Loans, Net and Allowance for Loan Losses | Loans, Net and Allowance for Loan Losses Loans, net, at March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, consisted of the following: March 31, December 31, 2017 2016 Commercial $ 601,985 $ 630,805 Real estate: Commercial 2,562,743 2,459,221 Commercial construction, land and land development 573,623 531,481 Residential 647,569 634,545 Single family interim construction 237,740 235,475 Agricultural 52,515 53,548 Consumer 26,224 27,530 Other 112 166 4,702,511 4,572,771 Deferred loan fees (2,427 ) (2,117 ) Allowance for loan losses (33,431 ) (31,591 ) $ 4,666,653 $ 4,539,063 The Company has certain lending policies and procedures in place that are designed to maximize loan income within an acceptable level of risk. Management reviews and approves these policies and procedures on a regular basis. A reporting system supplements the review process by providing management with frequent reports related to loan production, loan quality, concentrations of credit, loan delinquencies and non-performing and potential problem loans. Commercial loans are underwritten after evaluating and understanding the borrower’s ability to operate profitably and prudently expand its business. The Company’s management examines current and projected cash flows to determine the ability of the borrower to repay their obligations as agreed. Commercial loans are primarily made based on the identified cash flows of the borrower and secondarily on the underlying collateral provided by the borrower. These cash flows, however, may not be as expected and the value of collateral securing the loans may fluctuate. Most commercial loans are secured by the assets being financed or other business assets such as accounts receivable or inventory and may incorporate a personal guarantee; however, some short term loans may be made on an unsecured basis. Additionally, our commercial loan portfolio includes loans made to customers in the energy industry, which is a complex, technical and cyclical industry. Experienced bankers with specialized energy lending experience originate our energy loans. Companies in this industry produce, extract, develop, exploit and explore for oil and natural gas. Loans are primarily collateralized with proven producing oil and gas reserves based on a technical evaluation of these reserves. At March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, there were approximately $ 97.2 million and $ 115.3 million of exploration and production (E&P) energy loans outstanding, respectively. Commercial real estate loans are subject to underwriting standards and processes similar to commercial loans. These loans are viewed primarily as cash flow loans and secondarily as loans secured by real estate. Commercial real estate lending typically involves higher loan principal amounts, and the repayment of these loans is generally largely dependent on the successful operation of the property or the business conducted on the property securing the loan. Commercial real estate loans may be more adversely affected by conditions in the real estate markets or in the general economy. The properties securing the Company’s commercial real estate portfolio are diverse in terms of type and geographic location. Management monitors the diversification of the portfolio on a quarterly basis by type and geographic location. Management also tracks the level of owner occupied property versus non owner occupied property. Land and commercial land development loans are underwritten using feasibility studies, independent appraisal reviews and financial analysis of the developers or property owners. Generally, borrowers must have a proven track record of success. Commercial construction loans are generally based upon estimates of cost and value of the completed project. These estimates may not be accurate. Commercial construction loans often involve the disbursement of substantial funds with the repayment dependent on the success of the ultimate project. Sources of repayment for these loans may be pre-committed permanent financing or sale of the developed property. The loans in this portfolio are geographically diverse and due to the increased risk are monitored closely by management and the board of directors on a quarterly basis. Residential real estate and single family interim construction loans are underwritten primarily based on borrowers’ credit scores, documented income and minimum collateral values. Relatively small loan amounts are spread across many individual borrowers, which minimizes risk in the residential portfolio. In addition, management evaluates trends in past dues and current economic factors on a regular basis. Agricultural loans are collateralized by real estate and/or agricultural-related assets. Agricultural real estate loans are primarily comprised of loans for the purchase of farmland. Loan-to-value ratios on loans secured by farmland generally do not exceed 80% and have amortization periods limited to twenty years. Agricultural non-real estate loans are generally comprised of term loans to fund the purchase of equipment, livestock and seasonal operating lines to grain farmers