Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Estimates | 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Estimates The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”). All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. Certain reclassifications have been made to conform to the current period’s presentation. All common share and per share amounts have been adjusted to reflect the one-for-seven reverse stock split completed on May 4, 2016. See Note 13, Capitalization and Equity Structure Reverse Stock Split The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the balance sheet, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. For the Company, these estimates include, but are not limited to: revenue recognition, deferred revenue and the deferral of associated costs, valuation of acquired intangible assets and goodwill, useful lives assigned to long-lived assets, realizability of deferred tax assets, valuation of common and preferred stock warrants, the valuation of options, and contingencies. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The assets and liabilities of foreign subsidiaries, where the local currency is the functional currency, are translated from their respective functional currencies into U.S. dollars at the rates in effect at the balance sheet date and revenue and expense amounts are translated at average rates during the period, with resulting foreign currency translation adjustments recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) as a component of stockholders’ equity. Where the U.S. dollar is the functional currency, re-measurement adjustments are recorded in other comprehensive income (loss), net in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Gains and losses realized from transactions, including related party balances not considered permanent investments, that are denominated in currencies other than an entity’s functional currency are included in other expense Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) reported on our consolidated balance sheets consists of foreign currency translation adjustments. Foreign Currency Translation Balance at December 31, 2015 $ (1) Other comprehensive loss before reclassification 80 Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) - Net current period other comprehensive income 80 Balance at December 31, 2016 $ 79 The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with a maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. The Company’s cash is deposited in bank accounts with the Company’s primary cash management bank. The Company places its cash and cash equivalents in highly liquid instruments with, and in the custody of, financial institutions with high credit ratings. The Company did not have any cash equivalents or investments in money market funds as of December 31, 2016 and 2015. Financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and accounts receivable. The Company maintains our cash accounts in excess of federally insured limits. However, the Company believes it is not exposed to significant credit risk due to the financial position of the depository institutions in which these deposits are held. The Company extends credit to customers in the normal course of business and performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers. Concentrations of credit risk with respect to accounts receivable exist to the full extent of amounts presented in the consolidated financial statements. The Company does not require collateral from its customers to secure accounts receivable. Accounts receivable are derived from the sale of products shipped and services performed for customers located in the U.S. and throughout the world. Invoices are aged based on contractual terms with the customer. The Company reviews accounts receivable for collectability and provides an allowance for credit losses, as needed. The Company has not experienced material losses related to accounts receivable during the years ended December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015. Many of the sales contracts with customers outside of the U.S. are settled in a foreign currency other than the U.S. dollar. The Company does not enter into any foreign currency hedging agreements and is susceptible to gains and losses from foreign currency fluctuations. To date, the Company has not experienced significant gains or losses upon settling foreign contracts. At December 31, 2016, the Company had three customers with accounts receivable balances totaling 10 18 16 11 10 22 11 For the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company had no customers with billed revenue of 10 33 12 Inventories are recorded at the lower of cost or market value. Cost is principally determined using the average cost method. Parts from vendors are received and recorded as raw material. Once the raw materials are incorporated in the fabrication of the product, the related value of the component is recorded as work in progress (“WIP”). Direct and indirect labor and applicable overhead costs are also allocated and recorded to WIP inventory. Finished goods are comprised of completed products that are ready for customer shipment. The Company periodically evaluates the carrying value of inventory on hand for potential excess amounts over sales and forecasted demand. Excess and obsolete inventories identified, if any, are recorded as an inventory impairment charge to the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets, generally ranging from three to thirteen years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the estimated useful life of ten years or the related term of the lease. The costs of repairs and maintenance are expensed when incurred, while expenditures for refurbishments and improvements that significantly add to the productive capacity or extend the useful life of an asset are capitalized. When assets are retired or sold, the asset cost and related accumulated depreciation or amortization are removed from the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, with