Akari Therapeutics (AKTX) 20-F 28 Apr 23 2022 FY Annual report (foreign) Financial data

Document And Entity Information

Document And Entity Information	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 shares
Document Information
Document Type	20-F
Document Registration Statement	false
Document Annual Report	true
Document Period End Date	Dec. 31, 2022
Document Transition Report	false
Document Shell Company Report	false
Entity File Number	001-36288
Entity Registrant Name	Akari Therapeutics, Plc
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	X0
Entity Address, Address Line One	75/76 Wimpole Street
Entity Address, City or Town	London
Entity Address, Country	GB
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	W1G 9RT
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding	7,444,917,123
Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer	No
Entity Voluntary Filers	No
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
ICFR Auditor Attestation Flag	false
Document Accounting Standard	U.S. GAAP
Entity Shell Company	false
Auditor Firm ID	243
Auditor Name	BDO USA, LLP
Auditor Location	New York, New York
Entity Central Index Key	0001541157
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2022
Document Fiscal Period Focus	FY
Amendment Flag	false
Business Contact
Document Information
Contact Personnel Name	Rachelle Jacques
Entity Address, Address Line One	75/76 Wimpole Street
Entity Address, City or Town	London
Entity Address, Country	GB
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	W1G 9RT
City Area Code	44 20
Local Phone Number	8004 0270
American Depositary Shares
Document Information
Title of 12(b) Security	American Depositary Shares, each representing 100 Ordinary Shares, par value$0.0001 per share
Trading Symbol	AKTX
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Ordinary shares
Document Information
Title of 12(b) Security	Ordinary Shares, $0.0001 par value per share*

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Current assets:
Cash	$ 13,249,945	$ 9,361,270
Prepaid expenses	465,244	2,173,528
Other current assets	99,543	90,301
Total current assets	13,814,732	11,625,099
Patent acquisition costs, net	16,880	22,929
Total assets	13,831,612	11,648,028
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	946,658	1,788,563
Accrued expenses	3,148,090	3,184,883
Warrant liability	7,852,000	0
Other liability	94,118	0
Liability related to deposits received for share subscriptions	0	1,120,000
Total liabilities	12,040,866	6,093,446
Commitments and contingencies
Shareholders' equity:
Share capital of $0.0001 par value Authorized: 15,000,000,000 ordinary shares; issued and outstanding: 7,444,917,123 and 4,759,731,923 at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively	744,492	475,973
Additional paid-in capital	167,076,392	153,130,813
Capital redemption reserve	52,193,811	52,193,811
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(770,839)	(540,967)
Accumulated deficit	(217,453,110)	(199,705,048)
Total shareholders' equity	1,790,746	5,554,582
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	$ 13,831,612	$ 11,648,028

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Pa

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
Ordinary shares, par value	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Ordinary shares, shares authorized	15,000,000,000	15,000,000,000
Ordinary shares, shares issued	7,444,917,123	4,759,731,923
Ordinary shares, shares outstanding	7,444,917,123	4,759,731,923

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPER

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Operating expenses:
Research and development expenses	$ 9,560,897	$ 9,133,455	$ 8,820,204
General and administrative expenses	13,527,311	8,080,681	9,160,770
Total operating expenses	23,088,208	17,214,136	17,980,974
Loss from operations	(23,088,208)	(17,214,136)	(17,980,974)
Other income (expense):
Interest income	45,944	10,600	13,615
Excess fair value of warrant liability over cash proceeds	(1,963,000)	0	0
Change in fair value of warrant liability	6,946,000	0	556,810
Foreign currency exchange gains (losses)	452,664	(193,219)	350,939
Other expenses	(141,462)	(27,482)	(22,007)
Total other income (expense)	5,340,146	(210,101)	899,357
Net loss	(17,748,062)	(17,424,237)	(17,081,617)
Other comprehensive (loss) income:
Foreign currency translation adjustment	(229,872)	107,098	(299,205)
Total comprehensive loss	$ (17,977,934)	$ (17,317,139)	$ (17,380,822)
Net loss per ordinary share (basic)	$ 0	$ 0	$ (0.01)
Net loss per ordinary share (diluted)	$ 0	$ 0	$ (0.01)
Weighted average ordinary shares outstanding, (basic)	6,243,462,410	4,292,112,667	3,159,037,588
Weighted average ordinary shares outstanding, (diluted)	6,243,462,410	4,292,112,667	3,159,037,588

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHAN

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY - USD ($)	Share Capital	Additional Paid-in Capital	Capital Redemption Reserve	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss	Accumulated Deficit	Total
Balance at beginning of the year at Dec. 31, 2019	$ 31,987,016	$ 133,568,636		$ (348,860)	$ (165,199,194)	$ 7,598
Balance at the beginning of the year (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2019	2,245,865,913
Stock-based compensation	$ 0	325,523	$ 0	0	0	325,523
Issuance of ordinary shares, net of issuance costs	$ 20,051,809	2,253,158		0	0	22,304,967
Issuance of ordinary shares, net of issuance costs (in shares)	1,559,455,100
Issuance of share capital for entering into 2020 Purchase Agreement with Aspire Capital	$ 523,778	376,222	0	0	0	900,000
Issuance of share capital for entering into 2020 Purchase Agreement with Aspire Capital (in shares)	40,760,900
Issuance of share capital upon conversion of deferred shares	$ 0	0	0	0	0	0
Issuance of share capital upon conversion of deferred shares (in shares)	10
Subdivision of ordinary shares	$ (52,193,811)		52,193,811	0	0	0
Reclassification of warrants to shareholders' equity	0	3,199,553		0	0	3,199,553
Exercise of warrants	$ 15,941	11,559		0	0	27,500
Exercise of warrants (in shares)	1,250,000
Comprehensive loss	$ 0			(299,205)	(17,081,617)	(17,380,822)
Balance at the end of the year at Dec. 31, 2020	$ 384,733	139,734,651	52,193,811	(648,065)	(182,280,811)	9,384,319
Balance at the end of the year (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2020	3,847,331,923
Stock-based compensation	$ 0	314,650		0	0	314,650
Issuance of ordinary shares, net of issuance costs	$ 91,240	13,081,512		0	0	13,172,752
Issuance of ordinary shares, net of issuance costs (in shares)	912,400,000
Comprehensive loss	$ 0			107,098	(17,424,237)	(17,317,139)
Balance at the end of the year at Dec. 31, 2021	$ 475,973	153,130,813	52,193,811	(540,967)	(199,705,048)	5,554,582
Balance at the end of the year (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021	4,759,731,923
Stock-based compensation	$ 0	735,107		0	0	735,107
Issuance of ordinary shares, net of issuance costs	$ 268,519	13,210,472		0	0	13,478,991
Issuance of ordinary shares, net of issuance costs (in shares)	2,685,185,200
Comprehensive loss	$ 0			(229,872)	(17,748,062)	(17,977,934)
Balance at the end of the year at Dec. 31, 2022	$ 744,492	$ 167,076,392	$ 52,193,811	$ (770,839)	$ (217,453,110)	$ 1,790,746
Balance at the end of the year (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022	7,444,917,123

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:
Net loss	$ (17,748,062)	$ (17,424,237)	$ (17,081,617)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	3,708	4,126	8,907
Stock-based compensation	735,107	314,650	325,523
Financing expense	0	0	900,000
Excess fair value of warrant liability over cash proceeds	1,963,000	0	0
Changes in fair value of the warrant liability	(6,946,000)	0	(556,810)
Foreign currency exchange (gains) losses	(334,168)	242,503	(490,782)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	1,698,991	(1,742,261)	192,054
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	(877,098)	(241,309)	(247,683)
Net cash used in operating activities	(21,504,522)	(18,846,528)	(16,950,408)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:
Proceeds from issuance of shares, net of issuance costs	25,193,991	14,292,753	25,046,461
Proceeds for future exercises of warrants to purchase shares	94,118	0	0
Proceeds from exercise of warrants to purchase shares	0	0	27,500
Net cash provided by financing activities	25,288,109	14,292,753	25,073,961
Effect of exchange rates on cash	105,088	(140,732)	200,533
Net increase (decrease) in cash	3,888,675	(4,694,507)	8,324,086
Cash, beginning of period	9,361,270	14,055,777	5,731,691
Cash, end of period	13,249,945	9,361,270	14,055,777
Supplemental disclosures of non-cash financing activities
Ordinary share subscription deposit	1,120,000	0	0
Initial valuation of warrant liability	$ 14,798,000	$ 0	$ 0

Nature of Business

Nature of Business	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Nature of Business
Nature of Business	​ NOTE 1 – Nature of Business Akari Therapeutics, Plc, (the “Company” or “Akari”) is incorporated in the United Kingdom. The Company is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on developing advanced therapies for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases involving the complement (C5) and leukotriene (LTB4) pathways. The Company’s activities since inception have consisted of performing research and development activities and raising capital. The Company is subject to a number of risks similar to those of clinical stage companies, including dependence on key individuals, uncertainty of product development and generation of revenues, dependence on outside sources of capital, risks associated with the Russian invasion of Ukraine, risks associated with clinical trials of products, dependence on third-party collaborators for research and development operations, need for marketing authorization of products, risks associated with protection of intellectual property, and competition with larger, better-capitalized companies. To fully execute its business plan, the Company will need, among other things, to complete its research and development efforts and clinical and regulatory activities. These activities may take several years and will require significant operating and capital expenditures in the foreseeable future. There can be no assurance that these activities will be successful. If the Company is not successful in these activities it could delay, limit, reduce or terminate preclinical studies, clinical trials or other research and development activities. To fund its capital needs, the Company plans to raise funds through equity or debt financings or other sources, such as strategic partnerships and alliance and licensing arrangements, and in the long term, from the proceeds from sales of commercial products. Additional funds may not be available when the Company needs them, on terms that are acceptable to it, or at all. Nasdaq Continued Listing Rules On October 24, 2022, the Company received a deficiency notification letter from the Listing Qualifications Staff of the Nasdaq Stock Market (the “Nasdaq”) indicating that the Company was not in compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) because the bid price for the Company’s Common Stock had closed below $1.00 per share for the previous thirty consecutive business days. In accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A), the Company had 180 calendar days from the date of such notice, or until April 24, 2023, to regain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement. To regain compliance, the bid price for the Company’s Common Stock must have closed at $1.00 per share or more for a minimum of ten consecutive business days. On April 25, 2023, Nasdaq granted the Company an additional 180 calendar day period, or until October 23, 2023, in which to regain compliance with the minimum $1.00 bid price requirement. While the Company is exercising diligent efforts to maintain the listing of its ADSs on Nasdaq, there can be no assurance that the Company will be able to maintain compliance with the Nasdaq listing standards. Liquidity As of December 31, 2022, the Company had $13.2 million of cash. To date, the Company has primarily financed its operations through the sale of share capital. The Company has experienced significant negative cash flows from operations since inception including net losses of $17.7 $17.4 $17.1 As of April 28, 2023, the Company expects its existing cash, which includes net proceeds of $3.7 million received from the issuance of share capital in its March 2023 registered direct offering (See Note 11), will be sufficient to fund its operations through October 2023. To fund its future capital needs, the Company plans to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings or other sources, such as strategic partnerships, alliance and/or licensing arrangements, government grants and in the long term, proceeds from sales of commercial product. Based on its recurring losses from operations incurred since inception, the Company’s expectation of continuing operating losses for the foreseeable future, negative operating cash flows for the foreseeable future, and the need to raise additional capital to finance its future operations, the Company has concluded that there is substantial doubt regarding its ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that these consolidated financial statements are issued. The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. As such, the accompanying consolidated financial statements do not reflect any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded assets and liabilities that might be necessary if the Company is unable to continue as a going concern.