to plant and harvest corn and soybeans. Specific underwriting standards have been established for agricultural-related loans, including the establishment of projections for each operating year based on industry developed estimates of farm input costs and expected commodity yields and prices. Operating lines are typically written for one year and secured by the crop and other farm assets as considered necessary. Agricultural loans carry significant credit risks as they involve larger balances concentrated with single borrowers or groups of related borrowers. In addition, repayment of such loans depends on the successful operation or management of the farm property securing the loan or for which an operating loan is utilized. Farming operations may be affected by adverse weather conditions such as drought, hail or floods that can severely limit crop yields. Consumer loans represent less than 1% of the outstanding total loan portfolio. Collateral consists primarily of automobiles and other personal assets. Credit score analysis is used to supplement the underwriting process. Most of the Company’s lending activity occurs within the State of Texas, primarily in the north, central and southeast Texas regions. A large percentage of the Company’s portfolio consists of commercial and residential real estate loans. As of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 , there were no concentrations of loans related to a single industry in excess of 10% of total loans. The allowance for loan losses is an amount that management believes will be adequate to absorb estimated losses relating to specifically identified loans, as well as probable credit losses inherent in the balance of the loan portfolio. The allowance is derived from the following two components: 1) allowances established on individual impaired loans, which are based on a review of the individual characteristics of each loan, including the customer’s ability to repay the loan, the underlying collateral values, and the industry in which the customer operates, and 2) allowances based on actual historical loss experience for the last three years for similar types of loans in the Company’s loan portfolio adjusted for primarily changes in the lending policies and procedures; collection, charge-off and recovery practices; nature and volume of the loan portfolio; change in value of underlying collateral; volume and severity of nonperforming loans; existence and effect of any concentrations of credit and the level of such concentrations and current, national and local economic and business conditions. This second component also includes an unallocated allowance to cover uncertainties that could affect management’s estimate of probable losses. The unallocated allowance reflects the imprecision inherent in the underlying assumptions used in the methodologies for estimating this component. The Company’s management continually evaluates the allowance for loan losses determined from the allowances established on individual loans and the amounts determined from historical loss percentages adjusted for the qualitative factors above. Should any of the factors considered by management change, the Company’s estimate of loan losses could also change and would affect the level of future provision expense. While the calculation of the allowance for loan losses utilizes management’s best judgment and all the information available, the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses is dependent on a variety of factors beyond the Company’s control, including, among other things, the performance of the entire loan portfolio, the economy, changes in interest rates and the view of regulatory authorities towards loan classifications. In addition, regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review the Bank’s allowance for loan losses, and may require the Bank to make additions to the allowance based on their judgment about information available to them at the time of their examinations. Loans requiring an allocated loan loss provision are generally identified at the servicing officer level based on review of weekly past due reports and/or the loan officer’s communication with borrowers. In addition, past due loans are discussed at weekly officer loan committee meetings to determine if classification is warranted. The Company’s credit department has implemented an internal risk based loan review process to identity potential internally classified loans that supplements the annual independent external loan review. The external review generally covers all loans greater than $2.9 million annually. These reviews include analysis of borrower’s financial condition, payment histories and collateral values to determine if a loan should be internally classified. Generally, once classified, an impaired loan analysis is completed by the credit department to determine if the loan is impaired and the amount of allocated allowance required. The Texas economy, specifically the Company’s lending area of north, central and southeast Texas, has generally performed better than certain other parts of the country. The risk of loss associated with all segments of the