remote.

We have entered into a number of agreements, including our agreements with commercial airlines, pursuant to which we indemnify the other party for losses and expenses suffered or incurred in connection with any patent, copyright, or trademark infringement or misappropriation claim asserted by a third party with respect to our equipment or services. The maximum potential amount of future payments we could be required to make under these indemnification agreements is uncertain and is typically not limited by the terms of the agreements.

Linksmart Litigation—On April 20, 2018, Linksmart Wireless Technology, LLC filed suit against us and eight of our airline partners in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California alleging that our redirection server and login portal infringe a patent owned by the plaintiff. We are required under our contracts with these airlines to indemnify them for defense costs and any liabilities resulting from the suit. Given the very early stage of this litigation, we are unable to assess the merits of the claim, and the outcome of this matter is inherently uncertain.

Securities Litigation—On June 27, 2018, a purported stockholder of the Company filed a putative class action lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division styled Pierrelouis v. Gogo Inc., naming the Company, its former Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer and its current Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, and President, Commercial Aviation as defendants purportedly on behalf of all purchasers of our securities from February 27, 2017 through May 7, 2018. The complaint asserts claims under Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Rule10b-5 promulgated thereunder, alleging misrepresentations or omissions by us purporting to relate to our 2Ku antenna’s reliability and installation and remediation costs. The plaintiffs seek to recover from us and the individual defendants an unspecified amount of damages. We believe that the claims are without merit and intend to defend them vigorously. In accordance with Delaware law, we will indemnify the individual named defendants for their defense costs and any damages they incur in connection with the suit. We have filed a claim with the issuer of our Directors’ and Officers’ insurance policy with respect to this suit. No amounts have been accrued for any potential losses under this matter, as we cannot reasonably predict the outcome of the litigation or any potential losses.

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

Derivative Litigation - On September 25, 2018 and September 26, 2018, two purported stockholders of the Company filed substantively identical derivative lawsuits in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division, styled Nanduri v. Gogo Inc. and Hutsenpiller v. Gogo Inc. Both lawsuits were purportedly brought derivatively on behalf of us and name us as a nominal defendant and name as Defendants each member of the Company’s Board of Directors, its former Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer and its current Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, and President, Commercial Aviation. The complaints assert claims under Section 14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, breach of fiduciary duty, unjust enrichment, and waste of corporate assets, and allege misrepresentations or omissions by us purporting to relate to our 2Ku antenna’s reliability and installation and remediation costs, as well as allegedly excessive bonuses, stock options, and other compensation paid to current Officers and Directors and excessive severance paid to former Officers. We believe that the claims are without merit and intend to defend them vigorously. The plaintiffs seek to recover, on our behalf, an unspecified amount of damages from the individual defendants. We have filed a claim with the issuer of our Directors’ and Officers’ insurance policy with respect to these suits. No amounts have been accrued for any potential costs under this matter, as we cannot reasonably predict the outcome of the litigation or any potential costs.

13. Fair Value of Financial Assets and Liabilities

A three-tier fair value hierarchy has been established which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value. These tiers include:

• Level 1 - defined as observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets;

• Level 2 - defined as observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities; and

• Level 3 - defined as unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists, therefore requiring an entity to develop its own assumptions.

Long-Term Debt:

Our financial assets and liabilities that are disclosed but not measured at fair value include the Senior Secured Notes and the Convertible Notes, which are reflected on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet at cost. The fair value measurements are classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy since they are based on quoted market prices of our instruments in markets that are not active. We estimated the fair value of the Senior Secured Notes and Convertible Notes by calculating the upfront cash payment a market participant would require to assume these obligations. The upfront cash payment used in the calculations of fair value on our September 30, 2018 unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet, excluding any issuance costs, is the amount that a market participant would be willing to lend at September 30, 2018 to an entity with a credit rating similar to ours and achieve sufficient cash inflows to cover the scheduled cash outflows under the Senior Secured Notes and the Convertible Notes. The calculated fair value of our Convertible Notes is correlated to our stock price and as a result significant changes to our stock price could have a significant impact on the calculated fair value of our Convertible Notes.

The fair value and carrying value of long-term debt as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 were as follows(in thousands):

	September 30, 2018					December 31, 2017
	Fair Value (1)		Carrying Value			Fair Value (1)		Carrying Value
Senior Secured Notes	$	758,000	$	703,411	(2)	$	782,000	$	705,520	(2)
Convertible Notes		342,000		327,653	(3)		330,000		311,544	(3)

(1) Fair value amounts are rounded to the nearest million.

(2) Carrying value of the Senior Secured Notes includes unamortized debt premium and Consent Fees of $13.4 million and $15.5 million, respectively, as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. See Note 9, “Long-Term Debt and Other Liabilities,” for further information.

(3) Carrying value of the Convertible Notes excludes unamortized debt discount of $34.3 million and $50.4 million, respectively, as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. See Note 9, “Long-Term Debt and Other Liabilities,” for further information.

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Gogo Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

We haveheld-to-maturity financial instruments where carrying value approximates fair value. There were no fair value adjustments to these financial instruments during the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017.

14. Income Tax

The effective income tax rates for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018 were (0.5%) and 3.3%, respectively, as compared with (0.8%) and (0.7%), respectively, for the prior year periods. An income tax benefit was recorded for the nine month period ended September 30, 2018 resulting from a reduction in our valuation allowance of approximately $4.0 million due to the application of provisions of H.R. 1, commonly known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, to our evaluation of our deferred tax assets. For the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2017, our income tax expense was not significant primarily due to the recording of a valuation allowance against our net deferred tax assets.

We are subject to income taxation in the United States, various states within the United States, Canada, Switzerland, Japan, Mexico, Brazil, Singapore, the United Kingdom, Hong Kong, Australia, China, India, France, Germany and the Netherlands. With few exceptions, as of September 30, 2018, we are no longer subject to U.S. federal, state, local or foreign examinations by tax authorities for years before 2014.

We record penalties and interest relating to uncertain tax positions in the income tax provision line item in the unaudited condensed consolidated statement of operations. No penalties or interest related to uncertain tax positions were recorded for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017. As of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, we did not have a liability recorded for interest or potential penalties.

We do not expect a change in the unrecognized tax benefits within the next 12 months.

15. Business Segments and Major Customers

We operate our business through three operating segments: Commercial Aviation North America, or“CA-NA,” Commercial Aviation Rest of World, or“CA-ROW,” and Business Aviation, or “BA.” See Note 1, “Basis of Presentation,” for further information regarding our segments.

The accounting policies of the operating segments are the same as those described in Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” in our 201710-K. Intercompany transactions between segments are excluded as they are not included in management’s performance review of the segments. For the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, our foreign revenue accounted for less than 15% of our consolidated revenue. We do not segregate assets between segments for internal reporting. Therefore, asset-related information has not been presented. Additionally, assets outside of the United States totaled less than 15% and 10% of our unaudited condensed consolidated assets as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. For our airborne assets, we consider only those assets installed in aircraft associated with international commercial airline partners to be owned outside of the United States.

Management evaluates performance and allocates resources to each segment based on segment profit (loss), which is calculated internally as net income (loss) attributable to common stock before interest expense, interest income, income taxes, depreciation and amortization, certainnon-cash items (including amortization of deferred airborne lease incentives, stock-based compensation expense, amortization of STC costs and the accounting impact of the transition to the airline-directed model) and other income (expense). Segment profit (loss) is a measure of performance reported to the chief operating decision maker for purposes of making decisions about allocating resources to the segments and evaluating segment performance. In addition, segment profit (loss) is included herein in conformity with ASC280-10,Segment Reporting. Management believes that segment profit (loss) provides useful information for analyzing and evaluating the underlying operating results of each segment. However, segment profit (loss) should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for net income (loss) attributable to common stock or other measures of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. Additionally, our computation of segment profit (loss) may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures computed by other companies.

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Gogo Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

Information regarding our reportable segments is as follows (in thousands):

	For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
	CA-NA		CA-ROW			BA		Total
Service revenue	$	93,443	$	17,646		$	49,287	$	160,376
Equipment revenue		15,027		17,551			24,303		56,881
Total revenue	$	108,470	$	35,197		$	73,590	$	217,257
Segment profit (loss)	$	8,699	$	(22,747	)	$	35,178	$	21,130
	For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
	CA-NA		CA-ROW			BA		Total
Service revenue	$	94,436	$	15,687		$	43,224	$	153,347
Equipment revenue		1,291		953			17,283		19,527
Total revenue	$	95,727	$	16,640		$	60,507	$	172,874
Segment profit (loss)	$	15,966	$	(24,110	)	$	21,329	$	13,185
	For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
	CA-NA		CA-ROW			BA		Total
Service revenue	$	277,972	$	47,076		$	145,062	$	470,110
Equipment revenue(1)		93,969		40,935			71,526		206,430
Total revenue	$	371,941	$	88,011		$	216,588	$	676,540
Segment profit (loss)	$	17,396	$	(69,826	)	$	104,180	$	51,750
	For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
	CA-NA		CA-ROW			BA		Total
Service revenue	$	290,260	$	38,243		$	125,415	$	453,918
Equipment revenue		5,234		2,756			49,172		57,162
Total revenue	$	295,494	$	40,999		$	174,587	$	511,080
Segment profit (loss)	$	43,316	$	(82,068	)	$	72,646	$	33,894

(1) CA-NA equipment revenue for the nine month period ended September 30, 2018 includes the accounting impact of the transition of one of our airline partners to the airline-directed model. See Note 1, “Basis of Presentation” for additional information.

