Akari Therapeutics (AKTX) 20-F 16 May 22 2021 FY Annual report (foreign) Financial data

Document And Entity Information

Document And Entity Information	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021shares
Document Information [Line Items]
Document Type	20-F
Document Registration Statement	false
Document Annual Report	true
Document Period End Date	Dec. 31, 2021
Document Transition Report	false
Document Shell Company Report	false
Entity Registrant Name	Akari Therapeutics, Plc
Entity File Number	001-36288
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	X0
Entity Address, Address Line One	75/76 Wimpole Street
Entity Address, City or Town	London
Entity Address, Country	GB
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	W1G 9RT
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Voluntary Filers	No
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer	No
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
ICFR Auditor Attestation Flag	false
Entity Central Index Key	0001541157
Amendment Flag	false
Document Accounting Standard	U.S. GAAP
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2021
Document Fiscal Period Focus	FY
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding	4,759,731,923
Auditor Name	BDO USA, LLP
Auditor Firm ID	243
Auditor Location	New York, New York
Business Contact [Member]
Document Information [Line Items]
Contact Personnel Name	Rachelle Jacques
Entity Address, Address Line One	75/76 Wimpole Street
Entity Address, City or Town	London
Entity Address, Country	GB
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	W1G 9RT
City Area Code	44 20
Local Phone Number	8004 0270
American Depositary Share
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	American Depositary Shares, each representing 100 Ordinary Shares, par value$0.0001 per share
Trading Symbol	AKTX
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Common Stock
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	Ordinary Shares, $0.0001 par value per share*

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Current Assets:
Cash	$ 9,361,270	$ 14,055,777
Prepaid expenses	2,173,528	292,680
Other current assets	90,301	229,200
Total Current Assets	11,625,099	14,577,657
Patent acquisition costs, net	22,929	27,150
Total Assets	11,648,028	14,604,807
Current Liabilities:
Accounts payable	1,788,563	3,380,782
Accrued expenses	3,184,883	1,839,706
Liability related to deposits received for share subscriptions	1,120,000	0
Total Liabilities	6,093,446	5,220,488
Commitments and Contingencies
Shareholders' Equity:
Share capital of $0.0001 par value Authorized: 15,000,000,000 ordinary shares; issued and outstanding: 4,759,731,923 and 3,847,331,923 at December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively	475,973	384,733
Additional paid-in capital	153,130,813	139,734,651
Capital redemption reserve	52,193,811	52,193,811
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(540,967)	(648,065)
Accumulated deficit	(199,705,048)	(182,280,811)
Total Shareholders' Equity	5,554,582	9,384,319
Total Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity	$ 11,648,028	$ 14,604,807

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Pa

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
Common stock, par value	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Common stock, shares authorized	15,000,000,000	15,000,000,000
Common stock, shares issued	4,759,731,923	4,759,731,923
Common stock, shares outstanding	3,847,331,923	3,847,331,923

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMP

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Operating Expenses:
Research and development expenses	$ 9,133,455	$ 8,820,204	$ 8,739,420
General and administrative expenses	8,080,681	9,160,770	8,223,700
Total Operating Expenses	17,214,136	17,980,974	16,963,120
Loss from Operations	(17,214,136)	(17,980,974)	(16,963,120)
Other Income:
Interest income	10,600	13,615	5,531
Changes in fair value of warrant liabilities - gain	0	556,810	198,948
Foreign currency exchange losses	(193,219)	(350,939)	(67,256)
Other expenses	(27,482)	(22,007)	(20,306)
Total Other (Loss) Income	(210,101)	899,357	116,917
Net Loss	(17,424,237)	(17,081,617)	(16,846,203)
Other Comprehensive Income:
Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment	107,098	(299,205)	3,566
Comprehensive Loss	$ (17,317,139)	$ (17,380,822)	$ (16,842,637)
Loss per ordinary share (basic)	$ 0	$ (0.01)	$ (0.01)
Loss per ordinary share (diluted)	$ 0	$ (0.01)	$ (0.01)
Weighted average ordinary shares (basic)	4,292,112,667	3,159,037,588	1,830,998,609
Weighted average ordinary shares (diuted)	4,292,112,667	3,159,037,588	1,830,998,609

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHAN

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY - USD ($)	Common Stock	Additional Paid-in Capital	Capital Redemption Reserve.	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss	Accumulated Deficit	Total
Shareholders' Equity at Dec. 31, 2018	$ 23,651,277	$ 129,422,851		$ (352,426)	$ (148,352,991)	$ 4,368,711
Shareholders' Equity (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2018	1,580,693,413
Stock-based compensation	$ 0	1,047,387	$ 0	0	0	1,047,387
Issuance of ordinary shares, net of issuance costs	$ 8,335,739	3,098,398		0	0	11,434,137
Issuance of ordinary shares, net of issuance costs (in shares)	665,172,500
Comprehensive income (loss)	$ 0	0	0	3,566	(16,846,203)	(16,842,637)
Shareholders' Equity at Dec. 31, 2019	$ 31,987,016	133,568,636	0	(348,860)	(165,199,194)	7,598
Shareholders' Equity (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2019	2,245,865,913
Stock-based compensation		325,523				325,523
Issuance of ordinary shares, net of issuance costs	$ 20,051,809	2,253,158		0	0	22,304,967
Issuance of ordinary shares, net of issuance costs (in shares)	1,559,455,100
Issuance of share capital for entering into 2020 Purchase Agreement with Aspire Capital	$ 523,778	376,222		0	0	900,000
Issuance of share capital for entering into 2020 Purchase Agreement with Aspire Capital (in shares)	40,760,900
Exercise of warrants	$ 15,941	11,559		0	0	27,500
Exercise of warrants (in shares)	1,250,000
Issuance of share capital upon conversion of deferred shares	$ 0			0	0	0
Issuance of share capital upon conversion of deferred shares (in shares)	10
Subdivision of ordinary shares	$ (52,193,811)		52,193,811	0	0	0
Reclassification of warrants to shareholders' equity	0	3,199,553		0	0	3,199,553
Comprehensive income (loss)	0			(299,205)	(17,081,617)	(17,380,822)
Shareholders' Equity at Dec. 31, 2020	$ 384,733	139,734,651	52,193,811	(648,065)	(182,280,811)	9,384,319
Shareholders' Equity (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2020	3,847,331,923
Stock-based compensation	$ 0	314,650		0	0	314,650
Issuance of ordinary shares, net of issuance costs	$ 91,240	13,081,512		0	0	13,172,752
Issuance of ordinary shares, net of issuance costs (in shares)	912,400,000
Comprehensive income (loss)	$ 0			107,098	(17,424,237)	(17,317,139)
Shareholders' Equity at Dec. 31, 2021	$ 475,973	$ 153,130,813	$ 52,193,811	$ (540,967)	$ (199,705,048)	$ 5,554,582
Shareholders' Equity (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021	4,759,731,923

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:
Net loss	$ (17,424,237)	$ (17,081,617)	$ (16,846,203)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	4,126	8,907	19,205
Stock-based compensation	314,650	325,523	1,047,387
Financing expense	0	900,000	0
Changes in fair value of the liability for warrants	0	(556,810)	(198,948)
Foreign currency exchange gains	242,503	(490,782)	(30,366)
Decrease (increase) in assets:
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	(1,742,261)	192,054	710,335
(Decrease) increase in liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	(241,309)	(247,683)	2,380,277
Total adjustments	(1,422,291)	131,209	3,927,890
Net Cash Used in Operating Activities	(18,846,528)	(16,950,408)	(12,918,313)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:
Net proceeds from issuance of shares	14,292,753	25,046,461	12,647,953
Net proceeds from exercise of warrants to purchase shares	0	27,500	0
Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities	14,292,753	25,073,961	12,647,953
Effect of Exchange Rates on Cash	(140,732)	200,533	34,084
Net Increase (Decrease) in Cash	(4,694,507)	8,324,086	(236,276)
Cash, beginning of period	14,055,777	5,731,691	5,967,967
Cash, end of period	$ 9,361,270	$ 14,055,777	$ 5,731,691

Nature of Business

Nature of Business	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021
Nature of Business.
Nature of Business	​ NOTE 1 – Nature of Business Akari Therapeutics, Plc, (the “Company” or “Akari”) is incorporated in the United Kingdom. The Company is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on developing treatments for autoinflammatory diseases involving the complement (C5) and leukotriene (LTB4) pathways. The Company’s activities since inception have consisted of performing research and development activities and raising capital. As of December 31, 2021, the Company has an accumulated deficit of $199,705,048, cash of $9,361,270 and negative cash flows from operating activities in the amount of $18,846,528. On June 30, 2020, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “2020 Purchase Agreement”) with Aspire Capital Fund, LLC, an Illinois limited liability company (“Aspire Capital”), which provides that, upon the terms and subject to the conditions and limitations set forth therein, Aspire Capital is committed to purchase up to an aggregate of $30.0 million of the Company’s ADSs over the 30-month term of the Purchase Agreement (See Note 4). As of December 31, 2021, $22,000,000 remains available under the facility. The Company believes its current capital resources are sufficient to support its operations through December 2022 without giving effect to the sale of additional shares to Aspire Capital under the Purchase Agreement(s). To fund its capital needs, the Company plans to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings or other sources, such as strategic partnerships and alliance and licensing arrangements, and in the long term, proceeds from sales of commercial product. The Company is subject to a number of risks similar to those of clinical stage companies, including dependence on key individuals, uncertainty of product development and generation of revenues, dependence on outside sources of capital, risks associated with the outbreak of COVID-19, risks associated with clinical trials of products, dependence on third-party collaborators for research operations, need for marketing authorization of products, risks associated with protection of intellectual property, and competition with larger, better-capitalized companies. In addition, the Company is subject to risks related to the COVID-19 outbreak. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company reported a net loss of $17,424,237 and expects to continue to incur substantial losses over the next several years during its development phase. To fully execute its business plan, the Company will need, among other things, to complete its research and development efforts and clinical and regulatory activities. These activities may take several years and will require significant operating and capital expenditures in the foreseeable future. There can be no assurance that these activities will be successful. If the Company is not successful in these activities it could delay, limit, reduce or terminate preclinical studies, clinical trials or other research and development activities. To fund its capital needs, the Company plans to raise funds through equity or debt financings or other sources, such as strategic partnerships and alliance and licensing arrangements, and in the long term, from the proceeds from sales of commercial products. Additional funds may not be available when the Company needs them, on terms that are acceptable to it, or at all. These matters raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The financial statements do not include any adjustments to the carrying amounts and classifications of assets and liabilities that would result if the Company was unable to continue as a going concern. Public health epidemics or outbreaks could adversely impact our business. The situation surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic, including the mutation of variants, continues to remain fluid globally and we continue to manage ongoing challenges associated with the pandemic as they relate to operations. The potential for a material impact on our business, financial condition and results of operation remains a risk. We cannot reasonably estimate with any degree of certainty any future impact of COVID-19. Pandemics such as this can adversely impact our business as a result of disruptions, such as travel bans, quarantines, staffing shortages, and interruptions to access the trial sites and supply chains, which could result in material delays and complications with respect to our research and development programs and clinical trials. Moreover, as a result of COVID-19, there is a general unease of conducting certain non-critical activities in medical centers. For example, while now open for enrollment, prior clinical trials have been halted or delayed due to COVID-19. The extent to which COVID-19 impacts operations will depend on future developments, including the scope of any new virus mutations and outbreaks, the nature of government public health guidelines and the public's adherence to those guidelines, the rate of individuals becoming fully vaccinated and the public's adherence to guidelines to receive booster vaccinations, and the extent to which new lockdowns may be needed or are required in particular countries, including China. In particular, the continued spread of COVID-19 globally could adversely impact our operations and workforce, including research and clinical trials and the ability to raise capital, could affect the operations of key governmental agencies, such as the FDA, which may delay the development of our product candidates, and could result in the inability of suppliers to deliver components or raw materials, including drug product and drug substance, on a timely basis or at all, each of which in turn could have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operation.

