SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES | SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Business Description 9 Meters Biopharma, Inc. (the “Company”) is a clinical-stage company pioneering novel treatments for people with rare digestive diseases, gastrointestinal conditions with unmet needs, and debilitating disorders in which the biology of the gut is a contributing factor. The Company’s pipeline includes drug candidates vurolenatide, a proprietary long-acting GLP-1 agonist for short bowel syndrome (“SBS”), an orphan designated disease, larazotide, a Phase 3 tight junction regulator being evaluated for celiac disease (“CeD”), and a robust pipeline of early-stage candidates for undisclosed rare diseases and/or unmet needs. On April 30, 2020, the Company completed its merger with privately-held RDD Pharma, Ltd., an Israel corporation (“RDD”) (the “RDD Merger”) and changed its name from Innovate Biopharmaceuticals, Inc. to 9 Meters Biopharma, Inc. Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). The Company’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows are presented in U.S. Dollars. The accompanying consolidated financial statements and related notes reflect the historical results of Innovate Biopharmaceuticals, Inc. prior to the RDD Merger and of the combined company following the RDD Merger. Basis of Consolidation The accompanying consolidated financial statements reflect the operations of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Shelf Registration Filing On October 2, 2020, the Company filed a shelf registration statement that was declared effective on October 9, 2020 (the “Current Registration Statement”). Pursuant to the Current Registration Statement, the Company may from time to time offer, issue and sell in one or more offerings of various types of securities up to an aggregate dollar amount of $200 million. On July 22, 2020, the Company filed a prospectus supplement and associated sales agreement related to an “at-the-market” offering (“ATM”) pursuant to which the Company may sell, from time to time, common stock with an aggregate offering price of up to $40 million through Truist Securities, Inc. (previously SunTrust Robinson Humphrey), or Truist, as sales agent, for general corporate purposes (the “Sales Agreement”). In October 2020, the Company entered into an amendment to the Sales Agreement to reflect the termination of the Prior Registration Statement and effectiveness of the Current Registration Statement. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company did not sell any shares under the Sales Agreement. During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company sold 3,496,045 shares of the Company’s common stock pursuant to the Sales Agreement for net proceeds of approximately $2.6 million. Warrant Exchange Pursuant to a securities purchase agreement entered into with certain institutional and accredited investors on April 29, 2019, the Company issued warrants with an initial exercise price of $2.13 per share and a term of five-and-a-half years (the “April Warrants”). In addition, the Company issued placement agent warrants on April 29, 2019 with an initial exercise price of $2.53 per share and had a term of 5 years (the “Placement Agent Warrants”). On December 19, 2019, the Company and each of the purchasers of the April Warrants and the Placement Agent Warrants (collectively, the “Exchange Warrants”) entered into separate exchange agreements, pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue to the purchasers an aggregate of 5,441,023 shares of the Company’s common stock (the “Exchange Shares”), at a ratio of 1.2 Exchange Shares for each purchaser warrant in exchange for the cancellation and termination of all of the outstanding Exchange Warrants. During the year ended December 31, 2020, Exchange Warrants to purchase an aggregate of 1,539,424 warrants were exchanged for 1,847,309 shares of the Company’s common stock. All of the April Warrants and Placement Agent Warrants were exchanged as of December 31, 2020. Offer to Amend and Exercise On February 12, 2020, the Company offered to amend certain outstanding warrants in the Offer to Amend and Exercise. The warrants amended included the short-term warrants issued in 2019 that were classified as warrant liabilities (the “Short-Term Warrants”), as well as warrants classified as equity issued in 2018 and the outstanding long-term warrants issued in 2019 that were classified as warrant liabilities (collectively, the “Long-Term Warrants”). On April 29, 2020, Short-Term Warrants and Long-Term Warrants to purchase an aggregate of 12,230,418 shares of common stock were tendered, amended and exercised for $0.10 per share for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $1.2 million. All of the warrants classified as warrant liabilities were fully exercised at an exercise price of $0.10 per share and as such, there were no warrant liabilities outstanding as of December 31, 2021 or 2020. RDD Merger Financing On April 29, 2020, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with various accredited investors pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell to the investors units (“Units”) consisting of (i) one share of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Series A Preferred Stock”) and (ii) one five-year warrant (the “Preferred Warrants”) to purchase one share of Series A Preferred Stock (the “RDD Merger Financing”). On May 4, 2020, the Company closed the RDD Merger Financing and the Company sold an aggregate of (i) 382,779 shares of Series A Preferred Stock, par value $0.0001 per share, which converted into 38,277,900 shares of common stock on June 30, 2020, upon receipt of approval by the Company’s stockholders (the “Automatic Conversion”), and (ii) Preferred Warrants to purchase up to 382,779 shares of Series A Preferred Stock, which following the Automatic Conversion became exercisable for 38,277,900 shares of common stock. The exercise price of the Preferred Warrants was $58.94 per share of Series A Preferred Stock, and following the Automatic Conversion, became $0.5894 per share of common stock, subject to adjustments as provided under the terms of the Preferred Warrants. In addition, broker warrants covering 8,112 Units and broker warrants covering 10,899 