A reconciliation of segment profit (loss) to the relevant consolidated amounts is as follows (in thousands):

	For the Three Months Ended September 30,						For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
CA-NA segment profit	$	8,699		$	15,966		$	17,396		$	43,316
CA-ROW segment loss		(22,747	)		(24,110	)		(69,826	)		(82,068	)
BA segment profit		35,178			21,329			104,180			72,646
Total segment profit		21,130			13,185			51,750			33,894
Interest income		903			683			3,307			1,999
Interest expense		(30,743	)		(27,585	)		(91,938	)		(81,754	)
Depreciation and amortization		(32,590	)		(35,824	)		(100,447	)		(96,821	)

27

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

Transition to airline-directed model		—			—			21,551			—
Amortization of deferred airborne lease incentives(1)		8,074			10,121			23,166			28,099
Amortization of STC costs		(292	)		—			(719	)		—
Stock-based compensation expense		(3,932	)		(5,283	)		(12,531	)		(15,007	)
Other income (expense)		(72	)		(228	)		59			(322	)
Loss before income taxes	$	(37,522	)	$	(44,931	)	$	(105,802	)	$	(129,912	)

(1) Amortization of deferred airborne lease incentive relates to ourCA-NA andCA-ROW segments. See Note 11, “Leases,” for further information.

Major Customers and Airline Partnerships— Under the turnkey model, we refer to the airline as a “partner”, and under the airline-directed model, we refer to the airline as a “customer.”

During the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018, American Airlines accounted for approximately 18% and 25% of consolidated revenue, respectively, while no other customer accounted for more than 10% of consolidated revenue during the prior year periods. Revenue earned from American Airlines for the nine month period ended September 30, 2018 included $45.4 million of equipment revenue recognized due to the airline’s transition to the airline-directed model in January 2018. See Note 1, “Basis of Presentation,” for additional information. Revenue earned from passengers on aircraft operated by American Airlines, which was under the turnkey model during the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2017, accounted for approximately 21% and 22% of consolidated revenue, respectively.

Revenue earned from passengers on aircraft operated by Delta Air Lines, which is under the turnkey model, accounted for approximately 25% and 23% of consolidated revenue, respectively, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018 and 26% during both prior year periods.

American Airlines and one other customer each accounted for more than 10% of consolidated accounts receivable as of September 30, 2018, and approximately 21% on a combined basis. One customer accounted for approximately 15% of consolidated accounts receivable as of December 31, 2017. Delta Air Lines, one of our airline partners, accounted for approximately 11% and 21%, respectively, of consolidated accounts receivable as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

16. Employee Retirement and Postretirement Benefits

Stock-Based Compensation —As of September 30, 2018, we had three stock-based employee compensation plans (“Stock Plans”). See Note 11, “Stock-Based Compensation,” in our 201710-K for further information regarding these plans. Most of our equity grants are awarded on an annual basis.

For the nine month period ended September 30, 2018, options to purchase 2,450,330 shares of common stock (of which 660,242 are options that contain a market condition, in addition to the time-based vesting requirements) were granted, options to purchase 2,500 shares of common stock were exercised, options to purchase 776,246 (of which 333,451 options contain a market condition) shares of common stock were forfeited, and options to purchase 1,078,948 shares of common stock expired.

For the nine month period ended September 30, 2018, 2,530,236 Restricted Stock Units (“RSUs”) (of which 216,183 are RSUs that contain a market condition, in addition to the time-based vesting requirements) were granted, 463,803 RSUs vested and 450,053 RSUs (of which 108,701 contained a market condition) were forfeited.

For the nine month period ended September 30, 2018, 93,266 restricted shares vested. These shares are deemed issued as of the date of grant, but not outstanding until they vest.

For the nine month period ended September 30, 2018, 104,511 Deferred Stock Units were granted and vested.

For the nine month period ended September 30, 2018, 231,761 shares of common stock were issued under the employee stock purchase plan.

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Gogo Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued)

The following is a summary of our stock-based compensation expense by operating expense line in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations(in thousands):

	For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018		2017		2018		2017
Cost of service revenue	$	303	$	542	$	1,184	$	1,332
Cost of equipment revenue		33		49		146		136
Engineering, design and development		812		897		2,505		2,801
Sales and marketing		901		1,305		3,209		3,473
General and administrative		1,883		2,490		5,487		7,265
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	3,932	$	5,283	$	12,531	$	15,007

401(k) Plan — Under our 401(k) plan, all employees who are eligible to participate are entitled to maketax-deferred contributions, subject to Internal Revenue Service limitations. We match 100% of the employee’s first 4% of contributions made, subject to annual limitations. Our matching contributions were $1.2 million and $3.8 million, respectively, during the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018, and $1.2 million and $4.0 million, respectively, for the prior year periods.

17. Research and Development Costs

Expenditures for research and development are charged to expense as incurred and totaled $19.2 million and $56.3 million, respectively, during the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018, and $18.6 million and $57.9 million, respectively, for the prior year periods. Research and development costs are reported as a component of engineering, design and development expenses in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations.

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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain statements in this report may constitute “forward-looking” statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements include, without limitation, statements regarding our business outlook, industry, business strategy, plans, goals and expectations concerning our market position, international expansion, future technologies, future operations, margins, profitability, future efficiencies, capital expenditures, liquidity and capital resources and other financial and operating information. When used in this discussion, the words “anticipate,” “assume,” “believe,” “budget,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “should,” “will,” “future” and the negative of these or similar terms and phrases are intended to identify forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form10-Q.

Forward-looking statements reflect our current expectations regarding future events, results or outcomes. These expectations may or may not be realized. Although we believe the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we can give you no assurance these expectations will prove to have been correct. Some of these expectations may be based upon assumptions, data or judgments that prove to be incorrect. Actual events, results and outcomes may differ materially from our expectations due to a variety of known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors. Although it is not possible to identify all of these risks and factors, they include, among others, the following:

• the loss of, or failure to realize benefits from, agreements with our airline partners or customers or any failure to renew any existing agreements upon expiration or termination;

• the failure to maintain airline and passenger satisfaction with our equipment or our service;

• any inability to timely and efficiently deploy our 2Ku service or develop and deploy the technology to which our ATG network evolves or other components of our technology roadmap for any reason, including technological issues and related remediation efforts, changes in regulations or regulatory delays or failures affecting us or our suppliers, some of whom are single source, or the failure by our airline partners or customers to roll out equipment upgrades or new services or adopt new technologies in order to support increased network capacity demands;

• the timing of deinstallation of our equipment from aircraft, including deinstallations resulting from aircraft retirements and other deinstallations permitted by certain airline contract provisions;

• the loss of relationships with original equipment manufacturers or dealers;

• our ability to make our equipment factory linefit available on a timely basis;

• our ability to develop or purchase ATG and satellite network capacity sufficient to accommodate current and expected growth in passenger demand in North America and internationally as we expand;

• our reliance on third-party suppliers, some of whom are single source, for satellite capacity and other services and the equipment we use to provide services to commercial airlines and their passengers and business aviation customers;

• unfavorable economic conditions in the airline industry and/or the economy as a whole;

• our ability to expand our international or domestic operations, including our ability to grow our business with current and potential future airline partners and customers and the effect of shifts in business models;

• an inability to compete effectively with other current or future providers ofin-flight connectivity services and other products and services that we offer, including on the basis of price, service performance andline-fit availability;

• our ability to successfully develop and monetize new products and services such as Gogo Vision and Gogo TV, including those that were recently released, are currently being offered on a limited or trial basis, or are in various stages of development;

• our ability to certify and install our equipment and deliver our products and services, including newly developed products and services, on schedules consistent with our contractual commitments to customers;

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• the failure of our equipment or material defects or errors in our software resulting in recalls or substantial warranty claims;

• a revocation of, or reduction in, our right to use licensed spectrum, the availability of otherair-to-ground spectrum to a competitor or the repurposing by a competitor of other spectrum forair-to-ground use;

• our use of open source software and licenses;

• the effects of service interruptions or delays, technology failures and equipment failures or malfunctions arising from defects or errors in our software or defects in or damage to our equipment;

• the limited operating history of ourCA-ROW segment;

• contract changes and implementation issues resulting from decisions by airlines to transition from the turnkey model to the airline-directed model;

• increases in our projected capital expenditures due to, among other things, unexpected costs incurred in connection with theroll-out of our technology roadmap or our international expansion;

• compliance with U.S. and foreign government regulations and standards, including those related to regulation of the Internet, includinge-commerce or online video distribution changes, and the installation and operation of satellite equipment and our ability to obtain and maintain all necessary regulatory approvals to install and operate our equipment in the United States and foreign jurisdictions;

• our, or our technology suppliers’, inability to effectively innovate;

• changes as a result of U.S. federal tax reform;

• costs associated with defending pending or future intellectual property infringement, securities and derivative litigation and other litigation or claims and any negative outcome or effect of pending or future litigation;

• our ability to protect our intellectual property;

• breaches of the security of our information technology network, resulting in unauthorized access to our customers’ credit card information or other personal information;

• our substantial indebtedness;

• limitations and restrictions in the agreements governing our indebtedness and our ability to service our indebtedness;

• our ability to obtain additional financing for operations, or financing intended to refinance our existing indebtedness, on acceptable terms or at all;

• fluctuations in our operating results;

• our ability to attract and retain customers and to capitalize on revenue from our platform;

• the demand for and market acceptance of our products and services;

• changes or developments in the regulations that apply to us, our business and our industry, including changes or developments affecting the ability of passengers or airlines to use ourin-flight connectivity services, including the recent U.S. and U.K. bans on the use of certain personal devices such as laptops and tablets on certain aircraft flying certain routes;

• a future act or threat of terrorism, cyber-security attack or other events that could result in adverse regulatory changes or developments as referenced above, or otherwise adversely affect our business and industry;

• our ability to attract and retain qualified employees, including key personnel;

• the effectiveness of our marketing and advertising and our ability to maintain and enhance our brands;

• our ability to manage our growth in a cost-effective manner and integrate and manage acquisitions;

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• compliance with anti-corruption laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which we operate, including the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the (U.K.) Bribery Act 2010;

• restrictions on the ability of U.S. companies to do business in foreign countries, including, among others, restrictions imposed by the U.S. Office of Foreign Assets Control;

• difficulties in collecting accounts receivable;

• our ability to successfully implement our new enterprise resource planning system, our new integrated business plan and other improvements to systems, operations, strategy and procedures needed to support our growth; and

• other risks and factors listed under “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, as filed with the Securities Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on February 22, 2017 (the “201710-K”), and in Item 1A of our Quarterly Reports on Form10-Q for the quarters ended March 31, 2018 and June 30, 2018, as filed with the SEC on May 4, 2018 and August 8, 2018, respectively.

