Stockholders' Equity | 8. Stockholders’ Equity As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had reserved shares of common stock for future issuance as shown in the table below: March 31, December 31, Shares of common stock reserved for future issuance under the 2012 Stock Incentive Plan 598,020 602,231 Shares of common stock reserved for future issuance under the 2019 Stock Incentive Plan 6,541,058 4,553,202 Shares of common stock reserved for future issuance under the 2019 Employee Stock Purchase Plan 1,227,547 701,232 Shares to be issued upon exercise of common stock warrants and pre-funded warrants 48,330,707 48,330,707 Shares to be issued upon sales under the LPC Purchase Agreement 30,000,000 30,000,000 86,697,332 84,187,372 At-the-Market Offering In June 2020, the Company entered into the ATM Sales Agreement with SVB Securities under which the Company may issue and sell shares of its common stock, from time to time, having an aggregate offering price of up to $ 12.0 million. In May 2022, the Company amended the ATM Sales Agreement with SVB Securities to increase the maximum aggregate offering price of common stock that it may issue and sell from time to time under the ATM Sales Agreement by $ 50.0 million, from $ 12.0 million to up to $ 62.0 million. Sales of common stock under the ATM Sales Agreement may be made by any method that is deemed an “at-the-market” offering as defined in Rule 415(a)(4) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. The Company is not obligated to make any sales of its common stock under the ATM Sales Agreement. The Company began making sales pursuant to the ATM Sales Agreement in July 2020. As of March 31, 2023 , the Company had issued and sold an aggregate of 3,583,394 shares of common stock for gross proceeds of $ 11.0 million, before deducting estimated commissions and allocated fees of $ 0.8 million. Equity Purchase Agreement On June 18, 2021, the Company entered into a common stock purchase agreement (“LPC Purchase Agreement”) with Lincoln Park Capital Fund, LLC (“Lincoln Park”). The LPC Purchase Agreement provides that, subject to the terms and conditions therein, the Company has the right, but not the obligation, to sell, at its discretion, to Lincoln Park up to $ 15.0 million of shares of common stock over a 24 -month period commencing on July 23, 2021. In addition, under the LPC Purchase Agreement, the Company issued 170,088 shares of common stock to Lincoln Park as consideration for Lincoln Park’s commitment to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock under the LPC Purchase Agreement. The purchase price per share of the shares sold will be based on the market prices prevailing immediately preceding the time of sale as computed under the LPC Purchase Agreement. Lincoln Park has covenanted not to cause or engage in any manner whatsoever, any direct or indirect short selling or hedging of the Company’s common stock. The agreement may be terminated by the Company at any time, at its sole discretion, without any additional cost or penalty. Under the terms of the October 2021 private placements described below, the Company agreed to not issue or sell additional shares under the LPC Purchase Agreement on or prior to April 6, 2023. Private Placements On October 5, 2021, the Company issued and sold to an initial investor, in a private placement priced at-the-market under Nasdaq rules, (i) 2,373,201 shares of the Company’s common stock and accompanying warrants to purchase an aggregate of 4,746,402 shares of the Company’s common stock, and (ii) pre-funded warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 4,926,069 shares of the Company’s common stock and accompanying warrants to purchase an aggregate of 9,852,138 shares of the Company’s common stock. Each share of the Company’s common stock and accompanying common stock warrants were sold together at a combined price of $ 1.62 , and each pre-funded warrant and accompanying common stock warrants were sold together at a combined price of $ 1.619 , for gross proceeds of approximately $ 11.8 million. Each pre-funded warrant had an exercise price of $ 0.001 per share, became exercisable immediately upon issuance and was exercisable until exercised in full. Of the accompanying common stock warrants, warrants to purchase an aggregate of 7,299,270 shares will expire on April 5, 2025 , and warrants to purchase an aggregate of 7,299,270 shares will expire on October 5, 2028 . The accompanying common stock warrants have an exercise price of $ 1.37 per share and became exercisable immediately upon issuance. On October 18, 2021, the Company issued and sold to New Enterprise Associates 16, L.P., an existing stockholder of the Company (“NEA”) and related party, in a private placement, 1,851,852 shares of the Company’s common stock