Shareholders' Equity | Shareholders’ Equity Class A Common Share Offering During the first quarter of 2017, the Company issued 14,842,982 Class A common shares of beneficial interest, $0.01 par value per share, in an underwritten public offering and concurrent private placement, raising gross proceeds to the Company of $336.5 million after underwriter's discount and before offering costs of approximately $0.4 million . "At the Market" Common Share Offering Program In November 2016, the Company established an “at the market” common share offering program under which we may issue Class A common shares from time to time through various sales agents up to an aggregate of $400.0 million . The program was established in order to use the net proceeds from share issuances to repay borrowings against the Company’s revolving credit and term loan facilities, to acquire and renovate single-family properties and for related activities in accordance with the Company’s business strategy, and for working capital and general corporate purposes. The program does not have an expiration date, but may be suspended or terminated by the Company at any time. During the six months ended June 30, 2017 , the Company issued and sold 0.9 million Class A common shares for gross proceeds of $19.4 million , or $22.75 per share, and net proceeds of $19.1 million , after commissions and other expenses of approximately $0.3 million . As of June 30, 2017 , $276.6 million remained available for future share issuances under the program. Share Repurchase Program In September 2015, the Company announced that our board of trustees approved a share repurchase program authorizing us to repurchase up to $300.0 million of our outstanding Class A common shares from time to time in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions. The program does not have an expiration date, but may be suspended or discontinued at any time without notice. All repurchased shares are constructively retired and returned to an authorized and unissued status. In addition, the excess of the purchase price over the par value of shares repurchased is recorded as a reduction to additional paid-in capital. During the six months ended June 30, 2017 , we did no t repurchase and retire any of our Class A common shares. During the six months ended June 30, 2016 , we repurchased and retired 6.2 million of our Class A common shares, on a settlement date basis, in accordance with the program at a weighted-average price of $15.44 per share and a total price of $96.0 million . As of June 30, 2017 , we had a remaining repurchase authorization of $146.7 million under the program. Participating Preferred Shares As of June 30, 2017 , the initial liquidation preference on the Company’s participating preferred shares, as adjusted by an amount equal to 50% of the cumulative change in value of an index based on the purchase prices of single-family properties located in our top 20 markets, for all of the Company’s outstanding 5.0% Series A participating preferred shares, 5.0% Series B participating preferred shares and 5.5% Series C participating preferred shares was $480.0 million . Perpetual Preferred Shares During the quarter ended June 30, 2017 , the Company issued 6,200,000 5.875% Series F cumulative redeemable perpetual preferred shares in an underwritten public offering, raising gross proceeds of $155.0 million before offering costs of approximately $5.2 million , with a liquidation preference of $25.00 per share. In July 2017, the Company issued 4,600,000 5.875% Series G cumulative redeemable perpetual preferred shares in an underwritten public offering, raising gross proceeds of $115.0 million before offering costs of approximately $4.1 million , with a liquidation preference of $25.00 per share. Distributions During the quarter ended June 30, 2017 , our board of trustees declared distributions that totaled $0.05 per share on our Class A and Class B common shares, $0.3125 on our 5.0% Series A participating preferred shares, $0.3125 on our 5.0% Series B participating preferred shares, $0.34375 on our 5.5% Series C participating preferred shares, $0.40625 on our 6.5% Series D perpetual preferred shares and $0.39688 on our 6.35% Series E perpetual preferred shares. Distributions declared on our 5.875% Series F perpetual preferred shares were for a pro-rated amount of $0.27335 during the quarter ended June 30, 2017 . During the quarter ended June 30, 2016 , our board of trustees declared distributions that totaled $0.05 per share on our Class A and Class B common shares, $0.3125 on our 5.0% Series A participating preferred shares, $0.3125 on our 5.0% Series B participating preferred shares and $0.34375 on our 5.5% Series C participating preferred shares. Distributions declared on our 6.5% Series D perpetual preferred shares were for a pro-rated amount of $0.17153 per share during the quarter ended June 30, 2016 . Distributions declared on our Series D convertible units totaled $0.035 per unit for the quarter ended June 30, 2016 , which represented 70% of distributions declared on Class A units. Noncontrolling Interest Noncontrolling interest as reflected in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets primarily consists of the interests held by former AH LLC members in units in the Company’s operating partnership. Former AH LLC members owned 54,276,644 , or approximately 17.3% and 18.2% , of the total 314,674,346 and 298,931,517 Class A units in our operating partnership as of June 30, 2017 , and December 31, 2016 , respectively. Noncontrolling interest also includes interests held by former ARPI employees in Class A units of the Company's operating partnership, which were issued in connection with the ARPI Merger in February 2016. Former ARPI Class A unit holders owned 1,272,134 and 1,279,316 , or approximately 0.4% of the total 314,674,346 and 298,931,517 Class A units in the operating partnership as of June 30, 2017 , and December 31, 2016 , respectively. Also included in noncontrolling interest is the outside ownership interest in a consolidated subsidiary of the Company. The following table summarizes the income or loss allocated to the Company’s noncontrolling interests as reflected in the condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016 : For the Three Months Ended For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2017 June 30, 2016 June 30, 2017 June 30, 2016 Preferred income allocated to Series C convertible units $ — $ — $ — $ 3,027 Net (loss) income allocated to Class A units (31 ) (616 ) (370 ) 134 Net income allocated to Series D convertible units — — — 134 Net income (loss) allocated to noncontrolling interests in certain consolidated subsidiaries 1 (145 ) 39 (220 ) $ (30 ) $ (761 ) $ (331 ) $ 3,075 2012 Equity Incentive Plan During the six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016 , the Company granted stock options for 385,200 and 698,000 Class A common shares, respectively, and 174,000 and 74,100 restricted stock units, respectively, to certain employees of the Company under the 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”). The options and restricted stock units granted during the six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016 , vest over four years and expire 10 years from the date of grant. The following table summarizes stock option activity under the Plan for the six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016 : Shares Weighted- Weighted- Aggregate Options outstanding at January 1, 2016 2,484,400 $ 16.22 8.0 $ 1,225 Granted 698,000 14.04 Exercised (105,750 ) 15.92 298 Forfeited (95,650 ) 16.35 Options outstanding at June 30, 2016 2,981,000 $ 15.71 7.9 $ 14,211 Options exercisable at June 30, 2016 1,117,625 $ 16.07 7.2 $ 4,934 Options outstanding at January 1, 2017 2,826,500 $ 15.69 7.6 $ 14,956 Granted 385,200 23.38 Exercised (28,250 ) 15.96 196 Forfeited (50,000 ) 16.38 Options outstanding at June 30, 2017 3,133,450 $ 16.62 7.3 $ 18,940 Options exercisable at June 30, 2017 1,716,000 $ 15.89 6.5 $ 11,468 (1) Intrinsic value for activities other than exercises is defined as the difference between the grant price and the market value on the last trading day of the period for those stock options where the market value is greater than the exercise price. For exercises, intrinsic value is defined as the difference between the grant price and the market value on the date of exercise. The following table summarizes the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model inputs used for valuation of the stock options for Class A common shares granted during the six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016 : 2017 2016 Weighted-average fair value $ 3.82 $ 2.81 Expected term (years) 7.0 7.0 Dividend yield 3.0 % 3.0 % Volatility 21.3 % 27.4 % Risk-free interest rate 2.2 % 1.5 % The following table summarizes the activity that relates to the Company’s restricted stock units under the Plan for the six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016 : 2017 2016 Restricted stock units at beginning of period 130,150 91,650 Units awarded 174,000 74,100 Units vested (42,475 ) (27,250 ) Units forfeited (10,250 ) (3,550 ) Restricted stock units at end of the period 251,425 134,950 For the three months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016 , total non-cash share-based compensation expense related to stock options and restricted stock units was $1.1 million and $1.0 million , respectively, of which $0.7 million and $0.6 million , respectively, related to corporate administrative employees and was included in general and administrative expense and $0.4 million related to centralized and field property management employees and was included in property management expenses in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. For the six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016 , total non-cash share-based compensation expense related to stock options and restricted stock units was $2.1 million and $1.9 million , respectively, of which $1.2 million and $1.1 million , respectively, related to corporate administrative employees and was included in general and administrative expense and $0.9 million and $0.8 million , respectively, related to centralized and field property management employees and was included in property management expenses in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. |