Any one of these factors or a combination of these factors could materially affect our financial condition or future results of operations and could influence whether any forward-looking statements contained in this report ultimately prove to be accurate. Our forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance, and you should not place undue reliance on them. All forward-looking statements speak only as of the date made and we undertake no obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

In addition, while we do, from time to time, communicate with securities analysts, it is against our policy to disclose to them any materialnon-public information or other confidential information. Accordingly, stockholders should not assume that we agree with any statement or report issued by any analyst irrespective of the content of the statement or report. Thus, to the extent that reports issued by securities analysts contain any projections, forecasts, or opinions, such reports are not our responsibility.

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis is intended to help the reader understand our business, financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and capital resources. You should read this discussion in conjunction with our unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements and the related notes contained elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form10-Q. Unless the context otherwise indicates or requires, the terms “we,” “our,” “us,” “Gogo,” and the “Company,” as used in this report, refer to Gogo Inc. and its directly and indirectly owned subsidiaries as a combined entity, except where otherwise stated or where it is clear that the terms refer only to Gogo Inc. exclusive of its subsidiaries.

The statements in this discussion regarding industry outlook, our expectations regarding our future performance, liquidity and capital resources and othernon-historical statements in this discussion are forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, the risks and uncertainties described under “Risk Factors” in the 201710-K and Item 1A in our Quarterly Reports on Forms10-Q for the quarters ended March 31, 2018, June 30, 2018, and in “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” in this report. Our actual results may differ materially from those contained in or implied by any forward-looking statements.

Our fiscal year ends December 31 and, unless otherwise noted, references to “years” or “fiscal” are for fiscal years ended December 31. See “— Results of Operations.”

Company Overview

Gogo (“we”, “us”, “our”) is the global leader in providing broadband connectivity solutions and wirelessin-flight entertainment to the aviation industry. We operate through the following three segments: Commercial Aviation North America, or“CA-NA,” Commercial Aviation Rest of World, or“CA-ROW,” and Business Aviation, or “BA.”

Services provided by ourCA-NA andCA-ROW businesses include Passenger Connectivity, which allows passengers to connect to the Internet from their personalWi-Fi-enabled devices; Passenger Entertainment, which offers passengers the opportunity to enjoy a broad selection ofin-flight entertainment options on their personalWi-Fi enabled devices; and Connected Aircraft Services (“CAS”), which offers airlines connectivity for various operations and currently include, among others, real-time credit card transaction processing, electronic flight bags and real-time weather information. Services are provided byCA-NA on commercial aircraft flying routes that generally begin and end within North America, which for this purpose includes the United States, Canada and Mexico.CA-ROW provides service on commercial aircraft operated by foreign-based commercial airlines and flights outside of North America for North American based commercial airlines. The routes included in ourCA-ROW segment are those that begin and/or end outside of North America (as defined above) on which our international service is provided. BA providesin-flight Internet connectivity and other voice and data communications products and services and sells equipment forin-flight telecommunications to the business aviation market. BA services include Gogo Biz, ourin-flight broadband service, Passenger Entertainment, ourin-flight entertainment service, and satellite-based voice and data services through our strategic alliances with satellite companies.

Factors and Trends Affecting Our Results of Operations

We believe that our operating and business performance is driven by various factors that affect the commercial airline and business aviation industries, including trends affecting the travel industry and trends affecting the customer bases that we target, as well as factors that affect wireless Internet service providers and general macroeconomic factors. Key factors that may affect our future performance include:

• costs associated with the implementation of, and our ability to implement on a timely basis our technology roadmap, upgrades and installation of ourATG-4 and 2Ku technologies, the technology to which our ATG network evolves and other new technologies (including technological issues and related remediation efforts and failures or delays on the part of antenna and other equipment developers and providers, some of which are single source, or delays in obtaining STCs), theroll-out of our satellite services, the potential licensing or use of additional spectrum, and the implementation of improvements to our network and operations as technology changes and we experience increased network capacity constraints;

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• costs associated with, and our ability to execute, our international expansion, including modifications of our network to accommodate satellite technology, development and implementation of new satellite-based technologies, the availability of satellite capacity, costs of satellite capacity to which we may have to commit well in advance, and our ability to obtain and comply with foreign telecommunications, aviation and other licenses and approvals necessary for our international operations;

• costs associated with managing a rapidly growing company;

• costs associated with, and our ability to obtain, sufficient capacity for heavily-trafficked areas in the United States and internationally, the costs of which we may have to commit to well in advance;

• the pace and extent of adoption of our service for use on domestic and international commercial aircraft by our current and new airline partners and customers;

• the number of aircraft in service in our markets, including consolidation of the airline industry or changes in fleet size by one or more of our commercial airline partners or BA fractional ownership customers;

• the economic environment and other trends that affect both business and leisure aviation travel;

• the extent of passengers’ and aviation partners’ adoption of our products and services, which is affected by, among other things, willingness to pay for the services that we provide, the quality and reliability of our products and services, changes in technology and competition from current competitors and new market entrants;

• our ability to enter into and maintain long-term connectivity arrangements with airline partners and customers, which depends on numerous factors including the real or perceived availability, quality and price of our services and product offerings as compared to those offered by our competitors;

• the impact of a change in business models and contract terms on the profitability of our connectivity agreements with airline partners, including as a result of changes in accounting standards;

• our ability to engage suppliers of equipment components and network services on a timely basis and on commercially reasonable terms;

• costs and possible delays that we could incur if our supplier, ZTE, fails to comply with the settlement agreement between ZTE and the U.S. government or if continued security or other concerns result in a prohibition of or limitations on our doing business with ZTE;

• costs relating to the implementation of our ongoing integrated business planning process, including restructuring charges;

• continued demand for connectivity and proliferation ofWi-Fi enabled devices, including smartphones, tablets and laptops;

• changes in domestic or foreign laws, regulations or policies that affect our business or the business of our customers and suppliers;

• changes in laws, regulations and interpretations affecting telecommunications services, including those affecting our ability to maintain our licenses for ATG spectrum in the United States, obtain sufficient rights to use additional ATG spectrum and/or other sources of broadband connectivity to deliver our services, expand our service offerings and manage our network; and

• changes in laws, regulations and interpretations affecting aviation, including, in particular, changes that impact the design of our equipment and our ability to obtain required certifications for our equipment.

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Key Business Metrics

Our management regularly reviews financial and operating metrics, including the following key operating metrics for theCA-NA,CA-ROW and BA segments, to evaluate the performance of our business and our success in executing our business plan, make decisions regarding resource allocation and corporate strategies, and evaluate forward-looking projections.

Commercial Aviation North America
	For the Three Months				For the Nine Months
	Ended September 30,				Ended September 30,
	2018		2017		2018		2017
Aircraft online (at period end)		2,712		2,817		2,712		2,817
Satellite		637		240		637		240
ATG		2,075		2,577		2,075		2,577
Total aircraft equivalents (average during the period)		2,809		2,859		2,866		2,816
Net annualized average monthly service revenue per aircraft equivalent (annualized ARPA) (in thousands)	$	114	$	108	$	110	$	112
Commercial Aviation Rest of World
	For the Three Months				For the Nine Months
	Ended September 30,				Ended September 30,
	2018		2017		2018		2017
Aircraft online (at period end)		513		352		513		352
Total aircraft equivalents (average during the period)		445		295		391		250
Net annualized ARPA (in thousands)	$	148	$	205	$	151	$	197

• Aircraft online.We define aircraft online as the total number of commercial aircraft on which our equipment is installed and service has been made commercially available as of the last day of each period presented. We assign aircraft toCA-NA orCA-ROW at the time of contract signing as follows: (i) all aircraft operated by North American airlines and under contract for ATG orATG-4 service are assigned toCA-NA, (ii) all aircraft operated by North American airlines and under a contract for satellite service are assigned toCA-NA orCA-ROW based on whether the routes flown by such aircraft under the contract are anticipated to be predominantly within or outside of North America at the time the contract is signed, and (iii) all aircraft operated bynon-North American airlines and under a contract are assigned toCA-ROW. All aircraft online for theCA-ROW segment are equipped with our satellite equipment. The decline inCA-NA’s aircraft online is due to the decommissioning of certain American Airlines aircraft during the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018.

• Aircraft equivalents. We define aircraft equivalents for a segment as the number of commercial aircraft online (as defined above) multiplied by the percentage of flights flown by such aircraft within the scope of that segment, rounded to the nearest whole aircraft and expressed as an average of the month end figures for each month in the period. This methodology takes into account the fact that during a particular period certain aircraft may fly routes outside the scope of the segment to which they are assigned for purposes of the calculation of aircraft online. The decline inCA-NA’s aircraft equivalents is due to the decommissioning of certain American Airlines aircraft during the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018.