portfolio could increase due to this impact. During the first quarter of 2016, the Company increased its reserves in the energy portfolio in response to the risk associated with volatility in oil prices. Due to the stabilization of commodity prices and reductions to the energy portfolio during the second half of 2016, the Company has not made any additional allocations during 2017 and believes economic factors indicate improvement in the energy sector and that the economy in our lending areas, including Houston, will continue to grow. The economy and other risk factors are minimized by the Company’s underwriting standards, which include the following principles: 1) financial strength of the borrower including strong earnings, high net worth, significant liquidity and acceptable debt to worth ratio, 2) managerial business competence, 3) ability to repay, 4) loan to value, 5) projected cash flow and 6) guarantor financial statements as applicable. The following is a summary of the activity in the allowance for loan losses by loan class for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016 : Commercial Commercial Real Estate, Land and Land Development Residential Real Estate Single-Family Interim Construction Agricultural Consumer Other Unallocated Total Three months ended March 31, 2017 Balance at the beginning of period $ 8,593 $ 18,399 $ 2,760 $ 1,301 $ 207 $ 242 $ 29 $ 60 $ 31,591 Provision for loan losses (590 ) 2,048 67 235 (6 ) 64 23 182 2,023 Charge-offs — — — (134 ) — (56 ) (22 ) — (212 ) Recoveries 2 20 1 — — 2 4 — 29 Balance at end of period $ 8,005 $ 20,467 $ 2,828 $ 1,402 $ 201 $ 252 $ 34 $ 242 $ 33,431 Three months ended March 31, 2016 Balance at the beginning of period $ 10,573 $ 13,007 $ 2,339 $ 769 $ 215 $ 164 $ 8 $ (32 ) $ 27,043 Provision for loan losses 1,592 1,046 133 220 (28 ) (3 ) 22 15 2,997 Charge-offs — (54 ) — — — (1 ) (23 ) — (78 ) Recoveries 8 2 1 — — 2 9 — 22 Balance at end of period $ 12,173 $ 14,001 $ 2,473 $ 989 $ 187 $ 162 $ 16 $ (17 ) $ 29,984 The following table details the amount of the allowance for loan losses and recorded investment in loans by class as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016: Commercial Commercial Real Estate, Land and Land Development Residential Real Estate Single-Family Interim Construction Agricultural Consumer Other Unallocated Total March 31, 2017 Allowance for losses: Individually evaluated for impairment $ 500 $ 4 $ — $ — $ — $ 94 $ — $ — $ 598 Collectively evaluated for impairment 7,505 20,463 2,828 1,402 201 158 34 242 32,833 Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality — — — — — — — — — Ending balance $ 8,005 $ 20,467 $ 2,828 $ 1,402 $ 201 $ 252 $ 34 $ 242 $ 33,431 Loans: Individually evaluated for impairment $ 8,196 $ 2,843 $ 2,039 $ — $ — $ 264 $ — $ — $ 13,342 Collectively evaluated for impairment 591,823 3,103,643 643,455 237,740 52,515 25,951 112 — 4,655,239 Acquired with deteriorated credit quality 1,966 29,880 2,075 — — 9 — — 33,930 Ending balance $ 601,985 $ 3,136,366 $ 647,569 $ 237,740 $ 52,515 $ 26,224 $ 112 $ — $ 4,702,511 December 31, 2016 Allowance for losses: Individually evaluated for impairment $ 3 $ 4 $ — $ 84 $ — $ 94 $ — $ — $ 185 Collectively evaluated for impairment 8,590 18,395 2,760 1,217 207 148 29 60 31,406 Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality — — — — — — — — — Ending balance $ 8,593 $ 18,399 $ 2,760 $ 1,301 $ 207 $ 242 $ 29 $ 60 $ 31,591 Loans: Individually evaluated for impairment $ 7,720 $ 7,089 $ 1,889 $ 884 $ — $ 279 $ — $ — $ 17,861 Collectively evaluated for impairment 620,665 2,953,333 630,689 234,591 53,548 27,240 166 — 4,520,232 Acquired with deteriorated credit quality 2,420 30,280 1,967 — — 11 — — 34,678 Ending balance $ 630,805 $ 2,990,702 $ 634,545 $ 235,475 $ 53,548 $ 27,530 $ 166 $ — $ 4,572,771 Nonperforming loans by loan class at March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, are summarized as follows: Commercial Commercial Real Estate, Land and Land Development Residential Real Estate Single-Family Interim Construction Agricultural Consumer Other Total March 31, 2017 Nonaccrual loans $ 8,196 $ 1,666 $ 1,031 $ — $ — $ 264 $ — $ 11,157 Loans past due 90 days and still accruing — — — — — — — — Troubled debt restructurings (not included in nonaccrual or loans past due and still accruing) — 1,177 1,008 — — — — 2,185 $ 8,196 $ 2,843 $ 2,039 $ — $ — $ 264 $ — $ 13,342 December 31, 2016 Nonaccrual loans $ 7,718 $ 5,885 $ 866 $ 884 $ — $ 273 $ — $ 15,626 Loans past due 90 days and still accruing — — — — — — — — Troubled debt restructurings (not included in nonaccrual or loans past due and still accruing) 1 1,204 1,011 — — — — 2,216 $ 7,719 $ 7,089 $ 1,877 $ 884 $ — $ 273 $ — $ 17,842 The accrual of interest is discontinued on a loan when management believes after considering collection efforts and other factors that the borrower's financial condition is such that collection of interest is doubtful. All interest accrued but not collected for loans that are placed on nonaccrual status or charged-off is reversed against interest income. Cash collections on nonaccrual loans are generally credited to the loan receivable balance, and