Summary of Significant Accounti

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	​ NOTE 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation Principles of Consolidation – Foreign Currency – The reporting currency of the Company is U.S. dollars. The Company translates its non-U.S. operations’ assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies into U.S. dollars at current rates of exchange as of the balance sheet date and income and expense items at the average exchange rate for the reporting period. Translation adjustments resulting from exchange rate fluctuations are recorded as foreign currency translation adjustments, a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss. Gains or losses from foreign currency transactions are included in foreign currency exchange gains/(losses). Use of Estimates – Fair Value Measurements Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures Level 1 – quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 – inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Level 3 – unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. The fair value hierarchy also requires the Company to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The Company accounted for unregistered warrants issued to investors and a placement agent in connection with the 2019 registered direct offering and the 2020 private placements as a warrant liability and were carried at fair value and remeasured at each reporting period, with changes in fair value recorded as a separate line item in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. On December 8, 2020, the Company changed the nominal currency of its ordinary shares from pounds sterling to U.S. dollars and reclassified its warrants from liabilities to shareholders’ equity (See Note 4). The September 2022 Warrants (as defined below) met the definition of a freestanding instrument as such warrants are legally detachable and separately exercisable, and these warrants met the criteria of a derivative. The fair value of these warrants is classified as a liability and recorded at fair value (See Note 4). Such warrants are remeasured to fair value at each reporting date until the warrant is exercised or expires. Changes in the fair value of the warrant liability are recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss (See Note 3). The carrying values of the Company’s cash, prepaid expenses and other current assets, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate their fair values due to the short-term nature of these assets and liabilities. Cash – Prepaid Expenses Other Current Assets Property and Equipment, net ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Years Computers, peripheral, and scientific equipment 3 Office furniture and equipment 3 ​ Property and equipment, consists of the following: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, December 31, ​ ​ 2022 ​ 2021 Computers, peripheral, and scientific equipment ​ $ 85,489 ​ $ 85,489 Office furniture and equipment ​ 79,449 ​ 79,449 Total property and equipment ​ 164,938 ​ 164,938 Less: Accumulated depreciation ​ (164,938) ​ (164,938) Property and equipment, net ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $0, $0 and $5,013, respectively, and was recorded in both research and development expenses and general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. Long-Lived Assets Patent Acquisition Costs Accrued Expenses Research and Development Expenses – Payments made prior to the receipt of goods or services to be used in research and development are capitalized until the goods or services are received. The Company records expenses related to clinical studies and manufacturing development activities based on its estimates of the services received and efforts expended pursuant to contracts with multiple contract research organizations (CROs) and manufacturing vendors that conduct and manage these activities on its behalf. The financial terms of these agreements are subject to negotiation, vary from contract to contract, and may result in uneven payment flows. There may be instances in which payments made to the Company’s vendors will exceed the level of services provided and result in a prepayment of the expense. Payments under some of these contracts depend on factors such as the successful enrollment of subjects and the completion of clinical study milestones. In amortizing or accruing service fees, the Company estimates the time period over which services will be performed, enrollment of subjects, number of sites activated and the level of effort to be expended in each period. If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from the Company’s estimate, the Company will adjust the accrued or prepaid expense balance accordingly. Research and development expenses for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 were $9,560,897, $9,133,455 and $8,820,204, respectively. The Company accounts for research and development tax credits at the time its realization becomes probable as a credit to research and development expenses in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss (See Note 7). The Company realized $2,318,385 of research and development tax credits in 2022 related to the 2021 tax year, $3,066,875 of research and development tax credits in 2021 related to the 2020 tax year and $3,372,093 of research and development tax credits in 2020 related to the 2019 tax year. Stock-Based Compensation – The fair value of each restricted ordinary share award is estimated on the date of grant based on the fair value of the Company’s ordinary shares on that same date. The fair value of each option grant is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which requires inputs based on certain subjective assumptions, including the expected stock price volatility, the expected term of the award, the risk-free interest rate, and expected dividends (See Note 5). The Company estimates its expected stock price volatility based on the historical volatility of publicly traded peer companies. The expected term of the Company’s options has been determined utilizing the “simplified” method for awards that qualify as “plain-vanilla” options. The risk-free interest rate is determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant of the award for time periods approximately equal to the expected term of the award. Expected dividend yield is based on the fact that the Company has never paid cash dividends on ordinary shares and does not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Leases – Concentration of Credit Risk – Income Taxes The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with the accounting rules that require an asset and liability approach to accounting for income taxes based upon the future expected values of the related assets and liabilities. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and for tax loss and credit carry forwards and are measured using the expected tax rates estimated to be in effect when such basis differences reverse. Valuation allowances are established, if necessary, to reduce the deferred tax asset to the amount that will, more likely than not, be realized. The Company has recorded a full valuation allowance on its deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. Uncertain Tax Positions – Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes Earnings (Loss) Per Share Comprehensive Income (Loss) – The following table provides details with respect to changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss, which is comprised of foreign currency translation adjustments, as presented in the balance sheets at December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Balance January 1, 2020 $ (348,860) Net current period other comprehensive loss ​ ​ (299,205) Balance December 31, 2020 ​ $ (648,065) Net current period other comprehensive income ​ ​ 107,098 Balance December 31, 2021 ​ $ (540,967) Net current period other comprehensive loss ​ ​ (229,872) Balance December 31, 2022 ​ $ (770,839) ​ Recent Accounting Pronouncements Adopted during the year In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-06, Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity (ASU 2020-06), which simplifies the accounting for certain financial instruments with characteristics of liabilities and equity, including convertible instruments and contracts on an entity’s own equity. Specifically, ASU 2020-06 simplifies accounting for convertible instruments by removing major separation models in ASC 470-20 that require separate accounting for embedded conversion features. ASU 2020-06 also removes certain settlement conditions in ASC 815-40 that are required for equity contracts to qualify for the derivative scope exception, which will permit more equity contracts to qualify for the scope exception and simplifies the diluted earnings per share calculation in certain areas. ASU 2020-06 is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2021, with early adoption permitted. Adoption of ASU 2020-06 can either be on a modified retrospective or full retrospective basis. The Company adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2022. The adoption of the guidance did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. ​

Fair Value Measurements

Fair Value Measurements	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Fair Value Measurements
Fair Value Measurements	NOTE 3 – Fair Value Measurements The following table presents information about the Company’s financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and indicate the level of the fair value hierarchy used to determine such values: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, 2022 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Liabilities ​ ​ ​ ​ Warrant liability - Series A ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 1,812,000 ​ $ 1,812,000 Warrant liability - Series B ​ — ​ — ​ 6,040,000 ​ 6,040,000 ​ ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 7,852,000 ​ $ 7,852,000 ​ There were no transfers between Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 during the year ended December 31, 2022. Series A and Series B Warrants The fair value of the warrant liability is based on significant inputs not observable in the market, which represents a Level 3 measurement within the fair value hierarchy. On September 14, 2022, the Company’s sale of ADSs to accredited and institutional investors (See Note 4) also included the issuance of series A and series B warrants. The series A warrants allow the investors to purchase an aggregate of 15,100,000 ADSs at $0.85 per ADS (“Series A warrants”). The Series A warrants are immediately exercisable and expire two years from issuance (September 14, 2024). The series B warrants allow the investors to purchase an aggregate of 15,100,000 ADSs at $0.85 per ADS (“Series B warrants”). The Series B warrants are immediately exercisable and expire seven years from issuance (September 14, 2029). The Series A warrants and the Series B warrants may be exercised on a cashless basis if six months after issuance there is no effective registration statement registering the ADSs underlying the warrants. Pursuant to the cashless exercise provision, the warrant holder must make an additional payment to the Company equal to the nominal value of an ADS (i.e., $0.0001) per warrant ADS to be issued pursuant to the cashless exercise. The fair value of the Series A and Series B warrants was determined using the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model, which uses various assumptions, including (i) fair value of the Company’s ADSs, (ii) exercise price of the warrant, (iii) expected term of the warrant, (iv) expected volatility and (v) expected risk-free interest rate. Below are the assumptions used for the fair value calculations of warrants issued on September 14, 2022: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 14, 2022 ​ December 31, 2022 ​ Series A Series B Series A Series B Stock price ​ $ 0.71 ​ $ 0.71 ​ $ 0.47 ​ $ 0.47 ​ Exercise price ​ $ 0.85 ​ $ 0.85 ​ $ 0.85 ​ $ 0.85 ​ Expected term (in years) ​ 2.0 ​ 7.0 ​ 1.7 ​ 6.7 ​ Volatility ​ 100.0 % 120.0 % 80.0 % 120.0 % Risk-free rate ​ 3.78 % 3.52 % 4.37 % 3.96 % ​ The following table summarizes the activity in the warrant liability during the year ended December 31, 2022: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Series A Series B Total Fair value at January 1, 2022 ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — Issuance of warrant ​ 5,285,000 ​ 9,513,000 ​ 14,798,000 Change in fair value ​ (3,473,000) ​ (3,473,000) ​ (6,946,000) Fair value at December 31, 2022 ​ $ 1,812,000 ​ $ 6,040,000 ​ $ 7,852,000