• Net annualized average monthly service revenue per aircraft equivalent (“ARPA”). We define net annualized ARPA as the aggregate service revenue plus monthly service fees, some of which are reported as a reduction to cost of service revenue for that segment for the period, less revenue share expense and other transactional costs which are included in cost of service revenue for that segment, divided by the number of months in the period, and further divided by the number of aircraft equivalents (as defined above) for that segment during the period, which is then annualized and rounded to the nearest thousand. Beginning with the three month period ended March 31, 2018, we changed the calculation of ARPA to be net of revenue share expense and other transactional expenses in order to better reflect the financial statement impact of revenues generated under both the turnkey model and airline-directed model. The amounts reported above for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 reflect this change in methodology. ARPA for theCA-NA segment for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2017 was originally reported as $133 thousand and $139 thousand, respectively. ARPA for theCA-ROW segment for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2017 was originally reported as $226 thousand and $219 thousand, respectively.

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Business Aviation
	For the Three Months				For the Nine Months
	Ended September 30,				Ended September 30,
	2018		2017		2018		2017
Aircraft online (at period end)
Satellite		5,137		5,474		5,137		5,474
ATG		5,019		4,567		5,019		4,567
Average monthly service revenue per aircraft online
Satellite	$	246	$	235	$	241	$	232
ATG		3,008		2,874		3,024		2,848
Units Sold
Satellite		98		116		315		303
ATG		296		210		827		596
Average equipment revenue per unit sold (in thousands)
Satellite	$	41	$	38	$	40	$	42
ATG		68		58		66		55

• Satellite aircraft online. We define satellite aircraft online as the total number of business aircraft for which we provide satellite services as of the last day of each period presented.

• ATG aircraft online.We define ATG aircraft online as the total number of business aircraft for which we provide ATG services as of the last day of each period presented.

• Average monthly service revenue per satellite aircraft online. We define average monthly service revenue per satellite aircraft online as the aggregate satellite service revenue for the period divided by the number of months in the period, divided by the number of satellite aircraft online during the period (expressed as an average of the month end figures for each month in such period).

• Average monthly service revenue per ATG aircraft online.We define average monthly service revenue per ATG aircraft online as the aggregate ATG service revenue for the period divided by the number of months in the period, divided by the number of ATG aircraft online during the period (expressed as an average of the month end figures for each month in such period).

• Units sold. We define units sold as the number of satellite or ATG units for which we recognized revenue during the period. In the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018, we recognized revenue on 16 and 31 AVANCE units, respectively, that were previously deferred.

• Average equipment revenue per satellite unit sold. We define average equipment revenue per satellite unit sold as the aggregate equipment revenue earned from all satellite units sold during the period, divided by the number of satellite units sold.

• Average equipment revenue per ATG unit sold.We define average equipment revenue per ATG unit sold as the aggregate equipment revenue from all ATG units sold during the period, divided by the number of ATG units sold.

Key Components of Consolidated Statements of Operations

There have been no material changes to our key components of unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and segment profit (loss) as described in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” (“MD&A”) in our 201710-K.

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Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any obligations that meet the definition of anoff-balance sheet arrangement, other than operating leases, which have or are reasonably likely to have a material effect on our results of operations. See Note 11, “Leases” to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for further information.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). The preparation of our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures require us to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the reported amount of assets, liabilities, revenue, costs and expenses, and related exposures. We base our estimates and assumptions on historical experience and other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. In some instances, we could reasonably use different accounting estimates, and in some instances results could differ significantly from our estimates. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. To the extent that there are differences between our estimates and actual results, our future financial statement presentation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows will be affected.

Revenue Recognition:

We account for revenue in accordance with ASC 606 and ourCA-NA andCA-ROW airline-directed contracts contain multiple performance obligations, which primarily include the sale of equipment, installation services, connectivity services and entertainment services. For these contracts, we account for each distinct good or service as a separate performance obligation. We allocate the contract’s transaction price to each performance obligation using the relative standalone selling price, which is based on the actual selling price for any good or service sold separately to a similar class of customer, if available. To the extent a good or service is not sold separately, we use our best estimate of the standalone selling price and maximize the use of observable inputs. The primary method we use to estimate the standalone selling price is the expected cost-plus margin approach.

The contractual consideration used for allocation purposes includes connectivity and entertainment services, which may be based on a fixed monthly fee per aircraft or a variable fee based on the volume of connectivity activity, or a combination of both. Examples of variable consideration within our contracts include megabyte overages andpay-per-use sessions.

We constrain our estimates to reduce the probability of a significant revenue reversal in future periods, allocate such variable consideration to the identified performance obligations and recognize revenue in the period the services are provided. Our estimates are based on historical experience, anticipated future performance, market conditions and our best judgment at the time.

A significant change in one or more of these estimates could affect our estimated contract value. For example, estimates of variable revenue within certain contracts require estimation of the number of sessions or megabytes that will be purchased over the contract term. Estimated revenue under these contracts anticipates increases in take rates over time consistent with our historical experience. Our estimated contract revenue may differ significantly from our initial estimates to the extent actual take rates differ from our historical experience.

As such, we regularly review and update our estimates and recognize adjustments under the cumulativecatch-up method. Any adjustments under this method are recorded as a cumulative adjustment in the period identified and revenue for future periods is recognized using the new adjusted estimate.

See Note 3, “Revenue Recognition,” for additional information.

We believe that the assumptions and estimates associated with revenue recognition, long-lived assets, indefinite-lived assets and stock-based compensation have the greatest potential impact on our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. Therefore, we consider these to be our critical accounting policies and estimates.

Other than the addition of revenue recognition noted above, there have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates as compared to the critical accounting policies and estimates described in MD&A in our 201710-K.

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Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 2, “Recent Accounting Pronouncements,” to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information.

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth, for the periods presented, certain data from our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. The information contained in the table below should be read in conjunction with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes.

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations Data
(in thousands)
	For the Three Months						For the Nine Months
	Ended September 30,						Ended September 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Revenue:
Service revenue	$	160,376		$	153,347		$	470,110		$	453,918
Equipment revenue		56,881			19,527			206,430			57,162
Total revenue		217,257			172,874			676,540			511,080
Operating expenses:
Cost of service revenue (exclusive of items shown below)		69,476			67,854			218,073			201,794
Cost of equipment revenue (exclusive of items shown below)		53,960			15,326			170,603			41,623
Engineering, design and development		30,018			31,313			88,204			103,262
Sales and marketing		13,963			16,294			45,291			47,253
General and administrative		24,860			24,064			71,152			70,162
Depreciation and amortization		32,590			35,824			100,447			96,821
Total operating expenses		224,867			190,675			693,770			560,915
Operating loss		(7,610	)		(17,801	)		(17,230	)		(49,835	)
Other (income) expense:
Interest income		(903	)		(683	)		(3,307	)		(1,999	)
Interest expense		30,743			27,585			91,938			81,754
Other (income) expense		72			228			(59	)		322
Total other expense		29,912			27,130			88,572			80,077
Loss before income taxes		(37,522	)		(44,931	)		(105,802	)		(129,912	)
Income tax provision (benefit)		195			350			(3,459	)		945
Net loss	$	(37,717	)	$	(45,281	)	$	(102,343	)	$	(130,857	)

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Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017

Revenue:

Revenue by segment and percent change for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 were as follows(in thousands, except for percent change):

	For the Three Months				% Change
	Ended September 30,				2018 over
	2018		2017		2017
Service Revenue:
CA-NA	$	93,443	$	94,436		(1.1	%)
BA		49,287		43,224		14.0	%
CA-ROW		17,646		15,687		12.5	%
Total Service Revenue	$	160,376	$	153,347		4.6	%
Equipment Revenue:
CA-NA	$	15,027	$	1,291		1,064.0	%
BA		24,303		17,283		40.6	%
CA-ROW		17,551		953		1,741.7	%
Total Equipment Revenue	$	56,881	$	19,527		191.3	%
Total Revenue:
CA-NA	$	108,470	$	95,727		13.3	%
BA		73,590		60,507		21.6	%
CA-ROW		35,197		16,640		111.5	%
Total Revenue	$	217,257	$	172,874		25.7	%
	For the Nine Months				% Change
	Ended September 30,				2018 over
	2018		2017		2017
Service Revenue:
CA-NA	$	277,972	$	290,260		(4.2	%)
BA		145,062		125,415		15.7	%
CA-ROW		47,076		38,243		23.1	%
Total Service Revenue	$	470,110	$	453,918		3.6	%
Equipment Revenue:
CA-NA	$	93,969	$	5,234		1,695.4	%
BA		71,526		49,172		45.5	%
CA-ROW		40,935		2,756		1,385.3	%
Total Equipment Revenue	$	206,430	$	57,162		261.1	%
Total Revenue:
CA-NA	$	371,941	$	295,494		25.9	%
BA		216,588		174,587		24.1	%
CA-ROW		88,011		40,999		114.7	%
Total Revenue	$	676,540	$	511,080		32.4	%

Commercial Aviation North America:

CA-NA revenue increased to $108.5 million and $371.9 million, respectively, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018 as compared with $95.7 million and $295.5 million for the prior year periods, primarily due to an increase in equipment revenue offset in part by a decrease in service revenue.

Equipment revenue increased to $15.0 million and $94.0 million, respectively, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018 as compared with $1.3 million and $5.2 million, respectively, for the prior year periods due to the post adoption impact of ASC 606 for equipment shipments during the three and nine month period ended September 30, 2018, which is now fully recognized upon customer acceptance. Additionally, the transition to the airline-directed model by one airline in January 2018 increased revenue by approximately $45.4 million for the nine month period ended September 30, 2018 compared with the prior year period; see Note 1, “Basis of Presentation” for additional information.    