shares of Series A Preferred Stock, which following the Automatic Conversion became exercisable for an aggregate of 2,712,300 shares of common stock, were issued in connection with the RDD Merger Financing. Gross proceeds from the RDD Merger Financing were approximately $22.6 million with net proceeds of approximately $19.2 million after deducting commissions and estimated offering costs. See Note 3—Merger & Acquisition for additional details. December 2020 Offering On December 11, 2020, the Company entered into an underwriting agreement (the “December Underwriting Agreement”) with William Blair & Company, L.L.C. and Truist, as representatives of the several underwriters named therein, in connection with the public offering of 46,153,847 shares of the Company’s common stock at a price of $0.65 per share, less underwriting discounts and commissions (the “December 2020 Offering”). Pursuant to the terms of the December Underwriting Agreement, the Company granted the underwriters a 30-day option to purchase up to an additional 6,923,077 shares of common stock at the same price, which the underwriters exercised in full on December 14, 2020. On December 15, 2020, upon closing of the December 2020 Offering, the Company received net proceeds of approximately $32.0 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses. The shares issued in the December 2020 Offering were registered and sold under the Current Registration Statement. Of the shares of common stock issued in the December 2020 Offering, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Chairman of the Board of Directors purchased an aggregate of 446,153 shares at the public offering price and on the same terms as the other purchasers in the offering. The underwriters received the same underwriting discount on the shares purchased by the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Chairman of the Board of Directors as the other shares issued in the December 2020 Offering. April 2021 Offering On March 30, 2021, the Company entered into an underwriting agreement (the “March Underwriting Agreement”) with Citigroup Global Markets, Inc., William Blair & Company, L.L.C. and Truist, as representatives of the several underwriters named therein, in connection with the public offering of 30,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at a price of $1.00 per share, less underwriting discounts and commissions (the “April 2021 Offering”). Pursuant to the terms of the March Underwriting Agreement, the Company granted the underwriters a 30-day option to purchase up to an additional 4,500,000 shares of common stock at the same price, which the underwriters exercised in full on March 31, 2021. On April 5, 2021, upon closing of the April 2021 Offering, the Company received net proceeds of approximately $31.5 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses. The shares issued in the April 2021 Offering were registered and sold under the Current Registration Statement. Of the shares of common stock issued in the April 2021 Offering, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Chairman of the Board of Directors purchased an aggregate of 450,000 shares at the public offering price and on the same terms as the other purchasers in the offering. The underwriters received the same underwriting discount on the shares purchased by the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Chairman of the Board of Directors as the other shares issued in the April 2021 Offering. Business Risks The Company faces risks, including those associated with biopharmaceutical companies whose products are in various stages of development. These risks include, among others, risks related to the potential effects of the ongoing coronavirus outbreak and related mitigation efforts on the Company’s clinical, financial and operational activities, the Company’s need for additional financing to achieve key development milestones, the need to defend intellectual property rights and the dependence on key members of management. The outbreak of COVID-19 began in December 2019 and on March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak a pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic and its resurgences is affecting the United States and global economies and may affect the Company’s operations and those of third parties on which the Company relies, including by causing disruptions in the supply of the Company’s product candidates and the conduct of current and future clinical trials. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic may affect the operations of the Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”) and other health authorities, which could result in delays of reviews and approvals, including with respect to the Company’s product candidates. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to slower enrollment in the Company’s Phase 3 registration trial for larazotide and could continue to impact enrollment directly or indirectly for the next several months and possibly longer. Patients may avoid or may not be able to travel to healthcare facilities and physicians’ offices unless due to a health emergency. Such facilities and offices may also be required to focus limited resources on non-clinical trial matters, including treatment of COVID-19 patients, and may not be available, in whole or in part, for clinical trial services related to larazotide or the Company’s other product candidates. New and potentially more contagious variants, such as the Omicron variant, could further affect the impact that the COVID-19 pandemic has on the Company’s operations. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global financial markets may reduce the Company’s ability to access capital in the future, which could negatively impact the Company’s long-term liquidity. The Company’s assessment of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is highly uncertain and subject to change. The Company does not yet know the full extent of potential delays or impacts on its business, financing or clinical trial activities or on healthcare systems or the global economy as a whole. However, these effects could have a material impact on the Company’s liquidity, capital resources, operations and business and those of the third parties on which the Company relies. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and disclosures made in the accompanying notes to the financial statements. Areas of the financial statements where estimates may have the most significant effect include accrued expenses, share-based compensation, valuation of the derivative liability and warrant liabilities, valuation allowance for income tax assets, and management’s assessment of the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The Company considered the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on its estimates and assumptions, and concluded there was not a material impact to its consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2021. Changes in the facts or circumstances underlying these estimates could result in material changes and actual results could differ from these estimates. Concentration of Credit Risk Financial instruments which potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk consist of cash and cash equivalents. While cash held by financial institutions may at times exceed federally insured limits, management believes that no material credit or market risk exposure exists due to the high quality of the financial institutions. The Company has not experienced any losses on such accounts. Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase to be cash and cash equivalents. Cash equivalents are stated at cost and consist primarily of money market accounts. Restricted Deposit The Company maintained a certificate of deposit (“CD”) with a bank, which matured on October 17, 2021 and paid interest at a rate of 0.02% per annum. The CD served as collateral for the Company’s credit cards with the bank through July 2021. Property and Equipment The Company records property and equipment at cost. Improvements and betterments that add new functionality or extend the useful life of the asset are capitalized, while general repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. The Company depreciates its property and equipment over the estimated useful lives of the assets, typically three years, using the straight-line method. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the lesser of their estimated useful lives or the lives of the underlying leases, whichever is shorter. Depreciation and amortization expense for property and equipment and leasehold improvements has been included in general and administrative expenses in the accompanying statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Accrued Expenses The Company incurs periodic expenses such as research and development, licensing fees, salaries and benefits and professional fees. The Company is required to estimate its expenses resulting from obligations under contracts with clinical research organizations, vendors and consulting agreements that have been incurred by the Company prior to being invoiced. This process involves reviewing quotations and contracts, identifying services that have been performed on the Company’s behalf and estimating the level of service performed and the associated cost incurred for the service when the Company has not yet been invoiced or otherwise notified of the actual cost. The majority of the Company’s service providers invoice monthly in arrears for services performed or when contractual milestones are met. The Company estimates accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date based on facts and circumstances known at that time. Accrued expenses consisted of the following: December 31, 2021 2020 Accrued compensation and benefits $ 1,633,295 $ 1,111,028 Accrued clinical expenses 4,228,048 4,042,277 Other accrued expenses 106,479 136,876 Total $ 5,967,822 $ 5,290,181 Derivative Liability The Company accounts for derivative instruments in accordance with ASC 815, Derivative and Hedging, which establishes accounting and reporting standards for derivative instruments, including certain derivative instruments embedded in other financial instruments or contracts and requires recognition of all derivatives on the consolidated balance sheet at fair value. The Company’s derivative financial instruments consisted of embedded options in the Company’s convertible notes. The embedded derivatives included provisions that provided the noteholder with certain conversion and put rights at various conversion or redemption values as well as certain call options for the Company. See Note 6—Debt for further details. Classification of Warrants The Company accounts for warrants in accordance with ASC 480— Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity and ASC 815— Derivatives and Hedging , to determine whether the warrants should be classified as equity or liability. Warrants that are freestanding financial instruments that contain net settlement options and may require the Company to settle these warrants in cash under certain circumstances are classified as warrant liabilities. Warrant liabilities are initially recorded at fair value on the date of issuance and are subsequently re-measured to fair value at each balance sheet date until the warrant liabilities are exercised or settled. Changes in the fair value of warrant liabilities are recognized as a non-cash component of other income and expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The Company had no warrant liabilities as of December 31, 2021 or 2020. On May 4, 2020, the Company issued the Preferred Warrants, which are freestanding financial instruments that give the warrant holder the right but not the obligation to purchase the equity security at the warrant exercise price. The Company is not required to settle these warrants in cash and as such, the Company has classified these warrants as equity on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Research and Development Research and development expenses consist of costs incurred to further the Company’s research and development activities and include salaries and related employee benefits, manufacturing of pharmaceutical active ingredients and drug products, costs associated with clinical trials, nonclinical activities, regulatory activities, research-related overhead expenses and fees paid to expert consultants, external service providers and contract research organizations which conduct certain research and development activities on behalf of the Company. Costs incurred in the research and development of products are charged to research and development expense as incurred. Costs for preclinical studies and clinical trial activities are recognized based on an evaluation of the vendors’ progress towards completion of specific tasks, using data such as patient enrollment, clinical site activations or information provided by vendors regarding their actual costs incurred. Payments for these activities are based on the terms of individual contracts and payment timing may differ significantly from the period in which the services were performed. The Company determines accrual estimates through reports from and discussions with applicable personnel and outside service providers as to the progress or state of completion of trials, or the services completed. The estimates of accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date are based on the facts and circumstances known at the time. Although the Company does not expect its estimates to be materially different from amounts incurred, the Company’s estimates and assumptions for clinical trial costs could differ significantly from actual costs incurred, which could result in increases or decreases in research and development expenses in future periods when actual results are known. Nonrefundable advance payments for goods and services that will be used in future research and development activities are expensed when the goods have been received or when the activity is performed, rather than when payment is made. Acquired In-process Research and Development The Company has acquired, and may in the future acquire, rights to develop and commercialize new drug candidates and/or other in-process research and development assets. The up-front acquisition payments, as well as future milestone payments that are deemed probable to achieve and do not meet the definition of a derivative, are expensed as acquired in-process research and development provided that the drug has not achieved regulatory approval for marketing, and, absent obtaining such approval, have no alternative future use. Share-Based Compensation The Company recognizes share-based compensation expense for grants of stock options based on the grant-date fair value of those awards using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Share-based compensation expense is generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for awards with time-based vesting. For awards with performance conditions, compensation cost is recognized from the time achievement of the performance criteria is probable over the expected term. Share-based compensation expense includes an estimate, which is made at the time of grant, of the number of awards that are expected to be forfeited. This estimate is revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. Under the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, fair value is calculated based on assumptions with respect to: • Expected dividend yield. The expected dividend yield is assumed to be zero as the Company has never paid dividends and has no current plans to pay any dividends on the Company’s common stock. • Expected stock price volatility. Due to limited trading history as a public company, the expected volatility is derived from the average historical volatilities of publicly traded companies within the Company’s industry that the Company considers to be comparable to the Company’s business over a period approximately equal to the expected term. In evaluating comparable companies, the Company considers factors such as industry, stage of life cycle, financial leverage, size and risk profile. • Risk-free interest rate. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield in effect at the time of grant for zero coupon U.S. Treasury notes with maturities approximately equal to the expected term. • Expected term. The expected term represents the period that the stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding. Due to limited history of stock option exercises, the Company estimates the expected term of employee stock options with service conditions based on the simplified method, which calculates the expected term as the average of the time-to-vesting and the contractual life of the options. Pursuant to Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2018-07, the Company has elected to use the contractual life of the option as the expected term for non-employee options. The expected term for performance options is the longer of the explicit or implicit service period. Periodically, the Board of Directors of the Company (the “Board”) may approve the grant of restricted stock units (“RSUs”) pursuant to the Company’s 2012 Omnibus Incentive Plan, as amended, which represent the right to receive shares of the Company’s common stock based on terms of the agreement. The fair value of RSUs is recognized as share-based compensation expense generally on a straight-line basis over the service period, net of estimated forfeitures. The grant date fair value of an RSU represents the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. Income Taxes The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the consolidated financial statements. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the consolidated financial statements and the tax basis of assets and liabilities using the enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Net deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent the Company’s management believes these assets will more likely than not be realized. In making such determination, management considers all positive and negative evidence, including reversals of existing temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies and recent financial operations. A valuation allowance is recorded to reduce the deferred tax assets reported if, based on the weight of the evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Management periodically reviews its deferred tax assets for recoverability and its estimates and judgments in assessing the need for a valuation allowance. The Company recognizes a tax benefit from uncertain positions when it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including resolutions of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. Income tax positions