Summary of Significant Accounti

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	​ NOTE 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation Principles of Consolidation – Foreign Currency – The reporting currency of the Company is U.S. dollars. The Company translated its non-U.S. operations’ assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies into U.S. dollars at current rates of exchange as of the balance sheet date and income and expense items at the average exchange rate for the reporting period. Translation adjustments resulting from exchange rate fluctuations are recorded as foreign currency translation adjustments, a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss. Gains or losses from foreign currency transactions are included in foreign currency exchange gains/(losses). Use of Estimates – Fair Value Measurements The Company accounted for unregistered warrants issued to investors and a placement agent in connection with the 2019 registered direct offering and the 2020 private placements as a warrant liability on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and measured at their grant date fair values and subsequently re-measured at each reporting period, with changes being recorded as a component of Comprehensive Income (Loss) and included in changes in fair value of warrant liabilities - gain (loss). On December 8, 2020, the Company changed the nominal currency of its ordinary shares from pounds sterling to U.S. dollars and reclassified its warrants from liabilities to shareholders' equity (See Note 3). Cash – Prepaid Expenses Other Current Assets Property and Equipment, net ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Years Computers, peripheral, and scientific equipment 3 Office furniture and equipment 3 ​ Property and equipment, consists of the following: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, ​ December 31, ​ 2021 ​ 2020 Computers, peripheral, and scientific equipment $ 85,489 ​ $ 85,489 Office furniture and equipment 79,449 ​ 79,449 Total property and equipment 164,938 ​ 164,938 Less: Accumulated depreciation (164,938) ​ (164,938) Property and equipment, net $ — ​ $ — ​ Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 was $0, $5,013 and $15,412, respectively, and was recorded in both research and development expenses and general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss. Long-Lived Assets Patent Acquisition Costs Accrued Expenses Research and Development Expenses – Payments made prior to the receipt of goods or services to be used in research and development are capitalized until the goods or services are received. The Company records expenses related to clinical studies and manufacturing development activities based on its estimates of the services received and efforts expended pursuant to contracts with multiple contract research organizations (CROs) and manufacturing vendors that conduct and manage these activities on its behalf. The financial terms of these agreements are subject to negotiation, vary from contract to contract, and may result in uneven payment flows. There may be instances in which payments made to the Company's vendors will exceed the level of services provided and result in a prepayment of the expense. Payments under some of these contracts depend on factors such as the successful enrollment of subjects and the completion of clinical study milestones. In amortizing or accruing service fees, the Company estimates the time period over which services will be performed, enrollment of subjects, number of sites activated and the level of effort to be expended in each period. If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from the Company's estimate, the Company will adjust the accrued or prepaid expense balance accordingly. Research and development expenses for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 were $9,133,455, $8,820,204 and $8,739,420, respectively. The Company accounts for research and development tax credits at the time its realization becomes probable as a credit to research and development expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss (See Note 7). The Company realized $3,066,875 of research and development tax credits in 2021 related to the 2020 tax year, $3,372,093 of research and development tax credits in 2020 related to the 2019 tax year and $7,907,213 in 2019 related to the 2018 and 2017 tax years. Stock-Based Compensation Expense – Compensation-Stock Compensation Compensation - Stock Compensation Leases – Concentration of Credit Risk – Income Taxes The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with the accounting rules that require an asset and liability approach to accounting for income taxes based upon the future expected values of the related assets and liabilities. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and for tax loss and credit carry forwards and are measured using the expected tax rates estimated to be in effect when such basis differences reverse. Valuation allowances are established, if necessary, to reduce the deferred tax asset to the amount that will, more likely than not, be realized. The Company has recorded a full valuation allowance on its deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. Uncertain Tax Positions – Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes Earnings (Loss) Per Share Comprehensive Income (Loss) – The following table provides details with respect to changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss, which is comprised of foreign currency translation adjustments, as presented in the balance sheets at December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Balance January 1, 2019 $ (352,426) Net current period other comprehensive loss ​ ​ 3,566 Balance December 31, 2019 ​ $ (348,860) Net current period other comprehensive loss ​ ​ (299,205) Balance December 31, 2020 ​ $ (648,065) Net current period other comprehensive income ​ ​ 107,098 Balance December 31, 2021 ​ $ (540,967) ​ Recent Accounting Pronouncements Adopted during the year – On August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments — Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments”. This standard requires financial assets measured at amortized cost basis to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected and requires measurement and recognition of expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. This is different from the current guidance as this will require immediate recognition of estimated credit losses expected to occur over the remaining life of many financial assets. This standard is effective for public companies who are SEC filers for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those years. In November 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-11, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses, which expands the scope of the practical expedient that allows entities to exclude the accrued interest component of amortized cost from various disclosures required by ASC 326 to also include certain disclosures required by ASC 320. Entities that elect to apply the practical expedient must disclose the total amount of accrued interest that they exclude from their disclosures of amortized cost. The amendments have the same effective dates as ASU 2016-13 (Topic 326) for entities that have not yet adopted that standard. The Company adopted ASU 2016-13 and ASU 2019-11 effective January 1, 2020. The adoption of the guidance did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. On December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-06, Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity (ASU 2020-06), which simplifies the accounting for certain financial instruments with characteristics of liabilities and equity, including convertible instruments and contracts on an entity’s own equity. Specifically, ASU 2020-06 simplifies accounting for convertible instruments by removing major separation models in ASC 470-20 that require separate accounting for embedded conversion features. ASU 2020-06 also removes certain settlement conditions in ASC 815-40 that are required for equity contracts to qualify for the derivative scope exception, which will permit more equity contracts to qualify for the scope exception and simplifies the diluted earnings per share calculation in certain areas. ASU 2020-06 is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2021, with early adoption permitted. Adoption of ASU 2020-06 can either be on a modified retrospective or full retrospective basis. The Company is currently evaluating the impacts of ASU 2020-06 on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Fair Value Measurements

Fair Value Measurements	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021
Fair Value Measurements
Fair Value Measurements	NOTE 3 – Fair Value Measurements Fair value of financial instruments: The estimated fair value of financial instruments has been determined by the Company using available market information and valuation methodologies. Considerable judgment is required in estimating fair values. Accordingly, the estimates may not be indicative of the amounts the Company could realize in a current market exchange. The carrying amounts of cash, prepaid expenses and other current assets, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate their fair value due to the short-term maturity of such instruments. Fair value is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or a liability. As a basis for considering such assumptions, ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures Level 1 - quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities; Level 2 - inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities; or Level 3 - unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. The fair value hierarchy also requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. Warrants - 2019 Registered Direct Offering - volume weighted average price of the ADSs exceeds $4.50. The Company paid to the Placement Agent an aggregate of $337,496 in placement agent fees and expenses and issued unregistered warrants to the Placement Agent to purchase an aggregate of 177,629 ADS (“2019 Placement Warrants”) on the same terms as the 2019 Investor Warrants, except that the 2019 Placement Warrants are exercisable at $2.85 per ADS and expire on June 28, 2024. Both the 2019 Investor Warrants and the 2019 Placement Warrants (together the “2019 Warrants”) may be exercised on a cashless basis if six months after issuance there is no effective registration statement registering the ADSs underlying the warrants. Pursuant to the cashless exercise provision, the warrant holder must make an additional payment to the Company equal to the nominal value of an ADS (i.e., $0.0001) per warrant ADS actually to be issued pursuant to the cashless exercise. The total amount of 2019 Warrants issued in connection with this registered direct offering amounted to 1,361,842, all of which were outstanding as of December 31, 2021. 2020 Private Placements - 2021 Private Placement - outstanding The Company has determined that at the time of their issuance, the 2019 Warrants and the 2020 Warrants represented freestanding financial instruments whose foreign currency considerations pursuant to cash and cashless exercise require liability classification and should be recorded as liability-classified awards in accordance with ASC 815-40-25, Accounting for Derivative Financial Instruments Indexed to, and Potentially Settled in, a Company’s Own Stock Determining Whether an Instrument (or Embedded Feature) Is Indexed to an Entity’s Own Stock subsequently remeasured at each reporting period with changes being recorded as a component of other income in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). The total grant date fair value of the 2019 Warrants was $1,213,816 and of the 2020 Warrants was $2,749,369 and they were initially recognized within Current Liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The change in fair value of liability related to warrants from period to period, which represents a gain (loss), was recognized as changes in fair value of warrant liabilities – gain (loss) in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). On December 8, 2020, the Company held a general meeting (“2020 General Meeting”) and changed the currency of its ordinary shares from pounds sterling to U.S. dollars (“2020 Redenomination"). As a consequence of the 2020 Redenomination, the Company reassesses, whether its financial instruments or other contracts that previously required derivative accounting within the scope of ASC 815 Financial Instruments The costs directly attributable to realizing proceeds of issuing ADSs in connection with the 2019 Registered Direct Offering and the 2020 Private Placements, such as placement agent fees, commissions, legal and accounting fees pertaining to the financing and other external, incremental fees and expenses paid to advisors are recognized on a proportional basis as (1) a component of General and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations, relative to the grant date fair value of the warrant liability as a portion of the total value of the equity raise, and (2) in the Shareholders' Equity in the Consolidated Balance Sheets in accordance with ASC 835-30-45-3, relative to the gross cash proceeds of the private placement as a portion of the total value of the equity raise at the time of the equity raise. The total value of the equity raises equal the sum of the grant date fair values of the warrant liability and the gross cash proceeds of the 2019 Registered Direct Offering and the 2020 Private Placements, respectively. At December 8, 2020, the fair value of the 2019 Warrants was $882,237 and of the 2020 Warrants $2,317,316, totaling $3,199,553. At December 31, 2019, the fair value of the 2019 Warrants was $1,014,868. The change in fair value of the 2019 Warrants from January 1, 2020 to December 8, 2020 was a decrease of $132,632 and of the outstanding 2020 Warrants for the same period was a decrease of $432,053. In addition, upon exercise of 12,500 of the 2020 Investor Warrant ADSs, the Company reclassified $7,874 of the related warrant liability to shareholders' equity. Below are the assumptions used for the fair value calculations of the 2019 Warrants as of: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, December 8, ​ ​ 2019 ​ 2020 Standard deviation 110.00 % 95.00 % Annual risk-free interest rate 1.66 % 0.25 % Required return on equity 19.90 % 19.30 % Expected life in years 4.50 3.55 ​ Annual turnover rate 0.00 % 0.00 % Period risk-free rate 0.08 % 0.08 % ​ Below are the assumptions used for the fair value calculations of the 2020 Warrants as of: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ February 21, March 3, December 8, ​ ​ 2020 ​ 2020 ​ 2020 Standard deviation 110.00 % 110.00 % 95.00 % Annual risk-free interest rate 1.3 % 0.77 % 0.31-0.32 % Required return on equity 19.90 % 19.90 % 19.30 % Expected life in years 5.0 5.0 4.2 ​ Annual turnover rate 0.00 % 0.00 % 0.00 % Period risk-free rate 0.08 % 0.08 % 0.08 % ​ Fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fair value of liabilities ​ ​ related to warrants Balance at December 31, 2019 $ 1,014,868 ​ ​ ​ Issuance of 2020 Warrants ​ 2,749,369 ​ ​ ​ Reclassification of warrant liability to shareholders’ equity upon exercise of 12,500 warrant ADSs ​ ​ (7,874) ​ ​ ​ ​ Change in fair value of liabilities related to warrants ​ ​ (556,810) ​ ​ ​ ​ Balance at December 8, 2020 ​ ​ 3,199,553 ​ ​ ​ ​ Reclassification to Additional-Paid-In Capital (in) Shareholders’ Equity ​ ​ (3,199,553) Balance at December 31, 2020 ​ $ — ​ 2021 Warrants The Company has determined that, at the time of their issuance, the 2021 Warrants met the requirements for classification as equity under ASC 815-40-25. In connection with the 2021 Private Placements, the costs directly attributable to realizing proceeds of issuing ADSs such as placement agent fees, commissions, legal and accounting fees pertaining to the financing and other external, incremental fees and expenses paid to advisors are recognized in Additional paid-in capital of the Shareholders’ Equity in the Consolidated Balance Sheets in accordance with ASC 814-40. As of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the Company did not have any financial assets that require fair value measurement on a recurring basis.