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A summary of the components ofCA-NA’s service revenue for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 is as follows(in thousands, except for percent change):

	For the Three Months				% Change
	Ended September 30,				2018 over
	2018		2017		2017
Connectivity revenue(1)	$	85,930	$	88,348		(2.7	%)
Entertainment and CAS revenue		7,513		6,088		23.4	%
Total service revenue	$	93,443	$	94,436		(1.1	%)
	For the Nine Months				% Change
	Ended September 30,				2018 over
	2018		2017		2017
Connectivity revenue(1)	$	256,803	$	272,351		(5.7	%)
Entertainment and CAS revenue		21,169		17,909		18.2	%
Total service revenue	$	277,972	$	290,260		(4.2	%)

(1) Includesnon-session related revenue of $1.6 million and $5.5 million, respectively, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018, and $1.0 million and $5.6 million, respectively, for the prior year periods.

CA-NA service revenue decreased to $93.4 million and $278.0 million, respectively, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018 as compared with $94.4 million and $290.3 million, respectively, for the prior year periods due to a decrease in connectivity revenue offset in part by an increase in entertainment and CAS revenue.

CA-NA Connectivity revenue decreased to $85.9 million and $256.8 million, respectively, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018 as compared with $88.3 million and $272.4 million, respectively, for the prior year periods due to a decrease in passenger-paid revenue offset in part by an increase in airline-paid revenue, which was due primarily to the transition of one of our airline partners to the airline-directed model from the turnkey model and, to a lesser extent, an increase in third party-paid revenue. Under the turnkey model, we are required to pay each airline a percentage of the service revenue we generate from transactions with the airline’s passengers. The revenue share expense is included within cost of service revenue. However, under the airline-directed model, we generate revenue directly from the airline and do not incur revenue share expense. Therefore, the decrease in service revenue under the airline-directed model is offset by a reduction to our revenue share expense within cost of service revenue. We refer to this internally as “differences in business terms.” Service revenue also decreased due to the economic impact of the same airline partner’s transition to the airline-directed model. Additionally,CA-NA Connectivity revenue decreased due to the decommissioning of certain American Airlines aircraft during the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018.

Net annualized ARPA increased to $114 thousand for the three month period ended September 30, 2018, as compared with $108 thousand for the prior year period, while net annualized ARPA decreased to $110 thousand for the nine month period ended September 30, 2018, as compared with $112 thousand for the prior year period. The connectivity take rate increased to 12.0% and 11.2%, respectively, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018, as compared with 7.5% and 7.8%, respectively, for the prior year periods, reflecting increased passenger adoption including the impact of third party-paid and airline-paid offerings. Average revenue per session decreased to $6.50 and $7.06, respectively, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018, as compared with $10.49 and $10.83, respectively, for the prior year periods, due to shifts in product mix, third party-paid and airline-paid offerings, as well as the differences in business terms and the economic impact of one of our airline partner’s transition to the airline-directed model, as discussed above.

The increase in Entertainment and CAS revenue to $7.5 million and $21.2 million, respectively, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018, as compared with $6.1 million and $17.9 million, respectively, for the prior year periods was due to increased usage of Entertainment services underbusiness-to-business arrangements with our airline partners.

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We expect service revenue forCA-NA to decrease in the near-term primarily due to the decommissioning of certain American Airlines aircraft in 2018 and 2019.

As the recognition ofCA-NA equipment revenue is a function of equipment installation schedules, equipment revenue will be driven by our ability to execute our existing airline partner contracts, as well as entering into new contracts.

Business Aviation:

BA revenue increased to $73.6 million and $216.6 million, respectively, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018, as compared with $60.5 million and $174.6 million, respectively, for the prior year periods primarily due to increases in both service and equipment revenue.

BA service revenue increased to $49.3 million and $145.1 million, respectively, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018, as compared with $43.2 million and $125.4 million, respectively, for the prior year periods primarily due to additional customers subscribing to our Gogo Biz (ATG) service. The number of ATG aircraft online increased 9.9% to 5,019 as of September 30, 2018, as compared with 4,567 as of September 30, 2017.

BA equipment revenue increased to $24.3 million and $71.5 million, respectively, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018, as compared with $17.3 million and $49.2 million, respectively, for the prior year periods due primarily to an increase in ATG equipment revenue.    

Under a sales program for AVANCE (formerly referred to as Gogo Biz 4G) equipment that started in 2016, we have a remaining deferred equipment revenue balance of approximately $0.5 million as of September 30, 2018 related to a free upgrade program under which we shipped ATG and UCS equipment to customers who have a right to exchange that equipment for AVANCE equipment. During the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018, we shipped 16 and 31 AVANCE units, respectively, under this program and recognized $1.1 million and $4.4 million, respectively, of previously deferred equipment revenue.

Commercial Aviation Rest of World:

CA-ROW revenue increased to $35.2 million and $88.0 million, respectively, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018, as compared with $16.6 million and $41.0 million, respectively, for the prior year periods, due to an increase in both service and equipment revenue.

CA-ROW service revenue increased to $17.6 million and $47.1 million, respectively, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018, as compared with $15.7 million and $38.2 million, respectively, for the prior year periods, due to performance improvements on existing airline partners’ aircraft and an increase in aircraft equivalents. Annualized net ARPA for theCA-ROW segment decreased to $148 thousand and $151 thousand, respectively, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018, as compared with $205 thousand and $197 thousand, respectively, for the prior year periods due to new airline partners’ aircraft coming online during the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018.

CA-ROW equipment revenue increased to $17.6 million and $40.9 million, respectively, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018, as compared with $1.0 million and $2.8 million, respectively, for the prior year periods primarily due to the post adoption impact of ASC 606 for equipment shipments during the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018, which is now fully recognized upon customer acceptance.

As the recognition ofCA-ROW equipment revenue is a function of equipment installation schedules, equipment revenue will be driven by our ability to execute our existing airline partner contracts, as well as entering into new contracts.

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Cost of Service Revenue:

Cost of service revenue by segment and percent for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 were as follows(in thousands, except for percent change):

	For the Three Months				% Change
	Ended September 30,				2018 over
	2018		2017		2017
CA-NA	$	39,664	$	37,738		5.1	%
BA		10,450		10,090		3.6	%
CA-ROW		19,362		20,026		(3.3	%)
Total	$	69,476	$	67,854		2.4	%
	For the Nine Months				% Change
	Ended September 30,				2018 over
	2018		2017		2017
CA-NA	$	131,811	$	112,439		17.2	%
BA		31,650		29,476		7.4	%
CA-ROW		54,612		59,879		(8.8	%)
Total	$	218,073	$	201,794		8.1	%

CA-NA cost of service revenue increased to $39.7 million and $131.8 million, respectively, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018, as compared with $37.7 million and $112.4 million, respectively, for the prior year periods due to increases in satellite service fees, aircraft operations expenses and a decrease in the amortization of deferred airborne lease incentives offset in part by a decrease in revenue share expense. The changes in amortization of deferred airborne lease incentives and revenue share was due primarily to the transition of one of our airline agreements from the turnkey model to the airline-directed model. See Note 11, “Leases” to our consolidated financial statements for additional information regarding our deferred airborne lease incentives.

BA cost of service revenue increased to $10.5 million and $31.7 million, respectively, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018, as compared with $10.1 million and $29.5 million, respectively, for the prior year periods. The increase was primarily due to increased ATG units online and, to a lesser extent, an increase in satellite service fees.

CA-ROW cost of service revenue decreased to $19.4 million and $54.6 million, respectively, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018, as compared with $20.0 million and $59.9 million, respectively, for the prior year periods primarily due to a decrease in airline launch costs and network operations expenses.

We expectCA-NA cost of service revenue to increase mainly due to increased satellite service fees for additional aircraft operating on our satellite network and potential costs associated with remediation of quality issues associated with our 2Ku technology.

As we expand ourCA-ROW business, we expect to incur additional cost of service revenue inCA-ROW, reflecting increased satellite usage, operations and network related expenses. However, over time, we expect to see increased utilization of our network as we install additional aircraft.

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Cost of Equipment Revenue:

Cost of equipment revenue by segment and percent change for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 were as follows(in thousands, except for percent change):

	For the Three Months				% Change
	Ended September 30,				2018 over
	2018		2017		2017
CA-NA	$	18,722	$	1,065		1,657.9	%
BA		14,720		13,414		9.7	%
CA-ROW		20,518		847		2,322.4	%
Total	$	53,960	$	15,326		252.1	%
	For the Nine Months				% Change
	Ended September 30,				2018 over
	2018		2017		2017
CA-NA	$	83,520	$	5,646		1,379.3	%
BA		42,444		33,651		26.1	%
CA-ROW		44,639		2,326		1,819.1	%
Total	$	170,603	$	41,623		309.9	%

Cost of equipment revenue increased to $54.0 million and $170.6 million, respectively, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018, as compared with $15.3 million and $41.6 million, respectively, for the prior year periods.

The increase inCA-NA for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018 as compared with the prior year periods was due to an increase in equipment revenue, an increase in warranty reserves due to additional activity under airline-directed models and costs associated with remediation of quality issues associated with our 2Ku technology. Additionally, the transition to the airline-directed model by one airline in January 2018 increased cost of equipment revenue by approximately $26.1 million for the nine month period ended September 30, 2018 compared with the prior year period; see Note 1, “Basis of Presentation” for additional information.

The increase in BA was due to an increase in equipment revenue and changes in product mix.