no interest income is recognized on those loans until the principal balance has been collected. Loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured. Impaired loans are those loans where it is probable that all amounts due will not be collected according to contractual terms of the loan agreement. The Company has identified these loans through its normal loan review procedures. Impaired loans are measured based on 1) the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loans effective interest rate; 2) the loan's observable market price; or 3) the fair value of collateral if the loan is collateral dependent. Substantially all of the Company’s impaired loans are measured at the fair value of the collateral. In limited cases, the Company may use the other methods to determine the level of impairment of a loan if such loan is not collateral dependent. All commercial, real estate, agricultural loans and troubled debt restructurings are considered for individual impairment analysis. Smaller balance consumer loans are collectively evaluated for impairment. Impaired loans by loan class at March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, are summarized as follows: Commercial Commercial Real Estate, Land and Land Development Residential Real Estate Single-Family Interim Construction Agricultural Consumer Other Total March 31, 2017 Recorded investment in impaired loans: Impaired loans with an allowance for loan losses $ 3,635 $ 77 $ — $ — $ — $ 204 $ — $ 3,916 Impaired loans with no allowance for loan losses 4,561 2,766 2,039 — — 60 — 9,426 Total $ 8,196 $ 2,843 $ 2,039 $ — $ — $ 264 $ — $ 13,342 Unpaid principal balance of impaired loans $ 11,319 $ 2,860 $ 2,249 $ — $ — $ 275 $ — $ 16,703 Allowance for loan losses on impaired loans $ 500 $ 4 $ — $ — $ — $ 94 $ — $ 598 December 31, 2016 Recorded investment in impaired loans: Impaired loans with an allowance for loan losses $ 8 $ 78 $ — $ 168 $ — $ 209 $ — $ 463 Impaired loans with no allowance for loan losses 7,712 7,011 1,889 716 — 70 — 17,398 Total $ 7,720 $ 7,089 $ 1,889 $ 884 $ — $ 279 $ — $ 17,861 Unpaid principal balance of impaired loans $ 10,844 $ 7,133 $ 2,087 $ 884 $ — $ 291 $ — $ 21,239 Allowance for loan losses on impaired loans $ 3 $ 4 $ — $ 84 $ — $ 94 $ — $ 185 For the three months ended March 31, 2017 Average recorded investment in impaired loans $ 7,958 $ 4,966 $ 1,964 $ 442 $ — $ 272 $ — $ 15,602 Interest income recognized on impaired loans $ 2 $ 397 $ 12 $ — $ — $ 1 $ — $ 412 For the three months ended March 31, 2016 Average recorded investment in impaired loans $ 15,677 $ 3,429 $ 3,157 $ — $ 85 $ 94 $ — $ 22,442 Interest income recognized on impaired loans $ 366 $ 36 $ 40 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 442 Certain impaired loans have adequate collateral and do not require a related allowance for loan loss. The Company will charge off that portion of any loan which management considers a loss. Commercial and real estate loans are generally considered for charge-off when exposure beyond collateral coverage is apparent and when no further collection of the loss portion is anticipated based on the borrower’s financial condition. The restructuring of a loan is considered a “troubled debt restructuring” if both 1) the borrower is experiencing financial difficulties and 2) the creditor has granted a concession. Concessions may include interest rate reductions or below market interest rates, principal forgiveness, extending amortization and other actions intended to minimize potential losses. A “troubled debt restructured” loan is identified as impaired and measured for credit impairment as of each reporting period in accordance with the guidance in Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 310-10-35. Modifications primarily relate to extending the amortization periods of the loans and interest rate concessions. The majority of these loans were identified as impaired prior to restructuring; therefore, the modifications did not materially impact the Company’s determination of the allowance for loan losses. The recorded investment in troubled debt restructurings, including those on nonaccrual, was $2,389 and $2,425 as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016. There were no loans modified under troubled debt restructurings during the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016 . . At March 31, 2017 and 2016, there were no loans modified under troubled debt restructurings during the previous twelve month period that subsequently defaulted during the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. At March 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company had no commitments to lend additional funds to any borrowers with loans whose terms have been modified under troubled debt restructurings. Loans are considered past due if the required principal and interest payments have not been received as of the date such payments were due. The following table presents information regarding the aging of past due loans by loan class as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016: Loans 30-89 Days Past Due Loans 90 or More Past Due Total Past Due Loans