Shareholders' Equity

Shareholders' Equity	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021
Shareholders' Equity
Shareholders' Equity	​ NOTE 4 – Shareholders’ Equity 2020 Purchase Agreement and Registration Rights Agreement with Aspire Capital – On June 30, 2020, the Company entered into a Purchase Agreement (“2020 Purchase Agreement”) with Aspire Capital, which provides that, upon the terms and subject to the conditions and limitations set forth therein, Aspire Capital is committed to purchase up to an aggregate of $30.0 million of the Company’s ADSs, with each ADS representing one hundred (100) ordinary shares, during a 30-month period beginning on the effective date of a registration statement related to the transaction. Concurrently with entering into the 2020 Purchase Agreement, the Company also entered into a registration rights agreement with Aspire Capital, in which the Company agreed to file one or more registration statements, as permissible and necessary to register under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), the sale of the Company’s securities that have been and may be issued to Aspire Capital under the 2020 Purchase Agreement. Under the 2020 Purchase Agreement, after the SEC declared effective the registration statement referred to above (which occurred in July 2020), on any trading day selected by the Company, the Company has the right, in its sole discretion, to present Aspire Capital with a purchase notice (each, a “Purchase Notice”), directing Aspire Capital (as principal) to purchase up to 150,000 ADSs per business day and up to $30.0 million of the Company’s ADSs in the aggregate at a per share price (the “Purchase Price”) equal to the lesser of: ● the lowest sale price of the Company’s ADSs on the purchase date; or ● the arithmetic average of the three (3) lowest closing sale prices for the ADSs during the ten (10) consecutive business days ending on the business day immediately preceding such Purchase Date (to be appropriately adjusted for any reorganization, recapitalization, non-cash dividend, stock split, reverse stock split or other similar transaction). In addition, on any date on which the Company submits a Purchase Notice to Aspire Capital in an amount of 150,000 ADSs, the Company also has the right, in its sole discretion, to present Aspire Capital with a volume-weighted average price purchase notice (each, a “VWAP Purchase Notice”) directing Aspire Capital to purchase an amount of ADSs equal to up to 30% of the aggregate shares of the Company’s ADSs traded on its principal market on the next trading day (the “VWAP Purchase Date”), subject to a maximum number of 250,000 ADSs. The purchase price per share pursuant to such VWAP Purchase Notice is generally 97% of the volume-weighted average price for the Company’s ADSs traded on its principal market on the VWAP Purchase Date. The Purchase Price will be adjusted for any reorganization, recapitalization, non-cash dividend, stock split, or other similar transaction occurring during the period(s) used to compute the Purchase Price. The Company may deliver multiple Purchase Notices and VWAP Purchase Notices to Aspire Capital from time to time during the term of the Purchase Agreement, so long as the most recent purchase has been completed. The 2020 Purchase Agreement provides that the Company and Aspire Capital shall not effect any sales under the Purchase Agreement on any purchase date where the closing sale price of the Company’s ADSs is less than $0.25. Additionally, governing law in the United Kingdom, where the Company is incorporated, requires a minimum payment per ADS to be issued pursuant to a purchase notice equal to the nominal value of an ADS (i.e., $0.0001). There are no trading volume requirements or restrictions under the Purchase Agreement, and the Company will control the timing and amount of sales of the Company’s ADSs to Aspire Capital. Aspire Capital has no right to require any sales by the Company, but is obligated to make purchases from the Company as directed by the Company in accordance with the Purchase Agreement. There are no limitations on use of proceeds, financial or business covenants, restrictions on future fundings, rights of first refusal, participation rights, penalties or liquidated damages in the Purchase Agreement. In accordance with ASC 815-40-15, Determining Whether an Instrument (or Embedded Feature) Is Indexed to an Entity’s Own Stock Derivatives and Hedging. In consideration for entering into the 2020 Purchase Agreement, the Company agreed to issue to Aspire Capital 40,760,900 ordinary shares of the Company (the “2020 Commitment Shares”) which had a fair value of approximately $900,000. Since the Company has determined that the 2020 Purchase Agreement was considered a freestanding put option derivative in accordance with ASC 815 Derivatives and Hedging and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss. The 2020 Purchase Agreement may be terminated by the Company at any time, at its discretion, without any cost to the Company. Aspire Capital has agreed that neither it nor any of its agents, representatives and affiliates shall engage in any direct or indirect short-selling or hedging of the Company’s securities during any time prior to the termination of the 2020 Purchase Agreement. Any proceeds the Company receives under the 2020 Purchase Agreement are expected to be used for working capital and general corporate purposes. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2020, the Company sold to Aspire Capital 460,758,800 ordinary shares of the Company for gross proceeds of approximately $6,000,000. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2021, the Company sold to Aspire Capital 117,647,100 ordinary shares of the Company for gross proceeds of approximately $2,000,001. As of December 31, 2021, $22 million of the original purchase commitment of $30 million remains available under the facility. 2021 Registered Direct Offering – On December 29, 2021, the Company entered into securities purchase agreements with certain accredited and institutional investors, including Dr. Ray Prudo, the Company's Chairman, providing for the issuance of an aggregate of 4,311,019 ADSs in a registered direct placement at $1.40 per ADS for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $6.0 million (the "2021 Registered Direct") which closed on January 5, 2022. As of December 31, 2021, the Company received approximately $1,120,000 in gross proceeds from investors which were classified as Current liabilities on the balance sheets due to substantive termination rights by investors prior to closing of the 2021 Registered Direct which occurred on January 4 and 5, 2022. The Company also entered into a letter agreement with Paulson Investment Company, LLC to serve as the placement agent (the "Placement Agent") for the Company in connection with this offering. In connection with the offering, on January 4 and 5, 2022, the Company issued to the investors registered warrants to purchase a total of 2,155,507 ADSs at $1.65 per ADS ("January 2022 Investor Warrants"). The Company paid an aggregate of $542,835 in placement agent fees and expenses and issued registered placement agent warrants to the Placement Agent to purchase an aggregate of 172,441 ADS on January 4, 2022 at $1.75 per ADS ("January 2022 Placement Warrants"). The January 2022 Investor Warrants and the January 2022 Placement Warrants (together the "January 2022 Warrants") will expire five years from issuance and are immediately exercisable, subject to adjustment as set forth therein. 2021 Private Placement – On July 7, 2021, the Company entered into securities purchase agreements with certain accredited and institutional investors, including Praxis Trustees Limited as trustee of Sonic Healthcare Holding Company EFRBS which is beneficially owned by Dr. Ray Prudo, the Company's Chairman, providing for the issuance of an aggregate of 7,947,529 ADSs in a private placement at $1.55 per ADS for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $12.3 million, which subsequently closed (the "2021 Private Placements"). The Company also entered into a letter agreement with Paulson Investment Company to serve as the placement agent for the Company in connection with this offering. In connection with the offering, the Company issued to the unregistered warrants to the placement agent to purchase 398,384 ADSs at $2.32 per ADS (See Note 3). 2020 Private Placements – On February 13, 2020, February 19, 2020, February 20, 2020 and February 28, 2020, the Company entered into securities purchase agreements with certain accredited and institutional investors, including Dr. Ray Prudo, the Company’s Chairman, providing for the issuance of an aggregate of 5,620,296 ADSs in a private placement at $1.70 per ADS for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $9.5 million. The Company also entered into a letter agreement with Paulson Investment Company to serve as the placement agent for the Company in connection with this offering. In connection with the offering, the Company issued to the investors unregistered warrants to purchase 2,810,136 ADSs at $2.20 per ADS and 449,623 ADSs to the Placement Agent at $2.55 per ADS (See Note 3). 2019 Registered Direct Offering - On July 3, 2019, the Company sold to certain institutional investors, accredited investors and an existing shareholder, RPC Pharma Ltd., an affiliated entity of Dr. Ray Prudo, the Company's Chairman, an aggregate of 2,368,392 ADSs in a registered direct offering at $1.90 per ADS, resulting in gross proceeds of approximately $4.5 million. The Company also entered into a letter agreement with the Paulson Investment Company to serve as the placement agent for the Company in connection with this offering. In connection with the sale of the ADSs in the 2019 Registered Direct Offering, the Company issued unregistered warrants to investors and the Placement Agent to purchase an aggregate of 1,361,842 ADSs in a private placement at $3.00 per ADS and $2.85 per ADS respectively (See Note 3). ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Balance ​ Warrants ​ Warrants ​ Balance ​ Warrants ​ Balance ​ ​ Exercise ​ December 31, ​ Issued ​ Exercised ​ December 31, ​ Issued ​ December 31, Description Price 2019 in 2020 in 2020 2020 in 2021 2021 2019 Investor Warrants ​ $ 3.00 1,184,213 — — 1,184,213 — 1,184,213 2019 Placement Warrants ​ $ 2.85 177,629 — — 177,629 — 177,629 2020 Investor Warrants ​ $ 2.20 — 2,810,136 (12,500) 2,797,636 — 2,797,636 2020 Placement Warrants ​ $ 2.55 — 449,623 — 449,623 — 449,623 2021 Warrants ​ $ 2.32 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 398,384 ​ 398,384 ​ ​ ​ 1,361,842 3,259,759 (12,500) 4,609,101 398,384 ​ 5,007,485 ​ 2018 Purchase Agreement and Registration Rights Agreement with Aspire Capital – On September 26, 2018, the Company entered into a Purchase Agreement (“2018 Purchase Agreement”) with Aspire Capital, which provides that, upon the terms and subject to the conditions and limitations set forth therein, Aspire Capital is committed to purchase up to an aggregate of $20.0 million of the Company’s ADS, with each ADS representing one hundred (100) ordinary shares, during a 30-month period beginning on the effective date of a registration statement related to the 2018 Purchase Agreement. Concurrently with entering into the 2018 Purchase Agreement, the Company also entered into a registration rights agreement with Aspire Capital, in which the Company agreed to file one or more registration statements, as permissible and necessary to register under the Securities Act, the sale of the Company’s securities that have been and may be issued to Aspire Capital under the 2018 Purchase Agreement. Under the 2018 Purchase Agreement, after the SEC declared effective the registration statement referred to above (which occurred in March 2019), on any trading day selected by the Company, the Company has the right, in its sole discretion, to present Aspire Capital with a purchase notice (each, a “Purchase Notice”), directing Aspire Capital (as principal) to purchase up to 150,000 ADSs per business day and up to $20.0 million of the Company’s ADSs in the aggregate at a per share price (the “Purchase Price”) equal to the lesser of: ● the lowest sale price of the Company’s ADSs on the purchase date; or ● the arithmetic average of the three (3) lowest closing sale prices for the ADSs during the ten (10) consecutive business days ending on the business day immediately preceding such Purchase Date (to be appropriately adjusted for any reorganization, recapitalization, non-cash dividend, stock split, reverse stock split or other similar transaction). In addition, on any date on which the Company submits a Purchase Notice to Aspire Capital in an amount of 150,000 ADSs, the Company also has the right, in its sole discretion, to present Aspire Capital with a volume-weighted average price purchase notice (each, a “VWAP Purchase Notice”) directing Aspire Capital to purchase an amount of ADSs equal to up to 30% of the aggregate shares of the Company’s ADSs traded on its principal market on the next trading day (the “VWAP Purchase Date”), subject to a maximum number of 250,000 ADSs. The purchase price per share pursuant to such VWAP Purchase Notice is generally 97% of the volume-weighted average price for the Company’s ADSs traded on its principal market on the VWAP Purchase Date. The Purchase Price will be adjusted for any reorganization, recapitalization, non-cash dividend, stock split, or other similar transaction occurring during the period(s) used to compute the Purchase Price. The Company may deliver multiple Purchase Notices and VWAP Purchase Notices to Aspire Capital from time to time during the term of the Purchase Agreement, so long as the most recent purchase has been completed. The Purchase Agreement provides that the Company and Aspire Capital shall not effect any sales under the Purchase Agreement on any purchase date where the closing sale price of the Company’s ADSs is less than $0.25. There are no trading volume requirements or restrictions under the Purchase Agreement, and the Company will control the timing and amount of sales of the Company’s ADSs to Aspire Capital. Aspire Capital has no right to require any sales by the Company, but is obligated to make purchases from the Company as directed by the Company in accordance with the Purchase Agreement. There are no limitations on use of proceeds, financial or business covenants, restrictions on future fundings, rights of first refusal, participation rights, penalties or liquidated damages in the Purchase Agreement. In consideration for entering into the Purchase Agreement, concurrently with the execution of the Purchase Agreement, the Company issued to Aspire Capital 30,000,000 ordinary shares of the Company (the “2018 Commitment Shares”) and sold to Aspire Capital 25,000,000 ordinary shares (the “2018 Initial Shares”) for gross proceeds of $500,000. The Company recorded the value of the Commitment shares as general and administrative expenses in its Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss. The 2018 Purchase Agreement may be terminated by the Company at any time, at its discretion, without any cost to the Company. Aspire Capital has agreed that neither it nor any of its agents, representatives and affiliates shall engage in any direct or indirect short-selling or hedging of the Company’s securities during any time prior to the termination of the 2018 Purchase Agreement. Any proceeds the Company receives under the 2018 Purchase Agreement are expected to be used for working capital and general corporate purposes. In addition to the issuance of the 2018 Commitment Shares and 2018 Initial Shares for gross proceeds of $500,000 in September 2018, during the twelve months ended December 31, 2020, the Company sold to Aspire Capital 536,666,700 ordinary shares of the Company for gross proceeds of $10,360,254. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2019, the Company sold to Aspire Capital 428,333,300 ordinary shares of the Company for gross proceeds of $8,768,125. On June 30, 2020, the Company terminated the 2018 Purchase Agreement in connection with the entry of the 2020 Purchase Agreement. Share option plan In accordance with the Company’s 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”), the number of shares that may be issued upon exercise of options under the Plan shall not exceed 400,000,000 ordinary shares. At December 31, 2021, 257,050,965 ordinary shares were available for future issuance under the Plan. The option plan is administered by the Company’s Board of Directors and grants are made pursuant thereto by the compensation committee. The per share exercise price for the shares to be issued pursuant to the exercise of an option shall be such price equal to the fair market value of the Company’s ordinary shares on the grant date and set forth in the individual option agreement. Options expire ten years after the grant date and typically vest over one The following is a summary of the Company’s share option activity and related information for employees and directors for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ average ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted Weighted ​ remaining ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ average ​ average ​ contractual ​ Aggregate ​ ​ Number ​ exercise ​ grant date ​ term ​ intrinsic ​ of shares price fair value (in years) value Options outstanding as of January 1, 2019 94,096,998 ​ $ 0.12 ​ ​ 8.4 $ — Changes during the period: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Granted 7,800,000 ​ $ 0.02 ​ $ 0.01 ​ ​ ​ Forfeited (7,547,963) ​ $ 0.23 ​ $ 0.14 ​ ​ ​ Options outstanding at December 31, 2019 94,349,035 ​ $ 0.10 ​ ​ 7.6 $ — Changes during the period: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Granted 20,800,000 ​ $ 0.02 ​ $ 0.01 ​ ​ 6,440 Forfeited (2,500,000) ​ $ 0.02 ​ $ 0.02 ​ ​ ​ Options outstanding at December 31, 2020 112,649,035 ​ $ 0.09 ​ ​ 7.1 ​ $ 9,550 Changes during the period: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Granted 30,300,000 ​ $ 0.02 ​ $ 0.01 ​ ​ — Options outstanding at December 31, 2021 142,949,035 ​ $ 0.07 ​ ​ 6.8 ​ $ — Exercisable options at December 31, 2021 97,499,035 ​ $ 0.10 ​ ​ 5.9 ​ $ — ​ The Company measures compensation cost for all share-based awards at fair value on the date of grant and recognizes compensation expense in general administrative and research and development expenses within its Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) using the straight-line method over the service period over which it expects the awards to vest. The Company estimates the fair value of all time-vested options as of the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option valuation model, which was developed for use in estimating the fair value of traded options that have no vesting restrictions and are fully transferable. Option valuation models require the input of highly subjective assumptions, including the expected share price volatility, which is calculated based on the historical volatility of peer companies. The Company uses a risk-free interest rate, based on the U.S. Treasury instruments in effect at the time of the grant, for the period comparable to the expected term of the option. Given its limited history with share option grants and exercises, the Company uses the “simplified” method in estimating the expected term, the period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding, for its grants. The Company classifies its stock-based payments which are settled in ordinary shares as equity-classified awards. The Company measures equity-classified awards at their grant date fair value and does not subsequently re-measure them. Compensation costs related to equity-classified awards generally are equal to the grant date fair value of the award amortized over the vesting period of the award. Below are the assumptions used for the options granted during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, ​ 2021 2020 2019 ​ Expected dividend yield 0 % 0 % 0 % Expected volatility 70.7-83.2 % 83.9-86.9 % 75.4 % Risk-free interest 0.64-1.25 % 0.38%-0.49 % 1.76 % Expected life 5.5-6.25 years 5.5-6.25 years 5.5 years ​ The following is a summary of the Company’s share options granted separated into ranges of exercise price: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Remaining Weighted ​ ​ Options ​ Weighted ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ contractual ​ average ​ ​ outstanding ​ average ​ Weighted ​ Options ​ life for ​ exercise Exercise ​ at ​ remaining ​ average ​ exercisable at ​ exercisable ​ price for price ​ December ​ contractual ​ exercise ​ December ​ options ​ exercisable (range) ($) 31, 2021 life (years) price ($) 31, 2021 (years) ​ options ($) 0.02-0.05 107,900,000 7.7 0.02 62,450,000 6.9 0.02 0.12-0.19 18,334,629 4.3 0.15 18,334,629 4.3 0.15 0.32 16,714,406 3.7 0.32 16,714,406 3.7 0.32 ​ 142,949,035 97,499,035 ​ During the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, the Company recorded approximately $314,650, $325,523 and $1,047,387, respectively, in stock-based compensation expenses for employees and directors. At December 31, 2021, there was approximately $423,000 of unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested share-based compensation arrangements granted under the Company’s share option plans which the Company expects to recognize over 2.6 years.