The increase inCA-ROW was due to the increase in equipment revenue, an increase in warranty reserves due to additional activity under airline-directed models and costs associated with remediation of quality issues associated with our 2Ku technology.

We expect that our cost of equipment revenue will vary with changes in installations and equipment revenue and, forCA-NA andCA-ROW, potential costs associated with remediation of quality issues associated with our 2Ku technology.

Engineering, Design and Development Expenses:

Engineering, design and development expenses decreased 4.1% and 14.6% to $30.0 million and $88.2 million, respectively, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018, as compared with $31.3 million and $103.3 million, respectively, for the prior year periods. The decrease for the three month period ended September 30, 2018 as compared with the prior year period was due to decreased expenses inCA-ROW and BA offset by an increase inCA-NA. The decrease for the nine month period ended September 30, 2018 as compared with the prior year period was due to a decrease inCA-NA andCA-ROW expenses while BA expenses remained relatively flat.

Engineering, design and development expenses for theCA-NA segment included the recognition of approximately $2.3 million of expenses during the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018, related to the development of our next generation ATG solution, primarily due to the achievement of a major milestone, while we recognized approximately $16.0 million of expenses during the nine month period ended September 30, 2017, related to the development of our next generation ATG solution, primarily due to the achievement of a major milestone.

We expect consolidated engineering, design and development expenses to decrease as a percentage of consolidated revenue over time.

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Sales and Marketing Expenses:

Sales and marketing expenses decreased 14.3% and 4.2% to $14.0 million and $45.3 million, respectively, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018, as compared with $16.3 million $47.3 million, respectively, for the prior year periods. The decrease in sales and marketing for the three month period ended September 30, 2018 was due to a decrease across all three segments, while the decrease during the nine month period ended September 30, 2018 was due primarily to a decrease inCA-ROW and to a lesser extent a decrease inCA-NA, due to the shift from the turnkey model(business-to-customer) to the airline directed model(business-to-business) offset in part by an increase in BA. Consolidated sales and marketing expenses as a percentage of total consolidated revenue was 6.4% and 6.7%, respectively, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018, as compared with 9.4% and 9.2%, respectively, for the prior year periods.    

We expect consolidated sales and marketing expenses to decrease as a percentage of consolidated revenue over time.

General and Administrative Expenses:

General and administrative expenses increased 3.3% and 1.4% to $24.9 million and $71.2 million, respectively, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018, as compared with $24.1 million and $70.2 million for the prior year periods due primarily to an increase inCA-NA and to a lesser extent an increase in BA. Related to our new Integrated Business Plan, we recorded severance expense of approximately $1.5 million within theCA-NA segment during the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018. Consolidated general and administrative expenses as a percentage of total consolidated revenue was 11.4% and 10.5% for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018, as compared with 13.9% and 13.7%, respectively, for the prior year periods.

We expect general and administrative expenses to decrease as a percentage of consolidated revenue over time.

Segment Profit (Loss):

CA-NA’s segment profit decreased 45.5% and 59.8% to $8.7 million and $17.4 million, respectively, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018, as compared with $16.0 million and $43.3 million, respectively, for the prior year periods due to the changes as discussed above.

BA’s segment profit increased 64.9% and 43.4% to $35.2 million and $104.2 million, respectively, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018, as compared with $21.3 million and $72.6 million, respectively, for the prior year periods primarily due to the changes as discussed above.

CA-ROW’s segment loss decreased 5.7% and 14.9% to $22.7 million and $69.8 million, respectively, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018, as compared with $24.1 million and $82.1 million, respectively, for the prior year periods due to the changes as discussed above.

Depreciation and Amortization:

Depreciation and amortization expense decreased 9.0% to $32.6 million for the three month period ended September 30, 2018, as compared with $35.8 million, for the prior year period due to accelerated depreciation expense for certain upgrades and decommission programs that started in the second half of 2017 and were completed in early 2018 and the transition of one of our airline agreements from the turnkey model to the airline-directed model. Depreciation and amortization increased to 3.7% to $100.4 million for the nine month period ended September 30, 2018, as compared with $96.8 million for the prior year period due to accelerated depreciation expense for certain upgrades and decommission programs that started in the second half of 2017 and were completed in early 2018 and amortization of capitalized software which was partially offset by the transition of one of our airline agreements from the turnkey model to the airline-directed model.

We expect our depreciation and amortization expense to decrease in the future as a greater percentage of installs will be under the airline-directed model.

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Other (Income) Expense:

Other (income) expense and percent change for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 were as follows(in thousands, except for percent change):

	For the Three Months						% Change
	Ended September 30,						2018 over
	2018			2017			2017
Interest income	$	(903	)	$	(683	)		32.2	%
Interest expense		30,743			27,585			11.4	%
Other (income) expense		72			228			(68.4	%)
Total	$	29,912		$	27,130			10.3	%
	For the Nine Months						% Change
	Ended September 30,						2018 over
	2018			2017			2017
Interest income	$	(3,307	)	$	(1,999	)		65.4	%
Interest expense		91,938			81,754			12.5	%
Other (income) expense		(59	)		322			na
Total	$	88,572		$	80,077			10.6	%

Total other expense was $29.9 million and $88.6 million, respectively, for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018, as compared with $27.1 million and $80.1 million, respectively, for the prior year periods. Interest expense increased during the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018 as compared with the prior year periods due to higher average debt levels outstanding during the current year as compared with the prior year period.

We expect our interest expense to increase due to higher average debt outstanding because of the issuances of the September 2017 Additional Notes and the associated amortization of deferred financing fees offset in part by the amortization of the debt premium. See Note 9, “Long-Term Debt and Other Liabilities,” in our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information.

Income Taxes:

The effective income tax rates for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018 were (0.5%) and 3.3%, respectively, as compared with (0.8%) and (0.7%), respectively, for the prior year periods. An income tax benefit was recorded for the nine month period ended September 30, 2018 resulting from a reduction in our valuation allowance of approximately $4.0 million due to the application of provisions of H.R. 1, commonly known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, to our evaluation of our deferred tax assets. For the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2017, our income tax expense was not significant primarily due to the recording of a valuation allowance against our net deferred tax assets.

We expect our income tax provision to increase in future periods to the extent we become profitable.

Non-GAAP Measures

In our discussion below, we discuss certainnon-GAAP financial measurements, including Adjusted EBITDA and Cash CAPEX as defined below. Management uses Adjusted EBITDA and Cash CAPEX for business planning purposes, including managing our business against internally projected results of operations and measuring our performance and liquidity. These supplemental performance measures also provide another basis for comparing period to period results by excluding potential differences caused bynon-operational and unusual ornon-recurring items. These supplemental performance measurements may vary from and may not be comparable to similarly titled measures by other companies. Adjusted EBITDA and Cash CAPEX are not recognized measurements under accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, or GAAP, and when analyzing our performance with Adjusted EBITDA or liquidity with Cash CAPEX, as applicable, investors should (i) evaluate each adjustment in our reconciliation to net loss attributable to common stock, and the explanatory footnotes regarding those adjustments, (ii) use Adjusted EBITDA in addition to, and not as an alternative to, net loss attributable to common stock as a measure of operating results, and (iii) use Cash CAPEX in addition to, and not as an alternative to, consolidated capital expenditures when evaluating our liquidity.

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Definition and Reconciliation ofNon-GAAP Measures

EBITDA represents net income (loss) attributable to common stock before income taxes, interest income, interest expense, depreciation expense and amortization of other intangible assets.

Adjusted EBITDA represents EBITDA adjusted for (i) stock-based compensation expense, (ii) amortization of deferred airborne lease incentives, (iii) amortization of STC costs and (iv) the accounting impact of the transition to the airline-directed model. Our management believes that the use of Adjusted EBITDA eliminates items that, management believes, have less bearing on our operating performance, thereby highlighting trends in our core business which may not otherwise be apparent. It also provides an assessment of controllable expenses, which are indicators management uses to determine whether current spending decisions need to be adjusted in order to meet financial goals and achieve optimal financial performance.

We believe the exclusion of stock-based compensation expense from Adjusted EBITDA is appropriate given the significant variation in expense that can result from using the Black-Scholes model to determine the fair value of such compensation. The fair value of our stock options is determined using the Black-Scholes model and varies based on fluctuations in the assumptions used in this model, including inputs that are not necessarily directly related to the performance of our business, such as the expected volatility, the risk-free interest rate and the expected life of the options. Therefore, we believe the exclusion of this cost provides a clearer view of the operating performance of our business. Further, stock option grants made at a certain price and point in time do not necessarily reflect how our business is performing at any particular time. While we believe that investors should have information about any dilutive effect of outstanding options and the cost of that compensation, we also believe that stockholders should have the ability to consider our performance using anon-GAAP financial measure that excludes these costs and that management uses to evaluate our business.

We believe the exclusion of the amortization of deferred airborne lease incentives and amortization of STC costs from Adjusted EBITDA is useful as it allows an investor to view operating performance across time periods in a manner consistent with how management measures segment profit and loss (see Note 15, “Business Segments and Major Customers,” for a description of segment profit (loss) in our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements). Management evaluates segment profit and loss in this manner, excluding the amortization of deferred airborne lease incentives and amortization of STC costs, because such presentation reflects operating decisions and activities from the current period, without regard to the prior period decision or the form of connectivity agreements.

We believe it is useful for an understanding of our operating performance to exclude the accounting impact of the transition by one of our airline partners to the airline-directed model from Adjusted EBITDA because of thenon-recurring nature of this activity.

We also present Adjusted EBITDA as a supplemental performance measure because we believe that this measure provides investors, securities analysts and other users of our financial statements with important supplemental information with which to evaluate our performance and to enable them to assess our performance on the same basis as management.

Cash CAPEX represents capital expenditures net of airborne equipment proceeds received from the airlines. We believe Cash CAPEX provides a more representative indication of our liquidity requirements with respect to capital expenditures, as under certain agreements with our airline partners we are reimbursed for all or a substantial portion of the cost of our airborne equipment, thereby reducing our cash capital requirements.

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Gogo Inc. and Subsidiaries

Reconciliation of GAAP toNon-GAAP Measures

(in thousands, except per share amounts)

(unaudited)

	For the Three Months						For the Nine Months
	Ended September 30,						Ended September 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Adjusted EBITDA:
Net loss attributable to common stock (GAAP)	$	(37,717	)	$	(45,281	)	$	(102,343	)	$	(130,857	)
Interest expense		30,743			27,585			91,938			81,754
Interest income		(903	)		(683	)		(3,307	)		(1,999	)
Income tax provision (benefit)		195			350			(3,459	)		945
Depreciation and amortization		32,590			35,824			100,447			96,821
EBITDA		24,908			17,795			83,276			46,664
Stock-based compensation expense		3,932			5,283			12,531			15,007
Amortization of deferred airborne lease incentives		(8,074	)		(10,121	)		(23,166	)		(28,099	)
Amortization of STC costs		292			—			719			—
Transition to airline-directed model		—			—			(21,551	)		—
Adjusted EBITDA	$	21,058		$	12,957		$	51,809		$	33,572
Cash CAPEX:
Consolidated capital expenditures (GAAP)(1)	$	(9,246	)	$	(68,495	)	$	(124,412	)	$	(214,238	)
Change in deferred airborne lease incentives(2)		(918	)		5,351			(3,629	)		8,856
Amortization of deferred airborne lease incentives(2)		7,961			10,077			22,825			27,994
Cash CAPEX	$	(2,203	)	$	(53,067	)	$	(105,216	)	$	(177,388	)

(1)   See unaudited condensed consolidated statements of cash flows.

(2)   Excludes deferred airborne lease incentives and related amortization associated with STC costs for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 as STC costs are expensed as incurred as part of Engineering, Design and Development.

Material limitations ofNon-GAAP measures

Although EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and Cash CAPEX are measurements frequently used by investors and securities analysts in their evaluations of companies, EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and Cash CAPEX each have limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider them in isolation or as a substitute for, or more meaningful than, amounts determined in accordance with GAAP.

Some of these limitations include:

• EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA do not reflect interest income or expense;

• EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA do not reflect cash requirements for our income taxes;

• EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA do not reflect depreciation and amortization, which are significant and unavoidable operating costs given the level of capital expenditures needed to maintain our business;

• Adjusted EBITDA does not reflectnon-cash components of employee compensation;

• Cash CAPEX does not reflect the full extent of capital investments we have made in our operations; and

• since other companies in our or related industries may calculate these measures differently from the way we do, their usefulness as comparative measures may be limited.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

The following table presents a summary of our cash flow activity for the periods set forth below(in thousands):

	For the Nine Months
	Ended September 30,
	2018			2017
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(91,896	)	$	(4,209	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(195	)		(67,257	)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		(1,545	)		175,472
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash		(530	)		556
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		(94,166	)		104,562
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the beginning of period		203,729			125,189
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the end of period	$	109,563		$	229,751
Supplemental information:
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the end of period	$	109,563		$	229,751
Less: current restricted cash		1,773			500
Less:non-current restricted cash		5,126			6,873
Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the period	$	102,664		$	222,378
Short-term investments	$	88,575		$	188,496

We have historically financed our growth and cash needs primarily through the issuance of common stock,non-convertible debt, senior convertible preferred stock, convertible debt, term facilities and cash from operating activities. We continually evaluate our ongoing capital needs in light of increasing demand for our services, capacity requirements, evolving technologies in our industry and related strategic, operational and technological opportunities. We actively consider opportunities to raise additional capital in the public and private markets utilizing one or more of the types of capital raising transactions through which we have historically financed our growth and cash needs, as well as other means of capital raising not previously used by us.

Liquidity:

Although we can provide no assurances, we currently believe that cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments on hand as of September 30, 2018 will be sufficient to meet our working capital and capital expenditure requirements for at least the next twelve months, including costs associated with installing our airborne equipment on certain aircraft operated by our airline partners, continuing our international expansion and evolving our ATG network. Excluding the impact of our initial public offering in June 2013, the Amended and Restated Senior Term Facility, the Convertible Notes and the Senior Secured Notes, we have not generated positive cash flows on a consolidated basis, and our ability to do so will depend in large part on our ability to increase revenue in each of our three business segments. In addition, our ability to generate positive cash flows from operating activities and the timing of certain capital and other necessary expenditures are subject to numerous variables, such as costs related to international expansion and execution of our current technology roadmap, including 2Ku, evolution of our ATG network and other potential future technologies. We currently believe that cash on hand, comprised of cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments, and cash flows provided by operating activities and, if necessary, additional equity financings or the incurrence of additional debt, will be sufficient to meet our liquidity needs in the longer-term, including our continued international expansion and execution of our current technology roadmap. The Indenture governing our Senior Secured Notes contains covenants that limit the ability of GIH and its subsidiaries to incur additional indebtedness. Additionally, the Indenture governing the Senior Secured Notes limits the amount of cash GIH and its subsidiaries may distribute to us, including cash distributed to us to pay interest on the Convertible Notes, to pay any interest on indebtedness incurred, or pay dividends on preferred stock issued by us to refinance, replace, renew or refund the Convertible Notes. Further, market conditions and/or our financial performance may limit our access to additional sources of equity or debt financing. As a result, we may be unable to finance our business to the extent that our cash on hand (including short-term investments) and cash generated through operating activities prove insufficient and we are unable to raise additional financing through the issuance of our equity or through permitted incurrences of debt by us or by GIH and its subsidiaries.

For additional information on our Senior Secured Notes and Convertible Notes, please see Note 9, “Long-Term Debt and Other Liabilities” to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Cash flows used in Operating Activities:

The following table presents a summary of our cash flows from operating activities for the periods set forth below(in thousands):

	For the Nine Months
	Ended September 30,
	2018			2017
Net loss	$	(102,343	)	$	(130,857	)
Non-cash charges and credits		112,807			136,695
Changes in operating assets and liabilities		(102,360	)		(10,047	)
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(91,896	)	$	(4,209	)

For the nine month period ended September 30, 2018, cash used in operating activities was $91.9 million as compared with $4.2 million of cash used in operating activities in the prior year period. The principal contributors to the change in operating cash flows were:

• A $92.3 million change in cash flows related to operating assets and liabilities resulting from:

• A decrease in cash flows due to the following:

• Changes inCA-NA’s andCA-ROW’s inventories as we now allocate a portion of our uninstalled airborne equipment to inventory and to a lesser extent an increase in BA’s inventory. See Note 5, “Inventories,” for additional information forCA-NA andCA-ROW;

• Changes inCA-NA’s andCA-ROW’s contract assets due to activity under our airline-directed model during the nine month period ended September 30, 2018 (see Note 3, “Revenue Recognition” for additional information);

• Changes inCA-NA’s andCA-ROW’s deferred airborne lease incentives due to more installations under the turnkey model in 2017 as compared with 2018, as airlines are transitioning to the airline-directed model and as new airlines are being signed under the airline-directed model;

• Changes inCA-ROW’s accounts receivable primarily due to the timing of collections;

• Changes in BA andCA-ROW’s accrued liabilities primarily due to the timing of collections;

• Changes inCA-NA’s and BA’s deferred revenue as deferred revenue balances decreased in 2018 and increased in 2017; and

• Changes inCA-NA’s prepaid expenses as we recognized more development services in 2017 as compared with 2018;

• Offset in part by an increase in cash flows due to the following:

• Changes inCA-NA’s and BA’s accounts receivable due primarily to the timing of collections;

• Changes inCA-NA’s accrued liabilities due primarily to the timing of payments;

• Changes inCA-NA’s andCA-ROW’s warranty reserves, due to more activity under our airline-directed model during the nine month period ended September 30, 2018 (see Note 8, “Warranties” for additional information); and

• Changes inCA-NA and BA’s accounts payable due to the timing of payments.

• Offset in part by a $4.6 million change in net loss adjusted fornon-cash charges and credits.

Cash flows used in Investing Activities:

Cash used in investing activities is primarily for capital expenditures related to airborne equipment, cell site construction, software development, and data center upgrades. See “— Capital Expenditures” below. Additionally, cash used in investing activities includes net changes in our short-term investments of a cash inflow of $124.2 million and $150.0 million, respectively, for the nine month periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017.

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Cash flows provided by (used in) Financing Activities:

Cash used in financing activities for the nine month period ended September 30, 2018 was $1.5 million primarily due to capital lease payments.

Cash provided by financing activities for the nine month period ended September 30, 2017 was $175.5 million primarily due to the issuance of the January 2017 Additional Notes and the September 2017 Additional Notes with gross proceeds of $181.8 million, offset in part by the payment of debt issuance costs for the January 2017 Additional Notes and the September 2017 Additional Notes of $3.6 million and capital lease payments of $2.3 million.

Capital Expenditures

Our operations continue to require significant capital expenditures, primarily for technology development, equipment and capacity expansion. Capital expenditures for theCA-NA andCA-ROW segments include the purchase of airborne equipment, which correlates directly to the roll out and/or upgrade of service to our airline partners’ fleets. Capital spending is also associated with the expansion of our ATG network and data centers and includes site acquisition, design, permitting, network equipment and construction costs. We capitalize software development costs related to network technology solutions, the Gogo platform and new product/service offerings. We also capitalize costs related to the build out of our office locations.