Current Loans Total Loans March 31, 2017 Commercial $ 182 $ 8,196 $ 8,378 $ 593,607 $ 601,985 Commercial real estate, land and land development 1,631 1,631 3,262 3,133,104 3,136,366 Residential real estate 2,955 556 3,511 644,058 647,569 Single-family interim construction — — — 237,740 237,740 Agricultural — — — 52,515 52,515 Consumer 36 36 72 26,152 26,224 Other — — — 112 112 $ 4,804 $ 10,419 $ 15,223 $ 4,687,288 $ 4,702,511 December 31, 2016 Commercial $ 226 $ 7,711 $ 7,937 $ 622,868 $ 630,805 Commercial real estate, land and land development 151 6,752 6,903 2,983,799 2,990,702 Residential real estate 846 561 1,407 633,138 634,545 Single-family interim construction 1,062 — 1,062 234,413 235,475 Agricultural 10 — 10 53,538 53,548 Consumer 154 52 206 27,324 27,530 Other — — — 166 166 $ 2,449 $ 15,076 $ 17,525 $ 4,555,246 $ 4,572,771 The Company’s internal classified report is segregated into the following categories: 1) Pass/Watch, 2) Special Mention, 3) Substandard and 4) Doubtful. The loans placed in the Pass/Watch category reflect the Company’s opinion that the loans reflect potential weakness that requires monitoring on a more frequent basis. The loans in the Special Mention category reflect the Company’s opinion that the credit contains weaknesses which represent a greater degree of risk and warrant extra attention. These loans are reviewed monthly by officers and senior management to determine if a change in category is warranted. The loans placed in the Substandard category are considered to be potentially inadequately protected by the current debt service capacity of the borrower and/or the pledged collateral. These credits, even if apparently protected by collateral value, have shown weakness related to adverse financial, managerial, economic, market or political conditions, which may jeopardize repayment of principal and interest. There is possibility that some future loss could be sustained by the Company if such weakness is not corrected. The Doubtful category includes loans that are in default or principal exposure is probable. Substandard and Doubtful loans are individually evaluated to determine if they should be classified as impaired and an allowance is allocated if deemed necessary under ASC 310-10. The loans that are not impaired are included with the remaining “pass” credits in determining the portion of the allowance for loan loss based on historical loss experience and other qualitative factors. The portfolio is segmented into categories including: commercial loans, consumer loans, commercial real estate loans, residential real estate loans and agricultural loans. The adjusted historical loss percentage is applied to each category. Each category is then added together to determine the allowance allocated under ASC 450-20. A summary of loans by credit quality indicator by class as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 , is as follows: Pass Pass/ Watch Special Mention Substandard Doubtful Total March 31, 2017 Commercial $ 525,014 $ 34,378 $ 15,563 $ 27,030 $ — $ 601,985 Commercial real estate, construction, land and land development 3,122,652 5,699 4,942 3,073 — 3,136,366 Residential real estate 640,467 3,292 490 3,320 — 647,569 Single-family interim construction 236,803 937 — — — 237,740 Agricultural 39,190 13,100 225 — — 52,515 Consumer 25,931 17 2 274 — 26,224 Other 112 — — — — 112 $ 4,590,169 $ 57,423 $ 21,222 $ 33,697 $ — $ 4,702,511 December 31, 2016 Commercial $ 555,342 $ 31,954 $ 16,734 $ 26,775 $ — $ 630,805 Commercial real estate, construction, land and land development 2,972,732 5,426 5,148 7,396 — 2,990,702 Residential real estate 629,081 1,897 370 3,197 — 634,545 Single-family interim construction 233,800 791 — 884 — 235,475 Agricultural 52,724 569 255 — — 53,548 Consumer 27,215 12 3 300 — 27,530 Other 166 — — — — 166 $ 4,471,060 $ 40,649 $ 22,510 $ 38,552 $ — $ 4,572,771 The Company has acquired certain loans which experienced credit deterioration since origination (purchased credit impaired (PCI) loans). Accretion on PCI loans is based on estimated future cash flows, regardless of contractual maturity. No additional PCI loans were acquired during the three months ended March 31, 2017 and the year ended December 31, 2016. The carrying amount of all acquired PCI loans included in the consolidated balance sheet and the related outstanding balance at March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 were as follows: March 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 Outstanding balance $ 38,380 $ 39,442 Carrying amount 33,930 34,678 There was no allocation established in the allowance for loan losses relating to PCI loans at March 31, 2017 or December 31, 2016. The changes in accretable yield during the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016 in regard to loans transferred at acquisition for which it was probable that all contractually required payments would not be collected are presented in the table below. For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2017 2016 Balance at January 1, $ 1,526 $ 2,380 Additions — — Accretion (225 ) (302 ) Transfers from nonaccretable 270 — Balance at March 31, $ 1,571 $ 2,078 |