Related Party Transactions

Related Party Transactions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021
Related Party Transactions
Related Party Transactions	​ NOTE 5 – Related Party Transactions Office Lease Laboratory Testing Services - Consulting -

Loss Per Share

Loss Per Share	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021
Loss Per Share
Loss Per Share	​ NOTE 6 – Loss Per Share Basic loss per Ordinary Share is computed by dividing net loss available to ordinary shareholders by the weighted-average number of Ordinary Shares outstanding during the period. Diluted loss per ordinary share is computed by dividing net loss available to ordinary shareholders by the sum of (1) the weighted-average number of Ordinary Shares outstanding during the period, (2) the dilutive effect of the assumed exercise of share options using the treasury stock method, and (3) the dilutive effect of other potentially dilutive securities. The following is the calculation of the basic and diluted weighted average shares outstanding for the years ended December 31,2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Years Ended December 31, ​ 2021 2020 2019 Company posted Net loss Net loss Net loss Basic weighted average shares outstanding 4,292,112,667 3,159,037,588 1,830,998,609 Dilutive effect of Ordinary Share equivalents None None None Dilutive weighted average shares outstanding 4,292,112,667 3,159,037,588 1,830,998,609 ​ For purposes of the diluted net loss per share calculation, share options and warrants are considered to be potentially dilutive securities and are excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share because their effect would be anti-dilutive. Therefore, basic and diluted net loss per share was the same for the periods presented due to the Company’s net loss position. The following table shows the number of share equivalents that were excluded from the computation of diluted loss per share for the respective periods because the effect would have been anti-dilutive: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Years Ended December 31, ​ 2021 2020 2019 Total share options 142,949,035 112,649,035 94,349,035 Total warrants-equity classified 500,748,500 460,910,100 — Total warrants-liability classified — — 136,184,200 Total share options and warrants 643,697,535 573,559,135 230,533,235 ​

Income Taxes

Income Taxes	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021
Income Taxes
Income Taxes	NOTE 7 – Income Taxes Tax rates: The Company is incorporated in England. The effective corporate tax rate applying to a company that is incorporated in England on December 31, 2021 is 19%, which is consistent with the rate from December 31, 2020 and 2019. Tax assessment: The periods open to inquiry by the United Kingdom (“UK”) tax authorities are 2021, 2020 and 2019. The Company has not been issued final tax assessments since its establishment in Switzerland. Deferred taxes: Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Management currently believes that since the Company has a history of losses, it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets relating to the loss carryforwards and other temporary differences will not be realized in the foreseeable future. Therefore, the Company provided a full valuation allowance to reduce the deferred tax assets. The main reconciling item between the statutory tax rate of the Company and the effective tax rate is the recognition of valuation allowances in respect of deferred taxes relating to accumulated net operating losses carried forward due to the uncertainty of the realization of such deferred taxes. At December 31, 2021 and 2020, there were no known uncertain tax positions. The Company has not identified any tax positions for which it is reasonably possible that a significant change will occur during the next 12 months. The components of income/(loss) before income taxes are as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, December 31, December 31, ​ ​ 2021 ​ 2020 ​ 2019 Domestic (UK) ​ $ (17,308,782) ​ $ (17,394,074) ​ $ (16,870,699) Foreign ​ (115,455) ​ 312,457 ​ 24,496 Loss before income tax ​ $ (17,424,237) ​ $ (17,081,617) ​ $ (16,846,203) ​ Income taxes relating to the Company’s operations are as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, December 31, December 31, ​ ​ 2021 ​ 2020 ​ 2019 Current income taxes Domestic (UK) — — — U.S. ​ — ​ ​ ​ ​ Foreign — — — ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Deferred income taxes — — — Domestic (UK) — — — Foreign — — — Income tax expense/recovery — — — ​ Income taxes at the UK statutory rate compared to the Company’s income tax expenses as reported are as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, December 31, December 31, ​ ​ 2021 ​ 2020 ​ 2019 Net loss before income tax ​ $ (17,424,237) ​ $ (17,081,617) ​ $ (16,846,203) ​ Statutory rate ​ 19.00 % 19.00 % 19.00 % Expected income tax recovery ​ (3,310,605) ​ (3,245,507) ​ (3,200,779) ​ Impact on income tax expense/recovery from ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Change in valuation allowance ​ 3,958,517 ​ 4,287,778 ​ 3,150,021 ​ Permanent differences ​ 39,572 ​ 81 ​ 161,543 ​ U.S. state taxes (net of FBOS) ​ ​ (534,862) ​ ​ (655,877) ​ ​ (370,870) ​ Tax rate difference in foreign jurisdictions ​ (122,064) ​ (136,343) ​ (1,960) ​ Change of tax rate due to U.S. tax reform ​ 60,369 ​ — ​ — ​ Change of tax rate from prior year ​ (90,927) ​ — ​ (63,133) ​ Deferred tax adjustments ​ ​ — ​ ​ (250,132) ​ ​ 325,178 ​ Income tax expense ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ ​ The Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities consist of the following: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, December 31, ​ ​ 2021 ​ 2020 Deferred tax assets Stock-based compensation 1,426,602 1,295,841 PP&E and other accrued liabilities ​ 571,006 ​ 244,638 Intangibles ​ 1,588,365 ​ 1,763,151 Warrant revaluation — — Tax loss carry forward 26,736,219 22,913,429 Valuation allowance (30,322,192) (26,217,059) Deferred tax assets/liabilities — — ​ The Company has reviewed its tax positions for its past domestic and foreign tax filings and has not identified any uncertain income tax positions. The Company’s position is to record penalties and interest on any uncertain tax position, if any, and record such items to general and administrative expense. At December 31, 2021, the Company had approximately $96.4 million of UK operating loss carryforwards to reduce future UK taxable income. These carryforwards do not expire. At December 31, 2021, the Company had approximately $76.0 million of foreign operating loss carryforwards in the US (including federal, state and local jurisdictions) and Switzerland. Carryforwards in the US totaling approximately $1.1 million expire in 2032, $1.5 million expire in 2034, $3.7 million expire in 2036, $10.5 million expire in 2037, $34.9 million expire after 2037, and $17.6 million do not expire. The carryforwards in Switzerland totaling approximately $6.0 million expire in 2022 and $0.7 million expire in 2023. In general, an ownership change, as defined by Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code, results from transactions increasing the ownership of certain shareholders or public groups in the stock of a corporation by more than 50% over a three-year period. The Company has not conducted a study to assess whether a change of control has occurred or whether there have been multiple changes of control since inception due to their history of losses. If the Company has experienced a change of control, as defined by Section 382, at any time since inception, utilization of the net operating loss carryforwards would be subject to an annual limitation under Section 382. Any limitation may result in expiration of a portion of the net operating loss carryforwards before utilization. Further, until a study is completed and any limitation is known, no adjustments have been reflected in the deferred tax asset for net operating loss carryforwards. Research and development credits: The Company carries out extensive research and development activities and may benefit from the UK research and development tax relief regime, whereby the Company can receive an enhanced UK tax deduction on its research and development activities. Qualifying expenditures comprise of chemistry and manufacturing consumables, employment costs for research staff, clinical trials management, and other subcontracted research expenditures. Where the Company is loss making for the period it can elect to surrender taxable losses for a refundable tax credit. The losses available to surrender are equal to the lower of the sum of the research and development qualifying expenditure and enhanced tax deduction and the Company’s taxable losses for the period with the tax credit for December 31, 2021 available at a rate of 14.5%. The credit therefore gives a cash flow advantage to Company at a lower rate than would be available if the enhanced losses were carried forward and relieved against future taxable profits. The Company accounts for research and development tax credits at the time its realization becomes probable (Note 2). Due to the uncertainty of the approval of these tax credit claims and the potential that an election for a tax credit in the form of cash is not made, the Company did not record a receivable for the 2021 tax year at December 31, 2021.