must meet a more-likely-than-not recognition threshold to be recognized. Fair Value of Financial Instruments Fair value is defined as the price that would be received for sale of an asset or paid for transfer of a liability, in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. U.S. GAAP establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). Financial instruments recorded in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets are categorized based on the inputs to valuation techniques as follows: • Level 1 — defined as observable inputs based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets; • Level 2 — defined as inputs other than Level 1 that are either directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and • Level 3 — defined as unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists where valuations are derived from techniques in which one or more significant inputs are unobservable. The fair value of the embedded derivative issued in connection with the Unsecured Convertible Note and the Additional Note, further described in Note 6—Debt, was determined by using a Monte Carlo simulation technique (“MCS”) to value the embedded derivative associated with each note. As part of the MCS valuation, a discounted cash flow (“DCF”) model was used to value the debt on a stand-alone basis and determine the discount rate to utilize in both the DCF and MCS models. The significant estimates used in the DCF model include the time to maturity of the convertible debt and calculated discount rate, which includes an estimate of the Company’s specific risk premium. The MCS methodology calculates the theoretical value of an option based on certain parameters, including (i) the threshold of exercising the option, (ii) the price of the underlying security, (iii) the time to expiration, or expected term, (iv) the expected volatility of the underlying security, (v) the risk-free rate and (vi) the number of paths. These valuation techniques involve management’s estimates and judgment based on unobservable inputs and are classified in Level 3. The table below summarizes the valuation inputs into the MCS model for the derivative liability associated with the Unsecured Convertible Note and the Additional Note on their respective dates of issuance as of March 8, 2019 and January 10, 2020, respectively, and December 31, 2020. Derivative Liability December 31, January 10, March 8, 2020 2020 2019 Discount rate 21.8 % 21.6 % 29.3 % Expected stock price volatility 83.3 % 103.9 % 101.1 % Risk-free interest rate 0.1 % 1.6 % 2.5 % Expected term 1.0 Year 2.0 Years 2.0 Years Price of the underlying common stock $ 0.86 $ 0.65 $ 1.99 The fair values of the warrants at their respective dates of issuance were determined through the use of an MCS model. The MCS methodology calculates the theoretical value of an option based on certain parameters, including (i) the threshold of exercising the option, (ii) the price of the underlying security, (iii) the time to expiration, or expected term, (iv) the expected volatility of the underlying security, (v) the risk-free interest rate and (vi) the number of paths. Given the high level of the selected volatilities, the methodology selected simulates the Company’s market value of invested capital (“MVIC”) through the maturity date of the respective warrants (ranging from one year to five-and-a-half years). Further, the estimated future stock price of the Company is calculated by subtracting the debt plus accrued interest from the MVIC. The significant estimates used in the MCS model include management’s estimated probability of future financing and liquidation events. Upon a fundamental transaction (as defined in the applicable warrant agreement), each holder of Short-Term Warrants and each holder of the Long-Term Warrants could elect to require the Company or a successor entity to purchase such holder’s outstanding, unexercised warrants for a cash payment (or under certain circumstances other consideration) equal to the Black-Scholes value of the warrants on the date of consummation of the fundamental transaction, calculated in accordance with the terms and using the assumptions specified in the applicable warrant agreement. Due to the RDD Merger, the Company entered into the Exchange Agreements with the holders of the Exchange Warrants, pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue the purchasers an aggregate of 5,441,023 shares in exchange for the cancellation and termination of the Exchange Warrants. During the year ended December 31, 2020 an aggregate of 1,539,424 warrants were exchanged for 1,847,309 shares of the Company’s common stock. In addition, the Company amended the Short-Term Warrants and Long-Term Warrants in the Offer to Amend and Exercise on February 12, 2020. Management assumed that the holders of the Short-Term Warrants and Long-Term Warrants would elect to receive cash payments under the respective warrant agreements following completion of the RDD Merger. As such, the Company determined the fair value of the Short-Term Warrants and Long-Term Warrants immediately prior to the Offer to Amend and Exercise, for financial reporting purposes, through the use of the Black-Scholes model. Subsequent to the Offer to Amend and Exercise, the Company determined the fair value of the Short-Term Warrants and Long-Term Warrants using the reduced exercise price of $0.10 as of April 28, 2020. The estimates underlying the assumptions used in both the MCS model and Black-Scholes model are subject to risks and uncertainties and may change over time, and the assumptions used in both the MCS model and the Black-Scholes model for financial reporting purposes generally differ from the assumptions that would be applied in determining a payout under the applicable warrant agreements. These valuation techniques involve management’s estimates and judgment based on unobservable inputs and are classified in Level 3. The Company recognized a gain in fair value of the Short-Term Warrants and Long-Term Warrants of approximately $2.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2020. All of the Short-Term Warrants and Long-Term Warrants were exercised in the Offer to Amend and Exercise, which closed on April 29, 2020. During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company r |