Shareholders' Equity

Shareholders' Equity	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Shareholders' Equity
Shareholders' Equity	​ NOTE 4 – Shareholders’ Equity September 2022 Registered Direct Offering On September 14, 2022, the Company sold to certain accredited and institutional investors, led by existing investors of the Company, including Dr. Ray Prudo, the Company’s Chairman, an aggregate of 15,100,000 ADSs in a registered direct offering (“September 2022 Registered Direct Offering”) at $0.85 per ADS for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $12.8 million. The Company also entered into a letter agreement with A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners (the “September 2022 Placement Agent”) to serve as the placement agent for the Company in connection with this offering. In connection with the sale of the ADSs in the September 2022 Registered Direct Offering, the Company issued to the investors registered Series A warrants to purchase an aggregate of 15,100,000 ADSs at $0.85 per ADS and registered Series B warrants to purchase an aggregate of 15,100,000 ADSs at $0.85 per ADS (See Note 3). The Company determined that the Series A and Series B warrants (collectively, the “September 2022 Warrants”) represent freestanding financial instruments because based on the warrant term their volatility input would preclude an option contract from being considered indexed to an entity’s own stock. For this reason, the September 2022 Warrants should be recorded as liability-classified instruments in accordance with ASC 815-40-25, Accounting for Derivative Financial Instruments Indexed to, and Potentially Settled in, a Company’s Own Stock Determining Whether an Instrument (or Embedded Feature) Is Indexed to an Entity’s Own Stock In accordance with ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement In connection with the September 2022 Registered Direct Offering, the Company expensed $1.7 million of issuance costs associated with the September 2022 Warrants during the year ended December 31, 2022, which have been recognized as general and administrative expense in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss. At December 31, 2022, the fair value of the September 2022 Warrants was $7,852,000. March 2022 Registered Direct Offering On March 10, 2022, the Company sold to certain accredited and institutional investors, led by existing investors of the Company, including Dr. Ray Prudo, the Company’s Chairman, an aggregate of 7,440,833 ADSs in a registered direct offering (“March 2022 Registered Direct Offering”) at $1.20 per ADS for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $8.9 million. The Company also entered into a letter agreement with Paulson Investment Company, LLC (the “March 2022 Placement Agent”) to serve as the placement agent for the Company in connection with this offering. In connection with the sale of the ADSs in the March 2022 Registered Direct Offering, the Company issued to the investors registered warrants to purchase an aggregate of 3,720,409 ADSs at $1.40 per ADS (“March 2022 Investor Warrants”). The March 2022 Investor Warrants are immediately exercisable and will expire five years from issuance, subject to adjustment as set forth therein. The Company paid to the March 2022 Placement Agent an aggregate of $774,320 in placement agent fees and expenses and issued registered warrants to the March 2022 Placement Agent to purchase an aggregate of 297,633 ADS (“March 2022 Placement Agent Warrants”) on the same terms as the March 2022 Investor Warrants, except that the March 2022 Placement Agent Warrants are exercisable at $1.50 per ADS. Both the March 2022 Investor Warrants and the March 2022 Placement Agent Warrants (together the “March 2022 Warrants”) may be exercised on a cashless basis if six months after issuance there is no effective registration statement registering the ADSs underlying the warrants. Pursuant to the cashless exercise provision, the warrant holder must make an additional payment to the Company equal to the nominal value of an ADS (i.e., $0.0001) per warrant ADS actually to be issued pursuant to the cashless exercise. The total amount of March 2022 Warrants issued in connection with this registered direct offering amounted to 4,018,042, all of which were outstanding as of December 31, 2022. December 2021 Registered Direct Offering On December 29, 2021, the Company sold to certain accredited and institutional investors, led by existing investors of the Company, including Dr. Ray Prudo, the Company’s Chairman, an aggregate of 4,311,019 ADSs in a registered direct offering (“December 2021 Registered Direct Offering”) at $1.40 per ADS for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $6.0 million, which closed on January 5, 2022, of which approximately $1.1 million was received on December 31, 2021. The Company also entered into a letter agreement with Paulson Investment Company, LLC (the “December 2021 Placement Agent”) to serve as the placement agent for the Company in connection with this offering. In connection with the sale of the ADSs in the December 2021 Registered Direct Offering, the Company issued to the investors registered warrants to purchase an aggregate of 2,155,507 ADSs at $1.65 per ADS (“December 2021 Investor Warrants”). The December 2021 Investor Warrants are immediately exercisable and will expire five years from issuance, subject to adjustment as set forth therein. The Company paid to the December 2021 Placement Agent an aggregate of $542,834 in placement agent fees and expenses and issued registered warrants to the December 2021 Placement Agent to purchase an aggregate of 172,441 ADS (“December 2021 Placement Agent Warrants”) on the same terms as the December 2021 Investor Warrants, except that the December 2021 Placement Agent Warrants are exercisable at $1.75 per ADS. Both the December 2021 Investor Warrants and the December 2021 Placement Agent Warrants (together the “December 2021 Warrants”) may be exercised on a cashless basis if six months after issuance there is no effective registration statement registering the ADSs underlying the warrants. Pursuant to the cashless exercise provision, the warrant holder must make an additional payment to the Company equal to the nominal value of an ADS (i.e., $0.0001) per warrant ADS actually to be issued pursuant to the cashless exercise. The total amount of December 2021 Warrants issued in connection with this registered direct offering amounted to 2,327,948, all of which were outstanding as of December 31, 2022. ​ 2021 Private Placements On July 7, 2021, the Company entered into securities purchase agreements with certain accredited and institutional investors, including Praxis Trustees Limited as trustee of Sonic Healthcare Holding Company EFRBS which is beneficially owned by Dr. Ray Prudo, the Company’s Chairman, providing for the issuance of an aggregate of 7,947,529 ADSs in a private placement at $1.55 per ADS for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $12.3 million, which subsequently closed (the “2021 Private Placements”). The Company also entered into a letter agreement with Paulson Investment Company to serve as the placement agent for the Company in connection with this offering (the “July 2021 Placement Agent”). In connection with the offering, on July 16, 2021, the Company issued to the July 2021 Placement Agent unregistered warrants to purchase a total of 398,384 ADSs at $2.32 per ADS (“July 2021 Warrants”). The July 2021 Warrants will expire five years from issuance and are immediately exercisable, subject to adjustment as set forth therein. Subject to certain conditions, the Company has the option to “call” the exercise of the warrants from time to time after any 10-consecutive trading day period during which the daily volume-weighted average price of the ADSs exceeds $3.00. The Company paid to the July 2021 Placement Agent an aggregate of $993,000 in placement agent fees and expenses. The July 2021 Warrants may be exercised on a cashless basis if nine months after issuance there is no effective registration statement registering the ADSs underlying the warrants. Pursuant to the cashless exercise provision, the warrant holder must make an additional payment to the Company equal to the nominal value of an ADS (i.e., $0.0001) per warrant ADS actually to be issued pursuant to the cashless exercise. The total amount of the July 2021 Warrants issued in connection with the 2021 Private Placements amounted to 398,384, all of which were outstanding as of December 31, 2022. 2020 Purchase Agreement and Registration Rights Agreement with Aspire Capital On June 30, 2020, the Company entered into a Purchase Agreement (“2020 Purchase Agreement”) with Aspire Capital which expired after the contractual 30-month commitment period lapsed on January 27, 2023. Prior to expiration, Aspire Capital invested an aggregate of $8.0 million of the original purchase commitment out of $30.0 million available under the facility. The 2020 Purchase Agreement provided that, upon the terms and subject to the conditions and limitations set forth therein, Aspire Capital was committed to purchase up to an aggregate of $30.0 million of the Company’s ADSs, with each ADS representing one hundred (100) ordinary shares, during a 30-month period beginning on the effective date of a registration statement related to the transaction. Concurrently with entering into the 2020 Purchase Agreement, the Company also entered into a registration rights agreement with Aspire Capital, in which the Company agreed to file one or more registration statements, as permissible and necessary to register under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), the sale of the Company’s securities that have been issued to Aspire Capital under the 2020 Purchase Agreement. Under the 2020 Purchase Agreement, after the SEC declared effective the registration statement referred to above (which occurred in July 2020), on any trading day selected by the Company, the Company has the right, in its sole discretion, to present Aspire Capital with a purchase notice (each, a “Purchase Notice”), directing Aspire Capital (as principal) to purchase up to 150,000 ADSs per business day and up to $30.0 million of the Company’s ADSs in the aggregate at a per share price (the “Purchase Price”) equal to the lesser of: ● the lowest sale price of the Company’s ADSs on the purchase date; or ● the arithmetic average of the three ( 3 ) lowest closing sale prices for the ADSs during the ten ( 10 ) consecutive business days ending on the business day immediately preceding such Purchase Date (to be appropriately adjusted for any reorganization, recapitalization, non-cash dividend, stock split, reverse stock split or other similar transaction). In addition, on any date on which the Company submitted a Purchase Notice to Aspire Capital in an amount of 150,000 ADSs, the Company also had the right, in its sole discretion, to present Aspire Capital with a volume-weighted average price purchase notice (each, a “VWAP Purchase Notice”) directing Aspire Capital to purchase an amount of ADSs equal to up to 30% of the aggregate shares of the Company’s ADSs traded on its principal market on the next trading day (the “VWAP Purchase Date”), subject to a maximum number of 250,000 ADSs. The purchase price per share pursuant to such VWAP Purchase Notice was generally 97% of the volume-weighted average price for the Company’s ADSs traded on its principal market on the VWAP Purchase Date. The 2020 Purchase Agreement provided that the Company and Aspire Capital shall not effect any sales under the Purchase Agreement on any purchase date where the closing sale price of the Company’s ADSs is less than $0.25. Additionally, governing law in the United Kingdom, where the Company is incorporated, requires a minimum payment per ADS to be issued pursuant to a purchase notice equal to the nominal value of an ADS (i.e., $0.0001). There are no trading volume requirements or restrictions under the Purchase Agreement, and the Company controlled the timing and number of sales of the Company’s ADSs to Aspire Capital. Aspire Capital had no right to require any sales by the Company but was obligated to make purchases from the Company as directed by the Company in accordance with the Purchase Agreement. There are no limitations on use of proceeds, financial or business covenants, restrictions on future fundings, rights of first refusal, participation rights, penalties or liquidated damages in the Purchase Agreement. In accordance with ASC 815-40-15, Determining Whether an Instrument (or Embedded Feature) Is Indexed to an Entity’s Own Stock Derivatives and Hedging. In consideration for entering into the 2020 Purchase Agreement, the Company agreed to issue to Aspire Capital 40,760,900 ordinary shares of the Company (the “2020 Commitment Shares”) which had a fair value of approximately $900,000. Since the Company has determined that the 2020 Purchase Agreement was considered a freestanding put option derivative in accordance with ASC 815 Derivatives and Hedging During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company sold to Aspire Capital 460,758,800 ordinary shares of the Company for gross proceeds of approximately $6,000,000. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company sold to Aspire Capital 117,647,100 ordinary shares of the Company for gross proceeds of approximately $2,000,001. No ordinary shares were sold to Aspire Capital during the year ended December 31, 2022. Reclassification of Warrants to Shareholders’ Equity Warrants issued prior to December 8, 2020 were originally determined to represent freestanding financial instruments whose foreign currency considerations pursuant to cash and cashless exercise required liability classification and should be recorded as liability-classified awards in accordance with ASC 815-40-25, Accounting for Derivative Financial Instruments Indexed to, and Potentially Settled in, a Company’s Own Stock Determining Whether an Instrument (or Embedded Feature) Is Indexed to an Entity’s Own Stock Financial Instruments ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fair value of ​ ​ warrants liabilities Balance at December 31, 2019 ​ $ 1,014,868 ​ ​ ​ ​ Issuance of 2020 Warrants ​ 2,749,369 ​ ​ ​ ​ Reclassification of warrant liability to shareholders’ equity upon exercise of 12,500 warrant ADSs ​ (7,874) ​ ​ ​ ​ Change in fair value of liabilities related to warrants ​ (556,810) ​ ​ ​ ​ Balance at December 8, 2020 ​ 3,199,553 ​ ​ ​ ​ Reclassification to additional-paid-in capital with in shareholders’ equity ​ (3,199,553) Balance at December 31, 2020 ​ $ — ​ Warrants Issued in 2021 and 2022 Except for warrants issued in September 2022 (Note 3), the Company accounts for warrants issued to investors and a placement agent after December 8, 2020 as equity classified instruments, recorded to additional paid-in capital within shareholders’ equity on the consolidated balance sheets. The fair values were measured at their grant date with no subsequent remeasurement. The Company determined that, at the time of their issuance, the July 2021 Warrants, the December 2021 Warrants and the March 2022 Warrants met the requirements for classification as equity under ASC 815-40-25. The costs directly attributable to realizing proceeds of issuing ADSs such as placement agent fees, commissions, legal and accounting fees pertaining to the financing and other external, incremental fees and expenses paid to advisors were recognized in additional paid-in capital within shareholders’ equity on the consolidated balance sheets. At July 16, 2021, the fair value of the July 2021 Warrants was $231,063 and was recorded within additional paid-in capital of shareholders’ equity. At January 4, 2022, the fair value of the December 2021 Warrants was $2,605,577 and was recorded within additional paid-in capital of shareholders’ equity. At March 10, 2022, the fair value of the March 2022 Warrants was $3,693,622 and was recorded within additional paid-in capital of shareholders’ equity. Below are the assumptions used for the fair value calculations of the warrants issued in 2021: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ July 16, ​ ​ 2021 Standard deviation 110.00 % Annual risk-free interest rate 0.79 % Required return on equity 17.00 % Expected life in years 4.98 ​ Annual turnover rate 0.00 % Period risk-free rate 0.07 % ​ Below are the assumptions used for the fair value calculations of warrants issued in 2022 (except the September 2022 Warrants): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ January 4, March 10, ​ ​ 2022 ​ 2022 Expected dividend yield 0 % 0 % Expected volatility 110 % 110 % Risk-free interest 1.4 % 1.9 % Expected life in years 5.0 5.0 ​ ​ The following table summarizes the Company’s outstanding warrants as of December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Balance ​ Warrants ​ Balance ​ Warrants ​ Balance ​ ​ Exercise ​ December 31, ​ Issued ​ December 31, ​ Issued ​ December 31, Description Price 2020 in 2021 2021 in 2022 2022 2019 Investor Warrants ​ $ 3.00 1,184,213 — 1,184,213 — 1,184,213 2019 Placement Warrants ​ $ 2.85 177,629 — 177,629 — 177,629 2020 Investor Warrants ​ $ 2.20 2,797,636 — 2,797,636 — 2,797,636 2020 Placement Warrants ​ $ 2.55 449,623 — 449,623 — 449,623 July 2021 Placement Agent Warrants ​ $ 2.32 ​ — ​ 398,384 ​ 398,384 ​ — ​ 398,384 December 2021 Investor Warrants ​ $ 1.65 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 2,155,507 ​ 2,155,507 December 2021 Placement Agent Warrants ​ $ 1.75 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 172,441 ​ 172,441 March 2022 Investor Warrants ​ $ 1.40 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 3,720,409 ​ 3,720,409 March 2022 Placement Agent Warrants ​ $ 1.50 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 297,633 ​ 297,633 September 2022 Series A Investor Warrants ​ $ 0.85 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 15,100,000 ​ 15,100,000 September 2022 Series B Investor Warrants ​ $ 0.85 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 15,100,000 ​ 15,100,000 ​ ​ ​ 4,609,101 398,384 5,007,485 36,545,990 ​ 41,553,475 ​

