UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM N-CSR
CERTIFIED SHAREHOLDER REPORT OF REGISTERED
MANAGEMENT INVESTMENT COMPANIES
Investment Company Act File Number: 811-22780
Cohen & Steers MLP Income and Energy Opportunity Fund, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in charter)
280 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10017
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip code)
Dana A. DeVivo
Cohen & Steers Capital Management, Inc.
280 Park Avenue
New York, New York 10017
(Name and address of agent for service)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (212) 832-3232
Date of fiscal year end: November 30
Date of reporting period: November 30, 2020
Item 1. Reports to Stockholders.
COHEN & STEERS MLP INCOME AND ENERGY OPPORTUNITY FUND, INC.
To Our Shareholders:
We would like to share with you our report for the year ended November 30, 2020. The total returns for Cohen & Steers MLP Income and Energy Opportunity Fund, Inc. (the Fund) and its comparative benchmarks were:
| | | | | | | | |
| | Six Months Ended November 30, 2020 | | | Year Ended November 30, 2020 | |
Cohen & Steers MLP Income and Energy Opportunity Fund at Net Asset Valuea | | | –1.63 | % | | | –55.35 | % |
Cohen & Steers MLP Income and Energy Opportunity Fund at Market Valuea | | | –3.37 | % | | | –63.47 | % |
Blended Benchmark—90% Alerian MLP Index/10% ICE BofA Fixed Rate Preferred Securities Indexb | | | 0.73 | % | | | –19.79 | % |
Alerian MLP Indexb | | | –0.32 | % | | | –24.50 | % |
S&P 500 Indexb | | | 19.98 | % | | | 17.46 | % |
The performance data quoted represent past performance. Past performance is no guarantee of future results. The investment return and the principal value of an investment will fluctuate and shares, if sold, may be worth more or less than their original cost. Current performance may be lower or higher than the performance data quoted. Performance results reflect the effects of leverage, resulting from borrowings under a credit agreement. Current total returns of the Fund can be obtained by visiting our website at cohenandsteers.com. The Fund’s returns assume the reinvestment of all dividends and distributions at prices obtained under the Fund’s dividend reinvestment plan. Index performance does not reflect the deduction of any fees, taxes or expenses. An investor cannot invest directly in an index. Performance figures for periods shorter than one year are not annualized.
Distribution Policy
The Fund makes regular monthly distributions at a level rate (the Policy). Dividends from net investment income, if any, are declared quarterly and paid monthly. As a result of the Policy, the Fund may pay distributions in excess of the Fund’s current or accumulated earnings and profits. This excess would be a return of capital distributed from the Fund’s assets. Distributions of capital decrease the Fund’s total assets and, therefore, could have the effect of increasing the Fund’s expense ratio. In addition, in order to make these distributions, the Fund may have to sell portfolio securities at a less than opportune time.
a | As a closed-end investment company, the price of the Fund’s exchange-traded shares will be set by market forces and can deviate from the net asset value (NAV) per share of the Fund. |
b | The Alerian MLP Index (Total Return) is a capped, float-adjusted, capitalization-weighted index, whose constituents represent approximately 85% of total Master Limited Partnership (MLP) float-adjusted market capitalization. The ICE BofA Fixed Rate Preferred Securities Index tracks the performance of fixed-rate U.S. dollar-denominated preferred securities issued in the U.S. domestic market. The S&P 500 Index is an unmanaged index of 500 large-capitalization stocks that is frequently used as a general measure of U.S. stock market performance. |
1
COHEN & STEERS MLP INCOME AND ENERGY OPPORTUNITY FUND, INC.
Market Review
In the 12 months ended November 30, 2020, MLP and midstream energy equities saw wide swings in performance and finished the period with significant declines. The group began on a positive note, rising in December 2019 as pressures from year-end tax-loss selling abated. However, conditions quickly deteriorated in the early months of 2020 as the disruption to global economic activity stemming from COVID-19 containment efforts resulted in an unprecedented collapse in oil demand. At the same time, the March 2020 meeting of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries and other major producers (OPEC+) temporarily resulted in an abandonment of supply discipline, further pressuring oil prices. Crude prices briefly traded below zero in April for the first time in history given the severe market dislocation; with limited options to store physical crude, market participants were briefly willing to pay someone to take oil off their hands.
Oil gained back some of its declines as OPEC reversed course and recommitted to supply discipline and global economies began to reopen, helping oil prices to recover into the $40-$45 per barrel range (compared with close to $60 per barrel at the start of the period). Although crude oil prices are a key driver of sentiment and confidence for the industry, it is important to note that midstream energy derives about half of its revenues from natural gas-related activities, about a third coming from crude oil and refined products, and about 10% from natural gas liquids (NGLs).
Late in the period, the latest round of midstream earnings broadly beat low expectations. Where provided, cash-flow guidance for 2020/2021 was generally positive, reflecting a recent trend of capital expenditures reduction and a shift in management focus to free cash flow.
Fund Performance
The Fund had a negative total return in the period and underperformed its blended benchmark.
Expectations of reduced drilling activity in response to lower energy prices had a significant impact on the gathering & processing sector. The overall timing of the Fund’s allocation to the sector in the period had a negative effect on relative performance. However, the Fund had an average overweight in the gathering sector, which performed much better as a group; this contributed positively to relative performance.
Diversified midstream energy companies had mixed but mostly negative returns in the period. Stock selection in the sector detracted from the Fund’s relative performance, as we were underweight Tallgrass Energy, which rallied on a revised takeover offer from Blackstone.
Natural gas pipelines fared relatively well, as demand for natural gas is relatively inelastic and cost-of-service contracts often resulted in utility-like cash flows for natural gas pipeline companies. The Fund’s underweight in the sector detracted from performance.
The Fund’s underweight in the water sector, which was one of the poorest performers in the period, helped performance. In particular, the Fund did not invest in NGL Energy Partners, whose share price had a sharp decline in response to sizable distribution cuts in the period. Our caution was based on concerns around the company’s volatile cash flows and weak balance sheet. An underweight in struggling refinery logistics companies was beneficial as well.
2
COHEN & STEERS MLP INCOME AND ENERGY OPPORTUNITY FUND, INC.
Preferred securities had a positive return for the period, more than recovering from early-2020 declines as credit conditions improved amid stepped-up government fiscal and monetary stimulus. The Fund’s underweight in preferreds compared with the blended benchmark detracted from relative performance.
Impact of Derivatives on Fund Performance
The Fund engaged in the buying and selling of single stock options with the intention of enhancing total returns and reducing overall volatility. These contracts did not have a material effect on the Fund’s total return for the 12-month period ended November 30, 2020.
Impact of Leverage on Fund Performance
The Fund employs leverage as part of a yield-enhancement strategy. Leverage, which can increase total return in rising markets (just as it can have the opposite effect in declining markets), significantly detracted from the Fund’s NAV performance for the period. Following a period of extreme volatility and price depreciation in the market for MLPs, the Fund reduced its outstanding borrowings by $87,500,000 during the year.
Sincerely,
| | |
![LOGO](https://capedge.com/proxy/N-CSR/0001193125-21-027409/g925574g58g38.jpg)
| | ![LOGO](https://capedge.com/proxy/N-CSR/0001193125-21-027409/g925574g06k22.jpg)
|
| |
BEN MORTON | | TYLER S. ROSENLICHT |
Portfolio Manager | | Portfolio Manager |
The views and opinions in the preceding commentary are subject to change without notice and are as of the date of the report. There is no guarantee that any market forecast set forth in the commentary will be realized. This material represents an assessment of the market environment at a specific point in time, should not be relied upon as investment advice and is not intended to predict or depict performance of any investment.
Visit Cohen & Steers online at cohenandsteers.com
For more information about the Cohen & Steers family of mutual funds, visit cohenandsteers.com. Here you will find fund net asset values, fund fact sheets and portfolio highlights, as well as educational resources and timely market updates.
Our website also provides comprehensive information about Cohen & Steers, including our most recent press releases, profiles of our senior investment professionals and their investment approach to each asset class. The Cohen & Steers family of mutual funds specializes in liquid real assets, including real estate securities, listed infrastructure and natural resource equities, as well as preferred securities and other income solutions.
3
COHEN & STEERS MLP INCOME AND ENERGY OPPORTUNITY FUND, INC.
Our Leverage Strategy
(Unaudited)
Our current leverage strategy utilizes borrowings up to the maximum permitted by the Investment Company Act of 1940 to provide additional capital for the Fund, with an objective of increasing the net income available for shareholders. As of November 30, 2020, leverage represented 20% of the Fund’s managed assets.
Through fixed-rate financing, the Fund has locked in interest rates on this additional capital for the period expiring in May 2022. Locking in our leveraging costs is designed to protect the dividend-paying ability of the Fund. The use of leverage increases the volatility of the Fund’s NAV in both up and down markets. However, we believe that locking in the Fund’s leveraging costs partially protects the Fund’s expenses from an increase in short-term interest rates.
Leverage Factsa,b
| | |
Leverage (as a % of managed assets) | | 20% |
% Fixed Rate | | 100% |
Rate on Financing | | 3.4% |
Term on Financing | | 1.5 years |
The Fund seeks to enhance its dividend yield through leverage. The use of leverage is a speculative technique and there are special risks and costs associated with leverage. The NAV of the Fund’s shares may be reduced by the issuance and ongoing costs of leverage. So long as the Fund is able to invest in securities that produce an investment yield that is greater than the total cost of leverage, the leverage strategy will produce higher current net investment income for the shareholders. On the other hand, to the extent that the total cost of leverage exceeds the incremental income gained from employing such leverage, shareholders would realize lower net investment income. In addition to the impact on net income, the use of leverage will have an effect of magnifying capital appreciation or depreciation for shareholders. Specifically, in an up market, leverage will typically generate greater capital appreciation than if the Fund were not employing leverage. Conversely, in down markets, the use of leverage will generally result in greater capital depreciation than if the Fund had been unlevered. To the extent that the Fund is required or elects to reduce its leverage, the Fund may incur breakage fees under the Fund’s credit arrangement and may need to liquidate investments, including under adverse economic conditions which may result in capital losses potentially reducing returns to shareholders. There can be no assurance that a leveraging strategy will be successful during any period in which it is employed.
a | Data as of November 30, 2020. Information is subject to change. |
b | See Note 7 in Notes to Financial Statements. |
4
COHEN & STEERS MLP INCOME AND ENERGY OPPORTUNITY FUND, INC.
November 30, 2020
Top Ten Holdingsa
(Unaudited)
| | | | | | | | |
Security | | Value | | | % of Managed Assets | |
| | |
MPLX LP | | $ | 11,381,525 | | | | 12.9 | |
Enterprise Products Partners LP | | | 9,363,352 | | | | 10.6 | |
Magellan Midstream Partners LP | | | 9,023,290 | | | | 10.2 | |
Plains All American Pipeline LP | | | 8,983,705 | | | | 10.2 | |
Energy Transfer LP | | | 5,585,694 | | | | 6.3 | |
Phillips 66 Partners LP | | | 4,739,052 | | | | 5.4 | |
NuStar Energy LP | | | 4,142,599 | | | | 4.7 | |
Western Midstream Partners LP | | | 3,633,401 | | | | 4.1 | |
DCP Midstream LP | | | 3,606,780 | | | | 4.1 | |
Equitrans Midstream Corp. | | | 2,623,367 | | | | 3.0 | |
a | Top ten holdings (excluding short-term investments) are determined on the basis of the value of individual securities held. The Fund may also hold positions in other securities issued by the companies listed above. See the Schedule of Investments for additional details on such other positions. |
Sector Breakdown
(Based on Managed Assets)
(Unaudited)
![LOGO](https://capedge.com/proxy/N-CSR/0001193125-21-027409/g925574g35i02.jpg)
5
COHEN & STEERS MLP INCOME AND ENERGY OPPORTUNITY FUND, INC.
SCHEDULE OF INVESTMENTS
November 30, 2020
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | Shares/Units | | | Value | |
MASTER LIMITED PARTNERSHIPSAND RELATED COMPANIES | | | 118.9% | | | | | | | | | |
CRUDE/REFINED PRODUCTS | | | 41.9% | | | | | | | | | |
BP Midstream Partners LP | | | | 69,441 | | | $ | 787,461 | |
Genesis Energy LPa | | | | 304,612 | | | | 1,958,655 | |
Magellan Midstream Partners LP | | | | 219,278 | | | | 9,023,290 | |
NuStar Energy LPa | | | | 311,708 | | | | 4,142,599 | |
Phillips 66 Partners LPa | | | | 176,304 | | | | 4,739,052 | |
Plains All American Pipeline LPa | | | | 1,131,449 | | | | 8,983,705 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | 29,634,762 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
DIVERSIFIED MIDSTREAM | | | 43.0% | | | | | | | | | |
Energy Transfer LPa | | | | 903,834 | | | | 5,585,694 | |
Enterprise Products Partners LPa | | | | 482,647 | | | | 9,363,352 | |
Kinder Morgan, Inc.a | | | | 93,735 | | | | 1,347,909 | |
MPLX LP | | | | 540,947 | | | | 11,381,525 | |
Rattler Midstream LP | | | | 152,666 | | | | 1,265,601 | |
Williams Cos., Inc.a | | | | 70,671 | | | | 1,482,678 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | 30,426,759 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
ELECTRIC | | | 1.0% | | | | | | | | | |
NextEra Energy Partners LP | | | | 11,211 | | | | 711,562 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
GATHERING & PROCESSING | | | 21.4% | | | | | | | | | |
DCP Midstream LP | | | | 223,330 | | | | 3,606,780 | |
Enable Midstream Partners LPa | | | | 447,175 | | | | 2,276,121 | |
Hess Midstream LP, Class Aa | | | | 73,272 | | | | 1,321,094 | |
Noble Midstream Partners LP | | | | 102,360 | | | | 975,491 | |
ONEOK, Inc. | | | | 53,184 | | | | 1,907,710 | |
Shell Midstream Partners LP | | | | 93,000 | | | | 954,180 | |
Tidewater Midstream & Infrastructure Ltd. (Canada)a | | | | 848,264 | | | | 470,278 | |
Western Midstream Partners LPa | | | | 281,659 | | | | 3,633,401 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | 15,145,055 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
NATURAL GAS PIPELINES | | | 8.6% | | | | | | | | | |
Cheniere Energy Partners LP | | | | 23,334 | | | | 889,025 | |
Equitrans Midstream Corp.a | | | | 321,491 | | | | 2,623,367 | |
TC PipeLines LPa | | | | 81,827 | | | | 2,528,454 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | 6,040,846 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
PIPELINES | | | 1.1% | | | | | | | | | |
Targa Resources Corp. | | | | 33,000 | | | | 775,500 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
See accompanying notes to financial statements.
6
COHEN & STEERS MLP INCOME AND ENERGY OPPORTUNITY FUND, INC.
SCHEDULE OF INVESTMENTS—(Continued)
November 30, 2020
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | Shares/Units | | | Value | |
PIPELINES—FOREIGN | | | 1.9% | | | | | | | | | |
Enbridge, Inc. (Canada)a | | | | 42,297 | | | $ | 1,320,987 | |
| | | | | |
TOTAL MASTER LIMITED PARTNERSHIPSAND RELATED COMPANIES (Identified cost—$107,260,790) | | | | | | | | 84,055,471 | |
| | | | | |
PREFERRED SECURITIES—$25 PAR VALUE | | | 2.0% | | | | | | | | | |
BANKS | | | 0.1% | | | | | | | | | |
Regions Financial Corp., 5.70% to 5/15/29, Series Ca,b,c | | | | 1,512 | | | | 42,639 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
CHEMICALS | | | 0.3% | | | | | | | | | |
CHS, Inc., 7.50%, Series 4a,b | | | | 8,341 | | | | 240,721 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
DIVERSIFIED FINANCIAL SERVICES | | | 0.2% | | | | | | | | | |
Morgan Stanley, 6.375% to 10/15/24, Series Ia,b,c | | | | 2,976 | | | | 85,292 | |
Morgan Stanley, 5.85% to 4/15/27, Series Ka,b,c | | | | 2,985 | | | | 86,565 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | 171,857 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
INSURANCE | | | 1.0% | | | | | | | | | |
LIFE/HEALTH INSURANCE | | | 0.2% | | | | | | | | | |
Athene Holding Ltd., 6.35% to 6/30/29, Series Aa,b,c | | | | 4,056 | | | | 113,933 | |
Unum Group, 6.25%, due 6/15/58a | | | | 1,754 | | | | 47,744 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | 161,677 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
MULTI-LINE | | | 0.2% | | | | | | | | | |
Allstate Corp./The, 5.10%, Series Ha,b | | | | 3,839 | | | | 104,766 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
MULTI-LINE—FOREIGN | | | 0.2% | | | | | | | | | |
Aegon Funding Co. LLC, 5.10%, due 12/15/49 (Netherlands)a | | | | 5,500 | | | | 143,660 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
PROPERTY CASUALTY—FOREIGN | | | 0.2% | | | | | | | | | |
Enstar Group Ltd., 7.00% to 9/1/28, Series Da,b,c | | | | 6,000 | | | | 168,000 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
REINSURANCE | | | 0.2% | | | | | | | | | |
Arch Capital Group Ltd., 5.45%, Series Fa,b | | | | 4,700 | | | | 124,644 | |
| | | | | |
TOTAL INSURANCE | | | | | | | | 702,747 | |
| | | | | |
PIPELINES | | | 0.1% | | | | | | | | | |
Energy Transfer Operating LP, 7.625% to 8/15/23, Series Db,c | | | | 4,051 | | | | 87,097 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
See accompanying notes to financial statements.
7
COHEN & STEERS MLP INCOME AND ENERGY OPPORTUNITY FUND, INC.
SCHEDULE OF INVESTMENTS—(Continued)
November 30, 2020
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | Shares/Units | | | Value | |
UTILITIES | | | 0.1% | | | | | | | | | |
South Jersey Industries, Inc., 5.625%, due 9/16/79a | | | | 1,806 | | | $ | 47,227 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
UTILITIES—FOREIGN | | | 0.2% | | | | | | | | | |
Algonquin Power & Utilities Corp., 6.20% to 7/1/24, due 7/1/79, Series 19-A (Canada)a,c | | | | 3,860 | | | | 106,999 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
TOTAL PREFERRED SECURITIES—$25 PAR VALUE (Identified cost—$1,313,453) | | | | | | | | 1,399,287 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | |
| | | | | Principal Amount | | | | |
PREFERRED SECURITIES—CAPITAL SECURITIES | | | 1.5% | | | | | | | | | |
BANKS | | | 1.0% | | | | | | | | | |
Bank of America Corp., 8.05%, due 6/15/27, Series Ba | | | $ | 100,000 | | | | 133,486 | |
CoBank ACB, 6.25% to 10/1/22, Series Fa,b,c | | | | 2,300 | † | | | 242,650 | |
JPMorgan Chase & Co., 6.10% to 10/1/24, Series Xb,c | | | | 100,000 | | | | 108,358 | |
Wells Fargo & Co., 5.95%, due 12/15/36a | | | | 70,000 | | | | 93,478 | |
Wells Fargo & Co., 5.875% to 6/15/25, Series Ub,c | | | | 100,000 | | | | 109,749 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | 687,721 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
INSURANCE | | | 0.5% | | | | | | | | | |
LIFE/HEALTH INSURANCE | | | 0.1% | | | | | | | | | |
Brighthouse Financial, Inc., 4.70%, due 6/22/47 | | | | 101,000 | | | | 104,579 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
MULTI-LINE | | | 0.2% | | | | | | | | | |
American International Group, Inc., 8.175% to 5/15/38, due 5/15/58a,c | | | | 103,000 | | | | 150,384 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
MULTI-LINE—FOREIGN | | | 0.2% | | | | | | | | | |
AXA SA, 6.379% to 12/14/36, 144A (France)a,b,c,d | | | | 100,000 | | | | 139,907 | |
| | | | | |
TOTAL INSURANCE | | | | | | | | 394,870 | |
| | | | | |
TOTAL PREFERRED SECURITIES—CAPITAL SECURITIES (Identified cost—$974,203) | | | | | | | | 1,082,591 | |
| | | | | |
| | | |
| | | | | Shares | | | | |
SHORT-TERM INVESTMENTS | | | 2.3% | | | | | | | | | |
MONEY MARKET FUNDS | | | | | | | | | | | | |
State Street Institutional Treasury Money Market Fund, Premier Class, 0.01%e | | | | 1,611,821 | | | | 1,611,821 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
TOTAL SHORT-TERM INVESTMENTS (Identified cost—$1,611,821) | | | | | | | | 1,611,821 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
See accompanying notes to financial statements.
8
COHEN & STEERS MLP INCOME AND ENERGY OPPORTUNITY FUND, INC.
SCHEDULE OF INVESTMENTS—(Continued)
November 30, 2020
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | Value | |
TOTAL INVESTMENTSIN SECURITIES (Identified cost—$111,160,267) | | | 124.7% | | | | | | | $ | 88,149,170 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
LIABILITIESIN EXCESSOF OTHER ASSETS | | | (24.7) | | | | | | | | (17,458,224 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
NET ASSETS (Equivalent to $2.71 per share based on 26,092,048 shares of common stock outstanding) | | | 100.0% | | | | | | | $ | 70,690,946 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Note: Percentages indicated are based on the net assets of the Fund.
a | All or a portion of the security is pledged as collateral in connection with the Fund’s credit agreement. $41,779,567 in aggregate has been pledged as collateral. |
b | Perpetual security. Perpetual securities have no stated maturity date, but they may be called/redeemed by the issuer. |
c | Security converts to floating rate after the indicated fixed-rate coupon period. |
d | Securities exempt from registration under Rule 144A of the Securities Act of 1933. These securities may only be resold to qualified institutional buyers. Aggregate holdings amounted to $139,907 which represents 0.2% of the net assets of the Fund, of which 0.0% are illiquid. |
e | Rate quoted represents the annualized seven-day yield. |
See accompanying notes to financial statements.
9
COHEN & STEERS MLP INCOME AND ENERGY OPPORTUNITY FUND, INC.
STATEMENT OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES
November 30, 2020
| | | | |
ASSETS: | | | | |
Investments in securities, at value (Identified cost—$111,160,267) | | $ | 88,149,170 | |
Cash | | | 41,313 | |
Foreign currency, at value (Identified cost—$16) | | | 13 | |
Prepaid line of credit fees | | | 405,338 | |
Receivable for dividends, distributions and interest | | | 42,924 | |
Other assets | | | 1,260 | |
| | | | |
Total Assets | | | 88,640,018 | |
| | | | |
LIABILITIES: | | | | |
Payable for: | | | | |
Credit agreement | | | 17,500,000 | |
Investment advisory fees | | | 68,449 | |
Interest expense | | | 49,831 | |
Dividends declared | | | 14,229 | |
Administration fees | | | 5,476 | |
Directors’ fees | | | 1,624 | |
Other liabilities | | | 309,463 | |
| | | | |
Total Liabilities | | | 17,949,072 | |
| | | | |
NET ASSETS | | $ | 70,690,946 | |
| | | | |
NET ASSETS consist of: | | | | |
Paid-in capital | | $ | 355,394,685 | |
Total distributable earnings/(accumulated loss) | | | (284,703,739 | ) |
| | | | |
| | $ | 70,690,946 | |
| | | | |
NET ASSET VALUE PER SHARE: | | | | |
($70,690,946 ÷ 26,092,048 shares outstanding) | | $ | 2.71 | |
| | | | |
MARKET PRICE PER SHARE | | $ | 2.22 | |
| | | | |
MARKET PRICE PREMIUM (DISCOUNT) TO NET ASSET VALUE PER SHARE | | | (18.08 | )% |
| | | | |
See accompanying notes to financial statements.
10
COHEN & STEERS MLP INCOME AND ENERGY OPPORTUNITY FUND, INC.
STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS
For the Year Ended November 30, 2020
| | | | |
Investment Income: | | | | |
Distributions from master limited partnerships and related companies (net of $28,212 of foreign withholding tax) | | $ | 12,920,062 | |
Less return of capital on distributions | | | (12,894,076 | ) |
| | | | |
Net distributions from master limited partnerships and related companies | | | 25,986 | |
Interest income | | | 284,630 | |
Dividend income | | | 253,013 | |
| | | | |
Total Investment Income | | | 563,629 | |
| | | | |
Expenses: | | | | |
Line of credit fees | | | 2,374,967 | |
Interest expense | | | 1,408,104 | |
Investment advisory fees | | | 1,405,888 | |
Professional fees | | | 292,432 | |
Administration fees | | | 161,335 | |
Shareholder reporting expenses | | | 42,708 | |
Custodian fees and expenses | | | 21,981 | |
Transfer agent fees and expenses | | | 19,617 | |
Directors’ fees and expenses | | | 7,236 | |
Miscellaneous | | | 36,741 | |
| | | | |
Total Expenses | | | 5,771,009 | |
| | | | |
Net Investment Income (Loss), before income taxes | | | (5,207,380 | ) |
Income Tax Benefit (Expense) | | | (1,625 | ) |
| | | | |
Net Investment Income, net of income taxes | | | (5,209,005 | ) |
| | | | |
Net Realized and Unrealized Gain (Loss): | | | | |
Net realized gain (loss) on: | | | | |
Investments in securities | | | (122,564,826 | ) |
Written option contracts | | | 43,981 | |
Foreign currency transactions | | | (6,619 | ) |
| | | | |
Net realized gain (loss), net of income taxes | | | (122,527,464 | ) |
| | | | |
Net change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on: | | | | |
Investments in securities | | | 25,173,218 | |
Foreign currency translations | | | 210 | |
| | | | |
Net change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation), net of income taxes | | | 25,173,428 | |
| | | | |
Net Realized and Unrealized Gain (Loss), net of income taxes | | | (97,354,036 | ) |
| | | | |
Net Increase (Decrease) in Net Assets Resulting from Operations | | $ | (102,563,041 | ) |
| | | | |
See accompanying notes to financial statements.