Segment Information

Segment Information	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021
Segment Information
Segment Information	NOTE 8 – Segment Information The chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) is the Company’s CEO. Neither the CODM nor the Company’s directors receive disaggregated financial information about the locations in which research and development is occurring. Therefore, the Company considers that it has only one reporting segment. ​ ​ NOTE 9 – Segment Information The following table presents the Company’s tangible fixed assets by geographic region: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, December 31, ​ ​ 2021 ​ 2020 United States ​ $ — ​ $ — United Kingdom ​ — ​ — Total ​ $ — ​ $ — ​

Subsequent Events

Subsequent Events	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021
Subsequent Events
Subsequent Events	NOTE 10 – Subsequent Events On March 8, 2022, the Company entered into securities purchase agreements with certain accredited and institutional investors, including Dr. Ray Prudo, the Company’s Chairman, providing for the issuance of an aggregate of 7,440,833 ADSs in a registered direct offering at $1.20 per ADS, resulting in gross proceeds of approximately $8.9 million. In addition, the Company issued to the investors registered warrants to purchase an aggregate of 3,720,409 ADSs. The warrants are immediately exercisable and will expire five years from issuance at an exercise price of $1.40 per ADS, subject to adjustment as set forth therein. The Company paid an aggregate of approximately $774,321 in placement agent fees and expenses and issued registered placement agent warrants to purchase an aggregate of 297,633 ADS on the same terms as the warrants, except that the placement agent warrants are exercisable at $1.50 per ADS.

Summary of Significant Accoun_2

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation	Basis of Presentation
Principles of Consolidation	Principles of Consolidation –
Foreign Currency	Foreign Currency – The reporting currency of the Company is U.S. dollars. The Company translated its non-U.S. operations’ assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies into U.S. dollars at current rates of exchange as of the balance sheet date and income and expense items at the average exchange rate for the reporting period. Translation adjustments resulting from exchange rate fluctuations are recorded as foreign currency translation adjustments, a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss. Gains or losses from foreign currency transactions are included in foreign currency exchange gains/(losses).
Use of Estimates	Use of Estimates –
Fair Value Measurements	Fair Value Measurements The Company accounted for unregistered warrants issued to investors and a placement agent in connection with the 2019 registered direct offering and the 2020 private placements as a warrant liability on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and measured at their grant date fair values and subsequently re-measured at each reporting period, with changes being recorded as a component of Comprehensive Income (Loss) and included in changes in fair value of warrant liabilities - gain (loss). On December 8, 2020, the Company changed the nominal currency of its ordinary shares from pounds sterling to U.S. dollars and reclassified its warrants from liabilities to shareholders' equity (See Note 3).
Cash	Cash –
Prepaid Expenses	Prepaid Expenses
Other Current Assets	Other Current Assets
Property and Equipment, net	Property and Equipment, net ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Years Computers, peripheral, and scientific equipment 3 Office furniture and equipment 3 ​ Property and equipment, consists of the following: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, ​ December 31, ​ 2021 ​ 2020 Computers, peripheral, and scientific equipment $ 85,489 ​ $ 85,489 Office furniture and equipment 79,449 ​ 79,449 Total property and equipment 164,938 ​ 164,938 Less: Accumulated depreciation (164,938) ​ (164,938) Property and equipment, net $ — ​ $ — ​ Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 was $0, $5,013 and $15,412, respectively, and was recorded in both research and development expenses and general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss.
Long-Lived Assets	Long-Lived Assets
Patent Acquisition Costs	Patent Acquisition Costs
Accrued Expenses	Accrued Expenses
Research and Development Expenses	Research and Development Expenses – Payments made prior to the receipt of goods or services to be used in research and development are capitalized until the goods or services are received. The Company records expenses related to clinical studies and manufacturing development activities based on its estimates of the services received and efforts expended pursuant to contracts with multiple contract research organizations (CROs) and manufacturing vendors that conduct and manage these activities on its behalf. The financial terms of these agreements are subject to negotiation, vary from contract to contract, and may result in uneven payment flows. There may be instances in which payments made to the Company's vendors will exceed the level of services provided and result in a prepayment of the expense. Payments under some of these contracts depend on factors such as the successful enrollment of subjects and the completion of clinical study milestones. In amortizing or accruing service fees, the Company estimates the time period over which services will be performed, enrollment of subjects, number of sites activated and the level of effort to be expended in each period. If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from the Company's estimate, the Company will adjust the accrued or prepaid expense balance accordingly. Research and development expenses for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 were $9,133,455, $8,820,204 and $8,739,420, respectively. The Company accounts for research and development tax credits at the time its realization becomes probable as a credit to research and development expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss (See Note 7). The Company realized $3,066,875 of research and development tax credits in 2021 related to the 2020 tax year, $3,372,093 of research and development tax credits in 2020 related to the 2019 tax year and $7,907,213 in 2019 related to the 2018 and 2017 tax years.
Stock-Based Compensation Expense	Stock-Based Compensation Expense – Compensation-Stock Compensation Compensation - Stock Compensation
Leases	Leases –
Concentration of Credit Risk	Concentration of Credit Risk –
Income Taxes	Income Taxes The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with the accounting rules that require an asset and liability approach to accounting for income taxes based upon the future expected values of the related assets and liabilities. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and for tax loss and credit carry forwards and are measured using the expected tax rates estimated to be in effect when such basis differences reverse. Valuation allowances are established, if necessary, to reduce the deferred tax asset to the amount that will, more likely than not, be realized. The Company has recorded a full valuation allowance on its deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.
Uncertain Tax Positions	Uncertain Tax Positions – Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes
Earnings (Loss) Per Share	Earnings (Loss) Per Share
Comprehensive Income (Loss)	Comprehensive Income (Loss) – The following table provides details with respect to changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss, which is comprised of foreign currency translation adjustments, as presented in the balance sheets at December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Balance January 1, 2019 $ (352,426) Net current period other comprehensive loss ​ ​ 3,566 Balance December 31, 2019 ​ $ (348,860) Net current period other comprehensive loss ​ ​ (299,205) Balance December 31, 2020 ​ $ (648,065) Net current period other comprehensive income ​ ​ 107,098 Balance December 31, 2021 ​ $ (540,967) ​
Recent Accounting Pronouncements	Recent Accounting Pronouncements Adopted during the year – On August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments — Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments”. This standard requires financial assets measured at amortized cost basis to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected and requires measurement and recognition of expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. This is different from the current guidance as this will require immediate recognition of estimated credit losses expected to occur over the remaining life of many financial assets. This standard is effective for public companies who are SEC filers for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those years. In November 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-11, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses, which expands the scope of the practical expedient that allows entities to exclude the accrued interest component of amortized cost from various disclosures required by ASC 326 to also include certain disclosures required by ASC 320. Entities that elect to apply the practical expedient must disclose the total amount of accrued interest that they exclude from their disclosures of amortized cost. The amendments have the same effective dates as ASU 2016-13 (Topic 326) for entities that have not yet adopted that standard. The Company adopted ASU 2016-13 and ASU 2019-11 effective January 1, 2020. The adoption of the guidance did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. On December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-06, Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity (ASU 2020-06), which simplifies the accounting for certain financial instruments with characteristics of liabilities and equity, including convertible instruments and contracts on an entity’s own equity. Specifically, ASU 2020-06 simplifies accounting for convertible instruments by removing major separation models in ASC 470-20 that require separate accounting for embedded conversion features. ASU 2020-06 also removes certain settlement conditions in ASC 815-40 that are required for equity contracts to qualify for the derivative scope exception, which will permit more equity contracts to qualify for the scope exception and simplifies the diluted earnings per share calculation in certain areas. ASU 2020-06 is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2021, with early adoption permitted. Adoption of ASU 2020-06 can either be on a modified retrospective or full retrospective basis. The Company is currently evaluating the impacts of ASU 2020-06 on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Summary of Significant Accoun_3

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Schedule of estimated useful lives of the assets	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Years Computers, peripheral, and scientific equipment 3 Office furniture and equipment 3
Schedule of components of property and equipment	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, ​ December 31, ​ 2021 ​ 2020 Computers, peripheral, and scientific equipment $ 85,489 ​ $ 85,489 Office furniture and equipment 79,449 ​ 79,449 Total property and equipment 164,938 ​ 164,938 Less: Accumulated depreciation (164,938) ​ (164,938) Property and equipment, net $ — ​ $ —
Schedule of changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss	The following table provides details with respect to changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss, which is comprised of foreign currency translation adjustments, as presented in the balance sheets at December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Balance January 1, 2019 $ (352,426) Net current period other comprehensive loss ​ ​ 3,566 Balance December 31, 2019 ​ $ (348,860) Net current period other comprehensive loss ​ ​ (299,205) Balance December 31, 2020 ​ $ (648,065) Net current period other comprehensive income ​ ​ 107,098 Balance December 31, 2021 ​ $ (540,967)