Equity Incentive Plan

Equity Incentive Plan	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Equity Incentive Plan
Equity Incentive Plan	NOTE 5 – Equity Incentive Plan In accordance with the Company’s 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2014 Plan”), the number of shares that may be issued upon exercise of options under the Plan shall not exceed 890,000,000 ordinary shares. At December 31, 2022, 354,850,715 ordinary shares were available for future issuance under the Plan. The option plan is administered by the Company’s Board of Directors and grants are made pursuant thereto by the compensation committee. The per share exercise price for the shares to be issued pursuant to the exercise of an option shall be such price equal to the fair market value of the Company’s ordinary shares on the grant date and set forth in the individual option agreement. Options expire ten years after the grant date and typically vest over one Shares that are expired, terminated or canceled are returned to the 2014 Plan and made available for future awards. Options The following is a summary of the Company’s option activity under the 2014 Plan for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ average ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted Weighted ​ remaining ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ average ​ average ​ contractual ​ Aggregate ​ ​ Number ​ exercise ​ grant date ​ term ​ intrinsic ​ of shares price fair value (in years) value Options outstanding as of January 1, 2020 94,349,035 ​ $ 0.10 ​ — 7.6 $ — Granted 208,000,000 ​ $ 0.02 ​ $ 0.01 — ​ — Forfeited (2,500,000) ​ $ 0.02 ​ $ 0.02 — ​ — Options outstanding at December 31, 2020 112,649,035 ​ $ 0.09 ​ ​ — 7.1 $ — Granted 30,300,000 ​ $ 0.02 ​ $ 0.01 — ​ — Options outstanding at December 31, 2021 142,949,035 ​ $ 0.07 ​ ​ — 6.8 ​ $ — Granted 409,396,700 ​ $ 0.01 ​ $ 0.01 — ​ — Forfeited (38,671,850) ​ $ 0.15 ​ $ 0.10 — ​ — Options outstanding at December 31, 2022 513,673,885 ​ $ 0.02 ​ — 8.7 ​ $ — Exercisable options at December 31, 2022 128,451,772 ​ $ 0.04 ​ — 6.6 ​ $ — ​ The aggregate intrinsic value of options is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the options and the fair value of the Company’s common stock for those options that had exercise prices lower than the fair value of the Company’s common stock. No stock option awards were exercised during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. Option Valuation Below are the assumptions used to determine the fair value of stock awards granted during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, ​ 2022 2021 2020 ​ Expected dividend yield ​ 0 % 0 % 0 % Expected volatility ​ 72.8-90.4 % 70.7-83.2 % 83.9-86.9 % Risk-free interest ​ 1.46-4.34 % 0.64-1.25 % 0.38-0.49 % Expected life ​ 5.5-6.25 years 5.5-6.25 years 5.5-6.25 years ​ The following is a summary of the Company’s share options granted separated into ranges of exercise price as of December 31, 2022: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Remaining Weighted ​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ contractual ​ average ​ ​ ​ ​ average ​ Weighted ​ ​ ​ life for ​ exercise Exercise ​ ​ ​ remaining ​ average ​ ​ ​ exercisable ​ price for price ​ Options ​ contractual ​ exercise ​ Options ​ options ​ exercisable (range) ($) outstanding life (years) price ($) exercisable (years) ​ options ($) <0.01 106,500,000 9.8 0.01 — — — 0.01 286,896,700 9.3 0.01 29,674,587 9.2 0.01 0.02-0.05 102,000,000 6.8 0.02 80,500,000 6.3 0.02 0.12-0.32 18,277,185 3.3 0.16 18,277,185 3.3 0.16 ​ 513,673,885 128,451,772 ​ Restricted Stock Units The Company began awarding restricted stock units (“RSUs”) during the year ended December 31, 2022. RSUs are stock-based awards granted to recipients with specified vesting provisions. In the case of RSUs, ordinary shares are generally delivered on or following satisfaction of vesting conditions. The Company issues RSUs to management that vest solely based on the recipient’s continued service over time, primarily with a two-year vesting (“Time-Based RSUs”). For these RSUs, the Company recognizes the cost as compensation expense on a straight-line basis. The Company estimates the fair value of its Time-Based RSUs on the date of grant based on the Company’s closing stock price at the time of grant. The following table summarizes the Company’s restricted stock activity for the year ended December 31, 2022: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted ​ ​ ​ ​ average ​ ​ ​ ​ grant date ​ ​ Shares/ ​ fair value ​ ​ Units ​ per share Unvested as of January 1, 2022 — ​ — Granted 21,475,400 ​ $ 0.01 Vested — ​ — Forfeited — ​ — Unvested as of December 31, 2022 21,475,400 ​ $ 0.01 ​ Stock-Based Compensation Expense The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense in the following expense categories of its consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Years Ended December 31, ​ 2022 2021 2020 Research and development ​ $ 120,191 ​ $ 55,028 ​ $ 82,192 General and administrative ​ 614,916 ​ 259,622 ​ 243,331 Total stock-based compensation expense ​ $ 735,107 ​ $ 314,650 ​ $ 325,523 ​ As of December 31, 2022, total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested share-based payment awards was $2,739,097, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 3.1 years.

Related Party Transactions

Related Party Transactions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Related Party Transactions
Related Party Transactions	​ NOTE 6 – Related Party Transactions London Office Lease - Laboratory Testing Services - Consulting -

Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments and Contingencies	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Commitments and Contingencies.
Commitments and Contingencies	NOTE 7 – Commitments and Contingencies Lease commitment – For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the Company incurred total rental expense in the amount of approximately $169,000, $183,000 and $173,000, respectively.

Loss Per Share

Loss Per Share	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Loss Per Share
Loss Per Share	​ NOTE 8 – Loss Per Share Basic loss per ordinary share is computed by dividing net loss available to ordinary shareholders by the weighted-average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period. Diluted loss per ordinary share is computed by dividing net loss available to ordinary shareholders by the sum of (1) the weighted-average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period, (2) the dilutive effect of the assumed exercise of share options using the treasury stock method, and (3) the dilutive effect of other potentially dilutive securities. The following is the calculation of the basic and diluted weighted average shares outstanding for the years ended December 31,2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Years Ended December 31, ​ 2022 2021 2020 Company posted Net loss Net loss Net loss Basic weighted average shares outstanding 6,243,462,410 4,292,112,667 3,159,037,588 Dilutive effect of Ordinary Share equivalents None None None Dilutive weighted average shares outstanding 6,243,462,410 4,292,112,667 3,159,037,588 ​ The Company’s potentially dilutive securities, which include options, warrants to purchase ordinary shares and unvested restricted stock, have been excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share as the effect would be to reduce the net loss per share attributable to common stockholders. Therefore, the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding used to calculate both basic and diluted net loss per share is the same. The Company excluded the following potential ordinary shares, presented based on amounts outstanding at each period end, from the computation of diluted net loss per share for the periods indicated because including them would have had an anti-dilutive effect (in ordinary equivalent shares): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Years Ended December 31, ​ 2022 2021 2020 Share options 513,673,885 142,949,035 112,649,035 Warrants 4,155,347,500 500,748,500 460,910,100 Restricted stock units 21,475,400 — — Total anti-dilutive share equivalents 4,690,496,785 6,436,975,355 573,559,135 ​

Income Taxes

Income Taxes	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Income Taxes.
Income Taxes	NOTE 9 – Income Taxes Tax rates The Company is incorporated in England. The effective corporate tax rate applying to a company that is incorporated in England on December 31, 2022 is 19%, which is consistent with the rate from December 31, 2021 and 2020. Tax assessment The periods open to inquiry by the United Kingdom (“UK”) tax authorities are 2022, 2021 and 2020. The Company has not been issued final tax assessments since its establishment in Switzerland. Deferred taxes Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Management currently believes that since the Company has a history of losses, it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets relating to the loss carryforwards and other temporary differences will not be realized in the foreseeable future. Therefore, the Company provided a full valuation allowance to reduce the deferred tax assets. The main reconciling item between the statutory tax rate of the Company and the effective tax rate is the recognition of valuation allowances in respect of deferred taxes relating to accumulated net operating losses carried forward due to the uncertainty of the realization of such deferred taxes. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, there were no known uncertain tax positions. The Company has not identified any tax positions for which it is reasonably possible that a significant change will occur during the next 12 months. The components of net loss before income tax are as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Years Ended December 31, ​ ​ 2022 2021 2020 Domestic (UK) ​ $ (18,017,916) ​ $ (17,308,782) ​ $ (17,394,074) Foreign ​ 269,854 ​ (115,455) ​ 312,457 Net loss before income tax ​ $ (17,748,062) ​ $ (17,424,237) ​ $ (17,081,617) ​ Income tax expense relating to the Company’s operations are as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Years Ended December 31, ​ ​ 2022 2021 2020 Current income taxes ​ ​ ​ Domestic (UK) $ — $ — $ — U.S. ​ ​ — ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Foreign ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Deferred income taxes ​ — ​ — ​ — Domestic (UK) ​ — ​ — ​ — Foreign ​ — ​ — ​ — Income tax expense $ — $ — $ — ​ The following is a reconciliation of income tax expense computed at the UK statutory rate compared to the Company’s income tax expense as reported in its consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Years Ended December 31, ​ ​ 2022 ​ 2021 ​ 2020 Net loss before income tax ​ $ (17,748,062) ​ $ (17,424,237) ​ $ (17,081,617) ​ Statutory rate ​ 19.00 % 19.00 % 19.00 % Expected income tax recovery ​ (3,372,132) ​ (3,310,605) ​ (3,245,507) ​ Impact on income tax expense/recovery from ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Change in valuation allowance ​ 4,327,206 ​ 3,958,517 ​ 4,287,778 ​ Permanent differences ​ 408,400 ​ 39,572 ​ 81 ​ U.S. state taxes (net of FBOS) ​ ​ (1,114,279) ​ ​ (534,862) ​ ​ (655,877) ​ Tax rate difference in foreign jurisdictions ​ (248,042) ​ (122,064) ​ (136,343) ​ Change of tax rate due to U.S. tax reform ​ 4,200 ​ 60,369 ​ — ​ Change in equity compensation ​ ​ 751,989 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ Change in operating losses ​ ​ (132,989) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ Change of tax rate from prior year ​ (624,353) ​ (90,927) ​ — ​ Deferred tax adjustments ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 250,132 ​ Income tax expense ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ ​ The tax effects of temporary differences that gave rise to significant portions of the Company’s deferred tax assets were as follows: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, ​ December 31, ​ ​ 2022 ​ 2021 Deferred tax assets ​ ​ Stock-based compensation ​ $ 954,821 ​ $ 1,426,602 PP&E and other accrued liabilities ​ ​ 641,935 ​ ​ 571,006 Intangibles ​ ​ 1,658,731 ​ ​ 1,588,365 Warrant revaluation ​ (946,770) ​ ​ — Tax loss carry forward ​ 32,307,419 ​ ​ 26,736,219 Valuation allowance ​ (34,616,136) ​ ​ (30,322,192) Net deferred tax assets ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ The Company has reviewed its tax positions for its past domestic and foreign tax filings and has not identified any uncertain income tax positions. The Company’s position is to record penalties and interest on any uncertain tax position, if any, and record such items to general and administrative expense. At December 31, 2022, the Company had approximately $108.7 million of UK operating loss carryforwards to reduce future UK taxable income. These carryforwards do not expire. At December 31, 2022, the Company had approximately $106.3 million of foreign operating loss carryforwards in the US (including federal, state and local jurisdictions) and Switzerland. Carryforwards in the US totaling approximately $1.1 million expire in 2032, $14.8 million expire in 2034, $3.7 million expire in 2036, $10.4 million expire in 2037, $50.8 million expire after 2037, and $24.8 million do not expire. The carryforwards in Switzerland totaling approximately $0.7 million expire in 2023. In general, an ownership change, as defined by Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code, results from transactions increasing the ownership of certain shareholders or public groups in the stock of a corporation by more than 50% over a three-year period. In fiscal 2023, the Company conducted a study to assess whether a change of control has occurred. The Company concluded that it had experienced a change of control, as defined by Section 382, and utilization of certain net operating loss carryforwards would be subject to an annual limitation under Section 382. The Company determined that the limitation was immaterial to its consolidated financial statements. Research and development credits The Company carries out extensive research and development activities and may benefit from the UK research and development tax relief regime, whereby the Company can receive an enhanced UK tax deduction on its research and development activities. Qualifying expenditures comprise of chemistry and manufacturing consumables, employment costs for research staff, clinical trials management, and other subcontracted research expenditures. Where the Company is loss making for the period it can elect to surrender taxable losses for a refundable tax credit. The losses available to surrender are equal to the lower of the sum of the research and development qualifying expenditure and enhanced tax deduction and the Company’s taxable losses for the period with the tax credit for December 31, 2022 available at a rate of 14.5%. The credit therefore gives a cash flow advantage to Company at a lower rate than would be available if the enhanced losses were carried forward and relieved against future taxable profits. The Company accounts for research and development tax credits at the time its realization becomes probable (Note 2). Due to the uncertainty of the approval of these tax credit claims and the potential that an election for a tax credit in the form of cash is not made, the Company did not record a receivable for the 2022 tax year at December 31, 2022.

