AVAILABLE-FOR-SALE SECURITIES | AVAILABLE-FOR-SALE SECURITIES The following table presents the Company’s AFS investment securities by collateral type at fair value as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 : December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 Mortgage-backed securities: Agency Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation $ 530,640,091 $ 326,958,046 Federal National Mortgage Association 754,443,557 463,232,187 Non-Agency — 7,592,802 Multi-Family 5,742,000 73,146,566 Total mortgage-backed securities $ 1,290,825,648 $ 870,929,601 The following tables present the amortized cost and fair value of the Company’s AFS investment securities by collateral type as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 : December 31, 2017 Agency Non-Agency Multi-Family Total Face Value $ 1,274,329,317 $ — $ 7,500,000 $ 1,281,829,317 Unamortized premium 23,818,687 — — 23,818,687 Unamortized discount Designated credit reserve and OTTI (2) — — — — Net, unamortized (491,020 ) — (1,713,542 ) (2,204,562 ) Amortized Cost 1,297,656,984 — 5,786,458 1,303,443,442 Gross unrealized gain 751,458 — — 751,458 Gross unrealized (loss) (13,324,794 ) — (44,458 ) (13,369,252 ) Fair Value $ 1,285,083,648 $ — $ 5,742,000 $ 1,290,825,648 December 31, 2016 Agency Non-Agency (1) Multi - Family Total Face Value $ 779,219,115 $ 4,393,771 $ 100,907,815 $ 884,520,701 Unamortized premium 17,748,138 — — 17,748,138 Unamortized discount Designated credit reserve and OTTI (2) — (1,929,833 ) — (1,929,833 ) Net, unamortized (1,311,292 ) (369,887 ) (26,160,083 ) (27,841,262 ) Amortized Cost 795,655,961 2,094,051 74,747,732 872,497,744 Gross unrealized gain 2,663,975 234,647 509,519 3,408,141 Gross unrealized (loss) (8,129,703 ) — (2,110,685 ) (10,240,388 ) Fair Value $ 790,190,233 $ 2,328,698 $ 73,146,566 $ 865,665,497 (1) Non-Agency AFS does not include interest-only securities with a notional amount of $ 509,109,248 , book value of $ 14,712,374 unrealized loss of $ 9,448,271 and a fair value of $ 5,264,104 at December 31, 2016 . (2) Discount designated as Credit Reserve is generally not expected to be accreted into interest income. Amounts disclosed reflect Credit Reserve of $0 and $ 1,929,833 and at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 . At December 31, 2017 , the Company did not intend to sell any of its MBS that were in an unrealized loss position, and it is “more likely than not” that the Company will not be required to sell these MBS before recovery of their amortized cost basis, which may be at their maturity. The Company did not recognize any credit-related OTTI losses through earnings during the year ended December 31, 2017 . As of December 31, 2016 , the Company recognized credit-related gains of $ 0.56 million related to the release of credit reserves on certain legacy Non-Agency RMBS, all of which had been sold for the year then ended. Non-Agency RMBS on which OTTI is recognized have experienced, or are expected to experience, credit-related adverse cash flow changes, or credit impairment. The Company’s estimate of cash flows for its Non-Agency RMBS is based on its review of the underlying mortgage loans securing these RMBS. The Company considers information available about the structure of the securitization, including structural credit enhancement, if any, and the past and expected future performance of underlying mortgage loans, including timing of expected future cash flows, prepayment rates, default rates, loss severities, delinquency rates, percentage of non-performing loans, FICO scores at loan origination, year of origination, loan-to-value ratios, geographic concentrations, as well as Rating Agency reports, general market assessments, and dialogue with market participants. Significant judgment is used in both the Company’s analysis of the expected cash flows for its Non-Agency RMBS and any determination of OTTI that is the result, at least in part, of credit impairment. The following table present the composition of OTTI charges recorded by the Company for the years ended December 31, 2017 , 2016, and 2015: Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 Cumulative credit loss at beginning of period $ (3,074,728 ) $ (3,636,431 ) — Additions: Initial (increase) in credit reserves — (541,342 ) (745,492 ) Subsequent (increase) in credit reserves — — — Initial additional other-than-temporary credit impairment losses — (183,790 ) (2,890,939 ) Subsequent additional other-than-temporary credit impairment losses — — — Reductions: For securities sold decrease in credit reserves — 1,286,835 — For securities sold decrease in other-than-temporary impairment — — — Cumulative credit (loss) at end of period $ (3,074,728 ) $ (3,074,728 ) (3,636,431 ) The Company did not record any unrealized losses on legacy Non-Agency RMBS during the years ended December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, however, the Company did incur unrealized losses of $ 1.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2015. The following table presents the components comprising the carrying value of AFS securities not deemed to be other than temporarily impaired by length of time the securities had an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2017 , and December 31, 2016 . At December 31, 2017 the Company held 59 AFS securities, of which 49 were in an unrealized loss position for less than twelve consecutive months and five were in an unrealized loss for more than twelve months. All of these securities were either Agency RMBS or Multi-Family MBS. As such, credit-related adverse cash flow changes are not applicable and consequently no OTTI is recognized. At December 31, 2016 , the Company held 46 AFS securities, of which 31 were in an unrealized loss position for less than twelve consecutive months and five were in an unrealized loss position for more than twelve months. Less than 12 months Greater than 12 months Total Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses December 31, 2017 $ 1,084,010,586 $ (11,135,736 ) $ 95,024,791 $ (2,233,516 ) $ 1,179,035,377 $ (13,369,252 ) December 31, 2016 $ 619,414,077 $ (8,129,704 ) $ 45,879,433 $ (2,110,684 ) $ 665,293,510 $ (10,240,388 ) To the extent the Company determines there are likely to be decreases in cash flows expected to be collected, and as a result of non-credit impairment, such changes are generally recognized prospectively through adjustment of the security’s yield over its remaining life. The following table presents a summary of the Company’s net realized gain (loss) from the sale of AFS securities, inclusive of securities previously booked as linked, for the years ended December 2017 , December 2016 , and December 2015 . December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 AFS securities sold, at cost $ 509,084,520 $ 268,849,640 $ 267,741,325 AFS principal payments, at cost — 98,166,335 70,836,624 Proceeds from AFS securities sold 495,030,356 263,143,871 267,567,905 Proceeds from AFS principal payments — 96,655,967 70,476,212 Net realized gain (loss) on sale of AFS securities $ (14,054,164 ) $ (7,216,137 ) $ (533,832 ) The following tables present the fair value of AFS investment securities by rate type as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 : December 31, 2017 Agency Non-Agency Multi-Family Total Adjustable rate $ 1,284,237,670 $ — $ — $ 1,284,237,670 Fixed rate 845,978 — 5,742,000 6,587,978 Total $ 1,285,083,648 $ — $ 5,742,000 $ 1,290,825,648 December 31, 2016 Agency Non-Agency Multi- Family Total Adjustable rate $ 788,727,476 $ 7,592,802 $ — $ 796,320,278 Fixed rate 1,462,757 — 73,146,566 74,609,323 Total $ 790,190,233 $ 7,592,802 $ 73,146,566 $ 870,929,601 The following tables present the fair value of AFS investment securities by maturity date as December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 : December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 Less than one year $ — $ — Greater than one year and less than five years 1,187,909,353 399,872,894 Greater than or equal to five years 102,916,295 471,056,707 Total $ 1,290,825,648 $ 870,929,601 As described in Note 2, when the Company purchases a credit-sensitive AFS security at a significant discount to its face value, the Company generally does not amortize into income a significant portion of this discount that the Company is entitled to earn because it does not expect to collect it due to the inherent credit risk of the security. The Company may also record an OTTI for a portion of its investment in the security to the extent the Company believes that the amortized cost will exceed the present value of expected future cash flows. The amount of principal that the Company does not amortize into income is designated as an off balance sheet credit reserve on the security, with unamortized net discounts or premiums amortized into income over time to the extent realizable. Actual maturities of AFS securities are affected by the contractual lives of the associated mortgage collateral, periodic payments of principal, and prepayments of principal. Therefore, actual maturities of available-for-sale securities are generally shorter than stated contractual maturities. Stated contractual maturities are generally greater than ten years. The following tables present the changes for the year ended December 31, 2017 and the year ended December 31, 2016 of the unamortized net discount and designated credit reserves on the Company’s MBS. December 31, 2017 Designated credit reserve Unamortized net discount Total Beginning Balance as of January 1, 2017 $ (1,929,833 ) $ (27,841,262 ) $ (29,771,095 ) Acquisitions — — — Dispositions 1,929,833 22,685,756 24,615,589 Accretion of net discount — 2,950,944 2,950,944 Realized gain on paydowns — — — Realized credit losses — — — Addition to credit reserves — — — Release of credit reserves — — — Ending Balance at December 31, 2017 $ — $ (2,204,562 ) $ (2,204,562 ) December 31, 2016 Designated credit reserve Unamortized net discount Total Beginning Balance as of January 1, 2016 $ (8,891,565 ) $ (57,280,275 ) $ (66,171,840 ) Acquisitions — — — Dispositions 4,893,913 21,637,637 26,531,550 Accretion of net discount — 6,703,365 6,703,365 Realized gain on paydowns — 325,709 325,709 Realized credit losses 3,023,911 (183,790 ) 2,840,121 Addition to credit reserves (1,021,433 ) 1,021,433 — Release of credit reserves 65,341 (65,341 ) — Ending Balance at December 31, 2016 $ (1,929,833 ) $ (27,841,262 ) $ (29,771,095 ) Gains and losses from the sale of AFS securities are recorded within realized gain (loss) on sale of investments, net in the Company's consolidated statements of operations. Unrealized gains and losses on the Company’s AFS securities except Non-Agency RMBS IOs are recorded as unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale securities, net in the Company's consolidated statement of comprehensive income (loss). For the years ended December 31, 2017 , December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 the Company had unrealized gains (losses) on AFS securities of ($ 5,785,854 ), ( 6,436,169 ) and ($ 7,604,122 ), respectively. The following tables present components of interest income on the Company’s AFS securities for the years December 31, 2017 , December 31, 2016 , December 31, 2015 : Year Ended December 31, 2017 Coupon Net (premium Interest Agency $ 28,003,938 $ (654,970 ) $ 27,348,968 Non-Agency 42,254 9,946 52,200 Multi-Family — 2,120,725 2,120,725 Total $ 28,046,192 $ 1,475,701 $ 29,521,893 Year Ended December 31, 2016 Coupon interest Net (premium amortization)/ discount accretion Interest income Agency $ 13,138,828 $ 341,020 $ 13,479,848 Non-Agency 2,579,344 1,343,594 3,922,938 Multi-Family 1,006,106 5,066,873 6,072,979 Total $ 16,724,278 $ 6,751,487 $ 23,475,765 Year Ended December 31, 2015 Coupon interest Net (premium amortization)/ discount accretion Interest income Agency $ 7,286,166 $ 241,550 $ 7,527,716 Non-Agency 2,357,814 7,653,839 10,011,653 Multi-Family 1,443,326 5,315,461 6,758,787 Total $ 11,087,306 $ 13,210,850 $ 24,298,156 |