Fair Value Measurements (Tables

Fair Value Measurements (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021
Fair Value Measurements
Schedule of assumptions used for the fair value calculations	Below are the assumptions used for the fair value calculations of the 2019 Warrants as of: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, December 8, ​ ​ 2019 ​ 2020 Standard deviation 110.00 % 95.00 % Annual risk-free interest rate 1.66 % 0.25 % Required return on equity 19.90 % 19.30 % Expected life in years 4.50 3.55 ​ Annual turnover rate 0.00 % 0.00 % Period risk-free rate 0.08 % 0.08 % ​ Below are the assumptions used for the fair value calculations of the 2020 Warrants as of: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ February 21, March 3, December 8, ​ ​ 2020 ​ 2020 ​ 2020 Standard deviation 110.00 % 110.00 % 95.00 % Annual risk-free interest rate 1.3 % 0.77 % 0.31-0.32 % Required return on equity 19.90 % 19.90 % 19.30 % Expected life in years 5.0 5.0 4.2 ​ Annual turnover rate 0.00 % 0.00 % 0.00 % Period risk-free rate 0.08 % 0.08 % 0.08 % ​
Schedule of fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fair value of liabilities ​ ​ related to warrants Balance at December 31, 2019 $ 1,014,868 ​ ​ ​ Issuance of 2020 Warrants ​ 2,749,369 ​ ​ ​ Reclassification of warrant liability to shareholders’ equity upon exercise of 12,500 warrant ADSs ​ ​ (7,874) ​ ​ ​ ​ Change in fair value of liabilities related to warrants ​ ​ (556,810) ​ ​ ​ ​ Balance at December 8, 2020 ​ ​ 3,199,553 ​ ​ ​ ​ Reclassification to Additional-Paid-In Capital (in) Shareholders’ Equity ​ ​ (3,199,553) Balance at December 31, 2020 ​ $ —

Shareholders' Equity (Tables)

Shareholders' Equity (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021
Shareholders' Equity
Schedule of Stockholders' Equity Note, Warrants or Rights	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Balance ​ Warrants ​ Warrants ​ Balance ​ Warrants ​ Balance ​ ​ Exercise ​ December 31, ​ Issued ​ Exercised ​ December 31, ​ Issued ​ December 31, Description Price 2019 in 2020 in 2020 2020 in 2021 2021 2019 Investor Warrants ​ $ 3.00 1,184,213 — — 1,184,213 — 1,184,213 2019 Placement Warrants ​ $ 2.85 177,629 — — 177,629 — 177,629 2020 Investor Warrants ​ $ 2.20 — 2,810,136 (12,500) 2,797,636 — 2,797,636 2020 Placement Warrants ​ $ 2.55 — 449,623 — 449,623 — 449,623 2021 Warrants ​ $ 2.32 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 398,384 ​ 398,384 ​ ​ ​ 1,361,842 3,259,759 (12,500) 4,609,101 398,384 ​ 5,007,485
Schedule of share option activity and related information for employees and directors	The following is a summary of the Company’s share option activity and related information for employees and directors for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ average ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted Weighted ​ remaining ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ average ​ average ​ contractual ​ Aggregate ​ ​ Number ​ exercise ​ grant date ​ term ​ intrinsic ​ of shares price fair value (in years) value Options outstanding as of January 1, 2019 94,096,998 ​ $ 0.12 ​ ​ 8.4 $ — Changes during the period: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Granted 7,800,000 ​ $ 0.02 ​ $ 0.01 ​ ​ ​ Forfeited (7,547,963) ​ $ 0.23 ​ $ 0.14 ​ ​ ​ Options outstanding at December 31, 2019 94,349,035 ​ $ 0.10 ​ ​ 7.6 $ — Changes during the period: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Granted 20,800,000 ​ $ 0.02 ​ $ 0.01 ​ ​ 6,440 Forfeited (2,500,000) ​ $ 0.02 ​ $ 0.02 ​ ​ ​ Options outstanding at December 31, 2020 112,649,035 ​ $ 0.09 ​ ​ 7.1 ​ $ 9,550 Changes during the period: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Granted 30,300,000 ​ $ 0.02 ​ $ 0.01 ​ ​ — Options outstanding at December 31, 2021 142,949,035 ​ $ 0.07 ​ ​ 6.8 ​ $ — Exercisable options at December 31, 2021 97,499,035 ​ $ 0.10 ​ ​ 5.9 ​ $ — ​
Schedule of Share-based Payment Award, Stock Options, Valuation Assumptions	Below are the assumptions used for the options granted during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, ​ 2021 2020 2019 ​ Expected dividend yield 0 % 0 % 0 % Expected volatility 70.7-83.2 % 83.9-86.9 % 75.4 % Risk-free interest 0.64-1.25 % 0.38%-0.49 % 1.76 % Expected life 5.5-6.25 years 5.5-6.25 years 5.5 years ​
Schedule of Share-based Compensation, Shares Authorized under Stock Option Plans, by Exercise Price Range	The following is a summary of the Company’s share options granted separated into ranges of exercise price: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Remaining Weighted ​ ​ Options ​ Weighted ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ contractual ​ average ​ ​ outstanding ​ average ​ Weighted ​ Options ​ life for ​ exercise Exercise ​ at ​ remaining ​ average ​ exercisable at ​ exercisable ​ price for price ​ December ​ contractual ​ exercise ​ December ​ options ​ exercisable (range) ($) 31, 2021 life (years) price ($) 31, 2021 (years) ​ options ($) 0.02-0.05 107,900,000 7.7 0.02 62,450,000 6.9 0.02 0.12-0.19 18,334,629 4.3 0.15 18,334,629 4.3 0.15 0.32 16,714,406 3.7 0.32 16,714,406 3.7 0.32 ​ 142,949,035 97,499,035 ​

Loss Per Share (Tables)

Loss Per Share (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021
Loss Per Share
Schedule of Earnings Per Share, Basic and Diluted [Table Text Block]	The following is the calculation of the basic and diluted weighted average shares outstanding for the years ended December 31,2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Years Ended December 31, ​ 2021 2020 2019 Company posted Net loss Net loss Net loss Basic weighted average shares outstanding 4,292,112,667 3,159,037,588 1,830,998,609 Dilutive effect of Ordinary Share equivalents None None None Dilutive weighted average shares outstanding 4,292,112,667 3,159,037,588 1,830,998,609 ​
Schedule of Anti-Dilutive Share Equivalents	The following table shows the number of share equivalents that were excluded from the computation of diluted loss per share for the respective periods because the effect would have been anti-dilutive: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Years Ended December 31, ​ 2021 2020 2019 Total share options 142,949,035 112,649,035 94,349,035 Total warrants-equity classified 500,748,500 460,910,100 — Total warrants-liability classified — — 136,184,200 Total share options and warrants 643,697,535 573,559,135 230,533,235

Income Taxes (Tables)

Income Taxes (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021
Income Taxes
Schedule of components of income/(loss) before income taxes	The components of income/(loss) before income taxes are as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, December 31, December 31, ​ ​ 2021 ​ 2020 ​ 2019 Domestic (UK) ​ $ (17,308,782) ​ $ (17,394,074) ​ $ (16,870,699) Foreign ​ (115,455) ​ 312,457 ​ 24,496 Loss before income tax ​ $ (17,424,237) ​ $ (17,081,617) ​ $ (16,846,203)
Schedule of income taxes relating to the company's operations	Income taxes relating to the Company’s operations are as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, December 31, December 31, ​ ​ 2021 ​ 2020 ​ 2019 Current income taxes Domestic (UK) — — — U.S. ​ — ​ ​ ​ ​ Foreign — — — ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Deferred income taxes — — — Domestic (UK) — — — Foreign — — — Income tax expense/recovery — — — ​
Schedule of income taxes at the UK statutory rate compared to the company's income tax expenses	Income taxes at the UK statutory rate compared to the Company’s income tax expenses as reported are as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, December 31, December 31, ​ ​ 2021 ​ 2020 ​ 2019 Net loss before income tax ​ $ (17,424,237) ​ $ (17,081,617) ​ $ (16,846,203) ​ Statutory rate ​ 19.00 % 19.00 % 19.00 % Expected income tax recovery ​ (3,310,605) ​ (3,245,507) ​ (3,200,779) ​ Impact on income tax expense/recovery from ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Change in valuation allowance ​ 3,958,517 ​ 4,287,778 ​ 3,150,021 ​ Permanent differences ​ 39,572 ​ 81 ​ 161,543 ​ U.S. state taxes (net of FBOS) ​ ​ (534,862) ​ ​ (655,877) ​ ​ (370,870) ​ Tax rate difference in foreign jurisdictions ​ (122,064) ​ (136,343) ​ (1,960) ​ Change of tax rate due to U.S. tax reform ​ 60,369 ​ — ​ — ​ Change of tax rate from prior year ​ (90,927) ​ — ​ (63,133) ​ Deferred tax adjustments ​ ​ — ​ ​ (250,132) ​ ​ 325,178 ​ Income tax expense ​ — ​ — ​ — ​
Schedule of deferred tax assets and liabilities	The Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities consist of the following: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, December 31, ​ ​ 2021 ​ 2020 Deferred tax assets Stock-based compensation 1,426,602 1,295,841 PP&E and other accrued liabilities ​ 571,006 ​ 244,638 Intangibles ​ 1,588,365 ​ 1,763,151 Warrant revaluation — — Tax loss carry forward 26,736,219 22,913,429 Valuation allowance (30,322,192) (26,217,059) Deferred tax assets/liabilities — —

Segment Information (Tables)

Segment Information (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021
Segment Information
Schedule of tangible fixed assets by geographic region	The following table presents the Company’s tangible fixed assets by geographic region: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, December 31, ​ ​ 2021 ​ 2020 United States ​ $ — ​ $ — United Kingdom ​ — ​ — Total ​ $ — ​ $ —

Nature of Business (Details)

Nature of Business (Details) - USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2020	Sep. 26, 2018	Jun. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Nature Of Business
Accumulated deficit				$ (199,705,048)	$ (182,280,811)
Cash				9,361,270	14,055,777
Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Operating Activities				(18,846,528)	(16,950,408)	$ (12,918,313)
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Parent				(17,424,237)	(17,081,617)	$ (16,846,203)
2020 Purchase Agreement
Nature Of Business
Gross proceeds from issuance	$ 30,000,000
Aspire Capital Fund LLC
Nature Of Business
Gross proceeds from issuance		$ 20,000,000
Aspire Capital Fund LLC | 2020 Purchase Agreement
Nature Of Business
Gross proceeds from issuance	$ 30,000,000		$ 30,000,000	2,000,001	6,000,000
Amount available under the share purchase commitment facility				$ 22,000,000	$ 30,000,000
Long-term Purchase Commitment, Period			30 months

Summary of Significant Accoun_4

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Total property and equipment	$ 164,938	$ 164,938
Less: Accumulated depreciation	(164,938)	(164,938)
Property and equipment, net	$ 0	0
Computers, peripheral, and scientific equipment
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Property, Plant and Equipment, Useful Life	3 years
Total property and equipment	$ 85,489	85,489
Office furniture and equipment
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Property, Plant and Equipment, Useful Life	3 years
Total property and equipment	$ 79,449	$ 79,449

Summary of Significant Accoun_5

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Comprehensive Loss (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Beginning Balance	$ (648,065)	$ (348,860)	$ (352,426)
Net current period other comprehensive income loss	107,098	(299,205)	3,566
Ending Balance	$ (540,967)	$ (648,065)	$ (348,860)

Summary of Significant Accoun_6

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Cash equivalents	$ 0	$ 0
Prepaid expenses	2,173,528	292,680
Research and Development Expense	9,133,455	8,820,204	$ 8,739,420
Unrecognized Tax Benefits		0	0
General and administrative expenses
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Depreciation	0	5,013	15,412
Research and development expenses
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation, Tax Credit, Research, Amount	$ 3,066,875	3,372,093	7,907,213
Patents
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Remaining Amortization Period	22 years
Amortization of Intangible Assets	$ 4,126	$ 3,894	$ 3,793