Segment Information

Segment Information	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Segment Information.
Segment Information	NOTE 10 – Segment Information The chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) is the Company’s Chief Executive Officer (CEO). Neither the CODM nor the Company’s directors receive disaggregated financial information about the locations in which research and development is occurring. Therefore, the Company considers that it has only one reporting segment. The following table presents the Company’s tangible fixed assets by geographic region: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, December 31, ​ ​ 2022 ​ 2021 United Kingdom ​ $ — ​ $ — United States ​ — ​ — Total ​ $ — ​ $ — ​

Subsequent Events

Subsequent Events	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Subsequent Events
Subsequent Events	NOTE 11 – Subsequent Events Registered Direct Offering On March 31, 2023, the Company entered into securities purchase agreements with certain accredited and institutional investors, including Dr. Ray Prudo, the Company’s Chairman, providing for the issuance of an aggregate of 26,666,667 ADSs in a registered direct offering at $0.15 per ADS, resulting in gross proceeds of approximately $4.0 million. The Company paid an aggregate of approximately $0.3 million in placement agent fees and expenses.

Summary of Significant Accoun_2

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation	Basis of Presentation
Principles of Consolidation	Principles of Consolidation –
Foreign Currency	Foreign Currency – The reporting currency of the Company is U.S. dollars. The Company translates its non-U.S. operations’ assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies into U.S. dollars at current rates of exchange as of the balance sheet date and income and expense items at the average exchange rate for the reporting period. Translation adjustments resulting from exchange rate fluctuations are recorded as foreign currency translation adjustments, a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss. Gains or losses from foreign currency transactions are included in foreign currency exchange gains/(losses).
Use of Estimates	Use of Estimates –
Fair Value Measurements	Fair Value Measurements Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures Level 1 – quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 – inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Level 3 – unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. The fair value hierarchy also requires the Company to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The Company accounted for unregistered warrants issued to investors and a placement agent in connection with the 2019 registered direct offering and the 2020 private placements as a warrant liability and were carried at fair value and remeasured at each reporting period, with changes in fair value recorded as a separate line item in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. On December 8, 2020, the Company changed the nominal currency of its ordinary shares from pounds sterling to U.S. dollars and reclassified its warrants from liabilities to shareholders’ equity (See Note 4). The September 2022 Warrants (as defined below) met the definition of a freestanding instrument as such warrants are legally detachable and separately exercisable, and these warrants met the criteria of a derivative. The fair value of these warrants is classified as a liability and recorded at fair value (See Note 4). Such warrants are remeasured to fair value at each reporting date until the warrant is exercised or expires. Changes in the fair value of the warrant liability are recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss (See Note 3). The carrying values of the Company’s cash, prepaid expenses and other current assets, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate their fair values due to the short-term nature of these assets and liabilities.
Cash	Cash –
Prepaid Expenses	Prepaid Expenses
Other Current Assets	Other Current Assets
Property and Equipment, net	Property and Equipment, net ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Years Computers, peripheral, and scientific equipment 3 Office furniture and equipment 3 ​ Property and equipment, consists of the following: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, December 31, ​ ​ 2022 ​ 2021 Computers, peripheral, and scientific equipment ​ $ 85,489 ​ $ 85,489 Office furniture and equipment ​ 79,449 ​ 79,449 Total property and equipment ​ 164,938 ​ 164,938 Less: Accumulated depreciation ​ (164,938) ​ (164,938) Property and equipment, net ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $0, $0 and $5,013, respectively, and was recorded in both research and development expenses and general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.
Long-Lived Assets	Long-Lived Assets
Patent Acquisition Costs	Patent Acquisition Costs
Accrued Expenses	Accrued Expenses
Research and Development Expenses	Research and Development Expenses – Payments made prior to the receipt of goods or services to be used in research and development are capitalized until the goods or services are received. The Company records expenses related to clinical studies and manufacturing development activities based on its estimates of the services received and efforts expended pursuant to contracts with multiple contract research organizations (CROs) and manufacturing vendors that conduct and manage these activities on its behalf. The financial terms of these agreements are subject to negotiation, vary from contract to contract, and may result in uneven payment flows. There may be instances in which payments made to the Company’s vendors will exceed the level of services provided and result in a prepayment of the expense. Payments under some of these contracts depend on factors such as the successful enrollment of subjects and the completion of clinical study milestones. In amortizing or accruing service fees, the Company estimates the time period over which services will be performed, enrollment of subjects, number of sites activated and the level of effort to be expended in each period. If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from the Company’s estimate, the Company will adjust the accrued or prepaid expense balance accordingly. Research and development expenses for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 were $9,560,897, $9,133,455 and $8,820,204, respectively. The Company accounts for research and development tax credits at the time its realization becomes probable as a credit to research and development expenses in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss (See Note 7). The Company realized $2,318,385 of research and development tax credits in 2022 related to the 2021 tax year, $3,066,875 of research and development tax credits in 2021 related to the 2020 tax year and $3,372,093 of research and development tax credits in 2020 related to the 2019 tax year.
Stock-Based Compensation	Stock-Based Compensation – The fair value of each restricted ordinary share award is estimated on the date of grant based on the fair value of the Company’s ordinary shares on that same date. The fair value of each option grant is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which requires inputs based on certain subjective assumptions, including the expected stock price volatility, the expected term of the award, the risk-free interest rate, and expected dividends (See Note 5). The Company estimates its expected stock price volatility based on the historical volatility of publicly traded peer companies. The expected term of the Company’s options has been determined utilizing the “simplified” method for awards that qualify as “plain-vanilla” options. The risk-free interest rate is determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant of the award for time periods approximately equal to the expected term of the award. Expected dividend yield is based on the fact that the Company has never paid cash dividends on ordinary shares and does not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.
Leases	Leases –
Concentration of Credit Risk	Concentration of Credit Risk –
Income Taxes	Income Taxes The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with the accounting rules that require an asset and liability approach to accounting for income taxes based upon the future expected values of the related assets and liabilities. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and for tax loss and credit carry forwards and are measured using the expected tax rates estimated to be in effect when such basis differences reverse. Valuation allowances are established, if necessary, to reduce the deferred tax asset to the amount that will, more likely than not, be realized. The Company has recorded a full valuation allowance on its deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.
Uncertain Tax Positions	Uncertain Tax Positions – Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes
Earnings (Loss) Per Share	Earnings (Loss) Per Share
Comprehensive Income (Loss)	Comprehensive Income (Loss) – The following table provides details with respect to changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss, which is comprised of foreign currency translation adjustments, as presented in the balance sheets at December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Balance January 1, 2020 $ (348,860) Net current period other comprehensive loss ​ ​ (299,205) Balance December 31, 2020 ​ $ (648,065) Net current period other comprehensive income ​ ​ 107,098 Balance December 31, 2021 ​ $ (540,967) Net current period other comprehensive loss ​ ​ (229,872) Balance December 31, 2022 ​ $ (770,839) ​
Recent Accounting Pronouncements	Recent Accounting Pronouncements Adopted during the year In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-06, Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity (ASU 2020-06), which simplifies the accounting for certain financial instruments with characteristics of liabilities and equity, including convertible instruments and contracts on an entity’s own equity. Specifically, ASU 2020-06 simplifies accounting for convertible instruments by removing major separation models in ASC 470-20 that require separate accounting for embedded conversion features. ASU 2020-06 also removes certain settlement conditions in ASC 815-40 that are required for equity contracts to qualify for the derivative scope exception, which will permit more equity contracts to qualify for the scope exception and simplifies the diluted earnings per share calculation in certain areas. ASU 2020-06 is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2021, with early adoption permitted. Adoption of ASU 2020-06 can either be on a modified retrospective or full retrospective basis. The Company adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2022. The adoption of the guidance did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Summary of Significant Accoun_3

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Schedule of estimated useful lives of the assets	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Years Computers, peripheral, and scientific equipment 3 Office furniture and equipment 3
Schedule of components of property and equipment	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, December 31, ​ ​ 2022 ​ 2021 Computers, peripheral, and scientific equipment ​ $ 85,489 ​ $ 85,489 Office furniture and equipment ​ 79,449 ​ 79,449 Total property and equipment ​ 164,938 ​ 164,938 Less: Accumulated depreciation ​ (164,938) ​ (164,938) Property and equipment, net ​ $ — ​ $ — ​
Schedule of changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss	The following table provides details with respect to changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss, which is comprised of foreign currency translation adjustments, as presented in the balance sheets at December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Balance January 1, 2020 $ (348,860) Net current period other comprehensive loss ​ ​ (299,205) Balance December 31, 2020 ​ $ (648,065) Net current period other comprehensive income ​ ​ 107,098 Balance December 31, 2021 ​ $ (540,967) Net current period other comprehensive loss ​ ​ (229,872) Balance December 31, 2022 ​ $ (770,839) ​

Fair Value Measurements (Tables

Fair Value Measurements (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Fair Value Measurements
Schedule of financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, 2022 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Liabilities ​ ​ ​ ​ Warrant liability - Series A ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 1,812,000 ​ $ 1,812,000 Warrant liability - Series B ​ — ​ — ​ 6,040,000 ​ 6,040,000 ​ ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 7,852,000 ​ $ 7,852,000 ​
Schedule of assumptions used for the fair value calculations of the warrants	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ September 14, 2022 ​ December 31, 2022 ​ Series A Series B Series A Series B Stock price ​ $ 0.71 ​ $ 0.71 ​ $ 0.47 ​ $ 0.47 ​ Exercise price ​ $ 0.85 ​ $ 0.85 ​ $ 0.85 ​ $ 0.85 ​ Expected term (in years) ​ 2.0 ​ 7.0 ​ 1.7 ​ 6.7 ​ Volatility ​ 100.0 % 120.0 % 80.0 % 120.0 % Risk-free rate ​ 3.78 % 3.52 % 4.37 % 3.96 % ​
Schedule of the activity in the warrant liability	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Series A Series B Total Fair value at January 1, 2022 ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — Issuance of warrant ​ 5,285,000 ​ 9,513,000 ​ 14,798,000 Change in fair value ​ (3,473,000) ​ (3,473,000) ​ (6,946,000) Fair value at December 31, 2022 ​ $ 1,812,000 ​ $ 6,040,000 ​ $ 7,852,000

Shareholders' Equity (Tables)