11
COHEN & STEERS MLP INCOME AND ENERGY OPPORTUNITY FUND, INC.
STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN NET ASSETS
| | | | | | | | |
| | For the Year Ended November 30, 2020 | | | For the Year Ended November 30, 2019 | |
Change in Net Assets: | | | | | | | | |
From Operations: | | | | | | | | |
Net investment income (loss), net of income taxes | | $ | (5,209,005 | ) | | $ | (3,061,960 | ) |
Net realized gain (loss), net of income taxes | | | (122,527,464 | ) | | | 2,415,387 | |
Net change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation), net of income taxes | | | 25,173,428 | | | | (48,372,049 | ) |
| | | | | | | | |
Net increase (decrease) in net assets resulting from operations | | | (102,563,041 | ) | | | (49,018,622 | ) |
| | | | | | | | |
Distributions to Shareholders | | | — | | | | (3,241,651 | ) |
Tax Return of Capital to Shareholders | | | (10,090,624 | ) | | | (21,523,467 | ) |
| | | | | | | | |
Total distributions | | | (10,090,624 | ) | | | (24,765,118 | ) |
| | | | | | | | |
Capital Stock Transactions: | | | | | | | | |
Increase (decrease) in net assets from Fund share transactions | | | (1,450,785 | ) | | | 400,659 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Total increase (decrease) in net assets | | | (114,104,450 | ) | | | (73,383,081 | ) |
Net Assets: | | | | | | | | |
Beginning of year | | | 184,795,396 | | | | 258,178,477 | |
| | | | | | | | |
End of year | | $ | 70,690,946 | | | $ | 184,795,396 | |
| | | | | | | | |
See accompanying notes to financial statements.
12
COHEN & STEERS MLP INCOME AND ENERGY OPPORTUNITY FUND, INC.
STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
For the Year Ended November 30, 2020
| | | | |
Increase (Decrease) in Cash: | | | | |
Cash Flows from Operating Activities: | | | | |
Net increase (decrease) in net assets resulting from operations | | $ | (102,563,041 | ) |
Adjustments to reconcile net increase (decrease) in net assets resulting from operations to net cash provided by operating activities: | | | | |
Purchases of long-term investments | | | (71,429,132 | ) |
Proceeds from sales and maturities of long-term investments | | | 160,798,473 | |
Return of capital on distributions | | | 12,894,076 | |
Net purchases, sales and maturities of short-term investments | | | 2,534,876 | |
Net amortization of premium on investments in securities | | | 18,892 | |
Net decrease in dividends and interest receivable and other assets | | | 309,443 | |
Net decrease in interest expense payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities | | | (481,364 | ) |
Line of credit fees | | | 2,374,967 | |
Net change in unrealized appreciation on investments in securities | | | (25,173,218 | ) |
Net realized loss on investments in securities | | | 122,564,826 | |
| | | | |
Cash provided by operating activities | | | 101,848,798 | |
| | | | |
Cash Flows from Financing Activities: | | | | |
Decrease in net assets from Fund share transactions | | | (1,702,104 | ) |
Repayment on credit agreement | | | (87,500,000 | ) |
Line of credit fees paid | | | (2,780,305 | ) |
Distributions paid | | | (9,825,076 | ) |
| | | | |
Cash used for financing activities | | | (101,807,485 | ) |
| | | | |
Increase (decrease) in cash | | | 41,313 | |
Cash at beginning of year (including foreign currency) | | | 13 | |
| | | | |
Cash at end of year (including foreign currency) | | $ | 41,326 | |
| | | | |
Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information and Non-Cash Activities:
During the year ended November 30, 2020, interest paid was $1,671,409.
For the year ended November 30, 2020, reinvestment of dividends was $251,319
The following table provides a reconciliation of cash and restricted cash reported within the Statement of Assets and Liabilities that sums to the total of such amounts shown on the Statement of Cash Flows.
| | | | |
Cash | | $ | 41,313 | |
Foreign currency | | | 13 | |
| | | | |
Total cash shown on the Statement of Cash Flows | | $ | 41,326 | |
| | | | |
See accompanying notes to financial statements.
13
COHEN & STEERS MLP INCOME AND ENERGY OPPORTUNITY FUND, INC.
FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS
The following table includes selected data for a share outstanding throughout each year and other
performance information derived from the financial statements. It should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes thereto.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | For the Year Ended November 30, | |
Per Share Operating Data: | | 2020 | | | 2019 | | | 2018 | | | 2017 | | | 2016 | |
Net asset value, beginning of year | | | $6.88 | | | | $9.64 | | | | $10.11 | | | | $11.87 | | | | $13.01 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Income (loss) from investment operations: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | |
Net investment income (loss), net of income taxesa | | | (0.20 | ) | | | (0.11 | ) | | | (0.16 | ) | | | (0.15 | ) | | | (0.17 | ) |
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss), net of income taxes | | | (3.61 | ) | | | (1.73 | ) | | | 0.61 | | | | (0.69 | ) | | | 0.20 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total from investment operations | | | (3.81 | ) | | | (1.84 | ) | | | 0.45 | | | | (0.84 | ) | | | 0.03 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Less dividends and distributions to shareholders from: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | |
Net investment income | | | — | | | | (0.12 | ) | | | (0.55 | ) | | | (0.20 | ) | | | — | |
Tax return of capital | | | (0.38 | ) | | | (0.80 | ) | | | (0.37 | ) | | | (0.72 | ) | | | (1.17 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total dividends and distributions to shareholders | | | (0.38 | ) | | | (0.92 | ) | | | (0.92 | ) | | | (0.92 | ) | | | (1.17 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Anti-dilutive effect from the repurchase of shares | | | 0.02 | | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net increase (decrease) in net asset value | | | (4.17 | ) | | | (2.76 | ) | | | (0.47 | ) | | | (1.76 | ) | | | (1.14 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net asset value, end of year | | | $2.71 | | | | $6.88 | | | | $9.64 | | | | $10.11 | | | | $11.87 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | |
Market value, end of year | | | $2.22 | | | | $6.89 | | | | $8.74 | | | | $9.38 | | | | $10.37 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total net asset value returnb | | | –55.35 | % | | | –20.67 | % | | | 4.50 | % | | | –7.27 | % | | | 2.75 | % |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total market value returnb | | | –63.47 | % | | | –12.37 | % | | | 2.12 | % | | | –1.52 | % | | | 5.31 | % |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ratios/Supplemental Data: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | |
Net assets, end of year (in millions) | | | $70.7 | | | | $184.8 | | | | $258.2 | | | | $271.0 | | | | $318.1 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ratios to average daily net assets: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | |
Expenses | | | 5.82 | %c | | | 3.24 | % | | | 2.59 | % | | | 2.32 | % | | | 2.95 | % |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | |
Expenses (excluding interest expense) | | | 4.40 | %c | | | 1.80 | % | | | 1.66 | % | | | 1.66 | % | | | 2.16 | % |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | |
Net investment income (loss)d | | | (5.25 | )% | | | (1.23 | )% | | | (1.52 | )% | | | (1.25 | )% | | | (1.63 | )% |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ratio of expenses to average daily managed assetsd,e | | | 4.10 | %c | | | 2.21 | % | | | 1.87 | % | | | 1.74 | % | | | 2.09 | % |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Portfolio turnover rate | | | 51 | % | | | 74 | % | | | 58 | % | | | 46 | % | | | 54 | % |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
14
See accompanying notes to financial statements.
COHEN & STEERS MLP INCOME AND ENERGY OPPORTUNITY FUND, INC.
FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS—(Continued)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | For the Year Ended November 30, | |
Credit Agreement | | 2020 | | | 2019 | | | 2018 | | | 2017 | | | 2016 | |
| | | | | |
Asset coverage ratio for credit agreement | | | 504 | % | | | 276 | % | | | 321 | % | | | 358 | % | | | 403 | % |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | |
Asset coverage per $1,000 for credit agreement | | | $5,039 | | | | $2,760 | | | | $3,207 | | | | $3,581 | | | | $4,029 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | |
Amount of loan outstanding (in millions) | | | $17.5 | | | | $105.0 | | | | $117.0 | | | | $105.0 | | | | $105.0 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
a | Calculation based on average shares outstanding. |
b | Total net asset value return measures the change in net asset value per share over the period indicated. Total market value return is computed based upon the Fund’s market price per share and excludes the effects of brokerage commissions. Dividends and distributions are assumed, for purposes of these calculations, to be reinvested at prices obtained under the Fund’s dividend reinvestment plan. |
c | The expense ratio includes line of credit fees related to loan paydowns (See Note 7). Without these fees, the ratio of expenses and expenses (excluding interest expense) to average daily net assets would have been 3.43% and 2.01%, respectively. The ratio of expenses to average daily managed assets would have been 2.42%. |
d | Ratio includes the deferred tax benefit/expense allocated to net investment income (loss) and the deferred tax benefit/expense allocated to realized and unrealized gain (loss), if any. |
e | Average daily managed assets represent net assets plus the outstanding balance of the credit agreement. |
See accompanying notes to financial statements.
15
COHEN & STEERS MLP INCOME AND ENERGY OPPORTUNITY FUND, INC.
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Note 1. Organization and Significant Accounting Policies
Cohen & Steers MLP Income and Energy Opportunity Fund, Inc. (the Fund) was incorporated under the laws of the State of Maryland on December 13, 2012 and is registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the 1940 Act), as a non-diversified, closed-end management investment company. The Fund’s investment objective is to provide attractive total return, comprised of high current income and price appreciation.
The following is a summary of significant accounting policies consistently followed by the Fund in the preparation of its financial statements. The Fund is an investment company and, accordingly, follows the investment company accounting and reporting guidance of the Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 946—Investment Companies. The accounting policies of the Fund are in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP). The preparation of the financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of income and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Portfolio Valuation: Investments in securities that are listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) are valued, except as indicated below, at the last sale price reflected at the close of the NYSE on the business day as of which such value is being determined. If there has been no sale on such day, the securities are valued at the mean of the closing bid and ask prices on such day or, if no ask price is available, at the bid price.
Securities not listed on the NYSE but listed on other domestic or foreign securities exchanges (including NASDAQ) are valued in a similar manner. Securities traded on more than one securities exchange are valued at the last sale price reflected at the close of the exchange representing the principal market for such securities on the business day as of which such value is being determined. If after the close of a foreign market, but prior to the close of business on the day the securities are being valued, market conditions change significantly, certain non-U.S. equity holdings may be fair valued pursuant to procedures established by the Board of Directors.
Readily marketable securities traded in the over-the-counter (OTC) market, including listed securities whose primary market is believed by Cohen & Steers Capital Management, Inc. (the investment advisor) to be OTC, are valued on the basis of prices provided by a third-party pricing service or third-party broker-dealers when such prices are believed by the investment advisor, pursuant to delegation by the Board of Directors, to reflect the fair value of such securities.
Fixed-income securities are valued on the basis of prices provided by a third-party pricing service or third-party broker-dealers when such prices are believed by the investment advisor, pursuant to delegation by the Board of Directors, to reflect the fair value of such securities. The pricing services or broker-dealers use multiple valuation techniques to determine fair value. In instances where sufficient market activity exists, the pricing services or broker-dealers may utilize a market-based approach through which quotes from market makers are used to determine fair value. In instances where sufficient market activity may not exist or is limited, the pricing services or broker-dealers also utilize proprietary valuation models which may consider market transactions in comparable securities and the various
16
COHEN & STEERS MLP INCOME AND ENERGY OPPORTUNITY FUND, INC.
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
relationships between securities in determining fair value and/or characteristics such as benchmark yield curves, option-adjusted spreads, credit spreads, estimated default rates, coupon rates, anticipated timing of principal repayments, underlying collateral, and other unique security features which are then used to calculate the fair values.
Short-term debt securities with a maturity date of 60 days or less are valued at amortized cost, which approximates fair value. Investments in open-end mutual funds are valued at net asset value (NAV).
The policies and procedures approved by the Fund’s Board of Directors delegate authority to make fair value determinations to the investment advisor, subject to the oversight of the Board of Directors. The investment advisor has established a valuation committee (Valuation Committee) to administer, implement and oversee the fair valuation process according to the policies and procedures approved annually by the Board of Directors. Among other things, these procedures allow the Fund to utilize independent pricing services, quotations from securities and financial instrument dealers and other market sources to determine fair value.
Securities for which market prices are unavailable, or securities for which the investment advisor determines that the bid and/or ask price or a counterparty valuation does not reflect market value, will be valued at fair value, as determined in good faith by the Valuation Committee, pursuant to procedures approved by the Fund’s Board of Directors. Circumstances in which market prices may be unavailable include, but are not limited to, when trading in a security is suspended, the exchange on which the security is traded is subject to an unscheduled close or disruption or material events occur after the close of the exchange on which the security is principally traded. In these circumstances, the Fund determines fair value in a manner that fairly reflects the market value of the security on the valuation date based on consideration of any information or factors it deems appropriate. These may include, but are not limited to, recent transactions in comparable securities, information relating to the specific security and developments in the markets.
The Fund’s use of fair value pricing may cause the NAV of Fund shares to differ from the NAV that would be calculated using market quotations. Fair value pricing involves subjective judgments and it is possible that the fair value determined for a security may be materially different than the value that could be realized upon the sale of that security.
Fair value is defined as the price that the Fund would expect to receive upon the sale of an investment or expect to pay to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction with an independent buyer in the principal market or, in the absence of a principal market, the most advantageous market for the investment or liability. The hierarchy of inputs that are used in determining the fair value of the Fund’s investments is summarized below.
| • | | Level 1—quoted prices in active markets for identical investments |
| • | | Level 2—other significant observable inputs (including quoted prices for similar investments, interest rates, credit risk, etc.) |
| • | | Level 3—significant unobservable inputs (including the Fund’s own assumptions in determining the fair value of investments) |
17
COHEN & STEERS MLP INCOME AND ENERGY OPPORTUNITY FUND, INC.
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
The inputs or methodology used for valuing investments may or may not be an indication of the risk associated with those investments. Changes in valuation techniques may result in transfers into or out of an assigned level within the disclosure hierarchy.
The following is a summary of the inputs used as of November 30, 2020 in valuing the Fund’s investments carried at value:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Total | | | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Investments (Level 1) | | | Other Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) | | | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | |
Master Limited Partnerships and Related Companies | | $ | 84,055,471 | | | $ | 84,055,471 | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | |
Preferred Securities—$25 Par Value | | | 1,399,287 | | | | 1,399,287 | | | | — | | | | — | |
Preferred Securities—Capital Securities | | | 1,082,591 | | | | — | | | | 1,082,591 | | | | — | |
Short-Term Investments | | | 1,611,821 | | | | — | | | | 1,611,821 | | | | — | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total Investments in Securitiesa | | $ | 88,149,170 | | | $ | 85,454,758 | | | $ | 2,694,412 | | | $ | — | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
a | Portfolio holdings are disclosed individually on the Schedule of Investments. |
The following is a reconciliation of investments for which significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) were used in determining fair value:
| | | | |
| | Master Limited Partnerships and Related Companies | |
Balance as of November 30, 2019 | | $ | 1,256,040 | |
Sales | | | (423,233 | ) |
Realized gain (loss) | | | (895,895 | ) |
Change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation) | | | 63,088 | |
| | | | |
Balance as of November 30, 2020 | | $ | — | |
| | | | |
Security Transactions and Investment Income: Security transactions are recorded on trade date. Realized gains and losses on investments sold are recorded on the basis of identified cost. Interest income, which includes the amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts, is recorded on the accrual basis. Dividend income is recorded on the ex-dividend date, except for certain dividends on foreign securities, which are recorded as soon as the Fund is informed after the ex-dividend date. Distributions from Master Limited Partnerships (MLPs) and related companies are recorded as income and return of capital based on information reported by the MLPs and related companies as well as management’s estimates of such amounts based on historical information. These estimates are adjusted when the actual source of distributions is disclosed by the MLPs and related companies. Actual amounts may differ from the estimated amounts. For the year ended November 30, 2020, the Fund has estimated approximately 92.7% of distributions from MLPs and related companies as return of capital.
18
COHEN & STEERS MLP INCOME AND ENERGY OPPORTUNITY FUND, INC.
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
Master Limited Partnerships: Entities commonly referred to as MLPs are generally organized under state law as limited partnerships or limited liability companies. The Fund invests in MLPs receiving partnership taxation treatment under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the Code), and whose interest or “units” are traded on securities exchanges like shares of corporate stock. To be treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, an MLP whose units are traded on a securities exchange must receive at least 90% of its income from qualifying sources such as interest, dividends, real property rents, gains on dispositions of real property, income and gains from mineral or natural resources activities, income and gains from the transportation or storage of certain fuels, and, in certain circumstances, income and gains from commodities or futures, forwards and options on commodities. Mineral or natural resources activities include exploration, development, production, processing, mining, refining, marketing and transportation (including pipelines) of oil and gas, minerals, geothermal energy, fertilizer, timber or industrial source carbon dioxide. An MLP consists of a general partner and limited partners (or in the case of MLPs organized as limited liability companies, a managing member and members). The general partner or managing member typically controls the operations and management of the MLP and has an ownership stake in the partnership or limited liability company. The limited partners or members, through their ownership of limited partner or member interests, provide capital to the entity, are intended to have no role in the operation and management of the entity and receive cash distributions. The Fund’s investments in MLPs consist only of limited partner or member interests ownership. The MLPs themselves generally do not pay U.S. federal income taxes and unlike investors in corporate securities, direct MLP investors are generally not subject to double taxation (i.e., corporate level tax and tax on corporate dividends). Currently, most MLPs operate in the energy and/or natural resources sector.
Foreign Currency Translation: The books and records of the Fund are maintained in U.S. dollars. Investment securities and other assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated into U.S. dollars based upon prevailing exchange rates on the date of valuation. Purchases and sales of investment securities and income and expense items denominated in foreign currencies are translated into U.S. dollars based upon prevailing exchange rates on the respective dates of such transactions. The Fund does not isolate that portion of the results of operations resulting from fluctuations in foreign exchange rates on investments from the fluctuations arising from changes in market prices of securities held. Such fluctuations are included with the net realized and unrealized gain or loss on investments.
Net realized foreign currency transaction gains or losses arise from sales of foreign currencies, (excluding gains and losses on forward foreign currency exchange contracts, which are presented separately, if any) currency gains or losses realized between the trade and settlement dates on securities transactions, and the difference between the amounts of dividends, interest, and foreign withholding taxes recorded on the Fund’s books and the U.S. dollar equivalent of the amounts actually received or paid. Net unrealized foreign currency translation gains and losses arise from changes in the values of assets and liabilities, other than investments in securities, on the date of valuation, resulting from changes in exchange rates. Pursuant to U.S. federal income tax regulations, certain foreign currency gains/losses included in realized and unrealized gains/losses are included in or are a reduction of ordinary income for federal income tax purposes.
19
COHEN & STEERS MLP INCOME AND ENERGY OPPORTUNITY FUND, INC.
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
Options: The Fund may purchase and write exchange-listed and OTC put or call options on securities, stock indices and other financial instruments for hedging purposes, to enhance portfolio returns and/or reduce overall volatility.
When the Fund writes (sells) an option, an amount equal to the premium received by the Fund is recorded on the Statement of Assets and Liabilities as a liability. The amount of the liability is subsequently marked-to-market to reflect the current market value of the option written. When an option expires, the Fund realizes a gain on the option to the extent of the premium received. Premiums received from writing options which are exercised or closed are added to or offset against the proceeds or amount paid on the transaction to determine the realized gain or loss. If a put option on a security is exercised, the premium reduces the cost basis of the security purchased by the Fund. If a call option is exercised, the premium is added to the proceeds of the security sold to determine the realized gain or loss. The Fund, as writer of an option, bears the market risk of an unfavorable change in the price of the underlying investment. Other risks include the possibility of an illiquid options market or the inability of the counterparties to fulfill their obligations under the contracts.
Put and call options purchased are accounted for in the same manner as portfolio securities. Premiums paid for purchasing options which expire are treated as realized losses. Premiums paid for purchasing options which are exercised or closed are added to the amounts paid or offset against the proceeds on the underlying investment transaction to determine the realized gain or loss when the underlying transaction is executed. The risk associated with purchasing an option is that the Fund pays a premium whether or not the option is exercised. Additionally, the Fund bears the risk of loss of the premium and change in market value should the counterparty not perform under the contract.
At November 30, 2020, the Fund did not have any option contracts outstanding.
Dividends and Distributions to Shareholders: The Fund makes regular monthly distributions pursuant to the Policy. Dividends from net investment income, if any, are declared quarterly and paid monthly. Dividends and distributions to shareholders are recorded on the ex-dividend date and are automatically reinvested in full and fractional shares of the Fund in accordance with the Fund’s Reinvestment Plan, unless the shareholder has elected to have them paid in cash.
Distributions paid by the Fund are subject to recharacterization for tax purposes. Based upon the results of operations for the year ended November 30, 2020, all of the distributions have been characterized as distributions from tax return of capital.
Distributions Subsequent to November 30, 2020: The following distributions have been declared by the Fund’s Board of Directors and are payable subsequent to the period end of this report.
| | | | | | | | |
Ex-Date | | Record Date | | Payable Date | | | Amount |
12/15/20 | | 12/16/20 | | | 12/31/20 | | | $0.015 |
1/12/21 | | 1/13/21 | | | 1/29/21 | | | $0.015 |
2/9/21 | | 2/10/21 | | | 2/26/21 | | | $0.015 |
3/16/21 | | 3/17/21 | | | 3/31/21 | | | $0.015 |
Income Taxes: The Fund, which is treated as a C corporation for U.S. Federal income tax purposes, is obligated to pay federal and state income tax on its taxable income. The Fund invests its
20
COHEN & STEERS MLP INCOME AND ENERGY OPPORTUNITY FUND, INC.
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
assets primarily in MLPs, which generally are treated as partnerships for federal income tax purposes. As a limited partner in the MLPs, the Fund reports its allocable share of the MLPs taxable income in computing its own taxable income. Deferred income taxes reflect (i) taxes on unrealized gains (losses), which are attributable to the temporary difference between fair market value and tax basis, (ii) the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes and (iii) the net tax benefit of accumulated net operating and capital losses. To the extent the Fund has a deferred tax asset, consideration is given as to whether or not a valuation allowance, which would offset some or all of the deferred tax asset, is required. A valuation allowance is required if based on the evaluation criterion provided by ASC 740, Income Taxes, it is more likely than not that some portion, or all, of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. This assessment considers, among other matters, the nature, frequency and severity of current and cumulative losses, the duration of statutory carryforward periods and the associated risk that operating and capital loss carryforwards may expire unused. From time to time, as new information becomes available, the Fund modifies its estimates or assumptions regarding the deferred tax asset or liability.
For all open tax years and for all major jurisdictions, management of the Fund has analyzed and concluded that there are no significant uncertain tax positions that would require recognition in the financial statements. Furthermore, management of the Fund is also not aware of any tax positions for which it is reasonably possible that the total amounts of unrecognized tax benefits will significantly change in the next twelve months. The Fund’s tax positions for the tax years for which the applicable statutes of limitations have not expired are subject to examination by the Internal Revenue Service and by state departments of revenue.
Note 2. Investment Advisory Fees, Administration Fees and Other Transactions with Affiliates
Investment Advisory Fees: Cohen & Steers Capital Management, Inc. serves as the Fund’s investment advisor pursuant to an investment advisory agreement (the investment advisory agreement). Under the terms of the investment advisory agreement, the investment advisor provides the Fund with day-to-day investment decisions and generally manages the Fund’s investments in accordance with the stated policies of the Fund, subject to the supervision of the Board of Directors.
For the services provided to the Fund, the investment advisor receives a fee, accrued daily and paid monthly, at the annual rate of 1.00% of the average daily managed assets of the Fund. Managed assets are equal to the net assets of the common shares plus the amount of any borrowings, used for leverage, outstanding.
Under subadvisory agreements between the investment advisor and each of Cohen & Steers Asia Limited and Cohen & Steers UK Limited (collectively, the subadvisors), affiliates of the investment advisor, the subadvisors are responsible for managing the Fund’s investments in certain non-U.S. holdings. For their services provided under the subadvisory agreements, the investment advisor (not the Fund) pays the subadvisors. The investment advisor allocates 50% of the investment advisory fee received from the Fund among itself and each subadvisor based on the portion of the Fund’s average daily managed assets managed by the investment advisor and each subadvisor.
21
COHEN & STEERS MLP INCOME AND ENERGY OPPORTUNITY FUND, INC.
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
Administration Fees: The Fund has entered into an administration agreement with the investment advisor under which the investment advisor performs certain administrative functions for the Fund and receives a fee, accrued daily and paid monthly, at the annual rate of 0.08% of the average daily managed assets of the Fund. For the year ended November 30, 2020, the Fund incurred $112,471 in fees under this administration agreement. Additionally, the Fund pays State Street Bank and Trust Company as co-administrator under a fund accounting and administration agreement.
Directors’ and Officers’ Fees: Certain directors and officers of the Fund are also directors, officers and/or employees of the investment advisor. The Fund does not pay compensation to directors and officers affiliated with the investment advisor except for the Chief Compliance Officer, who received compensation from the investment advisor, which was reimbursed by the Fund, in the amount of $1,005 for the year ended November 30, 2020.
Note 3. Purchases and Sales of Securities
Purchases and sales of securities, excluding short-term investments, for the year ended November 30, 2020, totaled $71,399,556 and $160,423,000, respectively.
Note 4. Derivative Investments
The following table presents the effect of derivatives held during the year ended November 30, 2020, along with the respective location in the financial statements.
Statement of Operations
| | | | | | | | | | |
Derivatives | | Location | | Realized Gain (Loss) | | | Change in Unrealized Appreciation (Depreciation) | |
Equity Risk: | | | | | | | | | | |
Written Option Contracts—Exchange-Traded | | Net Realized and Unrealized Gain (Loss) | | $ | 43,981 | | | $ | — | |
The following summarizes the volume of the Fund’s option contracts activity for the year ended November 30, 2020:
| | | | |
| | Written Option Contracts | |
Average Notional Amounta,b | | $ | 1,221,044 | |
a | Average notional amounts represent the average for all months in which the Fund had option contracts outstanding at month-end. For the period, this represents two months for written options. |
b | Notional amount is calculated using the number of contracts multiplied by notional contract size multiplied by the underlying price. |
22
COHEN & STEERS MLP INCOME AND ENERGY OPPORTUNITY FUND, INC.
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
Note 5. Income Tax Information
The tax character of dividends and distributions paid was as follows:
| | | | | | | | |
| | For the Year Ended November 30, | |
| | 2020 | | | 2019 | |
Ordinary income | | $ | — | | | $ | 3,241,651 | |
Return of capital | | | 10,090,624 | | | | 21,523,467 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Total dividends and distributions | | $ | 10,090,624 | | | $ | 24,765,118 | |
| | | | | | | | |
As of November 30, 2020, the federal tax cost and net unrealized appreciation (depreciation) in value of investments held were as follows:
| | | | |
Cost of investments in securities for federal income tax purposes | | $ | 102,195,514 | |
| | | | |
Gross unrealized appreciation on investments | | $ | 11,215,400 | |
Gross unrealized depreciation on investments | | | (25,261,731 | ) |
| | | | |
Net unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on investments | | $ | (14,046,331 | ) |
| | | | |
The Fund’s income tax expense/(benefit) for the year ended November 30, 2020 consists of the following:
| | | | |
| | Deferred | |
Federal | | $ | (21,576,488 | ) |
State | | | (1,602,157 | ) |
Valuation allowance | | | 23,180,270 | |
| | | | |
Total tax expense/(benefit) | | $ | 1,625 | |
| | | | |
Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effect of temporary differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities for financial reporting and tax purposes. Components of the Fund’s deferred tax assets and liabilities as of November 30, 2020, are as follows:
| | | | |
Deferred tax assets: | | | | |
Net operating loss | | $ | 19,830,948 | |
Capital loss carryforward | | | 39,499,609 | |
Passive activity losses | | | 135,847 | |
Unrealized loss on investments | | | 3,189,170 | |
Other | | | 44,540 | |
Valuation allowance | | | (62,700,114 | ) |
| | | | |
Total deferred tax asset | | $ | — | |
| | | | |
Other deferred tax assets represents net operating and capital losses for certain MLP securities held in the portfolio at November 30, 2020 which will be available upon disposition of these securities.
23
COHEN & STEERS MLP INCOME AND ENERGY OPPORTUNITY FUND, INC.
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
The Fund reviews the recoverability of its deferred tax assets based upon the weight of the available evidence. When assessing, the Fund’s management considers available carrybacks, reversing temporary taxable differences, and tax planning, if any. As a result of management’s analysis of the recoverability of the Fund’s deferred tax assets, as of November 30, 2020, the Fund recorded a valuation allowance of $62,700,114. The Fund will continue to assess the need for a valuation allowance in the future. Significant increases in the fair value of its portfolio of investments may change the Fund’s assessment of the recoverability of these assets and may result in the removal of the valuation allowance against all or a portion of the Fund’s gross deferred tax assets.
Total income tax expense/(benefit) (current and deferred) has been computed by applying the federal statutory income tax rate of 21% plus a blended state income tax rate of 1.62% to the Fund’s net investment income and realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments before taxes for the year ended November 30, 2020, as follows:
| | | | |
| | Deferred | |
Application of statutory income tax expense | | $ | (21,538,239 | ) |
State income taxes, net of federal benefit | | | (1,660,803 | ) |
Tax benefit on permanent items | | | (39,542 | ) |
Change in estimated state deferred tax rate | | | 59,939 | |
Change in valuation allowance | | | 23,180,270 | |
| | | | |
Total tax expense/(benefit) | | $ | 1,625 | |
| | | | |
The Fund’s tax expense or benefit, if any, is included in the Statement of Operations based on the component of income or gains (losses) to which such expense or benefit relates.
The Fund has net operating loss (NOL) carryforwards of $87,278,640 that are available to offset future taxable income. The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Stability Act (CARES Act) was signed into law on March 27, 2020. Under current tax law, NOLs have different carryback and carryforward periods and limitation depending on the date incurred. Under the CARES Act, NOLs generated in tax years ending prior to December 31, 2018 can be carried back 2 years and forward 20 years. In addition, the CARES Act delays the application of the 80% net operating loss limitation, established under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, to tax years ending November 30, 2022 and beyond. As a result, NOLs generated in tax years beginning after December 31, 2018 cannot be carried back but can be carried forward indefinitely subject to the aforementioned 80% limitation. The Fund has NOL carryforwards for federal income tax purposes as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | |
Year Ended | | | | Amount | | | | | Expiration |
11/30/2014 | | | | $ | 13,912,751 | | | | | November 30, 2034 |
11/30/2015 | | | | | 36,870,973 | | | | | November 30, 2035 |
11/30/2016 | | | | | 9,144,606 | | | | | November 30, 2036 |
11/30/2017 | | | | | 17,021,291 | | | | | November 30, 2037 |
11/30/2018 | | | | | 10,329,019 | | | | | November 30, 2038 |
During the year ended November 30, 2020, the Fund utilized NOL carryforwards of $4,399,610.
24
COHEN & STEERS MLP INCOME AND ENERGY OPPORTUNITY FUND, INC.
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
Net capital loss carryforwards of $174,627,900 are available to offset future capital gains. Capital loss carryforwards can be carried forward for 5 years and, accordingly, would begin to expire as of November 30, 2021. The Fund has net capital loss carryforwards for federal income tax purposes as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | |
Year Ended | | | | Amount | | | | | Expiration |
11/30/2016 | | | | $ | 60,429,891 | | | | | November 30, 2021 |
11/30/2020 | | | | | 114,198,009 | | | | | November 30, 2025 |
Note 6. Capital Stock
The Fund is authorized to issue 250 million shares of common stock at a par value of $0.001 per share.
During the year ended November 30, 2020, the Fund issued 62,127 shares of common stock at $251,319 for the reinvestment of dividends. During the year ended November 30, 2019, the Fund issued 47,769 shares of common stock at $400,659 for the reinvestment of dividends.
On December 10, 2019, the Board of Directors approved the continuation of the delegation of its authority to management to effect repurchases, pursuant to management’s discretion and subject to market conditions and investment considerations, of up to 10% of the Fund’s common shares outstanding (Share Repurchase Program) as of January 1, 2020 through December 31, 2020. On December 8, 2020, the Board of Directors approved the continuation of the Share Repurchase Program of up to 10% of the Fund’s common shares outstanding as of January 1, 2021 through December 31, 2021.
During the year ended November 30, 2020, the Fund repurchased 811,188 shares of common stock for $1,702,104. During the year ended November 30, 2019, the Fund did not effect any repurchases.
Note 7. Borrowings
The Fund has entered into an amended and restated credit agreement (the credit agreement) with BNP Paribas Prime Brokerage International, Ltd. (BNPP) in which the Fund pays a monthly financing charge based on a combination of LIBOR-based variable and fixed rates. The Fund may pay a fee of 0.45% per annum on any unused portion of the credit agreement. Under the amended agreement, the Fund may draw on the credit line up to the maximum $225,000,000 commitment amount on one day’s notice to, and with approval by, BNPP and subject to 1940 Act limitations.
BNPP may not change certain terms of the credit agreement except upon 360 days’ notice. Also, if the Fund violates certain other conditions, the credit agreement may be terminated. The Fund is required to pledge portfolio securities as collateral in an amount up to two times the loan balance outstanding (or more depending on the terms of the credit agreement) and has granted a security interest in the securities pledged to, and in favor of, BNPP as security for the loan balance outstanding.
If the Fund fails to meet certain requirements, or maintain other financial covenants required under the credit agreement, the Fund may be required to repay immediately, in part or in full, the loan balance
25
COHEN & STEERS MLP INCOME AND ENERGY OPPORTUNITY FUND, INC.
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
outstanding under the credit agreement, necessitating the sale of portfolio securities at potentially inopportune times. Under the terms of the credit agreement, the Fund may, upon prior written notice to BNPP, prepay all or a portion of the fixed rate portions of the credit facility. In the event of such prepayment, the Fund will receive or pay any gain or loss associated with BNPP’s interest rate hedge with respect to the applicable fixed rate portions of the credit facility, which could be material in certain circumstances (breakage fee).
Following a period of extreme volatility and price depreciation in the market for MLPs, during the fiscal year the Fund paid down the $52,500,000 5-year fixed-rate tranche and $35,000,000 of the 6-year fixed-rate tranche under the credit agreement with BNPP. In accordance with the terms of the credit agreement, the Fund paid breakage fees of $2,780,305 to BNPP in connection with these paydowns, a portion of which was expensed, with the remainder being amortized based upon the 360 day notice period of the credit facility. For the year ended November 30, 2020 the Fund has expensed a total of $2,374,967 of such breakage fees. This amount is reflected as line of credit fees on the Statement of Operations.
As of November 30, 2020, the Fund had outstanding borrowings of $17,500,000. The fair value of these borrowings at November 30, 2020 was approximately $18,150,000, including estimated breakage fees of approximately $650,000 in the event of a prepayment of all of the fixed rate financing. The borrowings are classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy. During the year ended November 30, 2020, the Fund borrowed an average daily balance of $41,073,770 at a weighted average borrowing cost of 3.4%.
Note 8. Other
In the normal course of business, the Fund enters into contracts that provide general indemnifications. The Fund’s maximum exposure under these arrangements is dependent on claims that may be made against the Fund in the future and, therefore, cannot be estimated; however, based on experience, the risk of material loss from such claims is considered remote.
Note 9. Subsequent Events
On January 26, 2021, the Fund’s Board of Directors approved a plan of liquidation of the Fund (the “Plan of Liquidation”), subject to shareholder approval in accordance with Maryland law and the charter of the Fund and subject to certain conditions. The Plan of Liquidation will be submitted for the approval of the Fund’s shareholders at a special shareholder meeting, which is expected to take place on or around May 27, 2021. If shareholders approve the liquidation and dissolution of the Fund pursuant to the Plan of Liquidation, and certain conditions are met, the liquidation is expected to occur by the 3rd quarter of 2021, but the liquidation may occur at an earlier or later date.
Management has evaluated events and transactions occurring after November 30, 2020 through the date that the financial statements were issued, and has determined that no additional disclosure in the financial statements is required.
26
COHEN & STEERS MLP INCOME AND ENERGY OPPORTUNITY FUND, INC.
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of
Cohen & Steers MLP Income and Energy Opportunity Fund, Inc.
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying statement of assets and liabilities, including the schedule of investments, of Cohen & Steers MLP Income and Energy Opportunity Fund, Inc. (the “Fund”) as of November 30, 2020, the related statements of operations and cash flows for the year ended November 30, 2020, the statement of changes in net assets for each of the two years in the period ended November 30, 2020, including the related notes, and the financial highlights for each of the five years in the period ended November 30, 2020 (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Fund as of November 30, 2020, the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year then ended, the changes in its net assets for each of the two years in the period ended November 30, 2020 and the financial highlights for each of the five years in the period ended November 30, 2020 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Fund’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Fund’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Fund in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits of these financial statements in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. Our procedures included confirmation of securities owned as of November 30, 2020 by correspondence with the custodian and transfer agent. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
/s/PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
New York, New York
January 26, 2021
We have served as the auditor of one or more investment companies in the Cohen & Steers family of mutual funds since 1991.
27
COHEN & STEERS MLP INCOME AND ENERGY OPPORTUNITY FUND, INC.
AVERAGE ANNUAL TOTAL RETURNS
(Periods ended November 30, 2020) (Unaudited)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Based on Net Asset Value | | | | | | Based on Market Value | |
One Year | | | 5 Years | | | Since Inception (3/26/13) | | | | | | One Year | | | 5 Years | | | Since Inception (3/26/13) | |
| –55.35% | | | | –18.81% | | | | –15.00% | | | | | | | | –63.47% | | | | –19.45% | | | | –17.67% | |
The performance data quoted represent past performance. Past performance is no guarantee of future results. The investment return will vary and the principal value of an investment will fluctuate and shares, if sold, may be worth more or less than their original cost. Current performance may be lower or higher than the performance data quoted. Performance results reflect the effect of leverage from utilization of borrowings under a credit agreement. Current total returns of the Fund can be obtained by visiting our website at cohenandsteers.com. The Fund’s returns assume the reinvestment of all dividends and distributions at prices obtained under the Fund’s dividend reinvestment plan.
REINVESTMENT PLAN
The Fund has a dividend reinvestment plan commonly referred to as an “opt-out” plan (the Plan). Each common shareholder who participates in the Plan will have all distributions of dividends and capital gains (Dividends) automatically reinvested in additional common shares by Computershare as agent (the Plan Agent). Shareholders who elect not to participate in the Plan will receive all Dividends in cash paid by check mailed directly to the shareholder of record (or if the shares are held in street or other nominee name, then to the nominee) by the Plan Agent, as dividend disbursing agent. Shareholders whose common shares are held in the name of a broker or nominee should contact the broker or nominee to determine whether and how they may participate in the Plan.
The Plan Agent serves as agent for the shareholders in administering the Plan. After the Fund declares a Dividend, the Plan Agent will, as agent for the shareholders, either: (i) receive the cash payment and use it to buy common shares in the open market, on the NYSE or elsewhere, for the participants’ accounts or (ii) distribute newly issued common shares of the Fund on behalf of the participants.
The Plan Agent will receive cash from the Fund with which to buy common shares in the open market if, on the Dividend payment date, NAV per share exceeds the market price per share plus estimated brokerage commissions on that date. The Plan Agent will receive the Dividend in newly issued common shares of the Fund if, on the Dividend payment date, the market price per share plus estimated brokerage commissions equals or exceeds the NAV per share of the Fund on that date. The number of shares to be issued will be computed at a per share rate equal to the greater of (i) the NAV or (ii) 95% of the closing market price per share on the payment date.
If the market price per share is less than the NAV on a Dividend payment date, the Plan Agent will have until the last business day before the next ex-dividend date for the common stock, but in no event more than 30 days after the Dividend payment date (as the case may be, the Purchase Period), to invest the Dividend amount in shares acquired in open market purchases. If at the close of business on any day during the Purchase Period on which NAV is calculated the NAV equals or is less than the market price per share plus estimated brokerage commissions, the Plan Agent will cease making open
28
COHEN & STEERS MLP INCOME AND ENERGY OPPORTUNITY FUND, INC.
market purchases and the uninvested portion of such Dividends shall be filled through the issuance of new shares of common stock from the Fund at the price set forth in the immediately preceding paragraph.
Participants in the Plan may withdraw from the Plan upon notice to the Plan Agent. Such withdrawal will be effective immediately if received not less than ten days prior to a Dividend record date; otherwise, it will be effective for all subsequent Dividends. If any participant elects to have the Plan Agent sell all or part of his or her shares and remit the proceeds, the Plan Agent is authorized to deduct a $15.00 fee plus $0.10 per share brokerage commissions.
The Plan Agent’s fees for the handling of reinvestment of Dividends will be paid by the Fund. However, each participant will pay a pro rata share of brokerage commissions incurred with respect to the Plan Agent’s open market purchases in connection with the reinvestment of Dividends. The automatic reinvestment of Dividends will not relieve participants of any income tax that may be payable or required to be withheld on such Dividends. The Fund reserves the right to amend or terminate the Plan. All correspondence concerning the Plan should be directed to the Plan Agent at 800-432-8224.
OTHER INFORMATION
A description of the policies and procedures that the Fund uses to determine how to vote proxies relating to portfolio securities is available (i) without charge, upon request, by calling 800-330-7348, (ii) on our website at cohenandsteers.com or (iii) on the Securities and Exchange Commission’s (the SEC) website at http://www.sec.gov. In addition, the Fund’s proxy voting record for the most recent 12-month period ended June 30 is available by August 31 of each year (i) without charge, upon request, by calling 800-330-7348 or (ii) on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.
Disclosures of the Fund’s complete holdings are required to be made monthly on Form N-PORT, with every third month made available to the public by the SEC 60 days after the end of the Fund’s fiscal quarter. Previously, the Fund filed its complete schedule of portfolio holdings with the SEC for the first and third quarters of each fiscal year on Form N-Q, which has now been rescinded. Both the Fund’s Form N-Q and Form N-PORT are available (i) without charge, upon request, by calling 800-330-7348 or (ii) on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.
Please note that distributions paid by the Fund to shareholders are subject to recharacterization for tax purposes and are taxable up to the amount of the Fund’s current or accumulated earnings and profits. Distributions in excess of the Fund’s current earnings and profits are a return of capital distributed from the Fund’s assets. The final tax treatment of all distributions is reported to shareholders on their 1099-DIV forms, which are mailed after the close of each calendar year. Distributions of capital decrease the Fund’s total assets and, therefore, could have the effect of increasing the Fund’s expense ratio. In addition, in order to make these distributions, the Fund may have to sell portfolio securities at a less than opportune time.
Notice is hereby given in accordance with Rule 23c-1 under the 1940 Act that the Fund may purchase, from time to time, shares of its common stock in the open market.
29
COHEN & STEERS MLP INCOME AND ENERGY OPPORTUNITY FUND, INC.
CURRENT INVESTMENT OBJECTIVES, PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT POLICIES AND PRINCIPAL RISKS OF THE FUND
The information contained herein is provided for informational purposes only and does not constitute a solicitation of an offer to buy or sell Fund shares.
Investment Objectives
The Fund’s investment objective is to provide attractive total return, comprised of high current income and price appreciation. The Fund seeks to achieve its investment objective by investing primarily in MLPs and Energy Investments. Unless otherwise indicated herein, the Fund’s investment objective and investment policies are considered nonfundamental and may be changed by the Fund’s Board of Directors (the Board of Directors) without shareholder approval. However, the Fund’s investment objective and its policy of investing at least 80% of its Managed Assets in MLPs and Energy Investments may only be changed upon 60 days’ prior written notice to holders of common shares or holders of preferred shares issued by the Fund, if any, as applicable. There can be no assurance that the Fund will achieve its investment objective.
Glossary of Key Terms
“MLPs” means energy-related master limited partnerships and limited liability companies that are publicly traded and treated as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Direct investments in MLPs may take the form of debt or equity, including, without limitation, common units, preferred units and convertible subordinated units. For purposes of the Fund’s investment policies, restrictions and limitations, MLPs may include affiliates of MLPs that are not treated as C corporations for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
“Energy Investments” means investments in the following: (i) securities of affiliates of MLPs, substantially all of whose assets consist of units or ownership interests of an affiliated MLP (which includes, without limitation, general partner interests, incentive distribution rights, common units and subordinated units), that are treated as C corporations and not as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes; (ii) exchange-traded notes whose returns are linked to the returns of MLPs or MLP indices; (iii) securities of exchange-traded, open-end or closed-end funds that invest primarily in MLPs or their affiliates; (iv) interests in royalty trusts; (v) securities of companies other than MLPs that derive at least 50% of their revenues from the exploration, development, production, gathering, transportation, processing, storage, refining, distribution, mining or marketing of natural gas, natural gas liquids (including propane), crude oil, refined petroleum products, coal or other energy sources and (vi) instruments that provide economic exposure to each type of investment listed in items (i) through (v) above, including derivative instruments such as, among others, forward contracts, futures and options thereon, options and swaps.
“Midstream Energy Companies” means (i) MLPs that principally own and operate assets used in transporting, storing, gathering, processing, distributing, marketing and/or delivering natural gas, natural gas liquids, crude oil or refined products or coal (Midstream Assets); and (ii) other energy infrastructure companies (other than MLPs which own and operate Midstream Assets) that own and operate Midstream Assets. Companies identified in item (ii) are not structured as MLPs and are generally taxed as corporations. For purposes of this definition, Midstream Energy Companies are
30
COHEN & STEERS MLP INCOME AND ENERGY OPPORTUNITY FUND, INC.
companies that (i) derive at least 50% of their revenues or operating income from operating Midstream Assets or (ii) have Midstream Assets that represent the majority of their assets.
Investment Strategies
Under normal market conditions, the Fund will invest at least 80% of its Managed Assets in MLPs and Energy Investments. “Managed Assets” are the Fund’s net assets, plus the principal amount of loans from financial institutions or debt securities issued by the Fund, the liquidation preference of any preferred shares issued by the Fund and the proceeds of any reverse repurchase agreements entered into by the Fund (Reverse Repurchase Agreements). The Fund may invest up to 15% of its Managed Assets in unregistered or private Energy Investments.
The Fund may invest up to 100% of its Managed Assets directly in equity or debt securities of MLPs. The Fund seeks to invest a significant portion of its assets in securities of Midstream Energy Companies.
The Fund seeks to invest primarily in MLPs and Energy Investments issued by entities organized in the United States. The Fund may also invest up to 50% of its Managed Assets in foreign securities, including emerging markets, of MLPs and Energy Investments and non-MLPs and Energy Investments. This 50% allocation may be in any of the securities and other investments described herein or in the Fund’s prospectus and the Statement of Additional Information (SAI).
The Fund may invest up to 20% of its Managed Assets in investments that are not MLPs or Energy Investments. These investments may include, but are not limited to, common and preferred stock and other equity securities; bonds, debentures, notes, and other debt obligations of U.S. and foreign (non-U.S.) corporate and other issuers, including U.S. Government securities and obligations of foreign governments or their sub-divisions, agencies and government sponsored enterprises; and derivative instruments, as well as any of the securities and other investments described herein or in the Fund’s prospectus and SAI.
The Fund may invest in securities of foreign issuers or sponsored and unsponsored depositary receipts for such securities. Depositary receipts may take the form of American Depositary Receipts (ADRs), Global Depositary Receipts (GDRs) and European Depositary Receipts (EDRs). Generally, an ADR in registered form is a dollar denominated security designed for use in the U.S. securities markets, which represents and may be converted into an underlying foreign security. GDRs, in bearer form, are designated for use outside the United States. EDRs, in bearer form, are designed for use in the European securities markets. The Fund may invest in foreign issuers in both developed and emerging markets.
The Fund may write (or sell) put or call options on indexes or securities with the intention of earning option premiums (Option Strategy). In addition, the Fund may write (or sell) call options if it desires to exit a position when the price of the underlying security rises to a particular level or it may write put options if it desires to acquire an investment at a price below the market price. The Fund may also engage in these transactions in an effort to profit from market movements. The options that the Fund writes may be covered or uncovered. The Fund may write listed/exchange-traded options contracts, as well as unlisted OTC options, particularly with respect to options on foreign securities or indexes. The extent to which the Fund uses the Option Strategy, if at all, will be based on market conditions and will vary from time to time. Under normal market conditions, the notional value of the uncovered (i.e., naked) call options written by the Fund will not exceed 20% of the value of the Fund’s Managed Assets.
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The Fund may, but is not required to, also use, without limit, various derivative transactions to seek to generate return, facilitate portfolio management and mitigate risks.
The Fund may invest in investment grade as well as below investment grade securities and, although not required to do so, will generally seek to maintain a minimum BBB- (or equivalent) weighted average senior debt rating of companies in which it invests. Although a company’s senior debt rating may be BBB- (or equivalent), an underlying security issued by such company in which the Fund invests may have a lower rating than BBB- (or equivalent). Below investment grade securities are also known as “high yield” or “junk” securities. The Fund may invest a significant portion of its assets in below investment grade securities, which have a greater risk of loss of principal and income than investment grade securities. However, the Fund does not currently seek to invest in securities that are in default at the time of purchase. The Fund may invest in debt securities without regard to their maturity or credit rating. The rate of interest on a debt obligation maybe fixed, floating or variable.
The Fund may invest in securities of closed-end funds, open-end funds, ETFs and other investment companies, including funds that invest primarily in MLPs and Energy Investments, to the extent permitted under Section 12(d)(1) of the 1940 Act and the rules thereunder, or any exemption granted under the 1940 Act.
The Fund may invest up to 20% of its Managed Assets in investments that may be illiquid (i.e. securities that may be difficult to sell at a desirable time or price), which. Such securities may include MLPs and Energy Investments and non-MLPs and non-Energy Investments. For this purpose, illiquid securities include, among others, securities that are illiquid by virtue of the absence of a readily available market or legal or contractual restrictions on resale. Securities that have legal or contractual restrictions on resale but have a readily available market are not deemed illiquid for purposes of this 20% limitation. The factors that will be considered include, but are not limited to (i) the nature of the market for a security (including the institutional private resale market; the frequency of trades and quotes for the security; the number of dealers willing to purchase or sell the security; the amount of time normally needed to dispose of the security; and the method of soliciting offers and the mechanics of transfer), (ii) the terms of certain securities or other instruments allowing for the disposition to a third party or the issuer thereof (e.g., certain repurchase obligations and demand instruments) and (iii) other permissible relevant factors.
In making investment decisions with respect to securities purchased by the Fund, the investment manager relies on a fundamental analysis of each company. Securities are evaluated for their potential to provide an attractive level of distributions. Their potential for capital appreciation is also evaluated. The investment advisor reviews each company’s potential for success in light of general economic and industry trends, as well as the company’s quality of management, financial condition, business plan, industry and sector market position, distribution coverage ratio and environmental, social and governance (ESG) factors. The investment advisor utilizes a value-oriented approach, and evaluates each company’s valuation on the basis of relative price to distributable cash flow multiples, distributable cash flow growth rate and distribution yield, among other metrics.
Temporary Defensive Positions. For temporary defensive purposes or to keep cash on hand fully invested, and following the offering of additional common shares issued by the Fund pending investment in securities that meet the Fund’s investment objective, the Fund may invest up to 100% of its total assets in cash, cash equivalents, government securities and short-term fixed income securities. When and to the extent the Fund assumes a temporary defensive position, the Fund may not pursue or achieve its investment objective.
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Use of Leverage
The Fund currently seeks to enhance the level of its current distributions to its common shareholders through the use of leverage. The Fund may use leverage through borrowings in aggregate amount of up to 331⁄3% of Managed Assets (under the 1940 Act, the Fund may borrow in an amount up to 331⁄3% of the Fund’s Managed Assets immediately after such borrowing) through borrowings, including loans from certain financial institutions and/or the issuance of debt securities (collectively, Borrowings). Although the Fund currently does not intend to do so, the Fund also may use leverage through the issuance of preferred shares (Preferred Shares) in an aggregate amount of up to 50% of the Fund’s Managed Assets as measured immediately after such issuance. In addition to Borrowings and the issuance of Preferred Shares, the Fund may enter into certain investment management strategies, such as Reverse Repurchase Agreements or derivatives transactions (collectively, effective leverage), to achieve leverage.
The Fund considers effective leverage to result from any investment strategy which is used to increase gross investment exposure in excess of the Fund’s net asset value. Effective leverage does not include exposure obtained for hedging purposes, from securities lending, or to manage the Fund’s interest rate exposure. The Fund will not enter into any leverage transaction if, immediately after such transaction, the Fund’s total leverage including any Borrowings and Preferred Shares and effective leverage incurred exceeds 50% of the Fund’s Managed Assets. It is possible that after entering into a leveraging transaction, the assets of the Fund decline due to market conditions such that this 50% limit will be exceeded. In that case, the leverage risk to common shareholders will increase. The Fund does not currently anticipate issuing any Preferred Shares and/or debt securities other than Borrowings.
There is no assurance that the Fund will utilize leverage or, if leverage is utilized, that it will be successful. The NAV of the common shares may be reduced by the issuance or incurrence of costs of any leverage. Through leveraging, the Fund will seek to obtain a higher return for shareholders than if the Fund did not utilize leverage. Leverage is a speculative technique and there are special risks and costs associated with leverage. There can be no assurance that a leveraging strategy will be successful during any period in which it is employed. When leverage is used, the NAV and market price of the common shares and the yield to shareholders will be more volatile. In addition, because the fees received by the investment advisor are based on the Managed Assets of the Fund (including the liquidation preference of Preferred Shares, if any, the principal amount of outstanding Borrowings and the proceeds of any Reverse Repurchase Agreements), the investment advisor has a financial incentive for the Fund to use certain forms of leverage (e.g., Borrowings, Preferred Shares and Reverse Repurchase Agreements), which may create a conflict of interest between the investment advisor, on the one hand, and the shareholders, on the other hand. See “Leverage Risk” below.
In order to seek to reduce interest rate risk if the Fund engages in leverage through Borrowings, the Fund may enter into interest rate swap transactions as to all or a portion of Fund leverage. The use of interest rate swaps is a highly specialized activity that involves investment techniques and risks different from those associated with ordinary portfolio security transactions. In an interest rate swap, the Fund would agree to pay to the other party to the interest rate swap (which is known as the “counterparty”) a fixed rate payment in exchange for the counterparty agreeing to pay to the Fund a variable rate payment that is intended to approximate the Fund’s variable rate payment obligation on leverage.
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So long as the Fund is able to realize a higher net return on its investment portfolio than the then-current cost of any leverage together with other related expenses, the effect of the leverage will be to cause shareholders to realize higher current net investment income than if the Fund were not leveraged. On the other hand, to the extent that the then current cost of any leverage, together with other related expenses, approaches the net return on the Fund’s investment portfolio, the benefit of leverage to shareholders will be reduced, and if the then-current cost of any leverage were to exceed the net return on the Fund’s portfolio, the Fund’s leveraged capital structure would result in a lower rate of return to shareholders than if the Fund were not leveraged. The use by the Fund of leverage through Reverse Repurchase Agreements involves additional risks, including the risk that the market value of the securities that the Fund is obligated to repurchase may decline below the repurchase price, the risk that the Fund will be required to sell securities at inopportune times or prices in order to repay leverage and the risk that the counterparty may be unable to return the securities to the Fund. See “Leverage Risk” below.
Effects of Leverage. Assuming that leverage in the form of Borrowings will represent up to 20% of the Fund’s Managed Assets and charge interest or involve payment at a rate set by an interest rate transaction at an annual average rate of approximately 3.4%, the income generated by the Fund’s portfolio (net of estimated expenses) must exceed 0.68% in order to cover such interest payments or payment rates and other expenses specifically related to leverage. Of course, these numbers are merely estimates, used for illustration. Actual interest, or payment rates may vary frequently and may be significantly higher or lower than the rate estimated above.
The following table is furnished in response to requirements of the SEC. It is designed to illustrate the effect of leverage on common share total return, assuming investment portfolio total returns (comprised of income and changes in the value of investments held in the Fund’s portfolio) of –10%, -5%, 0%, 5% and 10%. These assumed investment portfolio returns are hypothetical figures and are not necessarily indicative of the investment portfolio returns expected to be experienced by the Fund. The table assumes leverage in an aggregate amount equal to 20% of the Fund’s Managed Assets. See “Leverage Risk” below.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Assumed Portfolio Total Return | | | –10 | % | | | –5 | % | | | 0 | % | | | 5 | % | | | 10 | % |
Common Share Total Return | | | (13.4 | )% | | | (7.1 | )% | | | (0.9 | )% | | | 5.4 | % | | | 11.7 | % |
Common share total return is comprised of two elements—the net investment income of the Fund after paying expenses, including interest expenses on the Fund’s Borrowings as described above and dividend payments on any preferred shares issued by the Fund and gain and losses on the value of the securities the Fund owns. As required by the rules of the SEC, the table assumes the Fund is more likely to suffer capital losses than to enjoy capital appreciation. For example, to assume a total return of 0%, the Fund must assume that the income it receives on its investments is entirely offset by losses in the value of those securities.
Principal Risks of the Fund
The Fund is a non-diversified, closed-end management investment company designed primarily as a long-term investment and not as a trading vehicle. The Fund is not intended to be a complete investment program and, due to the uncertainty inherent in all investments, there can be no assurance that the Fund will achieve its investment objectives.
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Risk of Market Price Discount from Net Asset Value. Shares of closed-end investment companies frequently trade at a discount from their NAV. This characteristic is a risk separate and distinct from the risk that NAV could decrease as a result of investment activities. Whether investors will realize gains or losses upon the sale of the shares will depend not upon the Fund’s NAV but entirely upon whether the market price of the shares at the time of sale is above or below the investor’s purchase price for the shares. Because the market price of the shares is determined by factors such as relative supply of and demand for shares in the market, general market and economic conditions, and other factors beyond the control of the Fund, Fund shares may trade at, above or below NAV.
Investment Risk. An investment in the Fund is subject to investment risk, including the possible loss of the entire principal amount that you invest.
Market Risk. Your investment in the Fund represents an indirect investment in the securities owned by the Fund, a significant portion of which are traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter (OTC) markets. The value of these securities, like other investments, may move up or down, sometimes rapidly and unpredictably. The Fund may utilize leverage, which magnifies this risk. Your shares at any point in time may be worth less than what you invested, even after taking into account the reinvestment of Fund dividends and distributions. See “Leverage Risk” below.
Current Market Volatility Risk. The Fund’s strategy of focusing its investments in MLPs and Energy Investments means that the performance of the Fund will be closely tied to the performance of the energy infrastructure industry. Recent market volatility in the energy markets, including price decreases connected to the COVID-19 virus, has significantly affected the performance of the energy infrastructure industry, as well as the performance of the MLPs and Energy Investments in which the Fund invests. In addition, volatility in the energy markets may affect the ability of MLPs and Energy Investments to finance capital expenditures and new acquisitions and to maintain or increase distributions to investors due to a lack of access to capital.
More recently, the rapid and global spread of a highly contagious respiratory disease has resulted in restrictions on international and, in some cases, local travel, temporary shuttering of various businesses, strained healthcare systems, disruptions to supply chains, consumer demand and employee availability, and widespread uncertainty regarding the duration and long-term effects of this pandemic. In addition, a pandemic or widespread public health event may result in a sustained economic downturn or a global recession, domestic and foreign political and social instability, damage to diplomatic and international trade relations and increased volatility and/or decreased liquidity in the securities markets. Economies and financial markets throughout the world are increasingly interconnected. As a result, whether or not the Fund invests in securities of issuers located in or with significant exposure to the countries directly affected, the value and liquidity of the Fund’s investments may be negatively affected. The U.S. government and the Federal Reserve, as well as certain foreign governments and central banks, are taking steps to support financial markets, including by keeping interest rates at historically low levels. This and other government intervention may not work as intended, particularly if the efforts are perceived by investors as being unlikely to achieve the desired results.
MLPs and Energy Investments Risks.
| • | | Limited Partner Risk. An investment in MLPs involves risks that differ from a similar investment in equity securities, such as common stock, of a corporation. Holders of equity securities issued by MLPs have the rights typically afforded to limited partners in a limited partnership. As |
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| compared to common shareholders of a corporation, holders of such equity securities have more limited control and limited rights to vote on matters affecting the partnership. There are certain tax risks associated with an investment in certain MLP units. Additionally, conflicts of interest may exist among common unit holders, subordinated unit holders and the general partner or managing member of an MLP; for example, a conflict may arise as a result of incentive distribution payments. |
| • | | Affiliated Party Risk. Certain MLPs in which the Fund may invest depend upon their parent or sponsor entities for the majority of their revenues. If their parent or sponsor entities fail to make such payments or satisfy their obligations, the revenues and cash flows of such MLPs and ability of such MLPs to make distributions to unit holders, such as the Fund, would be adversely affected. |
| • | | General Equity Securities Risk. Equity securities issued by MLPs also are subject to the risks associated with all equity investments, including the risk that the value of such securities will fall due to general market or economic conditions, perceptions regarding the industries in which the issuers of securities held by the Fund participate, changes in interest rates, and the particular circumstances and performance of particular companies whose securities the Fund holds. The price of an equity security of an issuer may be particularly sensitive to general movements in the stock market, or a drop in the stock market may depress the price of most or all of the equity securities held by the Fund. In addition, equity securities of MLPs and MLP affiliates held by the Fund may decline in price if the issuer fails to make anticipated distributions or dividend payments because, among other reasons, the issuer experiences a decline in its financial condition. |
| • | | MLP Subordinated Units. MLP subordinated units are MLP units that are subordinate in the capital structure to common units. The Fund will typically purchase MLP subordinated units through negotiated transactions directly with affiliates of MLPs and institutional holders of such units or will purchase newly-issued subordinated units directly from MLPs. Holders of MLP subordinated units are typically entitled to receive minimum quarterly distributions (MQDs) after payments to holders of common units have been satisfied and prior to incentive distributions to the general partner or managing member. MLP subordinated units do not typically provide arrearage rights. MLP subordinated units typically are convertible to MLP common units at a one-to-one ratio. The price of MLP subordinated units is typically tied to the price of the corresponding MLP common unit, less a discount. The size of the discount depends upon a variety of factors, including the likelihood of conversion, the length of time remaining until conversion and the size of the block of subordinated units being purchased or sold. |
| • | | Debt Securities. Debt securities issued by MLPs are subject to the risks associated with all debt investments, including interest rate risk, credit risk and lower rated securities risk. Interest rate risk is the risk that bond prices will decline because of rising interest rates. Credit risk is the risk that a security in the Fund’s portfolio will decline in price or the issuer will fail to make dividend, interest or principal payments when due because the issuer of the security experiences a decline in its financial status. Lower rated securities generally involve greater volatility of price and risk of loss of income and principal, and may be more susceptible to real or perceived adverse economic and competitive industry conditions than higher grade securities. |
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| • | | MLP Affiliates and MLP I-Shares. Affiliates of MLPs, such as general partners or managing members of MLPs, may issue equity securities in which the Fund may invest. Many issuers of such equity securities are treated as C corporations for U.S. federal income tax purposes and such securities therefore will have different tax characteristics than securities of QPTPs. MLP I-Shares are securities issued by MLP affiliates that use the proceeds from the sale of MLP I-Shares to purchase limited partnership interests in the MLP in the form of MLP i-units. Securities of MLP affiliates and MLP I-Shares represent an indirect investment in the equity securities of MLPs. Prices and volatilities of the securities of MLP affiliates and MLP I-Shares tend to correlate to the price of MLP common units. Holders of the securities of MLP affiliates and MLP I-Shares are therefore subject to the same risks as holders of equity securities of MLPs. |
| • | | MLP Funds. An investment in the shares of another fund is subject to the risks associated with that fund’s portfolio securities. To the extent the Fund invests in shares of another fund, Fund shareholders would indirectly pay a portion of that fund’s expenses, including advisory fees, brokerage and other distribution expenses. These fees and expenses are in addition to the direct expenses of the Fund’s own operations. |
| • | | ETNs. An ETN is typically an unsecured, unsubordinated debt security issued by a sponsoring institution, which may include a government entity, financial institution or corporation. ETNs are subject to the credit risk of the sponsoring institution as well as market risk. ETNs that track the performance of MLPs or MLP indices are also subject to the risks applicable to investments in MLPs. |
Energy Sector Risks. The Fund will be subject to more risks related to the energy sector than if the Fund were more broadly diversified over numerous sectors of the economy. A downturn in the energy sector of the economy could have a larger impact on the Fund than on an investment company that does not concentrate in the sector. At times, the performance of securities of companies in the sector has lagged the performance of other sectors or the broader market as a whole. Recent uncertainty in the energy markets has had an adverse effect on energy-related securities, including MLPs, and it is unclear when these markets may stabilize. In addition, there are several specific risks associated with investments in the energy sector, including the following:
| • | | Fluctuations in commodity prices may impact the volume of commodities transported, processed, stored or distributed. |
| • | | Reduced volumes of natural gas or other energy commodities available for transporting, processing, storing or distributing may affect the profitability of MLPs and Energy Investments. |
| • | | Slowdowns in new construction and acquisitions can limit growth potential. |
| • | | A sustained reduced demand for crude oil, natural gas and refined petroleum products that could adversely affect revenues and cash flows. |
| • | | Depletion of the natural gas reserves or other commodities if not replaced, which could impact the ability of MLPs and Energy Investments to make distributions. |
| • | | Changes in the regulatory environment could adversely affect the profitability of MLPs and Energy Investments. |
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| • | | Extreme weather or other natural disasters could impact the value of MLPs and Energy Investments. |
| • | | Rising interest rates which could result in a higher cost of capital and divert investors into other investment opportunities. |
| • | | Threats of attack by terrorists on energy assets could impact the market for MLPs and Energy Investments. |
| • | | Weakening energy market fundamentals may increase counterparty risk and impact MLP profitability. Specifically, energy companies suffering financial distress may be able to abrogate contracts with MLPs, decreasing or eliminating sources of revenue. |
Interest Rate Risk to MLPs and Energy Investments. Rising interest rates could increase the costs of capital thereby increasing operating costs and reducing the ability of MLPs and other entities operating in the energy sector to carry out acquisitions or expansions in a cost-effective manner. As a result, rising interest rates could negatively affect the financial performance of MLPs and other entities operating in the energy sector. Rising interest rates may also impact the price of the securities of MLPs and other entities operating in the energy sector as the yields on alternative investments increase. These risks may be greater in the current market environment because certain interest rates are at historically low levels.
Industry Specific Risks. MLPs and other entities operating in the energy sector are also subject to risks that are specific to the industry within that sector they serve. These sectors include pipelines, gathering and processing, midstream, exploration and production, propane, coal and marine shipping.
Liquidity Risk. Liquidity risk is the risk that particular investments of the Fund may become difficult to sell or purchase. Although the equity securities, including those of the MLPs, in which the Fund invests generally trade on major stock exchanges, certain securities may trade less frequently, particularly those of MLPs and other issuers with smaller capitalizations. Securities with limited trading volumes may display volatile or erratic price movements. The market for certain investments may become less liquid or illiquid due to adverse changes in the conditions of a particular issuer or due to adverse market or economic conditions. Also, the Fund may be one of the largest investors in certain sub-sectors of the energy or natural resource sectors. Thus, it may be more difficult for the Fund to buy and sell significant amounts of such securities without an unfavorable impact on prevailing market prices. Larger purchases or sales of these securities by the Fund in a short period of time may cause abnormal movements in the market price of these securities. As a result, these securities may be difficult to dispose of at a fair price at the times when the Advisor believes it is desirable to do so.
Natural Resources Risk. The natural resources sector includes companies principally engaged in owning or developing non-energy natural resources (including timber and minerals) and industrial materials, or supplying goods or services to such companies. The Fund’s investments in MLPs and other entities operating in the natural resources sector will be subject to the risk that prices of these securities may fluctuate widely in response to the level and volatility of commodity prices; exchange rates; import controls; domestic and global competition; environmental regulation and liability for environmental damage; mandated expenditures for safety or pollution control; the success of exploration projects; depletion of resources; tax policies; and other governmental regulation. For example, events occurring in nature (such as earthquakes or fires in prime natural resource areas) and political events (such as coups, military confrontations or acts of terrorism) can affect the overall supply
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of a natural resource and the value of companies involved in such natural resource. Political risks and the other risks to which foreign securities are subject may also affect domestic natural resource companies if they have significant operations or investments in foreign countries. Rising interest rates and general economic conditions may also affect the demand for natural resources.
Small Capitalization Risk. The Fund expects to invest in securities of MLPs and other issuers that have comparatively smaller capitalizations relative to issuers whose securities are included in major benchmark indexes, which presents unique investment risks. These companies often have limited product lines, markets, distribution channels or financial resources, and the management of such companies may be dependent upon one or a few key people. The market movements of equity securities issued by MLPs and other issuers with smaller capitalizations may be more abrupt or erratic than the market movements of equity securities of larger, more established companies or the stock market in general. Historically, smaller capitalization companies have sometimes gone through extended periods when they did not perform as well as larger companies. In addition, equity securities of smaller capitalization companies generally are less liquid than those of larger companies. This means that the Fund could have greater difficulty selling such securities at the time and price that the Fund would like.
Competition Risk. A number of alternatives to the Fund as vehicles for investment in a portfolio of MLPs and Energy Investments currently exist, including other publicly traded investment companies, structured notes and private funds. These competitive conditions may adversely impact our ability to meet our investment objective, which in turn could adversely impact our ability to make distributions.
Cash Flow Risk. The Fund expects that a substantial portion of the cash flow it receives will be derived from its Energy and MLP Investments. The amount and tax characterization of cash available for distribution by an MLP depends upon the amount of cash generated by such entity’s operations. Cash available for distribution by MLPs will vary widely from quarter to quarter and is affected by various factors affecting the entity’s operations. In addition to the risks described herein, operating costs, capital expenditures, acquisition costs, construction costs, exploration costs and borrowing costs may reduce the amount of cash that an MLP has available for distribution in a given period.
Capital Markets Risk. Global financial markets and economic conditions have been, and continue to be, volatile due to a variety of factors, including significant write-offs in the financial services sector. As a result, the cost of raising capital in the debt and equity capital markets has increased substantially while the ability to raise capital from those markets has diminished significantly. In particular, as a result of concerns about the general stability of financial markets and specifically the solvency of lending counterparties, the cost of raising capital from the credit markets generally has increased as many lenders and institutional investors have increased interest rates, enacted tighter lending standards, refused to refinance debt on existing terms or at all and reduced, or in some cases ceased to provide, funding to borrowers. In addition, lending counterparties under existing revolving credit facilities and other debt instruments may be unwilling or unable to meet their funding obligations. Due to these factors, MLPs or other issuers may be unable to obtain new debt or equity financing on acceptable terms or at all. If funding is not available when needed, or is available only on unfavorable terms, MLPs or other issuers may not be able to meet their obligations as they come due. Moreover, without adequate funding, MLPs or other issuers may be unable to execute their growth strategies, complete future acquisitions, take advantage of other business opportunities or respond to competitive pressures, any of which could have a material adverse effect on their revenues and results of operations.
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Common Stock Risk. While common stocks have historically generated higher average returns than fixed-income securities over the long-term, common stocks have also experienced significantly more volatility in those returns, although under certain market conditions, fixed-income investments may have comparable or greater price volatility. The value of common stocks and other equity securities will fluctuate in response to developments concerning the company, political and regulatory circumstances, the stock market, and the economy. In the short term, stock prices can fluctuate dramatically in response to these developments. Different parts of the market and different types of equity securities can react differently to these developments. For example, stocks of large companies can react differently than stocks of smaller companies, and value stocks (stocks of companies that are undervalued by various measures and have potential for long-term capital appreciation), can react differently from growth stocks (stocks of companies with attractive cash flow returns on invested capital and earnings that are expected to grow). These developments can affect a single company, all companies within the same industry, economic sector or geographic region, or the stock market as a whole.
Convertible Securities Risk. Although to a lesser extent than with non-convertible fixed-income securities, the market value of convertible securities tends to decline as interest rates increase and, conversely, tends to increase as interest rates decline. In addition, because of the conversion feature, the market value of convertible securities tends to vary with fluctuations in the market value of the underlying common stock. A unique feature of convertible securities is that as the market price of the underlying common stock declines, convertible securities tend to trade increasingly on a yield basis, and so may not experience market value declines to the same extent as the underlying common stock. When the market price of the underlying common stock increases, the prices of the convertible securities tend to rise as a reflection of the value of the underlying common stock. While no securities investments are without risk, investments in convertible securities generally entail less risk than investments in common stock of the same issuer.
Preferred Securities Risk. Preferred securities are subject to credit risk, which is the risk that a security will decline in price, or the issuer of the security will fail to make dividend, interest or principal payments when due, because the issuer experiences a decline in its financial status. Preferred securities are also subject to interest rate risk and may decline in value because of changes in market interest rates. The Fund may be subject to a greater risk of rising interest rates than would normally be the case in an environment of low interest rates and the effect of potential government fiscal policy initiatives and resulting market reaction to those initiatives. In addition, an issuer may be permitted to defer or omit distributions. Preferred securities are also generally subordinated to bonds and other debt instruments in a company’s capital structure. During periods of declining interest rates, an issuer maybe able to exercise an option to redeem (call) its issue at par earlier than scheduled, and the Fund may be forced to reinvest in lower yielding securities. Certain preferred securities may be substantially less liquid than many other securities, such as common stocks. Generally, preferred security holders have no voting rights with respect to the issuing company unless certain events occur. Certain preferred securities may give the issuers special redemption rights allowing the securities to be redeemed prior toa specified date if certain events occur, such as changes to tax or securities laws.
Royalty and Income Trust Risk. Royalty and income trusts generally make single-sector or even single-enterprise investments, and their investments are therefore sensitive to business cycles, particularly real estate or commodities trusts. Certain trusts may be considered partnerships and their
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interests may not provide the same limited liability protection as common stocks. Distributions from these trusts may include return of capital invested and, since valuation of a trust’s unit is often driven by a multiple of the entire distribution, units of a trust distributing returns of capital may be priced above their economic value. Royalty trusts and income trusts do not guarantee minimum distributions or even return of capital, and if a trust’s investments lose money, the trust can reduce or even eliminate distributions, which will typically be accompanied by a loss in the market value of trust units. To the extent these trusts pay out more than their net income (returns of capital), the trusts’ capital will decline over time. To the extent that the value of royalty trusts or income trusts is driven by the deferral or reduction of tax, any change in government tax regulations to remove the benefit will reduce the trusts’ market value. Royalty trusts and income trusts frequently are found in Canada, and an investment in a Canadian trust will be subject to certain additional risks of investing in foreign securities.
Interest Rate Risk. Interest rate risk is the risk that fixed-income securities such as debt securities and preferred securities, and to a lesser extent dividend-paying common stocks, will decline in value because of changes in market interest rates. When market interest rates rise, the market value of such securities generally will fall. The Fund’s investment in such securities means that the net asset value and market price of the Fund’s shares may tend to decline if market interest rates rise. In addition, if interest rates rise, the cost of borrowings or other leverage may increase, which could reduce dividends paid to common shareholders and adversely affect the Fund’s net asset value. These risks may be greater in the current market environment because certain interest rates are at historically low levels. During periods of declining interest rates, an issuer may be able to exercise an option to prepay principal earlier than scheduled, which is generally known as call or prepayment risk. If this occurs, the Fund may be forced to reinvest in lower yielding securities. This is known as reinvestment risk. Preferred and debt securities frequently have call features that allow the issuer to repurchase the security prior to its stated maturity. An issuer may redeem an obligation if the issuer can refinance the debt at a lower cost due to declining interest rates or an improvement in the credit standing of the issuer. During periods of rising interest rates, the average life of certain types of securities may be extended because of slower than expected principal payments. This may lock in a below market interest rate, increase the security’s duration and reduce the value of the security. This is known as extension risk.
Interest Rate Transactions Risk. The Fund may enter into a swap or cap transaction to attempt to protect itself from increasing dividend or interest expenses resulting from increasing short-term interest rates. A decline in interest rates may result in a decline in the value of the swap or cap, which may result in a decline in the net asset value of the Fund. A sudden and dramatic decline in interest rates may result in a significant decline in the net asset value of the Fund.
Credit and Below Investment Grade Securities Risk. Credit risk is the risk that a security in the Fund’s portfolio will decline in price or the issuer will fail to make dividend, interest or principal payments when due because the issuer of the security experiences a decline in its financial status. Preferred securities normally are subordinated to bonds and other debt instruments in a company’s capital structure, in terms of priority to corporate income and claim to corporate assets, and therefore will be subject to greater credit risk than debt instruments.
The Fund may invest in securities that are rated below investment grade or equivalent unrated securities. Below investment grade securities generally involve greater volatility of price and risk of loss of income and principal, and may be more susceptible to real or perceived adverse economic and competitive industry conditions than higher grade securities. Such securities may face major ongoing
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uncertainties or exposure to adverse business, financial or economic conditions which could lead to inadequate capacity to meet timely interest and principal payments. It is reasonable to expect that any adverse economic condition could disrupt the market for below investment grade securities, have an adverse impact on the value of those securities and adversely affect the ability of the issuers of those securities to repay principal and interest on those securities.
Foreign (Non-U.S.) Securities and Emerging Markets Risk. Risks of investing in foreign securities, which can be expected to be greater for investments in emerging markets, include currency risks, future political and economic developments and possible imposition of foreign withholding or other taxes on income or proceeds payable on the securities. In addition, there may be less publicly available information about a foreign issuer than about a domestic issuer, and foreign issuers may not be subject to the same accounting, auditing and financial recordkeeping standards and requirements as domestic issuers.
Securities of companies in emerging markets may be more volatile than those of companies in more developed markets. Emerging market countries generally have less developed markets and economies and, in some countries, less mature governments and governmental institutions. Political developments in foreign countries or the United States may at times subject such countries to sanctions from the U.S. government, foreign governments and/or international institutions that could negatively affect a Fund’s investments in issuers located in, doing business in or with assets in such countries. Investing in securities of companies in emerging markets may entail special risks relating to potential economic, political or social instability and the risks of expropriation, nationalization, confiscation, trade sanctions or embargoes or the imposition of restrictions on foreign investment, the lack of hedging instruments, and repatriation of capital invested. The securities and real estate markets of some emerging market countries have in the past experienced substantial market disruptions and may do so in the future. The economies of many emerging market countries may be heavily dependent on international trade and have thus been, and may continue to be, adversely affected by trade barriers, foreign exchange controls and other protectionist measures imposed or negotiated by the countries with which they wish to trade.
Foreign Currency and Currency Hedging Risk. Although the Fund will report its net asset value (“NAV”) and pay dividends in U.S. dollars, foreign securities often are purchased with and make any dividend and interest payments in foreign currencies. Therefore, the Fund’s investments in foreign securities will be subject to foreign currency risk, which means that the Fund’s NAV could decline solely as a result of changes in the exchange rates between foreign currencies and the U.S. dollar. Certain foreign countries may impose restrictions on the ability of issuers of foreign securities to make payment of principal, dividends and interest to investors located outside the country, due to blockage of foreign currency exchanges or otherwise. The Fund may, but is not required to, engage in various investments that are designed to hedge the Fund’s foreign currency risks, including foreign currency forward contracts, foreign currency futures contracts, put and call options on foreign currencies and foreign currency swaps. Such transactions may reduce returns or increase volatility, perhaps substantially.
Other Investment Companies Risk. To the extent the Fund invests a portion of its assets in investment companies, including open-end funds, closed-end funds, ETFs and other types of pooled investment funds, those assets will be subject to the risks of the purchased investment companies’ portfolio securities, and a shareholder in the Fund will bear not only his or her proportionate share of the Fund’s expenses, but also indirectly the expenses of the purchased investment companies.
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Shareholders would therefore be subject to duplicative expenses to the extent the Fund invests in other investment companies. Risks associated with investments in closed-end funds also generally include the risks associated with the Fund’s structure as a closed-end investment company, including market risk, leverage risk, risk of market price discount from NAV, risk of anti-takeover provisions and non-diversification. In addition, investments in closed-end funds may be subject to dilution risk, which is the risk that strategies employed by a closed-end fund, such as rights offerings, may, under certain circumstances, have the effect of reducing its share price and the Fund’s proportionate interest. In addition, restrictions under the 1940 Act may limit the Fund’s ability to invest in other investment companies to the extent desired.
The SEC has adopted Rule 12d1-4 permitting fund of fund arrangements subject to various conditions, and rescinding the present rule and certain exemptive relief previously granted. Once in effect, Rule 12d1-4 may adversely affect the Fund’s ability to invest in other investment companies and could also significantly affect the Fund’s ability to redeem its investments in other investment companies, making such investments less attractive. The effects of rule and other regulatory changes are not known as of the date of this report, but they could cause the Fund to incur losses, realize taxable gains distributable to shareholders, incur greater or unexpected expenses or experience other adverse consequences.
Derivatives and Hedging Transactions Risk. The use of derivatives, including for the purpose of hedging interest rate or foreign currency risks, presents risks different from, and possibly greater than, the risks associated with investing directly in traditional securities. Among the risks presented are market risk, credit risk, counterparty risk, financial leverage risk, liquidity risk, OTC trading risk and tracking risk. The use of derivatives can lead to losses because of adverse movements in the price or value of the underlying asset, index or rate, which may be magnified by certain features of the derivatives.
The SEC has recently adopted a rule relating to a registered investment company’s use of derivatives and related instruments that could potentially require the Fund to observe more stringent asset coverage and related requirements than are currently imposed by the 1940 Act, which could adversely affect the value or performance of the Fund. The new rule will replace present SEC and SEC staff regulatory guidance related to limits on a registered investment company’s use of derivative instruments and certain other transactions, such as short sales and Reverse Repurchase Agreements. The rule, among other things, will limit the ability of the Fund to enter into derivative transactions and certain other transactions, which may substantially curtail the Fund’s ability to use derivative instruments and inhibit the investment manager’s ability to establish what it views as the optimal level of leverage for the Fund, especially when the Fund has issued preferred shares or has borrowings, Reverse Repurchase Agreements or similar transactions outstanding. The European Union (and some other countries) also have adopted regulations relating to the use of derivatives, which will affect the Fund when it enters into a derivatives transaction with a counterparty organized in that country or otherwise subject to that country’s derivatives regulations. Because these regulations are new and evolving (and some of the rules are not yet final), their impact remains unclear. These regulations have the potential to increase the costs of using derivatives, may limit the availability of some forms of derivatives or the Fund’s ability to use derivatives, and may adversely affect the performance of some derivative instruments used by the Fund as well as the Fund’s ability to pursue its investment objectives through the use of such instruments.
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Option Strategy Risk. There are various risks associated with the Fund’s Option Strategy, including risks from writing covered call options, writing naked call options and writing put options. The Fund’s ability to use options as part of its investment program depends on the liquidity of the markets in those instruments. In addition, there can be no assurance that a liquid market will exist when the Fund seeks to close out an option position. If the Fund were unable to close out an option that it had purchased on a security, it would have to exercise the option in order to realize any profit or the option may expire worthless.
When the Fund writes listed or exchange-traded options, a liquid secondary market may not exist on an exchange when the Fund seeks to close out an option position. The value of options written by the Fund may be adversely affected if the market for the option is reduced or becomes illiquid. If trading were discontinued, the secondary market on that exchange (or in that class or series of options) would cease to exist.
The Fund may also write unlisted OTC options, which differ from listed or exchange-traded options in that they are two-party contracts, with price and other terms negotiated between buyer and seller, and generally do not have as much market liquidity as exchange-traded options. In addition, the Fund’s ability to terminate OTC options may be more limited than with exchange-traded options. In the event of default or insolvency of the counterparty, the Fund may be unable to liquidate an OTC option position.
Counterparty Risk. The Fund will be subject to credit risk with respect to the counterparties to derivatives transactions entered into by the Fund. If a counterparty, including a futures commission merchant or central clearing party, becomes bankrupt or otherwise fails to perform its obligations under a derivative contract due to financial difficulties, the Fund may experience significant delays in obtaining any recovery under the derivative contract in bankruptcy or other reorganization proceeding. The Fund may obtain only a limited recovery or may obtain no recovery in such circumstances.
Restricted and Illiquid Securities Risk. The Fund may invest in investments that may be illiquid (i.e., securities that may be difficult to sell at a desirable time or price). Illiquid securities are securities that are not readily marketable and may include some restricted securities, which are securities that may not be resold to the public without an effective registration statement under the Securities Act of 1933 or, if they are unregistered, may be sold only in a privately negotiated transaction or pursuant to an exemption from registration. Illiquid investments involve the risk that the securities will not be able to be sold at the time desired by the Fund or at prices approximating the value at which the Fund is carrying the securities on its books. Such securities may include MLPs and Energy Investments and non-MLPs and Energy Investments.
Leverage Risk. The use of leverage is a speculative technique and there are special risks and costs associated with leverage. The NAV of the Fund’s shares may be reduced by the issuance and ongoing costs of leverage. So long as the Fund is able to invest in securities that produce an investment yield that is greater than the total cost of leverage, the leverage strategy will produce higher current net investment income for the shareholders. On the other hand, to the extent that the total cost of leverage exceeds the incremental income gained from employing such leverage, shareholders would realize lower net investment income. In addition to the impact on net income, the use of leverage will have an effect of magnifying capital appreciation or depreciation for shareholders. Specifically, in an up market, leverage will typically generate greater capital appreciation than if the Fund were not employing leverage. Conversely, in down markets, the use of leverage will generally result in greater capital depreciation than if the Fund had been unlevered. To the extent that the Fund is required or elects to
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reduce its leverage, the Fund may incur applicable breakage fees under the Fund’s credit arrangement and may need to liquidate investments, including under adverse economic conditions which may result in capital losses potentially reducing returns to shareholders. The use of leverage also results in the investment advisory fees payable to the investment advisor being higher than if the Fund did not use leverage and can increase operating costs, which may reduce total return. There can be no assurance that a leveraging strategy will be successful during any period in which it is employed.
Exchange-Traded Notes (ETNs) Risk. The value of an ETN may be influenced by, among other things, time to maturity, level of supply and demand for the ETN, volatility and lack of liquidity in underlying markets, changes in the applicable interest rates, the performance of the reference instrument, changes in the issuer’s credit rating and economic, legal, political or geographic events that affect the reference instrument. An ETN that is tied to a reference instrument may not replicate the performance of the reference instrument. ETNs also incur certain expenses not incurred by their applicable reference instrument. Some ETNs can, at times, be relatively illiquid and, thus, they may be difficult to purchase or sell at a fair price. Levered ETNs are subject to the same risk as other instruments that use leverage in any form. While leverage allows for greater potential return, the potential for loss is also greater (including the likelihood of greater volatility of the Fund’s net asset value (“NAV”)). Because the return on the ETN is dependent on the issuer’s ability or willingness to meet its obligations, the value of the ETN may change due to factors impacting the issuer (such as changes in the issuer’s credit rating) even if there are no changes in the underlying reference instrument. The market value of ETN shares may differ from the value of the reference instrument. This difference in price may be due to the fact that the supply and demand in the market for ETN shares at any point in time is not always identical to the supply and demand in the market for the assets underlying the reference instrument that the ETN seeks to track. There may be restrictions on the Fund’s right to redeem its investment in an ETN, which are generally meant to be held until maturity. The Fund’s decision to sell its ETN holdings may be limited by the availability of a secondary market. An investor in an ETN could lose some or all of the amount invested.
Tax Risk.
| • | | Fund Structure Risk. Unlike traditional mutual funds that are structured as regulated investment companies for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the Fund will be taxable as a regular corporation, or “C” corporation, for U.S. federal income tax purposes. This means the Fund generally will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on its taxable income at the rates applicable to corporations, and will also be subject to state and local income taxes. |
| • | | MLP Tax Risk. MLPs are generally treated as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Partnerships do not pay U.S. federal income tax at the partnership level. Rather, each partner is allocated a share of the partnership’s income, gains, losses, deductions and expenses. If cash distributions from the MLP exceed the taxable income reported in a particular tax year, the excess cash distributions to the Fund would be treated as a return of capital and the Fund’s adjusted tax basis in its interests of the MLP will be reduced, which may increase the Fund’s tax liability upon the sale of the interests in the MLP or upon subsequent distributions in respect of such interests. A change in current tax law or a change in the underlying business mix of a given MLP could result in an MLP being treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, which would result in the MLP being required to pay U.S. federal income tax (as well |
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| as state and local income taxes) on its taxable income. This would have the effect of reducing the amount of cash available for distribution by the MLP and could result in a reduction in the value of the Fund’s investment in the MLP and lower income to the Fund. |
| • | | Tax Estimation/NAV Risk. In calculating the Fund’s daily NAV, the Fund will, among other things, include its current taxes, deferred tax liability and/or deferred tax asset balances and related valuation balances, if any. The Fund may accrue a deferred income tax liability balance, at the currently effective statutory U.S. federal income tax rate (currently 21%) plus an estimated state and local income tax rate, for its future tax liability associated with the capital appreciation of its investments and the distributions received by the Fund on interests of MLPs considered to be return of capital and for any net operating gains. Any deferred tax liability balance will reduce a Fund’s NAV which could have an effect on the market price of the shares. The Fund may also record a deferred tax asset balance, which reflects an estimate of the Fund’s potential future tax benefits, such as net operating losses and/or unrealized losses and capital loss carryforwards. Any deferred tax asset balance will increase the Fund’s NAV to the extent it exceeds any valuation allowance reducing the value of the deferred tax asset which could have an effect on the market price of the shares. The Fund will rely to some extent on information provided by MLPs, which may not be provided to the Fund on a timely basis, to estimate current taxes and deferred tax liability and/or asset balances for purposes of financial statement reporting and determining its NAV. The daily estimate of a Fund’s current taxes and deferred tax liability and/or deferred tax asset balances used to calculate the Fund’s NAV could vary significantly from the Fund’s actual tax liability or benefit, and, as a result, the determination of the Fund’s actual tax liability or benefit may have a material impact on the Fund’s NAV. From time to time, the Fund may modify its estimates or assumptions regarding its current taxes and deferred tax liability and/or deferred tax asset balances as new information becomes available, which modifications in estimates or assumptions may have a material impact on the Fund’s NAV. |
Active Management Risk. As an actively managed portfolio, the value of the Fund’s investments could decline because the financial condition of an issuer may change (due to such factors as management performance, reduced demand or overall market changes), financial markets may fluctuate or overall prices may decline, or the Advisor’s investment techniques could fail to achieve the Fund’s investment objective or negatively affect the Fund’s investment performance.
Non-Diversified Status. As a “non-diversified” investment company, the Fund can invest in fewer individual companies than a diversified investment company. As a result, the Fund is more susceptible to any single political, regulatory or economic occurrence and to the financial condition of individual issuers in which it invests. The Fund’s relative lack of diversity may subject investors to greater risk of loss than a fund that has a diversified portfolio.
Portfolio Turnover Risk. The Fund may engage in portfolio trading when considered appropriate, but short-term trading will not be used as the primary means of achieving the Fund’s investment objectives. There are no limits on portfolio turnover, and investments may be sold without regard to length of time held when, in the opinion of the investment manager, investment considerations warrant such action. A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account.
Anti-Takeover Provisions. Certain provisions of the Fund’s Articles of Incorporation and By-Laws could have the effect of limiting the ability of other entities or persons to acquire control of the Fund or to
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modify the Fund’s structure. The provisions may have the effect of depriving you of an opportunity to sell your shares at a premium over prevailing market prices and may have the effect of inhibiting conversion of the Fund to an open-end investment company.
Geopolitical Risk. Occurrence of global events similar to those in recent years, such as war, terrorist attacks, natural or environmental disasters, country instability, infectious disease epidemics, such as that caused by the COVID-19 virus, market instability, debt crises and downgrades, embargoes, tariffs, sanctions and other trade barriers and other governmental trade or market control programs, the potential exit of a country from its respective union and related geopolitical events, may result in market volatility and may have long-lasting impacts on both the U.S. and global financial markets. Additionally, those events, as well as other changes in foreign and domestic political and economic conditions, could adversely affect individual issuers or related groups of issuers, securities markets, interest rates, secondary trading, credit ratings, inflation, investor sentiment and other factors affecting the value of the Fund’s investments.
An outbreak of respiratory disease caused by a novel coronavirus designated as COVID-19 has resulted in, among other things, extreme volatility in the financial markets and severe losses, reduced liquidity of many instruments, significant travel restrictions, significant disruptions to business operations, supply chains and customer activity, lower consumer demand for goods and services, service and event cancellations, reductions and other changes, strained healthcare systems, as well as general concern and uncertainty. The impact of the COVID-19 outbreak has negatively affected the global economy, the economies of individual countries, and the financial performance of individual issuers, sectors, industries, asset classes, and markets in significant and unforeseen ways. Pandemics may also exacerbate other pre-existing political, social, economic, market and financial risks. The effects of the outbreak in developing or emerging market countries may be greater due to less established health care systems and supply chains. The COVID-19 pandemic and its effects may result in a sustained economic downturn or a global recession, ongoing market volatility and/or decreased liquidity in the financial markets, exchange trading suspensions and closures, higher default rates, domestic and foreign political and social instability and damage to diplomatic and international trade relations. While some vaccines have been developed and approved for use by various governments, the political, social, economic, market and financial risks of COVID-19 could persist for years to come. The foregoing could impair the Fund’s ability to maintain operational standards, disrupt the operations of the Fund’s service providers, adversely affect the value and liquidity of the Fund’s investments, and negatively impact the Fund’s performance and your investment in the Fund.
On January 31, 2020, the United Kingdom (UK) withdrew from the European Union (EU) (referred to as Brexit), commencing a transition period that ended on December 31, 2020. On January 1, 2021, the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement, a bilateral trade and cooperation deal governing the future relationship between the UK and the EU, provisionally went into effect. The UK Parliament has already ratified the agreement and the EU Parliament has until February 28, 2021 to do the same. Brexit has resulted in volatility in European and global markets and could have negative long-term impacts on financial markets in the UK and throughout Europe. There is considerable uncertainty about the potential consequences of Brexit, the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement, how future negotiations of trade relations will proceed, and how the financial markets will react to all of the preceding. As this process unfolds, markets may be further disrupted. Given the size and importance of the UK’s economy,
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uncertainty about its legal, political and economic relationship with the remaining member states of the EU may continue to be a source of instability.
Growing tensions, including trade disputes, between the United States and other nations, or among foreign powers, and possible diplomatic, trade or other sanctions could adversely impact the global economy, financial markets and the Fund. The strengthening or weakening of the U.S. dollar relative to other currencies may, among other things, adversely affect the Fund’s investments denominated in non-U.S. dollar currencies. It is difficult to predict when similar events affecting the U.S. or global financial markets may occur, the effects that such events may have, and the duration of those effects.
Regulatory Risk. The U.S. government has proposed and adopted multiple regulations that could have a long-lasting impact on the Fund and on the mutual fund industry in general. The SEC’s final rules and amendments that modernize reporting and disclosure, along with other potential upcoming regulations, could, among other things, restrict the Fund’s ability to engage in transactions, and/or increase overall expenses of the Fund. In addition, the SEC, Congress, various exchanges and regulatory and self-regulatory authorities, both domestic and foreign, have undertaken reviews of the use of derivatives by registered investment companies, which could affect the nature and extent of instruments used by the Fund. While the full extent of all of these regulations is still unclear, these regulations and actions may adversely affect both the Fund and the instruments in which the Fund invests and its ability to execute its investment strategy. Similarly, regulatory developments in other countries may have an unpredictable and adverse impact on the Fund.
The SEC has recently adopted a rule relating to a registered investment company’s use of derivatives and similar transactions that could potentially require the Fund to observe more stringent requirements than are currently imposed by the 1940 Act. The new rule will replace present SEC and SEC staff regulatory guidance related to limits on a registered investment company’s use of derivative instruments and certain other transactions, such as short sales and reverse repurchase agreements. The rule may substantially curtail the Fund’s ability to use derivative instruments as part of the Fund’s investment strategy and could ultimately prevent the Fund from being able to achieve its investment goals.
LIBOR Risk. Many financial instruments are tied to the London Interbank Offered Rate, or “LIBOR,” to determine payment obligations, financing terms, hedging strategies, or investment value. LIBOR is the offered rate for short-term Eurodollar deposits between major international banks. In 2017 the head of the UK Financial Conduct Authority announced a desire to phase out the use of LIBOR by the end of 2021. Alternatives to LIBOR are in development in many major financial markets. For example, the U.S. Federal Reserve has begun publishing a Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR), a broad measure of secured overnight U.S. Treasury repo rates, as a possible replacement for U.S. dollar LIBOR. Bank working groups and regulators in other countries have suggested other alternatives for their markets, including the Sterling Overnight Interbank Average Rate (SONIA) in England. Other countries are introducing their own local-currency-denominated alternative reference rates for short-term lending and global consensus on alternative rates is lacking. The administrator of LIBOR announced a delay in the phase out of a majority of the U.S. dollar LIBOR publications until mid-2023, with the remainder of LIBOR publications to end at the end of 2021. There remains uncertainty and risk regarding the willingness and ability of issuers and lenders to include enhanced provisions in new and existing contracts or instruments, the suitability of the proposed replacement rates, and the process for amending existing
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contracts and instruments remains unclear. As such, the transition away from LIBOR may lead to increased volatility and illiquidity in markets that are tied to LIBOR, reduced values of, inaccurate valuations of, and miscalculations of payment amounts for LIBOR-related investments or investments in issuers that utilize LIBOR, increased difficulty in borrowing or refinancing and reduced effectiveness of hedging strategies, adversely affecting the Fund’s performance or NAV. In addition, any alternative reference rate may be an ineffective substitute resulting in prolonged adverse market conditions for the Fund. Since the usefulness of LIBOR as a benchmark could deteriorate during the transition period, these effects could occur prior to the cessation of LIBOR publications.
Cyber Security Risk. With the increased use of technologies such as the Internet and the dependence on computer systems to perform necessary business functions, the Fund and its service providers (including the investment advisor and subadvisors) may be susceptible to operational and information security risks resulting from cyber-attacks and/or other technological malfunctions. In general, cyber-attacks are deliberate, but unintentional events may have similar effects. Cyber-attacks include, among others, stealing or corrupting data maintained online or digitally, preventing legitimate users from accessing information or services on a website, releasing confidential information without authorization, gaining unauthorized access to digital systems for purposes of misappropriating assets and causing operational disruption. Cyber-attacks may also be carried out in a manner that does not require gaining unauthorized access, such as causing denial-of-service. Successful cyber-attacks against, or security breakdowns of, the Fund, the investment manager, or a custodian, transfer agent, or other affiliated or third-party service provider may adversely affect the Fund or its shareholders. For instance, cyber-attacks may interfere with the processing of shareholder transactions, affect the Fund’s ability to calculate its NAV, cause the release of private shareholder information or confidential Fund information, impede trading, cause reputational damage, and subject the Fund to regulatory fines, penalties or financial losses, reimbursement or other compensation costs, and additional compliance costs. Furthermore, as a result of breaches in cyber security or other operational and technology disruptions or failures, an exchange or market may close or issue trading halts on specific securities or an entire market, which may result in the Fund being, among other things, unable to buy or sell certain securities or financial instruments or unable to accurately price its investments. While the Fund has established business continuity plans and systems designed to prevent cyber-attacks, there are inherent limitations in such plans and systems including the possibility that certain risks have not been identified. Similar types of cyber security risks also are present for issuers of securities in which the Fund invests, which could result in material adverse consequences for such issuers, and may cause the Fund’s investment in such securities to lose value.
Each of the Fund, the investment advisor and the subadvisors may have limited ability to prevent or mitigate cyber-attacks or security or technology breakdowns affecting the Fund’s third-party service providers. While the Fund has established business continuity plans and systems designed to prevent or reduce the impact of cyber-attacks, such plans and systems are subject to inherent limitations.
Investment Restrictions
The Fund has adopted certain investment limitations that are fundamental and may not be changed without the approval of the holders of a majority of the outstanding common shares and, if issued, preferred shares voting as a single class, and the approval of the holders of a majority of the preferred shares voting as a separate class. When used with respect to particular shares of the Fund, a
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“majority of the outstanding” shares means (i) 67% or more of the shares present at a meeting, if the holders of more than 50% of the shares are present or represented by proxy, or (ii) more than 50% of the shares, whichever is less. Under these limitations, the Fund may not: (1) issue senior securities (including borrowing money for other than temporary purposes) except in conformity with the limits set forth in Section 18 of the 1940 Act; or pledge its assets other than to secure such issuances or Borrowings or in connection with permitted investment strategies; provided that, notwithstanding the foregoing, the Fund may borrow up to an additional 5% of its total assets for temporary purposes; (2) act as an underwriter of securities issued by other persons, except insofar as the Fund may be deemed an underwriter in connection with the disposition of securities; (3) purchase or sell real estate or mortgages on real estate, except that the Fund may invest in securities of companies that deal in real estate or are engaged in the real estate business, including REITs, and securities secured by real estate or interests therein and the Fund may hold and sell real estate or mortgages on real estate acquired through default, liquidation, or other distributions of an interest in real estate as a result of the Fund’s ownership of such securities; (4) make loans to other persons except through the lending of securities held by it (but not to exceed a value of one-third of total assets), through the use of repurchase agreements, and by the purchase of debt securities; or (5) invest more than 25% of its total assets in securities of issuers in any one industry except that the Fund will, under normal circumstances, invest more than 25% of its assets in the energy industry and may invest to an unlimited degree in securities issued or guaranteed by the United States Government or by its agencies or instrumentalities. The Fund may purchase and sell commodities or commodity contracts, including futures contracts, to the maximum extent permitted by law.
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APPROVAL OF INVESTMENT ADVISORY AND SUBADVISORY AGREEMENTS
The Board of Directors of the Fund, including a majority of the directors who are not parties to the Fund’s investment advisory and subadvisory agreements (the Advisory Agreements), or interested persons of any such party (the Independent Directors), has the responsibility under the Investment Company Act of 1940 to approve the Fund’s Advisory Agreements for their initial two-year terms and their continuation annually thereafter at a meeting of the Board of Directors called for the purpose of voting on the approval or continuation. The Advisory Agreements were discussed at a meeting of the Independent Directors, in their capacity as the Contract Review Committee, held on June 2, 2020 and at meetings of the full Board of Directors held on March 17, 2020 and June 9, 2020. The Independent Directors, in their capacity as the Contract Review Committee, also discussed the Advisory Agreements in executive session on June 8, 2020. At the meeting of the full Board of Directors on June 9, 2020, the Advisory Agreements were unanimously continued for a term ending June 30, 2021 by the Fund’s Board of Directors, including the Independent Directors. The Independent Directors were represented by independent counsel who assisted them in their deliberations during the meetings and executive sessions.
In considering whether to continue the Advisory Agreements, the Board of Directors reviewed materials provided by an independent data provider, which included, among other items, fee, expense and performance information compared to peer funds (the Peer Funds and, collectively with the Fund, the Peer Group) and performance comparisons to a larger category universe; summary information prepared by the Fund’s investment advisor (the Investment Advisor); and a memorandum from Fund counsel outlining the legal duties of the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors also spoke directly with representatives of the independent data provider and met with investment advisory personnel. In addition, the Board of Directors considered information provided from time to time by the Investment Advisor throughout the year at meetings of the Board of Directors, including presentations by portfolio managers relating to the investment performance of the Fund and the investment strategies used in pursuing the Fund’s objective. The Board of Directors also considered information provided in response to a request for information submitted by counsel to the Independent Directors, as well as information provided in response to a supplemental request. Additionally, the Independent Directors noted that in connection with their considerations, that they had received information from the Investment Advisor about, and discussed with the Investment Advisor, the operations of its business continuity plan and related matters and the operations of third party service providers during the COVID-19 pandemic. In particular, the Board of Directors considered the following:
(i) The nature, extent and quality of services to be provided by the Investment Advisor and the Subadvisors: The Board of Directors reviewed the services that the Investment Advisor and the sub-investment advisors (the Subadvisors) provide to the Fund, including, but not limited to, making the day-to-day investment decisions for the Fund, placing orders for the investment and reinvestment of the Fund’s assets, furnishing information to the Board of Directors of the Fund regarding the Fund’s portfolio, providing individuals to serve as Fund officers, managing the Fund’s debt leverage level, and, for the Investment Advisor, generally managing the Fund’s investments in accordance with the stated policies of the Fund. The Board of Directors also discussed with officers and portfolio managers of the Fund the types of transactions conducted on behalf of the Fund. Additionally, the Board of Directors took into account the services provided by the Investment Advisor and the Subadvisors to other funds and accounts, including those that have investment objectives and strategies similar to those of the
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COHEN & STEERS MLP INCOME AND ENERGY OPPORTUNITY FUND, INC.
Fund. The Board of Directors also considered the education, background and experience of the Investment Advisor’s and Subadvisors’ personnel, particularly noting the potential benefit that the portfolio managers’ work experience and favorable reputation can have on the Fund. The Board of Directors further noted the Investment Advisor’s and Subadvisors’ ability to attract qualified and experienced personnel. The Board of Directors also considered the administrative services provided by the Investment Advisor, including compliance and accounting services. After consideration of the above factors, among others, the Board of Directors concluded that the nature, extent and quality of services provided by the Investment Advisor and Subadvisors are satisfactory and appropriate.
(ii) Investment performance of the Fund and the Investment Advisor and Subadvisors: The Board of Directors considered the investment performance of the Fund compared to Peer Funds and compared to a relevant benchmark and a relevant blended benchmark. The Board of Directors noted that the Fund outperformed the Peer Group medians for the one-, three-, and five-year periods ended March 31, 2020, ranking the Fund in the third quintile in each. The Board of Directors noted that the Fund underperformed the relevant benchmark and the blended benchmark for the one-, three- and five-year periods ended March 31, 2020. The Board of Directors engaged in discussions with the Investment Advisor regarding the contributors to and detractors from the Fund’s performance during the period, the relevant implications of the continuing COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the impact of leverage on the Fund’s performance. The Board of Directors also considered supplemental information provided by the Investment Advisor, including a narrative summary of various factors affecting performance and the Investment Advisor’s performance in managing other funds and products investing in master limited partnerships. The Board of Directors determined that Fund performance, in light of all the considerations noted above, supported the continuation of the Advisory Agreements.
(iii) Cost of the services to be provided and profits to be realized by the Investment Advisor from the relationship with the Fund: The Board of Directors considered the contractual and actual management fees paid by the Fund, as well as the Fund’s total expense ratios. As part of its analysis, the Board of Directors gave consideration to the fee and expense analyses provided by the independent data provider. The Board of Directors noted that the Fund’s actual management fees at the managed and common asset levels are slightly higher than the Peer Group medians, ranking in the third quintile for each. The Board of Directors considered that the Fund’s total expense ratios including investment-related expenses at managed and common asset levels were lower than the Peer Group medians, ranking in the second quintile for each. The Board of Directors noted that the Fund’s total expense ratio excluding investment-related expenses at the managed asset level was slightly higher than the Peer Group median, ranking in the third quintile. The Board of Directors also noted that the Fund’s total expense ratio excluding investment-related expenses at common asset levels was lower than the Peer Group median, ranking in the third quintile. The Board considered the impact of leverage levels on the Fund’s fees and expenses at managed and common asset levels. In light of the considerations above, the Board of Directors concluded that the Fund’s current expense structure was satisfactory.
The Board of Directors also reviewed information regarding the profitability to the Investment Advisor of its relationship with the Fund. The Board of Directors considered the level of the Investment Advisor’s profits and whether the profits were reasonable for the Investment Advisor. Since the Subadvisors are paid by the Investment Advisor (and not by the Fund) for investment services provided to the Fund and are affiliates of the Investment Advisor, the Board of Directors considered the
52
COHEN & STEERS MLP INCOME AND ENERGY OPPORTUNITY FUND, INC.
profitability of the Investment Advisor as a whole and did not consider the Subadvisors’ separate profitability to be particularly relevant to their determination. The Board of Directors took into consideration other benefits to be derived by the Investment Advisor in connection with the Advisory Agreements, noting particularly the research and related services, within the meaning of Section 28(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, that the Investment Advisor receives by allocating the Fund’s brokerage transactions. The Board of Directors further considered that the Investment Advisor continues to reinvest profits back in the business, including upgrading and/or implementing new trading, compliance and accounting systems, and by adding investment personnel to the portfolio management teams. The Board of Directors also considered the administrative services provided by the Investment Advisor and the associated administration fee paid to the Investment Advisor for such services under the Administration Agreement. The Board of Directors determined that the services received under the Administration Agreement are beneficial to the Fund. The Board of Directors concluded that the profits realized by the Investment Advisor from its relationship with the Fund were reasonable and consistent with the Investment Advisor’s fiduciary duties.
(iv) The extent to which economies of scale would be realized as the Fund grows and whether fee levels would reflect such economies of scale: The Board of Directors noted that, as a closed-end fund, the Fund would not be expected to have inflows of capital that might produce increasing economies of scale. The Board of Directors determined that, given the Fund’s closed-end structure, there were no significant economies of scale that were not being shared with shareholders. In considering economies of scale, the Board of Directors also noted, as discussed above in (iii), that the Investment Advisor continues to reinvest profits back in the business.
(v) Comparison of services to be rendered and fees to be paid to those under other investment advisory contracts, such as contracts of the same and other investment advisors or other clients: As discussed above in (iii), the Board of Directors compared the fees paid under the Advisory Agreements to those under other investment advisory contracts of other investment advisors managing Peer Funds. The Board of Directors also compared the services rendered and fees paid under the Advisory Agreements to fees paid, including the ranges of such fees, under the Investment Advisor’s other fund management agreements and advisory contracts with institutional and other clients with similar investment mandates, noting that the Investment Advisor provides more services to the Fund than it does for institutional or subadvised accounts. The Board of Directors also considered the entrepreneurial risk and financial exposure assumed by the Investment Advisor in developing and managing the Fund that the Investment Advisor does not have with institutional and other clients and other differences in the management of registered investment companies and institutional accounts. The Board of Directors determined that on a comparative basis the fees under the Advisory Agreements were reasonable in relation to the services provided.
No single factor was cited as determinative to the decision of the Board of Directors, and each Director may have assigned different weights to the various factors. Rather, after weighing all of the considerations and conclusions discussed above, the Board of Directors, including the Independent Directors, unanimously approved the continuation of the Advisory Agreements.
53
COHEN & STEERS MLP INCOME AND ENERGY OPPORTUNITY FUND, INC.
MANAGEMENT OF THE FUND
The business and affairs of the Fund are managed under the direction of the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors approves all significant agreements between the Fund and persons or companies furnishing services to it, including the Fund’s agreements with its investment advisor, administrator, co-administrator, custodian and transfer agent. The management of the Fund’s day-to-day operations is delegated to its officers, the investment advisor, administrator and co-administrator, subject always to the investment objective and policies of the Fund and to the general supervision of the Board of Directors.
The Board of Directors and officers of the Fund and their principal occupations during at least the past five years are set forth below. The statement of additional information (SAI) includes additional information about fund directors and is available, without charge, upon request by calling 800-330-7348.
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Name, Address and Year of Birth1 | | Position(s) Held With Fund | | Term of Office2 | | Principal Occupation During At Least The Past 5 Years (Including Other Directorships Held) | | Number of Funds Within Fund Complex Overseen by Director (Including the Fund) | | | Length of Time Served3 |
| | | | | |
Interested Directors4 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | |
Robert H. Steers 1953 | | Director, Chairman | | Until Next Election of Directors | | Chief Executive Officer of Cohen & Steers Capital Management, Inc. (CSCM or the Advisor) and its parent, Cohen & Steers, Inc. (CNS) since 2014. Prior to that, Co- Chairman and Co-Chief Executive Officer of the Advisor since 2003 and CNS since 2004. Prior to that, Chairman of the Advisor; Vice President of Cohen & Steers Securities, LLC. | | | 21 | | | Since 1991 |
| | | | | |
Joseph M. Harvey 1963 | | Director | | Until Next Election of Directors | | President of the Advisor (since 2003) and President of CNS (since 2004). Chief Investment Officer of CSCM from 2003 to 2019. Prior to that, Senior Vice President and Director of Investment Research of CSCM. | | | 21 | | | Since 2014 |
(table continued on next page)
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COHEN & STEERS MLP INCOME AND ENERGY OPPORTUNITY FUND, INC.
(table continued from previous page)
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Name, Address and Year of Birth1 | | Position(s) Held With Fund | | Term of Office2 | | Principal Occupation During At Least The Past 5 Years (Including Other Directorships Held) | | Number of Funds Within Fund Complex Overseen by Director (Including the Fund) | | | Length of Time Served3 |
| | | | |
Disinterested Directors | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | |
Michael G. Clark 1965 | | Director | | Until Next Election of Directors | | From 2006 to 2011, President and Chief Executive Officer of DWS Funds and Managing Director of Deutsche Asset Management. | | | 21 | | | Since 2011 |
| | | | | |
George Grossman 1953 | | Director | | Until Next Election of Directors | | Attorney-at-law. | | | 21 | | | Since 1993 |
| | | | | |
Dean A. Junkans 1959 | | Director | | Until Next Election of Directors | | CFA; Advisor to SigFig (a registered investment advisor) since July, 2018; Adjunct Professor and Executive–In–Residence, Bethel University since 2015; Chief Investment Officer at Wells Fargo Private Bank from 2004 to 2014 and Chief Investment Officer of the Wealth, Brokerage and Retirement group at Wells Fargo & Company from 2011 to 2014; former Member and Chair, Claritas Advisory Committee at the CFA Institute from 2013 to 2015; Board Member and Investment Committee member, Bethel University Foundation since 2010; formerly Corporate Executive Board Member of the National Chief Investment Officers Circle, 2010 to 2015; formerly, Member of the Board of Governors of the University of Wisconsin Foundation, River Falls, 1996 to 2004; U.S. Army Veteran, Gulf War. | | | 21 | | | Since 2015 |
(table continued on next page)
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COHEN & STEERS MLP INCOME AND ENERGY OPPORTUNITY FUND, INC.
(table continued from previous page)
| | | | | | | | | | |
Name, Address and Year of Birth1 | | Position(s) Held With Fund | | Term of Office2 | | Principal Occupation During At Least The Past 5 Years (Including Other Directorships Held) | | Number of Funds Within Fund Complex Overseen by Director (Including the Fund) | | Length of Time Served3 |
| | | | | |
Gerald J. Maginnis 1955 | | Director | | Until Next Election of Directors | | Philadelphia Office Managing Partner, KPMG LLP from 2006 to 2015; Partner in Charge, KPMG Pennsylvania Audit Practice from 2002 to 2008; President, Pennsylvania Institute of Certified Public Accountants (PICPA) from 2014 to 2015; Member, PICPA Board of Directors from 2012 to 2016; Member, Council of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) from 2013 to 2017; Member, Board of Trustees of AICPA Foundation from 2015 to 2020; Board member and Audit Committee Chairman of inTEST Corporation since 2020. | | 21 | | Since 2015 |
| | | | | |
Jane F. Magpiong 1960 | | Director | | Until Next Election of Directors | | President, Untap Potential since 2013; Board Member, Crespi High School from 2014 to 2017; Senior Managing Director, TIAA-CREF, from 2011 to 2013; National Head of Wealth Management, TIAA- CREF, from 2008 to 2011; and prior to that, President, Bank of America Private Bank from 2005 to 2008. | | 21 | | Since 2015 |
(table continued on next page)
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COHEN & STEERS MLP INCOME AND ENERGY OPPORTUNITY FUND, INC.
(table continued from previous page)
| | | | | | | | | | |
Name, Address and Year of Birth1 | | Position(s) Held With Fund | | Term of Office2 | | Principal Occupation During At Least The Past 5 Years (Including Other Directorships Held) | | Number of Funds Within Fund Complex Overseen by Director (Including the Fund) | | Length of Time Served3 |
| | | | | |
Daphne L. Richards 1966 | | Director | | Until Next Election of Directors | | Independent Director of Cartica Management, LLC since 2015; Investment Committee Member of the Berkshire Taconic Community Foundation since 2015 and Member of the Advisory Board of Northeast Dutchess Fund since 2016; President and CIO of Ledge Harbor Management since 2016; formerly, worked at Bessemer Trust Company from 1999 to 2014; prior thereto, held investment positions at Frank Russell Company from 1996 to 1999. Union Bank of Switzerland from 1993 to 1996; Credit Suisse from 1990 to 1993; and Hambros International Venture Capital Fund from 1988 to 1989. | | 21 | | Since 2017 |
| | | | | |
C. Edward Ward, Jr 1946 | | Director | | Until Next Election of Directors | | Member of The Board of Trustees of Manhattan College, Riverdale, New York from 2004 to 2014. Formerly, Director of closed-end fund management for the NYSE where he worked from 1979 to 2004. | | 21 | | Since 2004 |
1 | The address for each director is 280 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10017. |
2 | On March 12, 2008, the Board of Directors adopted a mandatory retirement policy stating a Director must retire from the Board on December 31st of the year in which he or she turns 75 years of age. |
3 | The length of time served represents the year in which the Director was first elected or appointed to any fund in the Cohen & Steers fund complex. |
4 | “Interested person” as defined in the 1940 Act, of the Fund because of affiliation with CSCM (Interested Directors). |
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COHEN & STEERS MLP INCOME AND ENERGY OPPORTUNITY FUND, INC.
The officers of the Fund (other than Messrs. Steers and Harvey, whose biographies are provided above), their address, their year of birth and their principal occupations for at least the past five years are set forth below.
| | | | | | |
Name, Address and Year of Birth1 | | Position(s) Held With Fund | | Principal Occupation During At Least the Past 5 Years | | Length of Time Served2 |
| | | |
Adam M. Derechin 1964 | | President and Chief Executive Officer | | Chief Operating Officer of CSCM since 2003 and CNS since 2004. | | Since 2005 |
| | | |
James Giallanza 1966 | | Chief Financial Officer | | Executive Vice President of CSCM since 2014. Prior to that, Senior Vice President of CSCM since 2006. | | Since 2006 |
| | | |
Dana A. DeVivo 1981 | | Secretary and Chief Legal Officer | | Senior Vice President of CSCM since 2019. Prior to that, Vice President of CSCM since 2013. | | Since 2015 |
| | | |
Albert Laskaj 1977 | | Treasurer | | Senior Vice President of CSCM since 2019. Prior to that, Vice President of CSCM since 2015. Prior to that, Director of Legg Mason & Co. since 2013. | | Since 2015 |
| | | |
Stephen Murphy 1966 | | Chief Compliance Officer and Vice President | | Senior Vice President of CSCM since 2019. Prior to that, Managing Director at Mirae Asset Securities (USA) Inc. since 2017. Prior to that, VP & Chief Compliance Officer of Weiss Multi-Strategy Adviser LLC since 2011. | | Since 2019 |
| | | |
Benjamin Morton 1974 | | Vice President | | Executive Vice President of CSCM since 2019. Prior to that, Senior Vice President of CSCM since 2010. | | Since 2013 |
| | | |
Tyler S. Rosenlicht 1985 | | Vice President | | Senior Vice President of CSCM since 2018. Prior to that, Vice President of CSCM since 2015. Prior to that, research associate at CSCM since 2012. | | Since 2015 |
1 | The address of each officer is 280 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10017. |
2 | Officers serve one-year terms. The length of time served represents the year in which the officer was first elected as an officer of any fund in the Cohen & Steers fund complex. All of the officers listed above are officers of one or more of the other funds in the complex. |
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COHEN & STEERS MLP INCOME AND ENERGY OPPORTUNITY FUND, INC.
Cohen & Steers Privacy Policy
| | |
| |
Facts | | What Does Cohen & Steers Do With Your Personal Information? |
| |
Why? | | Financial companies choose how they share your personal information. Federal law gives consumers the right to limit some but not all sharing. Federal law also requires us to tell you how we collect, share, and protect your personal information. Please read this notice carefully to understand what we do. |
| |
What? | | The types of personal information we collect and share depend on the product or service you have with us. This information can include: • Social Security number and account balances • Transaction history and account transactions • Purchase history and wire transfer instructions |
| |
How? | | All financial companies need to share customers’ personal information to run their everyday business. In the section below, we list the reasons financial companies can share their customers’ personal information; the reasons Cohen & Steers chooses to share; and whether you can limit this sharing. |
| | | | |
Reasons we can share your personal information | | Does Cohen & Steers share? | | Can you limit this sharing? |
| | |
For our everyday business purposes— such as to process your transactions, maintain your account(s), respond to court orders and legal investigations, or reports to credit bureaus | | Yes | | No |
| | |
For our marketing purposes— to offer our products and services to you | | Yes | | No |
| | |
For joint marketing with other financial companies— | | No | | We don’t share |
| | |
For our affiliates’ everyday business purposes— information about your transactions and experiences | | No | | We don’t share |
| | |
For our affiliates’ everyday business purposes— information about your creditworthiness | | No | | We don’t share |
| | |
For our affiliates to market to you— | | No | | We don’t share |
| | |
For non-affiliates to market to you— | | No | | We don’t share |
| | |
| | | | |
| | |
Questions? Call 800-330-7348 | | | | |
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COHEN & STEERS MLP INCOME AND ENERGY OPPORTUNITY FUND, INC.
Cohen & Steers Privacy Policy—(Continued)
| | |
| |
Who we are | | |
| |
Who is providing this notice? | | Cohen & Steers Capital Management, Inc., Cohen & Steers Asia Limited, Cohen & Steers Japan, LLC, Cohen & Steers UK Limited, Cohen & Steers Securities, LLC, Cohen & Steers Private Funds and Cohen & Steers Open- and Closed-End Funds (collectively, Cohen & Steers). |
| |
What we do | | |
| |
How does Cohen & Steers protect my personal information? | | To protect your personal information from unauthorized access and use, we use security measures that comply with federal law. These measures include computer safeguards and secured files and buildings. We restrict access to your information to those employees who need it to perform their jobs, and also require companies that provide services on our behalf to protect your information. |
| |
How does Cohen & Steers collect my personal information? | | We collect your personal information, for example, when you: • Open an account or buy securities from us • Provide account information or give us your contact information • Make deposits or withdrawals from your account We also collect your personal information from other companies. |
| |
Why can’t I limit all sharing? | | Federal law gives you the right to limit only: • sharing for affiliates’ everyday business purposes—information about your creditworthiness • affiliates from using your information to market to you • sharing for non-affiliates to market to you State law and individual companies may give you additional rights to limit sharing. |
| |
Definitions | | |
| |
Affiliates | | Companies related by common ownership or control. They can be financial and nonfinancial companies. • Cohen & Steers does not share with affiliates. |
| |
Non-affiliates | | Companies not related by common ownership or control. They can be financial and nonfinancial companies. • Cohen & Steers does not share with non-affiliates. |
| |
Joint marketing | | A formal agreement between non-affiliated financial companies that together market financial products or services to you. • Cohen & Steers does not jointly market. |
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COHEN & STEERS MLP INCOME AND ENERGY OPPORTUNITY FUND, INC.
Cohen & Steers Open-End Mutual Funds
COHEN & STEERS REALTY SHARES
• | | Designed for investors seeking total return, investing primarily in U.S. real estate securities |
• | | Symbol: CSJAX, CSJCX, CSJIX, CSRSX, CSJRX, CSJZX |
COHEN & STEERS REAL ESTATE SECURITIES FUND
• | | Designed for investors seeking total return, investing primarily in U.S. real estate securities |
• | | Symbols: CSEIX, CSCIX, CREFX, CSDIX, CIRRX, CSZIX |
COHEN & STEERS INSTITUTIONAL REALTY SHARES
• | | Designed for institutional investors seeking total return, investing primarily in U.S. real estate securities |
COHEN & STEERS GLOBAL REALTY SHARES
• | | Designed for investors seeking total return, investing primarily in global real estate equity securities |
• | | Symbols: CSFAX, CSFCX, CSSPX, GRSRX, CSFZX |
COHEN & STEERS INTERNATIONAL REALTY FUND
• | | Designed for investors seeking total return, investing primarily in international (non-U.S.) real estate securities |
• | | Symbols: IRFAX, IRFCX, IRFIX, IRFRX, IRFZX |
COHEN & STEERS REAL ASSETS FUND
• | | Designed for investors seeking total return and the maximization of real returns during inflationary environments by investing primarily in real assets |
• | | Symbols: RAPAX, RAPCX, RAPIX, RAPRX, RAPZX |
COHEN & STEERS PREFERRED SECURITIESAND INCOME FUND
• | | Designed for investors seeking total return (high current income and capital appreciation), investing primarily in preferred and debt securities issued by U.S. and non-U.S. companies |
• | | Symbols: CPXAX, CPXCX, CPXFX, CPXIX, CPRRX, CPXZX |
COHEN & STEERS LOW DURATION PREFERREDAND INCOME FUND
• | | Designed for investors seeking high current income and capital preservation by investing in low-duration preferred and other income securities issued by U.S. and non-U.S. companies |
• | | Symbols: LPXAX, LPXCX, LPXFX, LPXIX, LPXRX, LPXZX |
COHEN & STEERS MLP & ENERGY OPPORTUNITY FUND
• | | Designed for investors seeking total return, investing primarily in midstream energy master limited partnership (MLP) units and related stocks |
• | | Symbols: MLOAX, MLOCX, MLOIX, MLORX, MLOZX |
COHEN & STEERS GLOBAL INFRASTRUCTURE FUND
• | | Designed for investors seeking total return, investing primarily in global infrastructure securities |
• | | Symbols: CSUAX, CSUCX, CSUIX, CSURX, CSUZX |
COHEN & STEERS ALTERNATIVE INCOME FUND
(FORMERLY COHEN & STEERS DIVIDEND VALUE FUND)
• | | Designed for investors seeking high current income and capital appreciation, investing in equity, preferred and debt securities, focused on real assets and alternative income strategies. |
• | | Symbols: DVFAX, DVFCX, DVFIX, DVFRX, DVFZX |
Distributed by Cohen & Steers Securities, LLC.
Please consider the investment objectives, risks, charges and expenses of any Cohen & Steers U.S. registered open-end fund carefully before investing. A summary prospectus and prospectus containing this and other information can be obtained by calling 800-330-7348 or by visiting cohenandsteers.com. Please read the summary prospectus and prospectus carefully before investing.
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COHEN & STEERS MLP INCOME AND ENERGY OPPORTUNITY FUND, INC.
OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS
Robert H. Steers
Director and Chairman
Joseph M. Harvey
Director and Vice President
Michael G. Clark
Director
George Grossman
Director
Dean A. Junkans
Director
Gerald J. Maginnis
Director
Jane F. Magpiong
Director
Daphne L. Richards
Director
C. Edward Ward Jr.
Director
Adam M. Derechin
President and Chief Executive Officer
James Giallanza
Chief Financial Officer
Dana A. DeVivo
Secretary and Chief Legal Officer
Albert Laskaj
Treasurer
Stephen Murphy
Chief Compliance Officer
and Vice President
Benjamin Morton
Vice President
Tyler S. Rosenlcht
Vice President
KEY INFORMATION
Investment Advisor and Administrator
Cohen & Steers Capital Management, Inc.
280 Park Avenue
New York, NY 10017
(212) 832-3232
Co-administrator and Custodian
State Street Bank and Trust Company
One Lincoln Street
Boston, MA 02111
Transfer Agent
Computershare
150 Royall Street
Canton, MA 02021
(866) 227-0757
Legal Counsel
Ropes & Gray LLP
1211 Avenue of the Americas
New York, NY 10036
New York Stock Exchange Symbol: MIE
Website: cohenandsteers.com
This report is for shareholder information. This is not a prospectus intended for use in the purchase or sale of Fund shares. Performance data quoted represents past performance. Past performance is no guarantee of future results and your investment may be worth more or less at the time you sell your shares.
62
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Cohen & Steers
MLP Income
and Energy
Opportunity
Fund (MIE)
Annual Report November 30, 2020
Beginning in 2021, as permitted by regulations adopted by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, paper copies of the Fund’s annual and semi-annual shareholder reports will no longer be sent by mail, unless you specifically request paper copies of the reports. Instead, the reports will be made available on the Fund’s website at www.cohenandsteers.com, and you will be notified by mail each time a report is posted and provided with a website link to access the report.
If you have already elected to receive shareholder reports electronically, you will not be affected by this change and you need not take any action. You may elect to receive shareholder reports and other communications from a Fund electronically anytime by contacting your financial intermediary or, if you are a direct investor, by signing up at www.cohenandsteers.com.
You may elect to receive all future reports in paper, free of charge, at any time. If you invest through a financial intermediary, you can contact your financial intermediary or, if you are a direct investor, you can call (866) 227-0757 to let the Fund know you wish to continue receiving paper copies of your shareholder reports. Your election to receive reports in paper will apply to all Funds held in your account if you invest through your financial intermediary or all Funds held within the fund complex if you invest directly with the Fund.
MIEAR
Item 2. Code of Ethics.
The registrant has adopted an Amended and Restated Code of Ethics that applies to its Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer. The Code of Ethics was in effect during the reporting period. The registrant has amended the Code of Ethics as described in Form N-CSR during the reporting period. The registrant has not granted any waiver, including an implicit waiver, from a provision of the Code of Ethics as described in Form N-CSR during the reporting period. A current copy of the Code of Ethics is available on the registrant’s website at https://www.cohenandsteers.com/assets/content/uploads/Code_of_Ethics_for_Principal_Executive_and_Principal_Financial_Officers_of_the_Funds.pdf. Upon request, a copy of the Code of Ethics can be obtained free of charge by calling 800-330-7348 or writing to the Secretary of the Registrant, 280 Park Avenue, 10th floor, New York, NY 10017.
Item 3. Audit Committee Financial Expert.
The registrant’s board has determined that Gerald J. Maginnis qualifies as an audit committee financial expert based on his years of experience in the public accounting profession. The registrant’s board has determined that Michael G. Clark qualifies as an audit committee financial expert based on his years of experience in the public accounting profession and the investment management and financial services industry. Each of Messrs. Clark and Maginnis is a member of the board’s audit committee, and each is independent as such term is defined in Form N-CSR.
Item 4. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.
(a) – (d) Aggregate fees billed to the registrant for the last two fiscal years ended November 30, 2020 and November 30, 2019 for professional services rendered by the registrant’s principal accountant were as follows:
| | | | |
| | 2020 | | 2019 |
Audit Fees | | $93,500 | | $93,500 |
Audit-Related Fees | | $0 | | $0 |
Tax Fees | | $95,180 | | $95,180 |
All Other Fees | | $0 | | $0 |
Tax fees were billed in connection with tax compliance services, including the preparation and review of federal and state tax returns and the computation of corporate and franchise tax amounts.
(e)(1) The audit committee is required to pre-approve audit and non-audit services performed for the registrant by the principal accountant. The audit committee also is required to pre-approve non-audit services performed by the registrant’s principal accountant for the registrant’s investment advisor and any sub-advisor (not including any sub-advisor whose role is primarily portfolio management and is subcontracted with or overseen by another investment advisor) and/or to any entity controlling, controlled by or under common control with the registrant’s investment advisor that provides ongoing services to the registrant, if the engagement for services relates directly to the operations and financial reporting of the registrant.
The audit committee may delegate pre-approval authority to one or more of its members who are independent members of the board of directors of the registrant. The member or members to whom such authority is delegated shall report any pre-approval decisions to the audit committee at its next scheduled meeting. The audit committee may not delegate its responsibility to pre-approve services to be performed by the registrant’s principal accountant to the investment advisor.
(e)(2) No services included in (b) – (d) above were approved by the audit committee pursuant to paragraphs (c)(7)(i)(C) of Rule 2-01 of Regulation S-X.
(f) Not applicable.
(g) For the fiscal years ended November 30, 2020 and November 30, 2019, the aggregate fees billed by the registrant’s principal accountant for non-audit services rendered to the registrant and for non-audit services rendered to the registrant’s investment advisor (not including any sub-advisor whose role is primarily portfolio management and is subcontracted with or overseen by another investment advisor) and/or to any entity controlling, controlled by or under common control with the registrant’s investment advisor that provides ongoing services to the registrant were:
| | | | |
| | 2020 | | 2019 |
Registrant | | $95,180 | | $95,180 |
Investment Advisor | | $0 | | $0 |
(h) The registrant’s audit committee considered whether the provision of non-audit services that were rendered to the registrant’s investment advisor (not including any sub-advisor whose role is primarily portfolio management and is subcontracted with or overseen by another investment advisor) and/or to any entity controlling, controlled by or under common control with the registrant’s investment advisor that provides ongoing services to the registrant that were not required to be pre-approved pursuant to paragraph (c)(7)(ii) of Rule 2-01 of Regulation S-X was compatible with maintaining the principal accountant’s independence.
Item 5. Audit Committee of Listed Registrants.
The registrant has a separately-designated standing audit committee established in accordance with Section 3(a)(58)(A) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The members of the committee are Gerald J. Maginnis (chairman), Michael G. Clark and George Grossman.
Item 6. Schedule of Investments.
Included in Item 1 above.
Item 7. Disclosure of Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures for Closed-End Management Investment Companies.
The registrant has delegated voting of proxies in respect of portfolio holdings to Cohen & Steers Capital Management, Inc. (“C&S”), in accordance with the policies and procedures set forth below.
COHEN & STEERS CAPITAL MANAGEMENT, INC.
STATEMENT OF POLICIES AND PROCEDURES REGARDING THE VOTING OF SECURITIES
This statement sets forth the policies and procedures that Cohen & Steers Capital Management, Inc. and its affiliated advisors (“Cohen & Steers”, “we” or “us”) follow in exercising voting rights with respect to securities held in its client portfolios. All proxy-voting rights that are exercised by Cohen & Steers shall be subject to this Statement of Policy and Procedures.
General Proxy Voting Guidelines
Objectives
Voting rights are an important component of corporate governance. Cohen & Steers has three overall objectives in exercising voting rights:
| • | | Responsibility. Cohen & Steers shall seek to ensure that there is an effective means in place to hold companies accountable for their actions. While management must be accountable to its board, the board must be accountable to a company’s shareholders. Although accountability can be promoted in a variety of ways, protecting shareholder voting rights may be among our most important tools. |
| • | | Rationalizing Management and Shareholder Concerns. Cohen & Steers seeks to ensure that the interests of a company’s management and board are aligned with those of the company’s shareholders. In this respect, compensation must be structured to reward the creation of shareholder value. |
| • | | Shareholder Communication. Since companies are owned by their shareholders, Cohen & Steers seeks to ensure that management effectively communicates with its owners about the company’s business operations and financial performance. It is only with effective communication that shareholders will be able to assess the performance of management and to make informed decisions on when to buy, sell or hold a company’s securities. |
General Principles
In exercising voting rights, Cohen & Steers shall conduct itself in accordance with the general principles set forth below.
| • | | The ability to exercise a voting right with respect to a security is a valuable right and, therefore, must be viewed as part of the asset itself. |
| • | | In exercising voting rights, Cohen & Steers shall engage in a careful evaluation of issues that may materially affect the rights of shareholders and the value of the security. |
| • | | Consistent with general fiduciary duties, the exercise of voting rights shall always be conducted with reasonable care, prudence and diligence. |
| • | | In exercising voting rights on behalf of clients, Cohen & Steers shall conduct itself in the same manner as if Cohen & Steers were the beneficial owner of the securities. |
| • | | To the extent reasonably possible, Cohen & Steers shall participate in each shareholder voting opportunity. |
| • | | Voting rights shall not automatically be exercised in favor of management-supported proposals. |
| • | | Cohen & Steers, and its officers and employees, shall never accept any item of value in consideration of a favorable proxy vote. |
General Guidelines
Set forth below are general guidelines that Cohen & Steers shall follow in exercising proxy voting rights:
| • | | Prudence. In making a proxy voting decision, Cohen & Steers shall give appropriate consideration to all relevant facts and circumstances, including the value of the securities to be voted and the likely effect any vote may have on that value. Since voting rights must be exercised on the basis of an informed judgment, investigation shall be a critical initial step. |
| • | | Third Party Views. While Cohen & Steers may consider the views of third parties, Cohen & Steers shall never base a proxy voting decision solely on the opinion of a third party. Rather, decisions shall be based on a reasonable and good faith determination as to how best to maximize shareholder value. |
| • | | Shareholder Value. Just as the decision whether to purchase or sell a security is a matter of judgment, determining whether a specific proxy resolution will increase the market value of a security is a matter of judgment as to which informed parties may differ. In determining how a proxy vote may affect the economic value of a security, Cohen & Steers shall consider both short-term and long-term views about a company’s business and prospects, especially in light of our projected holding period on the stock (e.g., Cohen & Steers may discount long-term views on a short-term holding). |
Specific Guidelines
Board and Director Proposals
Election of Directors
Voting for Director Nominees in Uncontested Elections
Votes on director nominees are made on a case-by-case basis using a “mosaic” approach, where all factors are considered and no single factor is determinative. In evaluating director nominees, Cohen & Steers considers the following factors:
• | | Whether the nominee attended less than 75 percent of the board and committee meetings without a valid excuse for the absences; |
• | | Whether the nominee is an inside or affiliated outside director and sits on the audit, compensation, or nominating committees and/or the full board serves as the audit, compensation, or nominating committees or the company does not have one of these committees; |
• | | Whether the board ignored a significant shareholder proposal that was approved by a majority of the votes cast in the previous year; |
• | | Whether the board, without shareholder approval, instituted a new poison pill plan, extended an existing plan, or adopted a new plan upon the expiration of an existing plan during the past year; |
• | | Whether the nominee is the chairman or CEO of a publicly-traded company who serves on more than two (2) public company boards; |
• | | In the case of nominees other than the chairman or CEO, whether the nominee serves on more than four (4) public company boards; |
• | | If the nominee is an incumbent director, the length of tenure taking into account tenure limits recommended by local corporate governance codes1; |
• | | Whether the nominee has a material related party transaction or a material conflict of interest with the company; |
• | | Whether the nominee (or the entire board) has a record of making poor corporate or strategic decisions or has demonstrated an overall lack of good business judgment; |
• | | Material failures of governance, stewardship, risk oversight2, or fiduciary responsibilities at the company; and |
• | | Actions related to a nominee’s service on other boards that raise substantial doubt about such nominee’s ability to effectively oversee management and serve the best interests of shareholders at any company. |
Voting for Director Nominees in Contested Elections
Votes in a contested election of directors are evaluated on a case-by-case basis considering the long-term financial performance of the company relative to its industry management’s track record, the qualifications of the nominees and other relevant factors.
Non-Disclosure of Board Nominees
Cohen & Steers generally votes against the election of director nominees if the names of the nominees are not disclosed prior to the meeting. However, Cohen & Steers recognizes that companies in certain emerging markets may have legitimate reasons for not disclosing nominee names. In such cases, if a company discloses a legitimate reason why such nominee names have not been disclosed, Cohen & Steers may vote for the nominees even if nominee names are not disclosed.
1 | For example, in the UK, independent directors of publicly traded companies with tenure exceeding nine (9) years are reclassified as non-independent unless the company can explain why they remain independent. |
2 | Examples of failures of risk oversight include, but are not limited to: bribery; large or serial fines from regulatory bodies; significant adverse legal judgments or settlements; hedging of company stock by employees or directors of a company; or significant pledging of company stock in the aggregate by officers or directors of a company. |
Majority Vote Requirement for Directors (SP)3
Cohen & Steers generally votes for proposals asking the board to amend the company’s governance documents (charter or bylaws) to provide that director nominees will be elected by the affirmative vote of the majority of votes cast.
Separation of Chairman and CEO (SP)
Cohen & Steers generally votes for proposals to separate the CEO and chairman positions. However, Cohen & Steers does recognize that under certain circumstances, it may be in the company’s best interest for the CEO and chairman positions to be held by one person.
Independent Chairman (SP)
Cohen & Steers reviews on a case-by-case basis proposals requiring the chairman’s position to be filled by an independent director taking into account the company’s current board leadership and governance structure, company performance, and any other factors that may be relevant.
Lead Independent Director (SP)
In cases where the CEO and chairman roles are combined or the chairman is not independent, Cohen & Steers votes for the appointment of a lead independent director.
Board Independence (SP)
Cohen & Steers believes that boards should have a majority of independent directors. Therefore, Cohen & Steers vote for proposals that require the board to be comprised of a majority of independent directors.
In general, Cohen & Steers considers a director independent if the director satisfies the independence definition set forth in local corporate governance codes and/or the applicable listing standards of the exchange on which the company’s stock is listed.
In addition, Cohen & Steers generally considers a director independent if the director has no significant financial, familial or other ties with the company that may pose a conflict and has not been employed by the company in an executive capacity.
Board Size (SP)
Cohen & Steers generally votes for proposals to limit the size of the board to 15 members or less.
Classified Boards (SP)
Cohen & Steers generally votes in favor of proposals to declassify boards of directors. In voting on proposals to declassify a board of directors, Cohen & Steers evaluates all facts and circumstances, including whether: (i) the current management and board have a history of making good corporate and strategic decisions and (ii) the proposal is in the best interests of shareholders.
3 | “SP” refers to a shareholder proposal. |
Tiered Boards (non-U.S.)
Cohen & Steers votes in favor of unitary boards as opposed to tiered board structures. Cohen & Steers believes that unitary boards offer flexibility while, with a tiered structure, there is a risk of upper tier directors becoming remote from the business, while lower tier directors become deprived of contact with outsiders of wider experience. No director should be excluded from the requirement to submit him/herself for re-election on a regular basis.
Independent Committees (SP)
Cohen & Steers votes for proposals requesting that a board’s audit, compensation and nominating committees consist only of independent directors.
Adoption of a Board with Audit Committee Structure (JAPAN)
Cohen & Steers votes for article amendments to adopt a board with an audit committee structure unless the structure obstructs shareholders’ ability to submit proposals on income allocation related issues or the company already has a 3-committee (U.S. style) structure.
Non-Disclosure of Board Compensation
Cohen & Steers generally votes against the election of director nominees at companies if the compensation paid to such directors is not disclosed prior to the meeting. However, Cohen & Steers recognizes that companies in certain emerging markets may have legitimate reasons for not disclosing such compensation. In such cases, if a company discloses a legitimate reason why such compensation should not be disclosed, Cohen & Steers may vote for the nominees even if compensation is not disclosed.
Director and Officer Indemnification and Liability Protection
Cohen & Steers votes in favor of proposals providing indemnification for directors and officers for acts conducted in the normal course of business that is consistent with the laws of the jurisdiction of formation. Cohen & Steers also vote in favor of proposals that expand coverage for directors and officers where, despite an unsuccessful legal defense, the director or officer acted in good faith and in the best interests of the company. Cohen & Steers votes against proposals that would expand indemnification beyond coverage of legal expenses to coverage of acts, such as gross negligence, that are violations of fiduciary obligations.
Directors’ Liability (non-U.S.)
These proposals ask shareholders to give discharge from responsibility for all decisions made during the previous financial year. Depending on the country, this resolution may or may not be legally binding, may not release the board from its legal responsibility, and does not necessarily eliminate the possibility of future shareholder action (although it does make such action more difficult to pursue).
Cohen & Steers will generally vote for the discharge of directors, including members of the management board and/or supervisory board, unless the board is not fulfilling its fiduciary duties as evidenced by:
• | | A lack of oversight or actions by board members that amount to malfeasance or poor supervision, such as operating in private or company interest rather than in shareholder interest; |
• | | Any legal issues (e.g., civil/criminal) aimed to hold the board liable for past or current actions that constitute a breach of trust, such as price fixing, insider trading, bribery, fraud, or other illegal actions; or |
• | | Other egregious governance issues where shareholders are likely to bring legal action against the company or its directors. |
Directors’ Contracts (non-U.S.)
Best market practice about the appropriate length of directors’ service contracts varies by jurisdiction. As such, Cohen & Steers votes these proposals on a case-by-case basis taking into account the best interests of the company and its shareholders and local market practice.
Compensation Proposals
Votes on Executive Compensation. “Say-on-Pay” votes are determined on a case-by-case basis taking into account the reasonableness of the company’s compensation structure and the adequacy of the disclosure.
Cohen & Steers generally votes against in circumstances where there are an unacceptable number of problematic pay practices including:
• | | Poor linkage between executive pay and company performance and profitability; |
• | | The presence of objectionable structural features in the compensation plan, such as excessive perquisites, golden parachutes, tax-gross up provisions, and automatic benchmarking of pay in the top half of the peer group; and |
• | | A lack of proportionality in the plan relative to the company’s size and peer group. |
Additional Disclosure of Executive and Director Pay (SP). Cohen & Steers generally votes for shareholder proposals that seek additional disclosure of executive and director pay information.
Frequency of Shareholder Votes on Executive Compensation. Cohen & Steers generally votes for annual shareholder advisory votes to approve executive compensation.
Golden Parachutes. In general, Cohen & Steers votes against golden parachutes because they impede potential takeovers that shareholders should be free to consider. Cohen & Steers opposes the use of employment agreements that result in excessive cash payments and generally withhold our vote at the next shareholder meeting for directors who approved golden parachutes.
In the context of an acquisition, merger, consolidation, or proposed sale, Cohen & Steers votes on a case-by-case basis on proposals to approve golden parachute payments. Factors that may result in a vote against include:
• | | Potentially excessive severance payments; |
• | | Agreements that include excessive excise tax gross-up provisions; |
• | | Single-trigger payments upon a change in control (“CIC”), including cash payments and the acceleration of performance-based equity despite the failure to achieve performance measures; |
• | | Single-trigger vesting of equity based on a definition of change in control that requires only shareholder approval of the transaction (rather than consummation); |
• | | Recent amendments or other changes that may make packages so attractive as to encourage transactions that may not be in the best interests of shareholders; or |
• | | The company’s assertion that a proposed transaction is conditioned on shareholder approval of the golden parachute advisory vote. |
Non-Executive Director Remuneration (non-U.S.). Cohen & Steers evaluates these proposals on a case-by-case basis taking into account the remuneration mix and the adequacy of the disclosure. Cohen & Steers believes that non-executive directors should be compensated with a mix of cash and equity to align their interests with the interests of shareholders. The details of such remuneration should be fully disclosed and provided with sufficient time for us to consider our vote.
Approval of Annual Bonuses for Directors and Statutory Auditors (JAPAN). Cohen & Steers generally supports the payment of annual bonuses to directors and statutory auditors except in cases of scandals or extreme underperformance.
Equity Compensation Plans. Votes on proposals related to compensation plans are determined on a case-by-case basis taking into account plan features and equity grant practices, where positive factors may counterbalance negative factors (and vice versa), as evaluated based on three pillars:
• | | Plan Cost: the total estimated cost of the company’s equity plans relative to industry/market cap peers measured by the company’s estimated shareholder value transfer (SVT) in relation to peers, considering: |
| • | | SVT based on new shares requested plus shares remaining for future grants, plus outstanding unvested/unexercised grants; and |
| • | | SVT based only on new shares requested plus shares remaining for future grants. |
| • | | Automatic single-trigger award vesting upon a CIC; |
| • | | Discretionary vesting authority; |
| • | | Liberal share recycling on various award types; and |
| • | | Minimum vesting period for grants made under the plan. |
| • | | The company’s three year burn rate relative to its industry/market cap peers; |
| • | | Vesting requirements for most recent CEO equity grants (3-year look-back); |
| • | | The estimated duration of the plan based on the sum of shares remaining available and the new shares requested divided by the average annual shares granted in the prior three years; |
| • | | The proportion of the CEO’s most recent equity grants/awards subject to performance conditions; |
| • | | Whether the company maintains a claw-back policy; and |
| • | | Whether the company has established post exercise/vesting shareholding requirements. |
Cohen & Steers generally votes against compensation plan proposals if the combination of factors indicates that the plan, overall is not, in the interests of shareholders, or if any of the following apply:
• | | Awards may vest in connection with a liberal CIC; |
• | | The plan would permit re-pricing or cash buyout of underwater options without shareholder approval; |
• | | The plan is a vehicle for problematic pay practices or a pay-for-performance disconnect; or |
• | | Any other plan features that are determined to have a significant negative impact on shareholder interests. |
Equity Compensation Plans (non-U.S.). Cohen & Steers evaluates these proposals on a case-by-case basis. Share option plans should be clearly explained and fully disclosed to both shareholders and participants and put to shareholders for approval. Each director’s share options should be detailed, including exercise prices, expiration dates and the market price of the shares at the date of exercise. They should take into account appropriate levels of dilution. Options should vest in reference to challenging performance criteria, which are disclosed in advance. Share options should be fully expensed so that shareholders can assess their true cost to the company. The assumptions and methodology behind the expensing calculation should also be disclosed to shareholders.
Long-Term Incentive Plans (non-U.S.). A long-term incentive plan refers to any arrangement, other than deferred bonuses and retirement benefit plans, which require one or more conditions in respect of service and/or performance to be satisfied over more than one financial year.
Cohen & Steers evaluates these proposals on a case-by-case basis. Cohen & Steers generally votes in favor of plans with robust incentives and challenging performance criteria that are fully disclosed to shareholders in advance and vote against plans that are excessive or contain easily achievable performance metrics or where there is excessive discretion delegated to remuneration committees. Cohen & Steers would expect remuneration committees to explain why criteria are considered to be challenging and how they align the interests of shareholders with the interests of the plan participants. Cohen & Steers will also vote against proposals that lack sufficient disclosure.
Transferable Stock Options. Cohen & Steers evaluates on a case-by-case basis proposals to grant transferable stock options or otherwise permit the transfer of outstanding stock options, including the cost of the proposal and alignment with shareholder interests.
Approval of Cash or Cash-and-Stock Bonus Plans. Cohen & Steers votes to approve cash or cash-and-stock bonus plans that seek to exempt executive compensation from limits on deductibility imposed by Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code.
Employee Stock Purchase Plans. Cohen & Steers votes for the approval of employee stock purchase plans, although Cohen & Steers generally believes the discounted purchase price should not exceed 15% of the current market price.
401(k) Employee Benefit Plans. Cohen & Steers votes for proposals to implement a 401(k) savings plan for employees.
Pension Arrangements (non-U.S.). Cohen & Steers evaluates these proposals on a case-by-case basis. Pension arrangements should be transparent and cost-neutral to shareholders. Cohen & Steers believes it is inappropriate for executives to participate in pension arrangements that are materially different than those offered to other employees (such as continuing to participate in a final salary arrangement when employees have been transferred to a money purchase plan). One-off payments into individual director’s pension plans, changes to pension entitlements, and waivers concerning early retirement provisions must be fully disclosed and justified to shareholders.
Stock Ownership Requirements (SP). Cohen & Steers supports proposals requiring senior executives and directors to hold a minimum amount of stock in a company (often expressed as a percentage of annual compensation), which may include restricted stock or restricted stock units.
Stock Holding Periods (SP). Cohen & Steers generally votes against proposals requiring executives to hold stock received upon option exercise for a specific period of time.
Recovery of Incentive Compensation (SP). Cohen & Steers generally votes for proposals to recover incentive bonuses or other incentive payments made to senior executives if it is later determined that fraud, misconduct, or negligence significantly contributed to a restatement of financial results that led to the award of incentive compensation.
Capital Structure Changes and Anti-Takeover Proposals
Increase to Authorized Shares. Cohen & Steers generally votes for increases in authorized shares, provided that the increase is not greater than three times the number of shares outstanding and reserved for issuance (including shares reserved for stock-related plans and securities convertible into common stock, but not shares reserved for any poison pill plan).
Blank Check Preferred Stock. Cohen & Steers generally votes against proposals authorizing the creation of new classes of preferred stock without specific voting, conversion, distribution and other rights, and proposals to increase the number of authorized blank check preferred shares. Cohen & Steers may vote in favor of these proposals if Cohen & Steers receives reasonable assurances that (i) the preferred stock was authorized by the board for legitimate capital formation purposes and not for anti-takeover purposes, and (ii) no preferred stock will be issued with voting power that is disproportionate to the economic interests of the preferred stock. These representations should be made either in the proxy statement or in a separate letter from the company to us.
Pre-Emptive Rights. Cohen & Steers generally votes against the issuance of equity shares with pre-emptive rights. However, Cohen & Steers may vote for shareholder pre-emptive rights where such pre-emptive rights are necessary taking into account the best interests of the company’s shareholders. In addition, we acknowledge that international local practices may call for shareholder pre-emptive rights when a company seeks authority to issue shares (e.g., UK authority for the issuance of only up to 5% of outstanding shares without pre-emptive rights). While Cohen & Steers prefers that companies be permitted to issue shares without pre-emptive rights, in deference to international local practices, Cohen & Steers will approve issuance requests with pre-emptive rights.
Dual Class Capitalizations. Because classes of common stock with unequal voting rights limit the rights of certain shareholders, Cohen & Steers votes against the adoption of a dual or multiple class capitalization structure. Cohen & Steers supports the one-share, one-vote principle for voting.
Restructurings/Recapitalizations. Cohen & Steers reviews proposals to increase common and/or preferred shares and to issue shares as part of a debt restructuring plan on a case-by-case basis. In voting, Cohen & Steers considers the following:
• | | Dilution: how much will the ownership interest of existing shareholders be reduced, and how extreme will dilution to any future earnings be? |
• | | Change in control: will the transaction result in a change in control of the company? |
• | | Bankruptcy: generally approve proposals that facilitate debt restructurings unless there are clear signs of self-dealing or other abuses. |
Share Repurchase Programs. Cohen & Steers generally votes in favor of such programs where the repurchase would be in the long-term best interests of shareholders and where we believe that this is a good use of the company’s cash.
Cohen & Steers will vote against such programs when shareholders’ interests could be better served by deployment of the cash for alternative uses, or where the repurchase is a defensive maneuver or an attempt to entrench management.
Targeted Share Placements (SP). Cohen & Steers votes these proposals on a case-by-case basis. These proposals ask companies to seek shareholder approval before placing 10% or more of their voting stock with a single investor. The proposals are typically in reaction to the placement of a large block of voting stock in an employee stock option plan, parent capital fund or with a single friendly investor, with the aim of protecting the company against a hostile tender offer.
Shareholder Rights Plans. Cohen & Steers reviews proposals to ratify shareholder rights plans on a case-by-case basis taking into consideration the length of the plan.
Shareholder Rights Plans (JAPAN). Cohen & Steers reviews proposals on a case-by-case basis examining not only the features of the plan itself but also factors including share price movements, shareholder composition, board composition, and the company’s announced plans to improve shareholder value.
Reincorporation Proposals. Proposals to change a company’s jurisdiction of incorporation are examined on a case-by-case basis. When evaluating such proposals, Cohen & Steers reviews management’s rationale for the proposal, changes to the charter/bylaws, and differences in the applicable laws governing the companies.
Voting on State Takeover Statutes (SP). Cohen & Steers reviews on a case-by-case basis proposals to opt in or out of state takeover statutes (including control share acquisition statutes, control share cash-out statutes, freeze-out provisions, fair price provisions, stakeholder laws, poison pill endorsements, severance pay and labor contract provisions and disgorgement provisions). In voting on these proposals, Cohen & Steers takes into account whether the proposal is in the long-term best interests of the company and whether it would be in the best interests of the company to thwart a shareholder’s attempt to control the board of directors.
Mergers and Corporate Restructurings
Mergers and Acquisitions. Votes on mergers and acquisitions are considered on a case-by-case basis, taking into account the anticipated financial and operating benefits, offer price (cost vs. premium), prospects of the combined companies, how the deal was negotiated and changes in corporate governance and their impact on shareholder rights.
Cohen & Steers votes against proposals that require a super-majority of shareholders to approve a merger or other significant business combination.
Nonfinancial Effects of a Merger or Acquisition. Some companies have proposed charter provisions that specify that the board of directors may examine the nonfinancial effects of a merger or acquisition on the company. This provision would allow the board to evaluate the impact a proposed change in control would have on employees, host communities, suppliers and/or others. Cohen & Steers generally vote against proposals to adopt such charter provisions. Directors should base their decisions solely on the financial interests of the shareholders.
Spin-offs. Cohen & Steers evaluates spin-offs on a case-by-case basis taking into account the tax and regulatory advantages, planned use of sale proceeds, market focus, and managerial incentives.
Asset Sales. Cohen & Steers evaluates asset sales on a case-by-case basis taking into account the impact on the balance sheet/working capital, value received for the assets, and potential elimination of diseconomies.
Liquidations. Cohen & Steers evaluates liquidations on a case-by-case basis taking into account management’s efforts to pursue other alternatives, appraisal value of the assets, and the compensation plan for executives managing the liquidation.
Issuance of Debt (non-U.S.). Cohen & Steers evaluates these proposals on a case-by-case basis. Reasons for increased bank borrowing powers are numerous and varied, including allowing for normal growth of the company, the financing of acquisitions, and allowing increased financial leverage. Management may also attempt to borrow as part of a takeover defense. Cohen & Steers generally votes in favor of proposals that will enhance a company’s long-term prospects. Cohen & Steers votes against any uncapped or poorly-defined increase in bank borrowing powers or borrowing limits, issuances that would result in the company reaching an unacceptable level of financial leverage or a material reduction in shareholder value, or where such borrowing is expressly intended as part of a takeover defense.
Ratification of Auditors
Cohen & Steers generally votes for proposals to ratify auditors, auditor remuneration and/or proposals authorizing the board to fix audit fees, unless:
• | | an auditor has a financial interest in or association with the company, and is therefore not independent; |
• | | there is reason to believe that the independent auditor has rendered an opinion that is neither accurate nor indicative of the company’s financial position; |
• | | the name of the proposed auditor and/or fees paid to the audit firm are not disclosed by the company prior to the meeting; |
• | | the auditors are being changed without explanation; or |
• | | fees paid for non-audit related services are excessive and/or exceed fees paid for audit services or limits set by local best practice recommendations or law. |
Where fees for non-audit services include fees related to significant one-time capital structure events, initial public offerings, bankruptcy emergence, and spinoffs, and the company makes public disclosure of the amount and nature of those fees, then such fees may be excluded from the non-audit fees considered in determining whether non-audit related fees are excessive.
Auditor Rotation
Cohen & Steers evaluates auditor rotation proposals on a case-by-case basis taking into account the following factors: the tenure of the audit firm; establishment and disclosure of a review process whereby the auditor is regularly evaluated for both audit quality and competitive pricing; length of the rotation period advocated in the proposal; and any significant audit related issues.
Auditor Indemnification
Cohen & Steers generally votes against auditor indemnification and limitation of liability. However, Cohen & Steers recognizes there may be situations where indemnification and limitations on liability may be appropriate.
Annual Accounts and Reports (non-U.S.)
Annual reports and accounts should be detailed and transparent and should be submitted to shareholders for approval in a timely manner as prescribed by law. They should meet accepted reporting standards such as those prescribed by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB).
Cohen & Steers generally approves proposals relating to the adoption of annual accounts provided that:
| • | | The report has been examined by an independent external accountant and the accuracy of material items in the report is not in doubt; |
| • | | The report complies with legal and regulatory requirements and best practice provisions in local markets; |
| • | | the company discloses which portion of the remuneration paid to the external accountant relates to auditing activities and which portion relates to non-auditing advisory assignments; |
| • | | A report on the implementation of risk management and internal control measures is incorporated, including an in-control statement from company management; |
| • | | A report should include a statement of compliance with relevant codes of best practice for markets where they exist (e.g. for UK companies a statement of compliance with the Corporate Governance Code should be made, together with detailed explanations about any area(s) of non-compliance); |
| • | | A conclusive response is given to all queries from shareholders; and |
| • | | Other concerns about corporate governance have not been identified. |
Appointment of Internal Statutory Auditor (JAPAN)
Cohen & Steers evaluates these proposals on a case-by-case basis taking into account the work history of each nominee. If the nominee is designated as independent but has worked the majority of his or her career for one of the company’s major shareholders, lenders, or business partners, Cohen & Steers considers the nominee affiliated and will withhold support.
Shareholder Access and Voting Proposals
Proxy Access. Cohen & Steers reviews proxy access proposals on a case-by-case basis taking into account the parameters of proxy access use in light of a company’s specific circumstances. Cohen & Steers generally supports proposals that provide shareholders with a reasonable opportunity to use the right without stipulating overly restrictive or onerous parameters for use and also provide assurances that the mechanism will not be subject to abuse by short-term investors, investors without a substantial investment in the company or investors seeking to take control of the board.
Bylaw Amendments. Cohen & Steers votes on a case-by-case basis on proposals requesting companies grant shareholders the ability to amend bylaws. Similar to proxy access, Cohen & Steers generally supports proposals that provide assurances that this right will not be subject to abuse by short-term investors or investors without a substantial investment in a company.
Reimbursement of Proxy Solicitation Expenses (SP). In the absence of compelling reasons, Cohen & Steers will generally not support such proposals.
Shareholder Ability to Call Special Meetings (SP). Cohen & Steers votes on a case-by-case basis on proposals requesting companies amend their governance documents (bylaws and/or charter) in order to allow shareholders to call special meetings.
Shareholder Ability to Act by Written Consent (SP). Cohen & Steers generally votes against proposals to allow or facilitate shareholder action by written consent to provide reasonable protection of minority shareholder rights.
Shareholder Ability to Alter the Size of the Board. Cohen & Steers generally votes for proposals that seek to fix the size of the board and vote against proposals that give the board the ability to alter the size of the board without shareholder approval. While Cohen & Steers recognizes the importance of such proposals, these proposals may be set forth in order to promote the agenda(s) of certain special interest groups and could be disruptive to management of the company.
Cumulative Voting (SP). Having the ability to cumulate votes for the election of directors (i.e., to cast more than one vote for a director) generally increases shareholders’ rights to effect change in the management of a company. However, Cohen & Steers acknowledges that cumulative voting promotes special candidates who may not represent the interests of all, or even a majority, of shareholders. Therefore, when voting on proposals to institute cumulative voting, Cohen & Steers evaluates all facts and circumstances surrounding such proposal and generally vote against cumulative voting where the company has good corporate governance practices in place, including majority voting for director elections and a de-classified board.
Supermajority Vote Requirements (SP). Cohen & Steers generally supports proposals that seek to lower supermajority voting requirements.
Confidential Voting. Cohen & Steers votes for proposals requesting that companies adopt confidential voting, use independent tabulators, and use independent inspectors of election as long as such proposals permit management to request that dissident groups honor its confidential voting policy in the case of proxy contests.
Date/Location of Meeting (SP). Cohen & Steers votes against shareholder proposals to change the date or location of the shareholders’ meeting.
Adjourn Meeting if Votes Are Insufficient. Cohen & Steers generally votes against open-end requests for adjournment of a shareholder meeting. However, where management specifically states the reason for requesting an adjournment and the requested adjournment is necessary to permit a proposal that would otherwise be supported under this policy to be carried out, the adjournment request will be supported.
Disclosure of Shareholder Proponents (SP). Cohen & Steers votes for shareholder proposals requesting that companies disclose the names of shareholder proponents. Shareholders may wish to contact the proponents of a shareholder proposal for additional information.
Environmental and Social Proposals
Cohen & Steers believes that well-managed companies should be evaluating and assessing how environmental and social matters may enhance or protect shareholder value. However, because of the diverse nature of environmental and social proposals, Cohen & Steers evaluates these proposals on a case-by-case basis. The principles guiding our evaluation of these proposals are whether implementation of a proposal is likely to enhance or protect shareholder value and whether a proposal can be implemented at a reasonable cost.
Environmental Proposals (SP). Cohen & Steers acknowledges that environmental considerations can pose significant investment risks and opportunities. Therefore, Cohen & Steers generally votes in favor of proposals requesting a company disclose information that will aid in the determination of shareholder value creation or destruction, taking into consideration the following factors:
• | | Whether the issues presented have already been effectively dealt with through governmental regulation or legislation; |
• | | Whether the disclosure is available to shareholders from the company or from a publicly available source; and |
• | | Whether implementation would reveal proprietary or confidential information that could place the company at a competitive disadvantage. |
Social Proposals (SP). Cohen & Steers believes board and workforce diversity are beneficial to the decision-making process and can enhance long-term profitability. Therefore, Cohen & Steers generally votes in favor of proposals that seek to increase board and workforce diversity. Cohen & Steers votes all other social proposals on a case-by-case basis, including, but not limited to, proposals related to political and charitable contributions, lobbying, and gender equality and the gender pay gap.
Miscellaneous Proposals
Bundled Proposals. Cohen & Steers reviews on a case-by-case basis bundled or “conditioned” proposals. For items that are conditioned upon each other, Cohen & Steers examines the benefits and costs of the bundled items. In instances where the combined effect of the conditioned items is not in shareholders’ best interests, Cohen & Steers votes against such proposals. If the combined effect is positive, Cohen & Steers supports such proposals. In the case of bundled director proposals, Cohen & Steers will vote for the entire slate only if Cohen & Steers would have otherwise voted for each director on an individual basis.
Other Business. Cohen & Steers generally votes against proposals to approve other business where Cohen & Steers cannot determine the exact nature of the proposal(s) to be voted on.
Item 8. Portfolio Managers of Closed-End Management Investment Companies.
Information pertaining to the portfolio managers of the registrant, as of February 3, 2021, is set forth below.
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Benjamin Morton • Vice President • Portfolio manager since inception | | Executive Vice President of Cohen & Steers since 2019. Prior to that, Senior Vice President of Cohen & Steers since 2010. Prior to that, Vice President since 2005. |
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Tyler Rosenlicht • Vice President • Portfolio manager since 2015 | | Senior Vice President of Cohen & Steers since 2018. Prior to that, Vice President of Cohen & Steers since 2015. Prior to that, Research Analyst at Cohen & Steers since 2012. |
The Advisor utilizes a team-based approach in managing the Fund. The portfolio managers of the Fund were Benjamin Morton and Tyler Rosenlicht. Messrs. Morton and Rosenlicht, as the leaders of the team, direct and supervise the execution of the Fund’s investment strategy and lead and guide other members of the global listed infrastructure and MLP investment team.
Each portfolio manager listed above manages other investment companies and/or investment vehicles and accounts in addition to the registrant. The following tables show, as of November 30, 2020 for Messrs. Morton and Rosenlicht, the number of other accounts each portfolio manager managed in each of the listed categories and the total assets in the other accounts managed within each category.
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Benjamin Morton | | Number of accounts | | Total assets | |
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• Registered investment companies | | 5 | | $ | 3,830,354,945 | |
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• Other pooled investment vehicles | | 14 | | $ | 1,211,937,059 | |
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• Other accounts | | 15 | | $ | 2,874,153,318 | |
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Tyler Rosenlicht | | Number of accounts | | Total assets | |
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• Registered investment companies | | 2 | | $ | 154,569,663 | |
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• Other pooled investment vehicles | | 1 | | $ | 7,076,119 | |
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• Other accounts | | 1 | | $ | 18,248,514 | |
Share Ownership. The following table indicates the dollar range of securities of the registrant owned by the registrant’s portfolio managers as of November 30, 2020 for Messrs. Morton and Rosenlicht:
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| | Dollar Range of Securities Owned |
Ben Morton | | $5,001-$10,000 |
Tyler Rosenlicht | | None |
Conflicts of Interest. It is possible that conflicts of interest may arise in connection with the portfolio managers’ management of a Fund’s investments on the one hand and the investments of other accounts or vehicles for which the portfolio managers are responsible on the other. For example, a portfolio manager may have conflicts of interest in allocating management time,
resources and investment opportunities among a Fund and the other accounts or vehicles he advises. In addition, due to differences in the investment strategies or restrictions among a Fund and the other accounts, a portfolio manager may take action with respect to another account that differs from the action taken with respect to the Fund. In some cases, another account managed by a portfolio manager may provide more revenue to the Advisor or Subadvisors, as applicable. While this may appear to create additional conflicts of interest for the portfolio manager in the allocation of management time, resources and investment opportunities, the Advisor and Subadvisors strive to ensure that portfolio managers endeavor to exercise their discretion in a manner that is equitable to all interested persons. In this regard, in the absence of specific account-related impediments (such as client-imposed restrictions or lack of available cash), it is the policy of the Advisor and Subadvisors to allocate investment ideas pro rata to all accounts with the same primary investment objective.
In addition, certain of the portfolio managers may from time to time manage one or more accounts on behalf of the Advisor or Subadvisors, as applicable, and its affiliated companies (the “CNS Accounts”). Certain securities held and traded in the CNS Accounts also may be held and traded in one or more client accounts. It is the policy of the Advisor and Subadvisors however not to put the interests of the CNS Accounts ahead of the interests of client accounts. The Advisor and Subadvisors may aggregate orders of client accounts with those of the CNS Accounts; however, under no circumstances will preferential treatment be given to the CNS Accounts. For all orders involving the CNS Accounts, purchases or sales will be allocated prior to trade placement, and orders that are only partially filled will be allocated across all accounts in proportion to the shares each account, including the CNS Accounts, was designated to receive prior to trading. As a result, it is expected that the CNS Accounts will receive the same average price as other accounts included in the aggregated order. Shares will not be allocated or re-allocated to the CNS Accounts after trade execution or after the average price is known. In the event so few shares of an order are executed that a pro-rata allocation is not practical, a rotational system of allocation may be used; however, the CNS Accounts will never be part of that rotation or receive shares of a partially filled order other than on a pro-rata basis.
Because certain CNS Accounts are managed with a cash management objective, it is possible that a security will be sold out of the CNS Accounts but continue to be held for one or more client accounts. In situations when this occurs, such security will remain in a client account only if the portfolio manager, acting in its reasonable judgment and consistent with its fiduciary duties, believes this is appropriate for, and consistent with the objectives and profile of, the client account.
Advisor Compensation Structure. Compensation of the Advisor’s portfolio managers and other investment professionals has three primary components: (1) a base salary, (2) an annual cash bonus and (3) annual stock-based compensation consisting generally of restricted stock units of the Advisor’s parent, CNS. The Advisor’s investment professionals, including the portfolio managers, also receive certain retirement, insurance and other benefits that are broadly available to all of its employees. Compensation of the Advisor’s investment professionals is reviewed primarily on an annual basis.
Method to Determine Compensation. The Advisor compensates its portfolio managers based primarily on the total return performance of funds and accounts managed by the portfolio manager versus appropriate peer groups or benchmarks. C&S uses a variety of benchmarks to evaluate each portfolio managers’ performance for compensation purposes, including the Alerian MLP Index, the S&P 500 Index and other broad based indexes based on the asset classes managed by each portfolio manager. In evaluating the performance of a portfolio manager, primary emphasis is normally placed on one- and three-year performance, with secondary consideration of performance over longer periods of time. Performance is evaluated on a pre-tax and pre-expense basis. In addition to rankings within peer groups of funds on the basis of absolute performance, consideration may also be given to risk-adjusted performance. For funds and accounts with a primary investment objective of high current income, consideration will also be given to the fund’s and account’s success in achieving this objective. For portfolio managers responsible for multiple funds and accounts, investment performance is evaluated on an aggregate basis. The Advisor has five funds or accounts with performance-based advisory fees. Portfolio managers are also evaluated on the basis of their success in managing their dedicated team of analysts. Base compensation for portfolio managers of the Advisor varies in line with the portfolio manager’s seniority and position with the firm.
Salaries, bonuses and stock-based compensation are also influenced by the operating performance of the Advisor and CNS. While the annual salaries of the Advisor’s portfolio managers are fixed, cash bonuses and stock based compensation may fluctuate significantly from year to year, based on changes in manager performance and other factors.
Item 9. Purchases of Equity Securities by Closed-End Management Investment Company and Affiliated Purchasers.
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Period | | (a) Total number of shares purchased | | (b) Average price paid per share | | (c) Total number of shares purchased part of publicly announced plans or programs | | (d) Maximum number (or appropriate dollar value) of shares (or units) that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs |
12/1/19 to 12/31/19 | | N/A | | N/A | | N/A | | 26,841,109 |
1/1/20 to 1/31/20 | | N/A | | N/A | | N/A | | 26,851,255 |
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Period | | (a) Total number of shares purchased | | (b) Average price paid per share | | (c) Total number of shares purchased part of publicly announced plans or programs | | (d) Maximum number (or appropriate dollar value) of shares (or units) that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs |
2/1/20 to 2/29/20 | | N/A | | N/A | | N/A | | 26,859,921 |
3/1/20 to 3/31/20 | | N/A | | N/A | | N/A | | 26,870,103 |
4/1/20 to 4/30/20 | | N/A | | N/A | | N/A | | 26,903,236 |
5/1/20 to 5/31/20 | | N/A | | N/A | | N/A | | 26,903,236 |
6/1/20 to 6/30/20 | | 175,379 | | 2.69 | | 175,379 | | 26,727,857 |
7/1/20 to 7/31/20 | | 217,189 | | 2.01 | | 217,189 | | 26,510,668 |
8/1/20 to 8/31/20 | | 115,682 | | 2.11 | | 115,682 | | 26,394,986 |
9/1/20 to 9/30/20 | | 82,826 | | 1.57 | | 82,826 | | 26,312,160 |
10/1/20 to 10/31/20 | | 13,900 | | 1.72 | | 13,900 | | 26,298,260 |
11/1/20 to 11/30/20 | | 206,212 | | 1.92 | | 206,212 | | 26,092,048 |
| | | | |
Total | | 811,188 | | 2.10 | | 811,188 | | 26,092,048 |
Note: On December 10, 2019, the Board of Directors of the Fund approved continuation of the delegation of its authority to management to effect repurchases, pursuant to management’s discretion and subject to market conditions and investment considerations, of up to 10% of the Fund’s common shares outstanding (“Share Repurchase Program”) as of January 1, 2020 through December 31, 2020. On December 8, 2020, the Board of Directors of the Fund approved continuation of the Share Repurchase Program of up to 10% of the Fund’s common shares outstanding as of January 1, 2021 through December 31, 2021.
Item 10. Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders.
There have been no material changes to the procedures by which shareholders may recommend nominees to the registrant’s Board implemented after the registrant last provided disclosure in response to this Item.
Item 11. Controls and Procedures.
(a) The registrant’s principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures are reasonably designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the registrant in this Form N-CSR was recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms, based upon such officers’ evaluation of these controls and procedures as of a date within 90 days of the filing date of this report.
(b) There were no changes in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by this report that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
Item 12. Disclosure of Securities Lending Activities for Closed-End Management Investment Companies.
(a) The Fund did not engage in any securities lending activity during the fiscal year ended November 30, 2020.
(b) The Fund did not engage in any securities lending activity and did not engage a securities lending agent during the fiscal year ended November 30, 2020.
Item 13. Exhibits.
(a)(1) Not applicable.
(a)(2) Certifications of principal executive officer and principal financial officer as required by Rule 30a-2(a) under the Investment Company Act of 1940.
(a)(3) Not applicable.
(a)(4) Not applicable.
(b) Certifications of principal executive officer and principal financial officer as required by Rule 30a-2(b) under the Investment Company Act of 1940.
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the Investment Company Act of 1940, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
COHEN & STEERS MLP INCOME AND ENERGY OPPORTUNITY FUND, INC.
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| | By: | | /s/ Adam M. Derechin |
| | Name: Title: | | Adam M. Derechin Principal Executive Officer (President and Chief Executive Officer) |
| | Date: | | February 3, 2021 |
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the Investment Company Act of 1940, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
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| | By: | | /s/ Adam M. Derechin |
| | Name: Title: | | Adam M. Derechin Principal Executive Officer (President and Chief Executive Officer) |
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| | By: | | /s/ James Giallanza |
| | Name: Title: | | James Giallanza Principal Financial Officer (Chief Financial Officer) |
| | Date: | | February 3, 2021 |