Fair Value Measurements - Assum

Fair Value Measurements - Assumptions used for the fair value calculations of the warrants (Details)	Dec. 08, 2020	Mar. 03, 2020	Feb. 21, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
2019 Warrants | Standard deviation
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants outstanding, measurement input	95			110
2019 Warrants | Annual risk-free interest rate
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants outstanding, measurement input	0.25			1.66
2019 Warrants | Required return on equity
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants outstanding, measurement input	19.30			19.90
2019 Warrants | Expected life in years
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants outstanding, measurement input	3.55			4.50
2019 Warrants | Annual turnover rate
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants outstanding, measurement input	0			0
2019 Warrants | Period risk-free rate
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants outstanding, measurement input	0.08			0.08
2020 Warrants | Standard deviation
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants outstanding, measurement input	95	110	110
2020 Warrants | Annual risk-free interest rate
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants outstanding, measurement input		0.77	1.3
2020 Warrants | Annual risk-free interest rate | Minimum
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants outstanding, measurement input	0.31
2020 Warrants | Annual risk-free interest rate | Maximum
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants outstanding, measurement input	0.32
2020 Warrants | Required return on equity
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants outstanding, measurement input	19.30	19.90	19.90
2020 Warrants | Expected life in years
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants outstanding, measurement input	4.2	5	5
2020 Warrants | Expected life in years | Minimum
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants outstanding, measurement input	4.2
2020 Warrants | Annual turnover rate
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants outstanding, measurement input	0	0	0
2020 Warrants | Period risk-free rate
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants outstanding, measurement input	0.08	0.08	0.08

Fair Value Measurements - Level

Fair Value Measurements - Level 3 Reconciliation (Details) - Fair Value, Inputs, Level 3 - USD ($)	1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2020
Fair Value, Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation [Line Items]
Balance	$ 3,199,553	$ 1,014,868
Issuance of warrants		2,749,369
Reclassification of warrant liability to shareholders' equity	(3,199,553)	(7,874)
Changes in values of liabilities related to options and warrants		(556,810)
Balance	$ 0	$ 0

Fair Value Measurements - Addit

Fair Value Measurements - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($)	Jul. 16, 2021	Jul. 07, 2021	Mar. 03, 2020	Feb. 28, 2020	Jul. 03, 2019	Dec. 08, 2020	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Changes in fair value of warrant liabilities - gain							$ 0	$ 556,810	$ 198,948
Nominal value of ADS (in per warrant ADS)							$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Warrants issued							398,384	3,259,759
Warrants outstanding (in shares)							5,007,485	4,609,101	1,361,842
Fair value of warrants						$ 3,199,553
2019 Warrants
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Changes in fair value of warrant liabilities - gain						(132,632)
Total grant date fair value of warrants							$ 1,213,816
Fair value of warrants						882,237		$ 1,014,868
2020 Warrants
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Changes in fair value of warrant liabilities - gain						$ (432,053)
Warrants issued to purchase ADS (in shares).						12,500
Total grant date fair value of warrants							$ 2,749,369
Fair value of warrants						$ 2,317,316
Exercise of warrants ADS							12,500
Reclassification of warrant liability to shareholders' equity							$ 7,874
Registered Direct Offering
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Aggregate ADSs issued (in shares)					2,368,392
Share issue price (in dollars per ADS)					$ 1.90
Gross proceeds from issuance					$ 4,500,000
Placement agent fees and expenses					$ 337,496
Threshold period for exercise of warrants on cashless basis					6 months
Nominal value of ADS (in per warrant ADS)					$ 0.0001
Warrants outstanding (in shares)							1,361,842
Registered Direct Offering | Investor warrants
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Warrants issued to purchase ADS (in shares).								1,184,213
Term of the warrants								5 years
Exercise price of warrants (in dollars per ADS)								$ 3
Registered Direct Offering | Placement agent warrants
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Warrants issued to purchase ADS (in shares).					177,629
Exercise price of warrants (in dollars per ADS)					$ 2.85
Registered Direct Offering | 2019 Warrants
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Share issue price (in dollars per ADS)					4.50
Private Placement [Member] | Investor warrants
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Exercise price of warrants (in dollars per ADS)					3
Private Placement [Member] | Placement agent warrants
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Exercise price of warrants (in dollars per ADS)					$ 2.85
2020 Private Placement
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Aggregate ADSs issued (in shares)				5,620,296
Share issue price (in dollars per ADS)				$ 1.70
Gross proceeds from issuance				$ 9,500,000
Placement agent fees and expenses			$ 808,362
Threshold period for exercise of warrants on cashless basis			6 months
Nominal value of ADS (in per warrant ADS)			$ 0.0001
Warrants issued							3,259,759
Warrants outstanding (in shares)							3,247,259
2020 Private Placement | Investor warrants
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Warrants issued to purchase ADS (in shares).							2,810,136
Exercise price of warrants (in dollars per ADS)							$ 2.20
2020 Private Placement | Placement agent warrants
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Warrants issued to purchase ADS (in shares).			449,623
Term of the warrants			5 years
Exercise price of warrants (in dollars per ADS)			$ 2.55
2021 Private Placement
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Aggregate ADSs issued (in shares)		7,947,529
Share issue price (in dollars per ADS)		$ 1.55
Gross proceeds from issuance		$ 12,300,000
Placement agent fees and expenses	$ 993,000
Threshold period for exercise of warrants on cashless basis	9 months
Nominal value of ADS (in per warrant ADS)	$ 0.0001
Warrants issued							398,384
Warrants outstanding (in shares)							398,384
2021 Private Placement | 2021 Warrants
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Warrants issued to purchase ADS (in shares).	398,384
Term of the warrants	5 years
Exercise price of warrants (in dollars per ADS)	$ 2.32						$ 3

Shareholders' Equity (Details)

Shareholders' Equity (Details) - $ / shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Beginning Balance	4,609,101	1,361,842
Warrants issued	398,384	3,259,759
Warrants exercised		(12,500)
Ending Balance	5,007,485	4,609,101
2019 Investor Warrants
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Beginning Balance	1,184,213	1,184,213
Exercise Price	$ 3
Ending Balance	1,184,213	1,184,213
2019 Placement Warrants
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Beginning Balance	177,629	177,629
Exercise Price	$ 2.85
Ending Balance	177,629	177,629
2020 Investor Warrants
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Beginning Balance	2,797,636
Exercise Price	$ 2.20
Warrants issued		2,810,136
Warrants exercised		(12,500)
Ending Balance	2,797,636	2,797,636
2020 Placement Warrants
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Beginning Balance	449,623
Exercise Price	$ 2.55
Warrants issued		449,623
Ending Balance	449,623	449,623
2021 Warrants.
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Exercise Price	$ 2.32
Warrants issued	398,384
Ending Balance	398,384

Shareholders' Equity - Employee

Shareholders' Equity - Employees and directors share option plan (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Shareholders' Equity
Number of shares, Options Outstanding at beginning of the period	112,649,035	94,349,035	94,096,998
Number of shares, Granted	30,300,000	20,800,000	7,800,000
Number of shares, Forfeited		(2,500,000)	(7,547,963)
Number of shares, Options Outstanding at end of the period	142,949,035	112,649,035	94,349,035	94,096,998
Number of shares, Exercisable options at end of the period	97,499,035
Weighted average exercise price, Outstanding at beginning of the period	$ 0.09	$ 0.10	$ 0.12
Weighted average exercise price, Granted	0.02	0.02	0.02
Weighted average exercise price, Forfeited		0.02	0.23
Weighted average exercise price, Outstanding at end of the period	0.07	0.09	0.10	$ 0.12
Options exercisable at end of the period, Weighted average exercise price	0.10
Weighted average grant date fair value, Granted	$ 0.01	0.01	0.01
Weighted average grant date fair value, Forfeited		$ 0.02	$ 0.14
Weighted average remaining contractual term, Options outstanding during the period (in years)	6 years 9 months 18 days	7 years 1 month 6 days	7 years 7 months 6 days	8 years 4 months 24 days
Weighted average remaining contractual term, Options exercisable at end of the period (in years)	5 years 10 months 24 days
Aggregate intrinsic value, Options outstanding at beginning of the period	$ 9,550	$ 0	$ 0
Aggregate intrinsic value, Options outstanding, granted		6,440
Aggregate intrinsic value, Options outstanding at end of the period	0	$ 9,550	$ 0	$ 0
Aggregate intrinsic value, Options exercisable at end of the period	$ 0

Shareholders' Equity - Assumpti

Shareholders' Equity - Assumptions used for options granted (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Expected dividend yield	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%
Expected volatility			75.40%
Expected volatility, Minimum	70.70%	83.90%
Expected volatility, Maximum	83.20%	86.90%
Risk-free interest			1.76%
Risk-free interest, Minimum	0.64%	0.38%	1.76%
Risk-free interest, Maximum	1.25%	0.49%
Expected life			5 years 6 months
Minimum
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Expected life	5 years 6 months	5 years 6 months
Maximum
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Expected life	6 years 3 months	6 years 3 months

Shareholders' Equity - Share op

Shareholders' Equity - Share options granted separated into ranges of exercise price (Details) - $ / shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Outstanding, Number	142,949,035	112,649,035	94,349,035	94,096,998
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Outstanding, Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term	6 years 9 months 18 days	7 years 1 month 6 days	7 years 7 months 6 days	8 years 4 months 24 days
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price	$ 0.07	$ 0.09	$ 0.10	$ 0.12
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Exercisable, Number	97,499,035
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Exercisable, Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term	5 years 10 months 24 days
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Exercisable, Weighted Average Exercise Price	$ 0.10
Exercise Price Range One
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Share-based Compensation, Shares Authorized under Stock Option Plans, Exercise Price Range, Lower Range Limit	0.02
Share-based Compensation, Shares Authorized under Stock Option Plans, Exercise Price Range, Upper Range Limit	$ 0.05
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Outstanding, Number	107,900,000
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Outstanding, Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term	7 years 8 months 12 days
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price	$ 0.02
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Exercisable, Number	62,450,000
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Exercisable, Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term	6 years 10 months 24 days
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Exercisable, Weighted Average Exercise Price	$ 0.02
Exercise Price Range Two
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Share-based Compensation, Shares Authorized under Stock Option Plans, Exercise Price Range, Lower Range Limit	0.12
Share-based Compensation, Shares Authorized under Stock Option Plans, Exercise Price Range, Upper Range Limit	$ 0.19
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Outstanding, Number	18,334,629
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Outstanding, Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term	4 years 3 months 18 days
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price	$ 0.15
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Exercisable, Number	18,334,629
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Exercisable, Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term	4 years 3 months 18 days
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Exercisable, Weighted Average Exercise Price	$ 0.15
Exercise Price Range Three
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Share-based Compensation, Shares Authorized under Stock Option Plans, Exercise Price Range, Lower Range Limit	$ 0.32
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Outstanding, Number	16,714,406
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Outstanding, Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term	3 years 8 months 12 days
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price	$ 0.32
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Exercisable, Number	16,714,406
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Exercisable, Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term	3 years 8 months 12 days
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Exercisable, Weighted Average Exercise Price	$ 0.32

Shareholders' Equity - Addition

Shareholders' Equity - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($)

Jan. 04, 2022

Dec. 29, 2021

Jul. 16, 2021

Jul. 07, 2021

Jun. 30, 2020

Mar. 03, 2020

Feb. 28, 2020

Jul. 03, 2019

Jun. 30, 2020

Sep. 26, 2018

Jun. 30, 2020

Dec. 31, 2021

Dec. 31, 2020

Dec. 31, 2019

Jan. 05, 2022

Class of Stock [Line Items]

Gross proceeds

$ 14,292,753

$ 25,046,461

$ 12,647,953

Number Of Ordinary Shares Representing One American Depositary Share

100

100

100

100

Nominal value of ADS (in per warrant ADS)

$ 0.0001

$ 0.0001

Percentage of aggregate shares of the company's ADSs traded

30.00%

Maximum number of ADSs traded each working day

250,000

2020 Purchase Agreement

Class of Stock [Line Items]

Gross proceeds

$ 30,000,000

Aspire Capital Fund LLC

Class of Stock [Line Items]

Gross proceeds

$ 20,000,000

Gross proceeds

$ 500,000

Number Of Ordinary Shares Representing One American Depositary Share

25,000,000

Number Of Shares To Be Issued

40,760,900

40,760,900

40,760,900

30,000,000

Percentage Of Volume Weighted Average Price Indicating Purchase Price

97.00%

97.00%

Aspire Capital Fund LLC | 2020 Purchase Agreement

Class of Stock [Line Items]

Stock Issued During Period, Shares, New Issues

117,647,100

460,758,800

Gross proceeds

$ 30,000,000

$ 30,000,000

$ 2,000,001

$ 6,000,000

Gross proceeds

$ 10,360,254

$ 8,768,125

Sale of Stock, Number of Shares Issued in Transaction

536,666,700

428,333,300

Amount available under the share purchase commitment facility

22,000,000

$ 30,000,000

Fair value of Commitment Shares

$ 900,000

$ 900,000

$ 900,000

American Depositary Share | Aspire Capital Fund LLC

Class of Stock [Line Items]

Sale of Stock, Description of Transaction

30% of the aggregate shares of the Company’s ADSs traded on its principal market on the next trading day (the “VWAP Purchase Date”), subject to a maximum number of 250,000 ADSs

30% of the aggregate shares of the Company’s ADSs traded on its principal market on the next trading day (the “VWAP Purchase Date”), subject to a maximum number of 250,000 ADSs.