any gain or loss reflected in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The Company has evaluated its lease obligations and does not have any material asset retirement obligations. The Company assesses the impairment of long-lived assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying value may not be recoverable from the estimated future cash flows expected to result from their use or eventual disposition. If estimates of future undiscounted net cash flows are insufficient to recover the carrying value of the assets, the Company will record an impairment loss in the amount by which the carrying value of the assets exceeds the fair value. If the assets are determined to be recoverable, but the useful lives are shorter than originally estimated, the Company will depreciate or amortize the net book value of the assets over the newly determined remaining useful lives. None of the Company’s property and equipment or intangible assets were impaired as of December 31, 2016 and 2015. Accordingly, no impairment loss has been recognized in the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014. The Company records goodwill when the purchase price of an acquisition exceeds the fair value of the net tangible and identified intangible assets acquired. We perform an annual impairment assessment in the fourth quarter of each year, or more frequently if indicators of potential impairment exist, which includes evaluating qualitative and quantitative factors to assess the likelihood of an impairment of goodwill. We perform impairment tests using a fair value approach when necessary. None of the Company’s goodwill was impaired as of December 31, 2016 and 2015. Accordingly, no impairment loss has been recognized in the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014. For further discussion of goodwill, see Note 4 Equipois Acquisition We account for hybrid contracts that feature conversion options in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States. Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 815, Derivatives and Hedging Activities Conversion options that contain variable settlement features such as provisions to adjust the conversion price upon subsequent issuances of equity or equity linked securities at exercise prices more favorable than that featured in the hybrid contract generally result in their bifurcation from the host instrument. We account for convertible instruments when we have determined that the embedded conversion options should not be bifurcated from their host instruments, in accordance with ASC 470-20, Debt with Conversion and Other Options We also follow ASC 480-10, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity We generally account for warrants issued in connection with debt and equity financings as a component of equity, unless the warrants include a conditional obligation to issue a variable number of shares or there is a deemed possibility that we may need to settle the warrants in cash. For warrants where there is a possibility that we may have to settle the warrants in cash, we estimate the fair value of the issued warrants as a liability at each reporting date and record changes in the estimated fair value as a non-cash gain or loss in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. model Option Pricing model The Company’s common stock price represents a significant input that affects the valuation of the warrants We account for business combinations under the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations Contingent consideration, if any, is recorded at the acquisition date based upon the estimated fair value of the contingent payments. The fair value of the contingent consideration is re-measured each reporting period with any adjustments in fair value being recognized in loss from operations. The purchase price in excess of the fair value of the tangible and identified intangible assets acquired less liabilities assumed is recognized as goodwill. We assess our ability to continue as a going concern at every interim and annual period in accordance with ASC 205-40. The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. The ability to meet our obligations as they come due and the attainment of sustainable profitability and positive cash flow from operations is dependent on certain future events. These conditions raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty. We evaluate whether it is probable that our plans to mitigate those conditions will alleviate that substantial doubt at every interim and annual period and disclose the conditions giving rise to substantial doubt and the results of our evaluation. Deferred rent consists of the difference between cash payments and the recognition of rent expense on a straight-line basis over the life of the lease. The Company recognizes revenue when the four basic criteria of revenue recognition are met: · Persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists. Customer contracts and purchase orders are generally used to determine the existence of an arrangement. · The transfer of technology or products has been completed or services have been rendered. Evidence of shipment or customer acceptance, when applicable, is used to verify delivery. · The sales price is fixed or determinable. The Company assesses whether the cost is fixed or determinable based on the payment terms associated with the transaction and whether the sales price is subject to refund or adjustment. · Collectability is reasonably assured. The Company assesses collectability based primarily on the creditworthiness of the customer as determined by credit checks and analysis as well as the customer’s payment history. When collaboration, other research arrangements, and product sales include multiple-element revenue arrangements, we account for these transactions by determining the elements, or deliverables, included in the arrangement and determining which deliverables are separable for accounting purposes. We consider delivered items to be separable if