Capital expenditures for the nine month periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 were $124.4 million and $214.2 million, respectively. The decrease in capital expenditures was primarily due to a decrease in airborne equipment purchases as a portion of our equipment purchases are now allocated to inventory (see Note 5, “Inventories” for additional information) and to a lesser extent a decrease in capitalized software.

We expect our capital expenditures, net of deferred airborne lease incentives, to decrease in 2018 as compared with 2017 primarily due to decreased turnkey model related activities, under which airborne equipment purchases are treated as capital expenditures. The airborne equipment purchases for our airline-directed model activities are treated as inventory activities within operating cash flows. We expect total expenditures of airborne equipment (including both operating and investing activities) to be lower in 2018 as compared with 2017 primarily due to the utilization in 2018 of previously purchased airborne equipment.

Other

Contractual Commitments: We have agreements with vendors to provide us with transponder and teleport satellite services. These agreements vary in length and amount and as of September 30, 2018 commit us to purchase transponder and teleport satellite services totaling approximately $21.5 million in 2018 (October 1 through December 31), $85.7 million in 2019, $82.7 million in 2020, $70.2 million in 2021, $62.8 million in 2022 and $216.5 million thereafter.

We have agreements with various vendors under which we have remaining commitments to purchase satellite-based systems, certifications and development services. Such commitments will become payable as we receive the equipment or certifications, or as development services are provided.

A contract with one of our airline customers required us to provide the airline customer with a cash rebate of $1.8 million in June 2018, which has not yet been paid.

Leases and Cell Site Contracts:We have lease agreements relating to certain facilities and equipment, which are considered operating leases. Additionally, we have cell site leases, some of which provide for minimum annual payments. See Note 11, “Leases,” to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information.

For the airline agreements where the equipment transactions are accounted for as operating leases of space, the revenue share paid to our airline partners represents operating lease payments. See Note 11, “Leases,” to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information.

Indemnifications and Guarantees: In accordance with Delaware law, we indemnify our officers and directors for certain events or occurrences while the officer or director is, or was, serving at our request in such capacity. The maximum potential amount of future payments we could be required to make under this indemnification is uncertain and may be unlimited, depending upon circumstances. However, our Directors’ and Officers’ insurance does provide coverage for certain of these losses.

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In the ordinary course of business we may occasionally enter into agreements pursuant to which we may be obligated to pay for the failure of performance of others, such as the use of corporate credit cards issued to employees. Based on historical experience, we believe that the risk of sustaining any material loss related to such guarantees is remote.

We have entered into a number of agreements, including our agreements with commercial airlines, pursuant to which we indemnify the other party for losses and expenses suffered or incurred in connection with any patent, copyright, or trademark infringement or misappropriation claim asserted by a third party with respect to our equipment or services. The maximum potential amount of future payments we could be required to make under these indemnification agreements is uncertain and is typically not limited by the terms of the agreements.

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ITEM 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Our exposure to market risk is currently confined to our cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments and our debt. We have not used derivative financial instruments for speculation or trading purposes. The primary objectives of our investment activities are to preserve our capital for the purpose of funding operations while at the same time maximizing the income we receive from our investments without significantly increasing risk. To achieve these objectives, our investment policy allows us to maintain a portfolio of cash equivalents and short-term investments through a variety of securities, including U.S. Treasuries, U.S. Government Agency Securities, and Money Market Funds. Our cash and cash equivalents as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 primarily included amounts in bank checking accounts and Money Market Funds. We believe that a change in average interest rates would not materially affect our interest income and results of operations.

The risk inherent in our market risk sensitive instruments and positions is the potential loss arising from interest rates as discussed below. The sensitivity analyses presented do not consider the effects that such adverse changes may have on the overall economic activity, nor do they consider additional actions we may take to mitigate our exposure to such changes. Actual results may differ.

Interest:Our earnings are affected by changes in interest rates due to the impact those changes have on interest income generated from our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments. Our cash and cash equivalents as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 included amounts in bank checking accounts and money market funds, and our short-term investments consist of U.S. Treasury bills. We believe we have minimal interest rate risk; a 10% change in the average interest rate on our portfolio would have reduced interest income for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 by an immaterial amount.

Inflation:We do not believe that inflation has had a material effect on our results of operations. However, there can be no assurance that our business will not be affected by inflation in the future.

Seasonality:Our results of operations for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of those for any other interim period for the entire year because the demand for air travel, including business travel, is subject to significant seasonal fluctuations. We generally expect overall passenger opportunity to be greater in the second and third quarters compared to the rest of the year due to an increase in leisure travel offset in part by a decrease in business travel during the summer months and holidays. We expect seasonality of the air transportation business to continue, which may affect our results of operations in any one period.

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ITEM 4. Controls and Procedures

(a) Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined inRules 13a-15(e) and15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) as of September 30, 2018. Based upon this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of September 30, 2018.

(b) Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes to our internal control over financial reporting in connection with the evaluation required by Rules13a-15(f) and15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act during the most recent fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. Legal Proceedings

Linksmart Litigation—On April 20, 2018, Linksmart Wireless Technology, LLC filed suit against us and eight of our airline partners in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California alleging that our redirection server and login portal infringe a patent owned by the plaintiff. We are required under our contracts with these airlines to indemnify them for defense costs and any liabilities resulting from the suit. Given the very early stage of this litigation, we are unable to assess the merits of the claim, and the outcome of this matter is inherently uncertain.

Securities Litigation—On June 27, 2018, a purported stockholder of the Company filed a putative class action lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division styled Pierrelouis v. Gogo Inc., naming the Company, its former Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer and its current Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, and President, Commercial Aviation as defendants purportedly on behalf of all purchasers of our securities from February 27, 2017 through May 7, 2018. The complaint asserts claims under Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Rule10b-5 promulgated thereunder, alleging misrepresentations or omissions by us purporting to relate to our 2Ku antenna’s reliability and installation and remediation costs. The plaintiffs seek to recover from us and the individual defendants an unspecified amount of damages. We believe that the claims are without merit and intend to defend them vigorously. In accordance with Delaware law, we will indemnify the individual named defendants for their defense costs and any damages they incur in connection with the suit. We have filed a claim with the issuer of our Directors’ and Officers’ insurance policy with respect to this suit. No amounts have been accrued for any potential losses under this matter, as we cannot reasonably predict the outcome of the litigation or any potential losses.

Derivative Litigation - On September 25, 2018 and September 26, 2018, two purported stockholders of the Company filed substantively identical derivative lawsuits in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division, styled Nanduri v. Gogo Inc. and Hutsenpiller v. Gogo Inc. Both lawsuits were purportedly brought derivatively on behalf of us and name us as a nominal defendant and name as Defendants each member of the Company’s Board of Directors, its former Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer and its current Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, and President, Commercial Aviation. The complaints assert claims under Section 14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, breach of fiduciary duty, unjust enrichment, and waste of corporate assets, and allege misrepresentations or omissions by us purporting to relate to our 2Ku antenna’s reliability and installation and remediation costs, as well as allegedly excessive bonuses, stock options, and other compensation paid to current Officers and Directors and excessive severance paid to former Officers. We believe that the claims are without merit and intend to defend them vigorously. The plaintiffs seek to recover, on our behalf, an unspecified amount of damages from the individual defendants. We have filed a claim with the issuer of our Directors’ and Officers’ insurance policy with respect to these suits. No amounts have been accrued for any potential costs under this matter, as we cannot reasonably predict the outcome of the litigation or any potential costs.

From time to time we may become involved in other legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business. We cannot predict with certainty the potential for or outcome of any future litigation. Regardless of the outcome of any particular litigation and the merits of any particular claim, litigation can have a material adverse impact on our company due to, among other reasons, any injunctive relief granted, which could inhibit our ability to operate our business, amounts paid as damages or in settlement of any such matter, diversion of management resources and defense costs.

ITEM 1A. Risk Factors

Except as set forth in our Quarterly Reports on Form10-Q for the quarters ended March 31, 2018 and June 30, 2018, as filed with the SEC on May 4, 2018 and August 8, 2018, respectively, there have been no material changes to the risk factors previously disclosed in our 201710-K.

ITEM 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

a) Sales of Unregistered Securities

None.

b) Use of Proceeds from Public Offering of Common Stock

None.

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ITEM 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

ITEM 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

None.

ITEM 5. Other Information

None.

ITEM 6. Exhibits

Exhibit Number	Description of Exhibits
10.1.47 †	Delta Amendment No. 6 dated June 22, 2018 to the 2KuIn-Flight Connectivity Services Agreement dated April  1,2015, by and between Delta and Gogo LLC
10.1.48 †	Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. Master Software Agreement dated June 13, 2018, by and between Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. and Gogo LLC
10.1.49 †	Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. AMSS6695 Software Addendum to Master Software Agreement dated June 13, 2018, by and between Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. and Gogo LLC
10.1.50 †	Access Point Patent License Agreement dated July 6, 2018, by and between Qualcomm Incorporated and Gogo LLC
31.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules13a-14(a) and15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules13a-14(a) and15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1*	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2*	Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

† Certain provisions of this exhibit have been omitted and separately filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to a request for confidential treatment.

* This certification accompanies the Form10-Q to which it relates, is not deemed filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and is not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Registrant under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (whether made before or after the date of the Form10-Q), irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

	Gogo Inc.
Date: November 6, 2018
	/s/ Oakleigh Thorne
	Oakleigh Thorne
	President and Chief Executive Officer
	(Principal Executive Officer)
	/s/ Barry Rowan
	Barry Rowan
	Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
	(Principal Financial Officer)

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