and accompanying warrants to purchase an aggregate of 3,703,704 shares of the Company’s common stock. Each share of the Company’s common stock and accompanying common stock warrants were sold together at a combined price of $ 1.62 for gross proceeds of approximately $ 3.0 million. Of the accompanying common stock warrants, warrants to purchase an aggregate of 1,851,852 shares of the Company’s common stock will expire on April 18, 2025 , and warrants to purchase an aggregate of 1,851,852 shares of the Company’s common stock will expire on October 18, 2028 . The accompanying common stock warrants have an exercise price of $ 1.37 per share and became exercisable immediately upon issuance. Total net proceeds from the two October 2021 private placements were $ 13.7 million, after deducting issuance costs of $ 1.1 million . On April 6, 2022, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “Securities Purchase Agreement”) with certain purchasers, pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell to the purchasers, in a private placement priced at-the-market under Nasdaq rules, (i) 4,580,526 shares of the Company’s common stock at a purchase price of $ 1.90 per share, and (ii) pre-funded warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 24,379,673 shares of common stock at a purchase price of $ 1.899 per warrant (the “April 2022 Private Placement”). Each pre-funded warrant has an exercise price of $ 0.001 per share, is exercisable immediately and will be exercisable until the pre-funded warrant is exercised in full. The April 2022 Private Placement, which closed on April 11, 2022, resulted in gross proceeds to the Company of approximately $ 55.0 million. NEA, an existing stockholder of the Company and a related party, as well as an affiliate of NEA, participated in the offering. Public Offering On September 27, 2022, the Company issued and sold 14,252,670 shares of the Company’s common stock and, in lieu of common stock to certain investors, pre-funded warrants to purchase 14,247,330 shares of common stock in a public offering (the “September 2022 Offering”), at a public offering price of $ 1.93 per share of common stock and $ 1.929 per pre-funded warrant pursuant to an underwriting agreement (the “Underwriting Agreement”) with SVB Securities, Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Incorporated and Oppenheimer & Co. Inc., as representatives of the several underwriters (the “Underwriters”). Each pre-funded warrant has an exercise price of $ 0.001 per share, is exercisable immediately and will be exercisable until the pre-funded warrant is exercised in full. Under the terms of the Underwriting Agreement, the Company agreed not to issue and sell additional shares until after November 21, 2022 except in certain circumstances, including the issuance and sale of additional shares pursuant to the Underwriting Agreement. Under the terms of the Underwriting Agreement, the Company granted the Underwriters an option (the “Option”), exercisable for 30 days, to purchase up to an additional 4,275,000 shares of common stock (the “Additional Shares”), at the public offering price of $ 1.93 per share. The Underwriters partially exercised the Option to purchase 1,600,428 Additional Shares, which shares were issued and sold on October 25, 2022. The September 2022 Offering, including the initial closing on September 27, 2022 and the Option closing on October 25, 2022, resulted in aggregate gross proceeds to the Company of approximately $ 58.1 million. Warrants Warrant activity, including activity related to pre-funded warrants, for the three months ended March 31, 2023, is shown in the table below: Number of Number of Total Number of Weighted Outstanding as of December 31, 2022 38,627,003 9,703,704 48,330,707 $ 0.28 Exercised — — — $ — Outstanding as of March 31, 2023 38,627,003 9,703,704 48,330,707 $ 0.28 The pre-funded and common stock warrants are classified as equity in accordance with ASC 815 given that the pre-funded and common stock warrants are indexed to the Company’s own shares of common stock and meet the requirements to be classified in permanent equity. Stock-Based Awards The 2012 Stock Incentive Plan (the "2012 Plan") was adopted by the Company’s board of directors and stockholders. The 2012 Plan provides for the issuance of stock-based awards to the Company’s employees, officers, directors, consultants and advisors. The Company’s board of directors administers the 2012 Plan. In April 2019, the Company’s board of directors adopted a resolution effective May 7, 2019, that no further equity-based awards may be granted under the 2012 Plan. In April 2019, the Company’s board of directors adopted the 2019 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2019 Plan”), which became effective on May 7, 2019. The 2019 Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options, non-statutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units and other stock-based awards. The Company’s employees, officers, directors, consultants and advisors are eligible to receive awards under the 2019 Plan. The 2019 Plan is administered by the Company’s board of directors. The total number of shares of common stock that may be issued under the 2019 Plan and the 2012 Plan was 7,139,078 as of March 31, 2023, of which 1,778,059 shares remained available for grant under the 2019 Plan. Awards may be made under the 2019 Plan for up to such number of shares of the Company’s common stock as is equal to the sum of: i) 1,578,947 shares; plus ii) the number of shares (up to 1,157,894 shares) of the Company’s common stock subject to outstanding awards under the 2012 Plan that expire, terminate or are otherwise cancelled, forfeited or repurchased by the Company at their original issuance price pursuant to a contractual repurchase right; plus iii) an annual increase to be added on the first day of each fiscal year, beginning with 2020 and continuing through 2029, equal to the least of (a) 2,105,623 shares of common stock, (b) 4 % of the number of outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock on such date, and (c) an amount determined by the Company’s board of directors. Effective January 1, 2023 and January 1, 2022, respectively, the number of shares reserved for issuance under the 2019 Plan increased, pursuant to the terms of the 2019 Plan, by an additional 2,105,623 shares and 1,140,232 shares, equal to the 2019 Plan determined maximum and 4 % of the Company’s then-outstanding common stock, respectively. Options granted under the 2019 Plan and the 2012 Plan have a maximum term of ten years . Options granted to employees, officers and non-employees generally vest over four years based on varying vesting schedules that primarily include: 25 % vesting on the first anniversary date of grant and the balance ratably over the next 36 months or vesting in equal monthly or quarterly installments over four years. Options granted to directors generally vest over one to two years . As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 , respectively, options to purchase 4,762,999 shares and 3,848,052 shares of common stock were granted and outstanding, net of cancellations, under the 2019 Plan. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 , respectively, options to purchase 598,020 and 602,231 shares of common stock were granted and outstanding, net of cancellations, under the 2012 Plan. A summary of the Company’s combined stock option activity for the 2019 Plan and the 2012 Plan for the three months ended March 31, 2023 is as follows: Number of Weighted Outstanding as of December 31, 2022 4,450,283 $ 3.26 Granted 1,320,000 $ 2.67 Forfeited ( 283,075 ) $ 1.62 Expired ( 4,211 ) $ 3.14 Exercised ( 121,978 ) $ 0.51 Outstanding as of March 31, 2023 5,361,019 $ 3.26 Options exercisable as of March 31, 2023 2,464,377 $ 4.43 Options unvested as of March 31, 2023 2,896,642 $ 2.27 In April 2019, the Company’s board of directors adopted the 2019 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “2019 ESPP”), which became effective on May 7, 2019. The 2019 ESPP is administered by the Company’s board of directors. The total number of shares of common stock that may be issued under the 2019 ESPP was 1,330,291 as of March 31, 2023 , of which 1,227,547 shares remain available for issuance. The number of shares of the Company’s common stock that have been approved to be issued under the 2019 ESPP is equal to the sum of i) 155,106 shares plus ii) an annual increase to be added on the first day of each fiscal year, beginning with the fiscal year ending December 31, 2020 and continuing for each fiscal year until and including, the fiscal year ending December 31, 2029, equal to the least of (a) 526,315 shares of common stock, (b) 1 % of the number of outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock on such date and (c) an amount determined by the Company’s board of directors. Effective January 1, 2023 and January 1, 2022 , respectively, the aggregate number of shares of the Company’s common stock that may be issued under the 2019 ESPP increased, pursuant to the terms of the 2019 ESPP, by an additional 526,315 shares and 285,058 shares, equal to the 2019 ESPP determined maximum and 1 % of the Company’s then-outstanding common stock, respectively . The following table summarizes the classifications of stock-based compensation expenses for the 2012 Plan, the 2019 Plan and the 2019 ESPP recognized in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss: Three Months Ended 2023 2022 General and administrative expense $ 365 $ 477 Research and development expense 213 260 $ 578 $ 737 |