the delivered item(s) have stand-alone value to the customer and delivery or performance of the undelivered item is considered probable and substantially in control of the vendor. Medical Device Revenue and Cost of Revenue Recognition The Company builds medical device robotic exoskeletons for sale and capitalizes into inventory materials, direct and indirect labor and overhead in connection with manufacture and assembly of these units. When the Company brought its first version medical device to market in 2012, the Company could not be certain as to the costs it would incur to support, maintain, service, and upgrade these early stage devices. Primarily for this reason, prior to January 1, 2016, the sale of a device, associated software, initial training, and extended support and maintenance were deemed as a single unit of accounting due to the uncertainty of the Company’s follow-up maintenance and upgrade expenses, which were forecast to extend over three years. Accordingly, the revenue from the sales of the device and associated cost of revenue were deferred at the time of shipment. Upon completion of training, the amount of the arrangements were recognized as revenue and cost of revenue over a three year period on a straight line basis, while all service expenses, whether or not covered by the Company’s original warranty, extended warranty contracts, or neither, were recognized as incurred. Effective January 1, 2016, the Company determined it had established (i) separate individual pricing for training, extended warranty coverage, and out-of-contract service or repairs, (ii) sufficient historical evidence of customer buying patterns for extended warranty and maintenance coverage, and (iii) a basis for estimating and recording warranty and service costs to allow the Company to separate its multiple element arrangements into two distinct units of accounting: (1) the device, associated software, original manufacturer warranty and training if required, and (2) extended support and maintenance. As a result, in the first quarter of 2016, the Company began to recognize revenue related to its sales transactions on a multiple element approach in which revenue is recognized upon the delivery of the separate elements to the customer. Revenue relating to the undelivered elements is deferred using the relative selling price method, which allocates revenue to each element using the estimated selling prices for the deliverables when vendor-specific objective evidence or third-party evidence is not available. For sales on or after January 1, 2016, revenue and associated cost of revenue of medical devices is recognized when delivered, or training has been completed, if required. Revenue for extended maintenance and support agreements is recognized on a straight line basis over the contractual term of the agreement, which typically ranges from one to four years. As a result of this change, the Company recognized medical device revenue previously deferred at December 31, 2015 of $ 6,517 4,159 2,358 , or $0.13 per share, 212 911 The Company builds industrial exoskeletons for sale and capitalizes into inventory materials, direct and indirect labor, and overhead in connection with the manufacture and assembly of these units. No right of return exists on sales of industrial exoskeletons. We assess collectability at the time of the sale and if collectability is not reasonably assured, the sale is deferred and not recognized until collectability is probable or payment is received. Typically, where product is produced and sold in the same country, title and risk of ownership transfer when the product is shipped. Products that are exported from a country for sale typically pass title and risk of ownership at the border of the destination country. Because our industrial products are produced in the U.S., title and risk of ownership generally transfer when the product is shipped, if shipped to a customer in the U.S. If we sell products to customers outside the U.S., title and risk of ownership is generally transferred at the border of the destination country. Engineering Services Revenue and Cost of Revenue Collaborative arrangements typically consist of cost reimbursements for specific engineering and development spending, and future product royalty payments. Cost reimbursements for engineering and development spending are recognized as the related project labor hours are incurred in relation to all labor hours and when collectability is reasonably assured. Amounts received in advance are recorded as deferred revenue until the technology is transferred, services are rendered, or milestones are reached. Product royalty payments are recorded when earned under the arrangement. Government grants, which support the Company’s research efforts in specific projects, generally provide for reimbursement of approved costs as defined in the notices of grant awards. Grant revenue is recognized as the associated project labor hours are incurred in relation to total labor hours. There are some grants, such as the National Science Foundation grants, of which the Company draws upon and spends based on budgets preapproved by the grantor. The cost of engineering services revenue includes payroll and benefits, subcontractor expenses and materials. All costs related to engineering services are expensed as incurred and reported as cost of revenue. In connection with the Company’s medical device sales and research services, the Company often receives cash payments before its earnings process is complete. In these instances, the Company records the payments as customer deposits until a device is shipped to the customer, or as customer advances in the case of research services until the earnings process is achieved. In both cases, the cash received is recorded as a component of deferred revenue. December 31, 2016 2015 Customer deposits and advances $ 47 $ 48 Deferred medical device revenues - 7,388 Deferred rental income 60 71 Deferred extended maintenance and support 1,523 1,066 Total deferred revenues 1,630 8,573 Less