Shareholders' Equity (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Shareholders' Equity
Schedule of fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fair value of ​ ​ warrants liabilities Balance at December 31, 2019 ​ $ 1,014,868 ​ ​ ​ ​ Issuance of 2020 Warrants ​ 2,749,369 ​ ​ ​ ​ Reclassification of warrant liability to shareholders’ equity upon exercise of 12,500 warrant ADSs ​ (7,874) ​ ​ ​ ​ Change in fair value of liabilities related to warrants ​ (556,810) ​ ​ ​ ​ Balance at December 8, 2020 ​ 3,199,553 ​ ​ ​ ​ Reclassification to additional-paid-in capital with in shareholders’ equity ​ (3,199,553) Balance at December 31, 2020 ​ $ — ​
Schedule of the assumptions used for the fair value calculations of the warrants	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ July 16, ​ ​ 2021 Standard deviation 110.00 % Annual risk-free interest rate 0.79 % Required return on equity 17.00 % Expected life in years 4.98 ​ Annual turnover rate 0.00 % Period risk-free rate 0.07 % ​
Schedule of Share-based Payment Award, Stock Options, Valuation Assumptions	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ January 4, March 10, ​ ​ 2022 ​ 2022 Expected dividend yield 0 % 0 % Expected volatility 110 % 110 % Risk-free interest 1.4 % 1.9 % Expected life in years 5.0 5.0 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, ​ 2022 2021 2020 ​ Expected dividend yield ​ 0 % 0 % 0 % Expected volatility ​ 72.8-90.4 % 70.7-83.2 % 83.9-86.9 % Risk-free interest ​ 1.46-4.34 % 0.64-1.25 % 0.38-0.49 % Expected life ​ 5.5-6.25 years 5.5-6.25 years 5.5-6.25 years ​
Schedule of summarizes the outstanding warrants	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Balance ​ Warrants ​ Balance ​ Warrants ​ Balance ​ ​ Exercise ​ December 31, ​ Issued ​ December 31, ​ Issued ​ December 31, Description Price 2020 in 2021 2021 in 2022 2022 2019 Investor Warrants ​ $ 3.00 1,184,213 — 1,184,213 — 1,184,213 2019 Placement Warrants ​ $ 2.85 177,629 — 177,629 — 177,629 2020 Investor Warrants ​ $ 2.20 2,797,636 — 2,797,636 — 2,797,636 2020 Placement Warrants ​ $ 2.55 449,623 — 449,623 — 449,623 July 2021 Placement Agent Warrants ​ $ 2.32 ​ — ​ 398,384 ​ 398,384 ​ — ​ 398,384 December 2021 Investor Warrants ​ $ 1.65 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 2,155,507 ​ 2,155,507 December 2021 Placement Agent Warrants ​ $ 1.75 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 172,441 ​ 172,441 March 2022 Investor Warrants ​ $ 1.40 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 3,720,409 ​ 3,720,409 March 2022 Placement Agent Warrants ​ $ 1.50 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 297,633 ​ 297,633 September 2022 Series A Investor Warrants ​ $ 0.85 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 15,100,000 ​ 15,100,000 September 2022 Series B Investor Warrants ​ $ 0.85 ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 15,100,000 ​ 15,100,000 ​ ​ ​ 4,609,101 398,384 5,007,485 36,545,990 ​ 41,553,475

Equity Incentive Plan (Tables)

Equity Incentive Plan (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Equity Incentive Plan
Schedule of share option activity and related information for employees and directors	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ average ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted Weighted ​ remaining ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ average ​ average ​ contractual ​ Aggregate ​ ​ Number ​ exercise ​ grant date ​ term ​ intrinsic ​ of shares price fair value (in years) value Options outstanding as of January 1, 2020 94,349,035 ​ $ 0.10 ​ — 7.6 $ — Granted 208,000,000 ​ $ 0.02 ​ $ 0.01 — ​ — Forfeited (2,500,000) ​ $ 0.02 ​ $ 0.02 — ​ — Options outstanding at December 31, 2020 112,649,035 ​ $ 0.09 ​ ​ — 7.1 $ — Granted 30,300,000 ​ $ 0.02 ​ $ 0.01 — ​ — Options outstanding at December 31, 2021 142,949,035 ​ $ 0.07 ​ ​ — 6.8 ​ $ — Granted 409,396,700 ​ $ 0.01 ​ $ 0.01 — ​ — Forfeited (38,671,850) ​ $ 0.15 ​ $ 0.10 — ​ — Options outstanding at December 31, 2022 513,673,885 ​ $ 0.02 ​ — 8.7 ​ $ — Exercisable options at December 31, 2022 128,451,772 ​ $ 0.04 ​ — 6.6 ​ $ — ​
Schedule of assumptions used to determine the fair value of stock granted	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ January 4, March 10, ​ ​ 2022 ​ 2022 Expected dividend yield 0 % 0 % Expected volatility 110 % 110 % Risk-free interest 1.4 % 1.9 % Expected life in years 5.0 5.0 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, ​ 2022 2021 2020 ​ Expected dividend yield ​ 0 % 0 % 0 % Expected volatility ​ 72.8-90.4 % 70.7-83.2 % 83.9-86.9 % Risk-free interest ​ 1.46-4.34 % 0.64-1.25 % 0.38-0.49 % Expected life ​ 5.5-6.25 years 5.5-6.25 years 5.5-6.25 years ​
Schedule of Share-based Compensation, Shares Authorized under Stock Option Plans, by Exercise Price Range	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Remaining Weighted ​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ contractual ​ average ​ ​ ​ ​ average ​ Weighted ​ ​ ​ life for ​ exercise Exercise ​ ​ ​ remaining ​ average ​ ​ ​ exercisable ​ price for price ​ Options ​ contractual ​ exercise ​ Options ​ options ​ exercisable (range) ($) outstanding life (years) price ($) exercisable (years) ​ options ($) <0.01 106,500,000 9.8 0.01 — — — 0.01 286,896,700 9.3 0.01 29,674,587 9.2 0.01 0.02-0.05 102,000,000 6.8 0.02 80,500,000 6.3 0.02 0.12-0.32 18,277,185 3.3 0.16 18,277,185 3.3 0.16 ​ 513,673,885 128,451,772 ​
Summary of activity of the Company's unvested RSUs	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted ​ ​ ​ ​ average ​ ​ ​ ​ grant date ​ ​ Shares/ ​ fair value ​ ​ Units ​ per share Unvested as of January 1, 2022 — ​ — Granted 21,475,400 ​ $ 0.01 Vested — ​ — Forfeited — ​ — Unvested as of December 31, 2022 21,475,400 ​ $ 0.01 ​
Schedule of stock-based compensation expense in the following expense categories of its consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss:	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Years Ended December 31, ​ 2022 2021 2020 Research and development ​ $ 120,191 ​ $ 55,028 ​ $ 82,192 General and administrative ​ 614,916 ​ 259,622 ​ 243,331 Total stock-based compensation expense ​ $ 735,107 ​ $ 314,650 ​ $ 325,523 ​

Loss Per Share (Tables)

Loss Per Share (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Loss Per Share
Schedule of basic and diluted weighted average shares outstanding	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Years Ended December 31, ​ 2022 2021 2020 Company posted Net loss Net loss Net loss Basic weighted average shares outstanding 6,243,462,410 4,292,112,667 3,159,037,588 Dilutive effect of Ordinary Share equivalents None None None Dilutive weighted average shares outstanding 6,243,462,410 4,292,112,667 3,159,037,588 ​
Schedule of Anti-Dilutive Share Equivalents	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Years Ended December 31, ​ 2022 2021 2020 Share options 513,673,885 142,949,035 112,649,035 Warrants 4,155,347,500 500,748,500 460,910,100 Restricted stock units 21,475,400 — — Total anti-dilutive share equivalents 4,690,496,785 6,436,975,355 573,559,135

Income Taxes (Tables)

Income Taxes (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Income Taxes.
Schedule of components of income/(loss) before income taxes	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Years Ended December 31, ​ ​ 2022 2021 2020 Domestic (UK) ​ $ (18,017,916) ​ $ (17,308,782) ​ $ (17,394,074) Foreign ​ 269,854 ​ (115,455) ​ 312,457 Net loss before income tax ​ $ (17,748,062) ​ $ (17,424,237) ​ $ (17,081,617) ​
Schedule of income taxes relating to the company's operations	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Years Ended December 31, ​ ​ 2022 2021 2020 Current income taxes ​ ​ ​ Domestic (UK) $ — $ — $ — U.S. ​ ​ — ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Foreign ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Deferred income taxes ​ — ​ — ​ — Domestic (UK) ​ — ​ — ​ — Foreign ​ — ​ — ​ — Income tax expense $ — $ — $ — ​
Schedule of income taxes at the UK statutory rate compared to the company's income tax expenses	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Years Ended December 31, ​ ​ 2022 ​ 2021 ​ 2020 Net loss before income tax ​ $ (17,748,062) ​ $ (17,424,237) ​ $ (17,081,617) ​ Statutory rate ​ 19.00 % 19.00 % 19.00 % Expected income tax recovery ​ (3,372,132) ​ (3,310,605) ​ (3,245,507) ​ Impact on income tax expense/recovery from ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Change in valuation allowance ​ 4,327,206 ​ 3,958,517 ​ 4,287,778 ​ Permanent differences ​ 408,400 ​ 39,572 ​ 81 ​ U.S. state taxes (net of FBOS) ​ ​ (1,114,279) ​ ​ (534,862) ​ ​ (655,877) ​ Tax rate difference in foreign jurisdictions ​ (248,042) ​ (122,064) ​ (136,343) ​ Change of tax rate due to U.S. tax reform ​ 4,200 ​ 60,369 ​ — ​ Change in equity compensation ​ ​ 751,989 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ Change in operating losses ​ ​ (132,989) ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ Change of tax rate from prior year ​ (624,353) ​ (90,927) ​ — ​ Deferred tax adjustments ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 250,132 ​ Income tax expense ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ ​
Schedule of deferred tax assets and liabilities	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, ​ December 31, ​ ​ 2022 ​ 2021 Deferred tax assets ​ ​ Stock-based compensation ​ $ 954,821 ​ $ 1,426,602 PP&E and other accrued liabilities ​ ​ 641,935 ​ ​ 571,006 Intangibles ​ ​ 1,658,731 ​ ​ 1,588,365 Warrant revaluation ​ (946,770) ​ ​ — Tax loss carry forward ​ 32,307,419 ​ ​ 26,736,219 Valuation allowance ​ (34,616,136) ​ ​ (30,322,192) Net deferred tax assets ​ $ — ​ $ — ​

Segment Information (Tables)

Segment Information (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Segment Information.
Schedule of tangible fixed assets by geographic region	​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, December 31, ​ ​ 2022 ​ 2021 United Kingdom ​ $ — ​ $ — United States ​ — ​ — Total ​ $ — ​ $ —

Nature of Business (Details)

Nature of Business (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Apr. 28, 2023
Nature Of Business
Cash	$ 13,249,945	$ 9,361,270
Net loss	$ (17,748,062)	$ (17,424,237)	$ (17,081,617)
Expected
Nature Of Business
Cash				$ 3,700,000

Summary of Significant Accoun_4

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Property and equipment, gross	$ 164,938	$ 164,938
Less: Accumulated depreciation	(164,938)	(164,938)
Property and equipment, net	$ 0	0
Computers, peripheral, and scientific equipment
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Property, pant and equipment, useful life	3 years
Property and equipment, gross	$ 85,489	85,489
Office furniture and equipment
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Property, pant and equipment, useful life	3 years
Property and equipment, gross	$ 79,449	$ 79,449

Summary of Significant Accoun_5

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Beginning Balance	$ (540,967)	$ (648,065)	$ (348,860)
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)	(229,872)	107,098	(299,205)
Ending Balance	$ (770,839)	$ (540,967)	$ (648,065)

Summary of Significant Accoun_6

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Cash equivalents	$ 0	$ 0
Depreciation	0	0	$ 5,013
Research and Development expenses	9,560,897	9,133,455	8,820,204
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation, Tax Credit, Research, Amount	2,318,385	3,066,875	3,372,093
Unrecognized tax benefits	$ 0	0
Patents
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Finite-Lived intangible assets, remaining amortization period	22 years
Amortization of intangible assets	$ 3,708	$ 4,126	$ 3,894

Fair Value Measurements (Detail

Fair Value Measurements (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Fair Value Measurements
Financial liabilities measured at fair value	$ 7,852,000
Transfers between level 1 and level 2	0
Transfers into (out of) level 3	3
Recurring | Series A warrants
Fair Value Measurements
Financial liabilities measured at fair value	1,812,000
Recurring | Series B warrants
Fair Value Measurements
Financial liabilities measured at fair value	6,040,000
Level 3
Fair Value Measurements
Financial liabilities measured at fair value	7,852,000
Level 3 | Recurring | Series A warrants
Fair Value Measurements
Financial liabilities measured at fair value	1,812,000
Level 3 | Recurring | Series B warrants
Fair Value Measurements
Financial liabilities measured at fair value	$ 6,040,000

Fair Value Measurements - Assum

Fair Value Measurements - Assumptions used for the fair value calculations of warrants (Details)	Dec. 31, 2022 Y $ / shares	Sep. 14, 2022 $ / shares Y
Series A warrants | Exercise price
Fair Value Measurements
Warrants outstanding, measurement input	0.85	0.85
Series A warrants | Volatility
Fair Value Measurements
Warrants outstanding, measurement input	0.800	1
Series A warrants | Stock price
Fair Value Measurements
Warrants outstanding, measurement input	0.47	0.71
Series A warrants | Risk-free rate
Fair Value Measurements
Warrants outstanding, measurement input	0.0437	0.0378
Series A warrants | Expected term (in years)
Fair Value Measurements
Warrants outstanding, measurement input | Y	1.7	2
Series B warrants | Exercise price
Fair Value Measurements
Warrants outstanding, measurement input	0.85	0.85
Series B warrants | Volatility
Fair Value Measurements
Warrants outstanding, measurement input	1.200	1.200
Series B warrants | Stock price
Fair Value Measurements
Warrants outstanding, measurement input	0.47	0.71
Series B warrants | Risk-free rate
Fair Value Measurements
Warrants outstanding, measurement input	0.0396	0.0352
Series B warrants | Expected term (in years)
Fair Value Measurements
Warrants outstanding, measurement input | Y	6.7	7

Fair Value Measurements - Sched

Fair Value Measurements - Schedule of the activity in warrant liability (Details) - USD ($)	11 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 08, 2020	Dec. 31, 2022
Fair Value Measurements
Fair value at beginning	$ 1,014,868
Issuance of warrant	2,749,369	$ 14,798,000
Change in fair value	(556,810)	(6,946,000)
Fair value at ending	$ 3,199,553	7,852,000
Series A warrants
Fair Value Measurements
Issuance of warrant		5,285,000
Change in fair value		(3,473,000)
Fair value at ending		1,812,000
Series B warrants
Fair Value Measurements
Issuance of warrant		9,513,000
Change in fair value		(3,473,000)
Fair value at ending		$ 6,040,000

Fair Value Measurements - Addit

Fair Value Measurements - Additional Information (Details) - $ / shares	Sep. 14, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022	Mar. 10, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 29, 2021	Dec. 08, 2020
Fair Value Measurements
Warrants issued to purchase ADS (in shares)						12,500
Threshold period for exercise of warrants on cashless basis	6 months
Nominal value of ADS (in per warrant ADS)		$ 0.0001		$ 0.0001
Registered direct offering
Fair Value Measurements
Exercise price of warrants (in dollars per ADS)			$ 1.50
Term of the warrants					5 years
Nominal value of ADS (in per warrant ADS)	$ 0.0001
Registered direct offering | Series A warrants
Fair Value Measurements
Warrants issued to purchase ADS (in shares)	15,100,000
Exercise price of warrants (in dollars per ADS)	$ 0.85
Term of the warrants	2 years
Registered direct offering | Series B warrants
Fair Value Measurements
Warrants issued to purchase ADS (in shares)	15,100,000
Exercise price of warrants (in dollars per ADS)	$ 0.85
Term of the warrants	7 years

Shareholders' Equity- Reclassif

Shareholders' Equity- Reclassification of warrants to shareholders equity (Details) - USD ($)	1 Months Ended	11 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 08, 2020	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2020
Shareholders' Equity
Fair value at beginning	$ 3,199,553	$ 1,014,868		$ 1,014,868
Issuance of 2020 Warrants		2,749,369	$ 14,798,000
Reclassification of warrant liability to shareholders' equity upon exercise of 12,500 warrant ADSs		(7,874)
Change in fair value of liabilities related to warrants		(556,810)	(6,946,000)
Reclassification to additional-paid-in capital with in shareholders' equity	$ (3,199,553)			$ (3,199,553)
Fair value at ending		$ 3,199,553	$ 7,852,000
Warrants issued to purchase ADS (in shares)		12,500

Shareholders' Equity - Assumpti

Shareholders' Equity - Assumptions used for the fair value (Details) - July 2021 warrants	Jul. 16, 2021
Standard deviation
Shareholders' Equity
Warrants outstanding, measurement input	110
Annual risk-free interest rate
Shareholders' Equity
Warrants outstanding, measurement input	0.79
Required return on equity
Shareholders' Equity
Warrants outstanding, measurement input	17
Expected life in years
Shareholders' Equity
Warrants outstanding, measurement input	4.98
Annual turnover rate
Shareholders' Equity
Warrants outstanding, measurement input	0
Period risk-free rate
Shareholders' Equity
Warrants outstanding, measurement input	0.07

Shareholders' Equity - fair val

Shareholders' Equity - fair value calculations of warrants issued (Details)			12 Months Ended
	Mar. 10, 2022	Jan. 04, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Shareholders' Equity
Expected dividend yield	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%
Expected volatility	110%	110%
Risk-free interest	1.90%	1.40%
Expected life in years	5 years	5 years		6 years 3 months	6 years 3 months

Shareholders' Equity - outstand

Shareholders' Equity - outstanding warrants (Details) - $ / shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Beginning Balance	5,007,485	4,609,101
Warrants Issued	36,545,990	398,384
Ending Balance	41,553,475	5,007,485
2019 Investor Warrants
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Beginning Balance	1,184,213	1,184,213
Exercise Price	$ 3
Ending Balance	1,184,213	1,184,213
2019 Placement Warrants
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Beginning Balance	177,629	177,629
Exercise Price	$ 2.85
Ending Balance	177,629	177,629
2020 Investor Warrants
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Beginning Balance	2,797,636	2,797,636
Exercise Price	$ 2.20
Ending Balance	2,797,636	2,797,636
2020 Placement Warrants
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Beginning Balance	449,623	449,623
Exercise Price	$ 2.55
Ending Balance	449,623	449,623
July 2021 Placement Agent Warrants
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Beginning Balance	398,384
Exercise Price	$ 2.32
Warrants Issued		398,384
Ending Balance	398,384	398,384
December 2021 Investor Warrants
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Exercise Price	$ 1.65
Warrants Issued	2,155,507
Ending Balance	2,155,507
December 2021 Placement Agent Warrants
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Exercise Price	$ 1.75
Warrants Issued	172,441
Ending Balance	172,441
March 2022 Investor Warrants
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Exercise Price	$ 1.40
Warrants Issued	3,720,409
Ending Balance	3,720,409
March 2022 Placement Agent Warrants
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Exercise Price	$ 1.50
Warrants Issued	297,633
Ending Balance	297,633
Series A warrants | September 2022 Investor Warrants
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Exercise Price	$ 0.85
Warrants Issued	15,100,000
Ending Balance	15,100,000
Series B warrants | September 2022 Investor Warrants
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Exercise Price	$ 0.85
Warrants Issued	15,100,000
Ending Balance	15,100,000

Shareholders' Equity - Addition

Shareholders' Equity - Additional Information (Details)

1 Months Ended

12 Months Ended

Sep. 14, 2022 USD ($) $ / shares shares

Mar. 10, 2022 USD ($) $ / shares shares

Dec. 29, 2021 USD ($) $ / shares shares

Jul. 07, 2021 USD ($) D $ / shares shares

Jun. 30, 2020 USD ($) item $ / shares shares

Jun. 30, 2020 USD ($) $ / shares shares

Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) $ / shares shares

Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($) $ / shares shares

Dec. 31, 2020 USD ($) shares

Jan. 04, 2022 USD ($)

Jul. 16, 2021 USD ($)

Dec. 08, 2020 shares

Class of Stock [Line Items]

Warrants issued to purchase ADS (in shares)

12,500

Excess fair value of warrant liability over cash proceeds | $

$ 1,963,000

$ 0

$ 0

Proceeds from sale of ADS | $

$ 25,193,991

$ 14,292,753

$ 25,046,461

Nominal value of ADS (in per warrant ADS) | $ / shares

$ 0.0001

$ 0.0001

Threshold Period For Exercise Of Warrants On Cashless Basis

6 months

Number of Ordinary Shares Representing One American Depositary Share

100

100

Long-term Purchase Commitment, Period

30 months

Percentage of aggregate shares

30%

Maximum number of Adss traded each working day

250,000

Per share price | $ / shares

$ 0.0001

$ 0.0001

Warrants Issued

36,545,990

398,384

Aspire Capital Fund LLC

Class of Stock [Line Items]

Number of Shares to be Issued

40,760,900

40,760,900

Percentage of volume weighted average price indicating purchase price

97%

American Depositary Shares | Aspire Capital Fund LLC

Class of Stock [Line Items]

Share issue price (in dollars per ADS) | $ / shares

$ 0.25

Number of Shares to be Issued

150,000

150,000

Sale of Stock, Description of Transaction

30% of the aggregate shares of the Company’s ADSs traded on its principal market on the next trading day (the “VWAP Purchase Date”), subject to a maximum number of 250,000 ADSs

2020 Purchase Agreement

Class of Stock [Line Items]

Proceeds from sale of ADS | $

$ 30,000,000

2020 Purchase Agreement | Aspire Capital Fund LLC

Class of Stock [Line Items]

Aggregate ADSs issued (in shares)

0

117,647,100

460,758,800

Proceeds from sale of ADS | $

$ 30,000,000

$ 2,000,001

$ 6,000,000

Long-term Purchase Commitment, Period

30 months

Fair value of commitment shares | $

$ 900,000

$ 900,000

Amount available under the share purchase commitment facility | $

$ 8,000,000

$ 8,000,000

Fair value of warrants | $

$ 231,063

2020 Purchase Agreement | American Depositary Shares

Class of Stock [Line Items]

Arithmetic average number of lowest closing prices for purchase of ADSs

3

Registered direct offering

Class of Stock [Line Items]

Aggregate ADSs issued (in shares)

7,440,833

4,311,019

Share issue price (in dollars per ADS) | $ / shares

$ 1.20

$ 1.40

Proceeds from sale of ADS | $

$ 8,900,000

$ 6,000,000

Received from issuance of offering | $

$ 1,100,000

Grant date fair value of warrants | $

$ 14,798,000

Excess fair value of warrant liability over cash proceeds | $

$ 1,963,000

Stock issuance costs | $

$ 1,700,000

Fair value of warrants | $

$ 7,852,000

Exercise price of warrants (in dollars per ADS) | $ / shares

$ 1.50

Expiration term of warrants

5 years

Nominal value of ADS (in per warrant ADS) | $ / shares

$ 0.0001

Warrants Issued

4,018,042

Registered direct offering | Series A warrants

Class of Stock [Line Items]

Warrants issued to purchase ADS (in shares)

15,100,000

Exercise price of warrants (in dollars per ADS) | $ / shares

$ 0.85

Expiration term of warrants

2 years

Registered direct offering | Series B warrants

Class of Stock [Line Items]

Warrants issued to purchase ADS (in shares)

15,100,000

Exercise price of warrants (in dollars per ADS) | $ / shares

$ 0.85

Expiration term of warrants

7 years

Registered direct offering | Investor warrants

Class of Stock [Line Items]

Warrants issued to purchase ADS (in shares)

3,720,409

2,155,507

Exercise price of warrants (in dollars per ADS) | $ / shares

$ 1.40

$ 1.65

Expiration term of warrants

5 years

Registered direct offering | Placement agent

Class of Stock [Line Items]

Warrants issued to purchase ADS (in shares)

297,633

172,441

Stock issuance costs | $

$ 774,320

$ 542,834

Registered direct offering | American Depositary Shares

Class of Stock [Line Items]

Aggregate ADSs issued (in shares)

15,100,000

Share issue price (in dollars per ADS) | $ / shares

$ 0.85

Proceeds from sale of ADS | $

$ 12,835,000

Exercise price of warrants (in dollars per ADS) | $ / shares

$ 1.75

Nominal value of ADS (in per warrant ADS) | $ / shares

$ 0.0001

$ 0.0001

Registered direct offering | American Depositary Shares | Series A warrants

Class of Stock [Line Items]

Warrants issued to purchase ADS (in shares)

15,100,000

Share issue price (in dollars per ADS) | $ / shares

$ 0.85

Registered direct offering | American Depositary Shares | Series B warrants

Class of Stock [Line Items]

Warrants issued to purchase ADS (in shares)

15,100,000

Share issue price (in dollars per ADS) | $ / shares

$ 0.85

Registered Direct Offering 2021

Class of Stock [Line Items]

Warrants Issued

2,327,948

Fair value of warrants | $

$ 3,693,622

$ 2,605,577

2021 Private Placement

Class of Stock [Line Items]

Aggregate ADSs issued (in shares)

7,947,529

Proceeds from sale of ADS | $

$ 12,300,000

Share issue price (in dollars per ADS) | $ / shares

$ 1.55

2021 Private Placement | 2021 Warrants

Class of Stock [Line Items]

Warrants issued to purchase ADS (in shares)

398,384

Stock issuance costs | $

$ 993,000

Exercise price of warrants (in dollars per ADS) | $ / shares

$ 3

Expiration term of warrants

5 years

Nominal value of ADS (in per warrant ADS) | $ / shares

$ 0.0001

Threshold Consecutive Trading Day Period To Call For Exercise Of Warrants | D

10

Threshold Period For Exercise Of Warrants On Cashless Basis

9 months

Warrants Issued

398,384

2021 Private Placement | American Depositary Shares | 2021 Warrants

Class of Stock [Line Items]

Exercise price of warrants (in dollars per ADS) | $ / shares

$ 2.32

Equity Incentive Plan (Details)

Equity Incentive Plan (Details) - 2014 Equity Incentive Plan	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 shares
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Exercise of warrants (in shares)	890,000,000
Ordinary shares issued	354,850,715
Options expiration	10 years
Minimum
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting period	1 year
Maximum
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting period	4 years

Equity Incentive Plan- option a

Equity Incentive Plan- option activity (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of shares, Options Outstanding at end of the period	513,673,885
Number of shares, Exercisable options at end of the period	128,451,772
2014 Equity Incentive Plan
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of shares, Options Outstanding at beginning of the period	142,949,035	112,649,035	94,349,035
Number of shares, Granted	409,396,700	30,300,000	208,000,000
Number of shares, Forfeited	(38,671,850)		(2,500,000)
Number of shares, Options Outstanding at end of the period	513,673,885	142,949,035	112,649,035	94,349,035
Number of shares, Exercisable options at end of the period	128,451,772
Weighted average exercise price, Outstanding at beginning of the period	$ 0.07	$ 0.09	$ 0.10
Weighted average exercise price, Granted	0.01	0.02	0.02
Weighted average exercise price, Forfeited	0.15		0.02
Weighted average exercise price, Outstanding at end of the period	0.02	0.07	0.09	$ 0.10
Options exercisable at end of the period, Weighted average exercise price	0.04
Weighted average grant date fair value, Granted	0.01	$ 0.01	0.01
Weighted average grant date fair value, Forfeited	$ 0.10		$ 0.02
Weighted average remaining contractual term, Options outstanding during the period (in years)	8 years 8 months 12 days	6 years 9 months 18 days	7 years 1 month 6 days	7 years 7 months 6 days
Weighted average remaining contractual term, Options exercisable at end of the period (in years)	6 years 7 months 6 days
Aggregate intrinsic value, Options outstanding at beginning of the period		$ 0	$ 0
Aggregate intrinsic value, Options outstanding at end of the period	$ 0		$ 0	$ 0
Aggregate intrinsic value, Options exercisable at end of the period	$ 0
Exercise of warrants (in shares)	890,000,000
Share options | 2014 Equity Incentive Plan
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Exercise of warrants (in shares)	0	0	0

Equity Incentive Plan - Option

Equity Incentive Plan - Option exercise price (Details) - $ / shares			12 Months Ended
	Mar. 10, 2022	Jan. 04, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Options outstanding			513,673,885
Options exercisable			128,451,772
Expected dividend yield	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%
Expected volatility	110%	110%
Risk-free interest	1.90%	1.40%
Expected life in years	5 years	5 years		6 years 3 months	6 years 3 months
Minimum
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Expected volatility			72.80%	70.70%	83.90%
Risk-free interest			1.46%	0.64%	0.38%
Expected life in years			5 years 6 months	5 years 6 months	5 years 6 months
Maximum
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Expected volatility			90.40%	83.20%	86.90%
Risk-free interest			4.34%	1.25%	0.49%
Expected life in years			6 years 3 months
Exercise Price Range One
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Exercise price (lower range)			$ 0.01
Options outstanding			106,500,000
Weighted average remaining contractual life (years)			9 years 9 months 18 days
Weighted average exercise Price			$ 0.01
Exercise Price Range Two
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Exercise price (lower range)			$ 0.01
Options outstanding			286,896,700
Weighted average remaining contractual life (years)			9 years 3 months 18 days
Weighted average exercise Price			$ 0.01
Options exercisable			29,674,587
Remaining contractual life (years for exercisable options)			9 years 2 months 12 days
Weighted average exercise price (for exercisable options)			$ 0.01
Exercise Price Range Three
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Exercise price (lower range)			0.02
Exercise price (upper range)			$ 0.05
Options outstanding			102,000,000
Weighted average remaining contractual life (years)			6 years 9 months 18 days
Weighted average exercise Price			$ 0.02
Options exercisable			80,500,000
Remaining contractual life (years for exercisable options)			6 years 3 months 18 days
Weighted average exercise price (for exercisable options)			$ 0.02
Exercise price range four
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Exercise price (lower range)			0.12
Exercise price (upper range)			$ 0.32
Options outstanding			18,277,185
Weighted average remaining contractual life (years)			3 years 3 months 18 days
Weighted average exercise Price			$ 0.16
Options exercisable			18,277,185
Remaining contractual life (years for exercisable options)			3 years 3 months 18 days
Weighted average exercise price (for exercisable options)			$ 0.16

Equity Incentive Plan - Summari

Equity Incentive Plan - Summarize the activity of the company unvested RSUs (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 $ / shares shares
Shares/ Units
Granted (in shares) | shares	21,475,400
Unvested at end of the period (in shares) | shares	21,475,400
Weighted average grant date fair value per share
Granted (per share) | $ / shares	$ 0.01
Weighted average grant date fair value per share, End of the period (per share) | $ / shares	$ 0.01

Equity Incentive Plan - Stock-B

Equity Incentive Plan - Stock-Based Compensation Expense (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	$ 735,107	$ 314,650	$ 325,523
Unrecognized compensation	$ 2,739,097
Weighted average period	3 years 1 month 6 days
Research and development expenses
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	$ 120,191	55,028	82,192
General and administrative expenses
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	$ 614,916	$ 259,622	$ 243,331

Related Party Transactions (Det

Related Party Transactions (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2019
Laboratory Testing Services
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Expenses from transactions with related party	$ 89,000	$ 102,000	$ 234,000
Payable balances	23,000	32,000	100,000
Consulting Services [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Expenses from transactions with related party	92,000	100,000	100,000
The Doctors Laboratory
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Operating Lease, Expense	$ 129,000	$ 146,000	$ 133,000

Commitments and Contingencies (

Commitments and Contingencies (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Commitments and Contingencies.
Rental expense	$ 169,000	$ 183,000	$ 173,000

Loss Per Share (Details)

Loss Per Share (Details) - shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Loss Per Share
Basic weighted average shares outstanding	6,243,462,410	4,292,112,667	3,159,037,588
Dilutive weighted average shares outstanding	6,243,462,410	4,292,112,667	3,159,037,588

Loss Per Share - Antidilutive s

Loss Per Share - Antidilutive securities excluded from computation of earnings per share (Details) - shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Total Anti-Dilutive Share Equivalents	4,690,496,785	6,436,975,355	573,559,135
Share options
Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Total Anti-Dilutive Share Equivalents	513,673,885	142,949,035	112,649,035
Warrants Equity Classified
Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Total Anti-Dilutive Share Equivalents	4,155,347,500	500,748,500	460,910,100
Restricted stock units
Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Total Anti-Dilutive Share Equivalents	21,475,400	0	0

Income Taxes (Details)

Income Taxes (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Income Taxes.
Domestic (UK)	$ (18,017,916)	$ (17,308,782)	$ (17,394,074)
Foreign	269,854	(115,455)	312,457
Net loss before income tax	$ (17,748,062)	$ (17,424,237)	$ (17,081,617)

Income Taxes - Income tax expen

Income Taxes - Income tax expense relating to the Company's operations (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Current income taxes
Domestic (UK)	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0
Foreign	0	0	0
Deferred income taxes
Domestic (UK)	0	0	0
Foreign	0	0	0
Income tax expense	0	$ 0	$ 0
United States
Current income taxes
Foreign	$ 0

Income Taxes - Income taxes at

Income Taxes - Income taxes at the UK statutory rate compared to the Company's income tax expenses (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Income Taxes.
Net loss before income tax	$ (17,748,062)	$ (17,424,237)	$ (17,081,617)
Statutory rate	19%	19%	19%
Expected income tax recovery	$ (3,372,132)	$ (3,310,605)	$ (3,245,507)
Impact on income tax expense/recovery from
Change in valuation allowance	4,327,206	3,958,517	4,287,778
Permanent differences	408,400	39,572	81
U.S. state taxes (net of FBOS)	(1,114,279)	(534,862)	(655,877)
Tax rate difference in foreign jurisdictions	(248,042)	(122,064)	(136,343)
Change of tax rate due to U.S. tax reform	4,200	60,369	0
Change in equity compensation	751,989	0	0
Change in operating losses	(132,989)	0	0
Change of tax rate from prior year	(624,353)	(90,927)	0
Deferred tax adjustments	0	0	250,132
Income tax expense	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0

Income Taxes - Deferred tax ass

Income Taxes - Deferred tax assets (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Deferred tax assets
Stock-based compensation	$ 954,821	$ 1,426,602
PP&E and other accrued liabilities	641,935	571,006
Intangibles	1,658,731	1,588,365
Warrant revaluation	(946,770)	0
Tax loss carry forward	32,307,419	26,736,219
Valuation allowance	(34,616,136)	(30,322,192)
Net deferred tax assets	$ 0	$ 0

Income Taxes - Additional Infor

Income Taxes - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Income Taxes
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation, at Federal Statutory Income Tax Rate, Percent	19%	19%	19%
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation, Tax Credit, Percent	14.50%
Foreign Tax Authority
Income Taxes
Operating loss carryforwards	$ 106.3
England
Income Taxes
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation, at Federal Statutory Income Tax Rate, Percent	19%
United Kingdom | Domestic Tax Authority
Income Taxes
Operating loss carryforwards	$ 108.7
United States
Income Taxes
2032	1.1
2034	14.8
2036	3.7
2037	10.4
Deferred Tax Assets, Operating Loss Carryforwards, Subject to Expiration	50.8
Deferred Tax Assets, Operating Loss Carryforwards, Not Subject to Expiration	24.8
Switzerland
Income Taxes
2023	$ 0.7

Segment Information (Details)

Segment Information (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) segment	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)
Segment Information
Number of reportable segments | segment	1
Total	$ 0	$ 0
United States
Segment Information
Total	0	0
United Kingdom
Segment Information
Total	$ 0	$ 0

Subsequent Events (Details)

Subsequent Events (Details) - Registered direct offering - USD ($)				12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 10, 2022	Dec. 29, 2021	Dec. 31, 2022
Subsequent Events
Aggregate ADSs issued (in shares)		7,440,833	4,311,019
Share issue price (in dollars per ADS)		$ 1.20	$ 1.40
Proceeds from sale of ADS		$ 8,900,000	$ 6,000,000
Placement agent fees and expenses				$ 1,700,000
Placement agent
Subsequent Events
Placement agent fees and expenses		$ 774,320	$ 542,834
Subsequent Events
Subsequent Events
Aggregate ADSs issued (in shares)	26,666,667
Share issue price (in dollars per ADS)	$ 0.15
Proceeds from sale of ADS	$ 4,000,000
Subsequent Events | Placement agent
Subsequent Events
Placement agent fees and expenses	$ 300,000

Fair Value Measurements - Ass_2

Fair Value Measurements - Assumptions used for the fair value calculations of the warrants (Details) - July 2021 warrants	Jul. 16, 2021
Standard deviation
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants outstanding, measurement input	110
Annual risk-free interest rate
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants outstanding, measurement input	0.79
Required return on equity
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants outstanding, measurement input	17
Expected life in years
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants outstanding, measurement input	4.98
Annual turnover rate
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants outstanding, measurement input	0
Period risk-free rate
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants outstanding, measurement input	0.07

Fair Value Measurements - Level

Fair Value Measurements - Level 3 Reconciliation (Details) - USD ($)	11 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 08, 2020	Dec. 31, 2022
Fair Value Measurements
Fair value at beginning	$ 1,014,868
Issuance of warrant	2,749,369	$ 14,798,000
Reclassification of warrant liability to shareholders' equity	7,874
Changes in values of liabilities related to options and warrants	556,810	6,946,000
Fair value at ending	$ 3,199,553	$ 7,852,000