Stock Issued During Period, Value, Issued for Services

$ 20,000,000

Number Of Shares To Be Issued

150,000

150,000

150,000

150,000

Share issue price (in dollars per ADS)

$ 0.25

Non Employee

Class of Stock [Line Items]

Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Nonvested Awards, Total Compensation Cost Not yet Recognized

$ 423,000

Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Nonvested Awards, Compensation Cost Not yet Recognized, Period for Recognition

2 years 7 months 6 days

Registered Direct Offering

Class of Stock [Line Items]

Stock Issued During Period, Shares, New Issues

2,368,392

Gross proceeds

$ 4,500,000

Sale of Stock, Price Per Share

$ 1.90

Share issue price (in dollars per ADS)

1.90

Nominal value of ADS (in per warrant ADS)

$ 0.0001

Payments of Stock Issuance Costs

$ 337,496

Registered Direct Offering | Investor warrants

Class of Stock [Line Items]

Warrants issued to purchase ADS (in shares).

1,184,213

Exercise price of warrants (in dollars per ADS)

$ 3

Term of the warrants

5 years

Registered Direct Offering | Placement agent warrants

Class of Stock [Line Items]

Warrants issued to purchase ADS (in shares).

177,629

Exercise price of warrants (in dollars per ADS)

$ 2.85

Private Placement [Member] | Paulson Warrants

Class of Stock [Line Items]

Warrants issued to purchase ADS (in shares).

1,361,842

Private Placement [Member] | Investor warrants

Class of Stock [Line Items]

Exercise price of warrants (in dollars per ADS)

$ 3

Private Placement [Member] | Placement agent warrants

Class of Stock [Line Items]

Exercise price of warrants (in dollars per ADS)

$ 2.85

2018 Commitment Shares | Aspire Capital Fund LLC

Class of Stock [Line Items]

Proceeds from Issuance Initial Public Offering

$ 500,000

2021 Registered Direct

Class of Stock [Line Items]

Stock Issued During Period, Shares, New Issues

4,311,019

Gross proceeds

$ 6,000,000

Sale of Stock, Price Per Share

$ 1.40

Gross proceed from investors

$ 1,120,000

2021 Registered Direct | January 2022 Warrants

Class of Stock [Line Items]

Term of the warrants

5 years

2021 Registered Direct | January 2022 Investor Warrants

Class of Stock [Line Items]

Warrants issued to purchase ADS (in shares).

2,155,507

Exercise price of warrants (in dollars per ADS)

$ 1.65

2021 Registered Direct | January 2022 Placement Warrants

Class of Stock [Line Items]

Warrants issued to purchase ADS (in shares).

172,441

Exercise price of warrants (in dollars per ADS)

$ 1.75

Payments of Stock Issuance Costs

$ 542,835

2021 Private Placement

Class of Stock [Line Items]

Stock Issued During Period, Shares, New Issues

7,947,529

Gross proceeds

$ 12,300,000

Sale of Stock, Price Per Share

$ 1.55

Nominal value of ADS (in per warrant ADS)

$ 0.0001

Payments of Stock Issuance Costs

$ 993,000

2021 Private Placement | 2021 Warrants.

Class of Stock [Line Items]

Warrants issued to purchase ADS (in shares).

398,384

Exercise price of warrants (in dollars per ADS)

$ 2.32

2020 Private Placement

Class of Stock [Line Items]

Stock Issued During Period, Shares, New Issues

5,620,296

Gross proceeds

$ 9,500,000

Sale of Stock, Price Per Share

$ 1.70

Nominal value of ADS (in per warrant ADS)

$ 0.0001

Payments of Stock Issuance Costs

$ 808,362

2020 Private Placement | Investor warrants

Class of Stock [Line Items]

Warrants issued to purchase ADS (in shares).

2,810,136

Exercise price of warrants (in dollars per ADS)

$ 2.20

2020 Private Placement | Placement agent warrants

Class of Stock [Line Items]

Warrants issued to purchase ADS (in shares).

449,623

Exercise price of warrants (in dollars per ADS)

$ 2.55

Term of the warrants

5 years

Employees And Director

Class of Stock [Line Items]

Stock Issued During Period, Value, Share-based Compensation, Gross

$ 314,650

$ 325,523

$ 1,047,387

2014 Equity Incentive Plan

Class of Stock [Line Items]

Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Exercises in Period

400,000,000

Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Number of Additional Shares Authorized

257,050,965

Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Expiration Period

10 years

2014 Equity Incentive Plan | Minimum

Class of Stock [Line Items]

Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Award Vesting Period

1 year

2014 Equity Incentive Plan | Maximum

Class of Stock [Line Items]

Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Award Vesting Period

4 years

Related Party Transactions (Det

Related Party Transactions (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Laboratory Testing Services [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Expenses from transactions with related party	$ 102,000	$ 234,000	$ 186,000
Payable balances	32,000	100,000	119,000
Consulting Services [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Expenses from transactions with related party	100,000	100,000	100,000
The Doctors Laboratory [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Operating Lease, Expense	$ 146,000	$ 133,000	$ 134,000

Loss Per Share (Details)

Loss Per Share (Details) - shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Loss Per Share
Basic weighted average shares outstanding	4,292,112,667	3,159,037,588	1,830,998,609
Dilutive weighted average shares outstanding	4,292,112,667	3,159,037,588	1,830,998,609

Loss Per Share - Antidilutive s

Loss Per Share - Antidilutive securities excluded from computation of earnings per share (Details) - shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Total Anti-Dilutive Share Equivalents	643,697,535	573,559,135	230,533,235
Share options [Member]
Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Total Anti-Dilutive Share Equivalents	142,949,035	112,649,035	94,349,035
Warrants Equity Classified
Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Total Anti-Dilutive Share Equivalents	500,748,500	460,910,100	0
Warrants Liability Classified
Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Total Anti-Dilutive Share Equivalents	0	0	136,184,200

Income Taxes (Details)

Income Taxes (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Income Taxes
Domestic (UK)	$ (17,308,782)	$ (17,394,074)	$ (16,870,699)
Foreign	(115,455)	312,457	24,496
Loss before income tax	$ (17,424,237)	$ (17,081,617)	$ (16,846,203)

Income Taxes - Income taxes rel

Income Taxes - Income taxes relating to the Company's operations (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Current income taxes
Domestic (UK)	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0
Foreign	0	0	0
Deferred income taxes
Domestic (UK)	0	0	0
Foreign	0	0	0
Income tax expense	0	$ 0	$ 0
United States
Current income taxes
Foreign	$ 0

Income Taxes - Income taxes at

Income Taxes - Income taxes at the UK statutory rate compared to the Company's income tax expenses (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Income Taxes
Net loss before income tax	$ (17,424,237)	$ (17,081,617)	$ (16,846,203)
Statutory rate	19.00%	19.00%	19.00%
Expected income tax recovery	$ (3,310,605)	$ (3,245,507)	$ (3,200,779)
Impact on income tax expense/recovery from
Change in valuation allowance	3,958,517	4,287,778	3,150,021
Permanent differences	39,572	81	161,543
U.S. state taxes (net of FBOS)	(534,862)	(655,877)	(370,870)
Tax rate difference in foreign jurisdictions	(122,064)	(136,343)	(1,960)
Change of tax rate due to U.S. tax reform	60,369	0	0
Change of tax rate from prior year	(90,927)	0	(63,133)
Deferred tax adjustments	0	(250,132)	325,178
Income tax expense	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0

Income Taxes - Deferred tax ass

Income Taxes - Deferred tax assets and liabilities (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Deferred tax assets
Stock-based compensation	$ 1,426,602	$ 1,295,841
PP&E and other accrued liabilities	571,006	244,638
Intangibles	1,588,365	1,763,151
Warrant revaluation	0	0
Tax loss carry forward	26,736,219	22,913,429
Valuation allowance	(30,322,192)	(26,217,059)
Deferred tax assets/liabilities	$ 0	$ 0

Income Taxes - Additional Infor

Income Taxes - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation, at Federal Statutory Income Tax Rate, Percent	19.00%	19.00%	19.00%
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation, Tax Credit, Percent	14.50%
Foreign Tax Authority
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]
Operating Loss Carryforwards	$ 76
Great Britain
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation, at Federal Statutory Income Tax Rate, Percent	19.00%
United Kingdom | Domestic Tax Authority
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]
Operating Loss Carryforwards	$ 96.4
United States
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]
Deferred Tax Assets, Operating Loss Carryforwards, Subject to Expiration	34.9
Deferred Tax Assets, Operating Loss Carryforwards, Not Subject to Expiration	17.6
2032	1.1
2034	1.5
2036	3.7
2037	10.5
SWITZERLAND
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]
2022	6
2023	$ 0.7

Segment Information (Details)

Segment Information (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021USD ($)segment	Dec. 31, 2020USD ($)
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Number of Reportable Segments | segment	1
Total	$ 0	$ 0
United States
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total	0	0
United Kingdom
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total	$ 0	$ 0

Subsequent Events (Details)

Subsequent Events (Details) - Registered Direct Offering - USD ($)	Mar. 08, 2022	Jul. 03, 2019	Dec. 31, 2020
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Aggregate ADSs issued (in shares)		2,368,392
Gross proceeds		$ 4,500,000
Share issue price (in dollars per ADS)		$ 1.90
Placement agent fees and expenses		$ 337,496
Investor warrants
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Warrants issued to purchase ADS (in shares).			1,184,213
Term of the warrants			5 years
Exercise price of warrants (in dollars per ADS)			$ 3
Placement agent warrants
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Warrants issued to purchase ADS (in shares).		177,629
Exercise price of warrants (in dollars per ADS)		$ 2.85
Subsequent Event
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Aggregate ADSs issued (in shares)	7,440,833
Gross proceeds	$ 8,900,000
Share issue price (in dollars per ADS)	$ 1.20
Subsequent Event | Investor warrants
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Warrants issued to purchase ADS (in shares).	3,720,409
Term of the warrants	5 years
Exercise price of warrants (in dollars per ADS)	$ 1.40
Subsequent Event | Placement agent warrants
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Warrants issued to purchase ADS (in shares).	297,633
Exercise price of warrants (in dollars per ADS)	$ 1.50
Placement agent fees and expenses	$ 774,321