current portion (825) (3,960) Deferred revenues, non-current $ 805 $ 4,613 Deferred medical device unit costs $ - $ 4,590 Less current portion - (2,088) Deferred cost of revenue, non-current $ - $ 2,502 Research and development costs consist of costs incurred for internal research and development activities. These costs primarily include salaries and other personnel-related expenses, contractor fees, facility costs, supplies, and depreciation of equipment associated with the design and development of new products prior to the establishment of their technological feasibility. Such costs are expensed as incurred. Advertising costs are recorded in sales and marketing expense as incurred. Advertising expense was $ 104 25 1 The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method. Under this method, income tax expense or benefit is recognized for the amount of taxes payable or refundable for the current year and for deferred tax liabilities and assets for the future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in the Company's consolidated financial statements or tax returns. The Company accounts for any income tax contingencies in accordance with accounting guidance for income taxes. The measurement of current and deferred tax assets and liabilities is based on provisions of currently enacted tax laws. The effects of any future changes in tax laws or rates have not been considered. For the preparation of the Company's consolidated financial statements included herein, the Company estimates its income taxes and tax contingencies in each of the tax jurisdictions in which it operates prior to the completion and filing of its tax returns. This process involves estimating actual current tax expense together with assessing temporary differences resulting from differing treatment of items, such as deferred revenue, for tax and accounting purposes. These differences result in net deferred tax assets and liabilities. The Company must then assess the likelihood that the deferred tax assets will be realizable, and to the extent they believe that realizability is not likely, the Company must establish a valuation allowance. In assessing the need for any additional valuation allowance, the Company considers all the evidence available to it, both positive and negative, including historical levels of income, legislative developments, expectations and risks associated with estimates of future taxable income, and ongoing prudent and feasible tax planning strategies. The Company measures stock-based compensation expense for all stock-based awards made to employees and directors based on the estimated fair value of the award on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and recognizes the fair value on a straight-line basis over the requisite service periods of the awards. Stock-based awards made to non-employees are measured and recognized based on the estimated fair value on the vesting date and are re-measured at each reporting period. The Company’s determination of the fair value of stock-based awards on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model is affected by the Company’s stock price as well as assumptions regarding a number of highly complex and subjective variables. These variables include, but are not limited to the Company’s expected stock price volatility over the term of the awards, and actual and projected employee stock option exercise behaviors. Because there is insufficient information available to estimate the expected term of the stock-based awards, the Company adopted the simplified method of estimating the expected term pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin Topic 14. On this basis, the Company estimated the expected term of options granted by taking the average of the vesting term and the contractual term of the option. The Company has, from time to time, modified the terms of its stock options to employees. The Company accounts for the incremental increase in the fair value over the original award on the date of the modification as an expense for vested awards or over the remaining service (vesting) period for unvested awards. The incremental compensation cost is the excess of the fair value of the modified award on the date of modification over the fair value of the original award immediately before the modification. Years ended December 31, 2016 (1) 2015 2014 Numerator: Net loss applicable to common stockholders $ (33,815) $ (24,245) $ (33,769) Adjustment for gain on fair value of warrant liability (4,286) (2,505) - Adjusted net loss used for dilution calculation $ (38,101) $ (26,750) $ (33,769) Denominator Weighted-average number of shares outstanding 18,126 14,606 11,181 Effect of potential dilutive shares 496 3 - Dilutive weighted-average number of shares outstanding 18,622 14,609 11,181 Net loss per share applicable to common stockholders Basic $ (1.87) $ (1.66) $ (3.02) Diluted $ (2.05) $ (1.83) $ (3.02) (1) Recognition of previously deferred revenue and cost of goods in the year ended December 31, 2016 reduced net loss applicable to common stockholders by $2,358, or $ 0.13 Note 2. Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Estimates Medical Device Revenue and Cost of Revenue Recognition Years ended December 31, 2016 2015 2014 Options to purchase common stock 2,477 1,963 1,542 Warrants for common stock 1,963 1,963 1,971 Common stock issuable upon conversion of preferred shares - 1,876 - Total common stock equivalents 4,440 5,802 3,513 In August 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-15, Presentation of Financial Statements Going Concern In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-03, Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs 95 In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-11, Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09 Compensation Stock Compensation (Topic 718) Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting so as to more closely align compensation expense to services provided In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments |