Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies (Policies) | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2014 |
Accounting Policies [Abstract] | |
Basis of Accounting | Basis of Accounting |
The accompanying consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of CHMI and its consolidated subsidiaries. All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated. CHMI consolidates those entities in which it has an investment of 50% or more and has control over significant operating, financial and investing decisions of the entity. |
Emerging Growth Company Status | Emerging Growth Company Status |
On April 5, 2012, the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (the “JOBS Act”) was signed into law. The JOBS Act contains provisions that, among other things, reduce certain reporting requirements for qualifying public companies. Because the Company qualifies as an “emerging growth company,” it may, under Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act of 1933, delay adoption of new or revised accounting standards applicable to public companies until such standards would otherwise apply to private companies. The Company has elected to take advantage of this extended transition period until the first to occur of the date that it (i) is no longer an “emerging growth company” or (ii) affirmatively and irrevocably opts out of this extended transition period. As a result, the financial statements may not be comparable to those of other public companies that comply with such new or revised accounting standards. Until the date that the Company is no longer an “emerging growth company” or affirmatively and irrevocably opts out of the extended transition period, upon issuance of a new or revised accounting standard that applies to the financial statements and that has a different effective date for public and private companies, the Company will disclose the date on which adoption is required for non-emerging growth companies and the date on which it will adopt the recently issued accounting standard. |
Use of Estimates | Use of Estimates |
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make a number of significant estimates and assumptions. These include estimates of fair value of RMBS, Excess MSRs, derivatives and credit losses including the period of time during which the Company anticipates an increase in the fair values of securities sufficient to recover unrealized losses on those securities, and other estimates that affect the reported amounts of certain assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of certain revenues and expenses during the reporting period. It is likely that changes in these estimates (e.g., valuation changes due to supply and demand, credit performance, prepayments, interest rates, or other reasons) will occur in the near term. The Company’s estimates are inherently subjective in nature; actual results could differ from its estimates and differences may be material. |
Risks and Uncertainties | Risks and Uncertainties |
In the normal course of business, CHMI encounters primarily two significant types of economic risk: credit and market. Credit risk is the risk of default on CHMI’s investments in RMBS, Excess MSRs and derivatives that results from a borrower’s or derivative counterparty’s inability or unwillingness to make contractually required payments. Market risk reflects changes in the value of investments in RMBS, Excess MSRs and derivatives due to changes in interest rates, spreads or other market factors. |
Additionally, CHMI is subject to the risks involved with real estate and real estate-related debt instruments. These include, among others, the risks normally associated with changes in the general economic climate, changes in the mortgage market, changes in tax laws, interest rate levels, and the availability of financing. |
Additionally, CHMI is subject to significant tax risks. If CHMI were to fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, CHMI would be subject to U.S. federal income tax (including any applicable alternative minimum tax), which could be material. Unless entitled to relief under certain statutory provisions, CHMI would also be disqualified from treatment as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year during which qualification is lost. |
Investments in RMBS | Investments in RMBS |
Classification – CHMI classifies its investments in RMBS as securities available for sale. Although CHMI generally intends to hold most of its securities until maturity, it may, from time to time, sell any of its securities as part of its overall management of its portfolio. Securities available for sale are carried at fair value with the net unrealized gains or losses reported as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income, to the extent impairment losses, if any, are considered temporary. Unrealized losses on securities are charged to earnings if they reflect a decline in value that is other-than-temporary, as described below. |
Fair value is determined under the guidance of ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (“ASC 820”). The Company determines fair value of its RMBS investments based upon prices obtained from third-party pricing providers. The third-party pricing providers use pricing models that generally incorporate such factors as coupons, primary and secondary mortgage rates, rate reset period, issuer, prepayment speeds, credit enhancements and expected life of the security. In determining the fair value of RMBS, management judgment is used to arrive at fair value that considers prices obtained from third-party pricing providers and other applicable market data. The Company’s application of ASC 820 guidance is discussed in further detail at Note 9. |
Investment securities transactions are recorded on the trade date. Purchases of newly-issued securities are recorded when all significant uncertainties regarding the characteristics of the securities are removed, generally shortly before settlement date. At disposition, the net realized gain or loss is determined on the basis of the cost of the specific investment and is included in earnings. All RMBS purchased or sold in the year ended December 31, 2014 were settled. |
Revenue Recognition – Interest income from coupon payments is accrued based on the outstanding principal amount of the RMBS and their contractual terms. Premiums and discounts associated with the purchase of the RMBS are accreted into interest income over the projected lives of the securities using the interest method. The Company’s policy for estimating prepayment speeds for calculating the effective yield is to evaluate historical performance, consensus prepayment speeds, and current market conditions. Adjustments are made for actual prepayment activity. Approximately $1.3 million in interest income is receivable at December 31, 2014, and is classified as “Receivables and other assets” on the consolidated balance sheet. |
Impairment – CHMI evaluates its RMBS, on a quarterly basis, to assess whether a decline in the fair value below the amortized cost basis is an other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”). The presence of OTTI is based upon a fair value decline below a security’s amortized cost basis and a corresponding adverse change in expected cash flows due to credit related factors as well as non-credit factors, such as changes in interest rates and market spreads. Impairment is considered other-than-temporary if an entity (i) intends to sell the security, (ii) will more likely than not be required to sell the security before it recovers in value, or (iii) does not expect to recover the security’s amortized cost basis, even if the entity does not intend to sell the security. Under these scenarios, the impairment is other-than-temporary and the full amount of impairment should be recognized currently in earnings and the cost basis of the security is adjusted. However, if an entity does not intend to sell the impaired security and it is more likely than not that it will not be required to sell before recovery, the OTTI should be separated into (i) the estimated amount relating to credit loss, or credit component, and (ii) the amount relating to all other factors, or non-credit component. Only the estimated credit loss amount is recognized currently in earnings, with the remainder of the loss recognized in other comprehensive income. The difference between the new amortized cost basis and the cash flows expected to be collected is accreted into interest income in accordance with the effective interest method. |
Investments in Excess MSRs | Investments in Excess MSRs |
Classification – Upon acquisition, CHMI elected the fair value option to record its investments in Excess MSRs in order to provide users of the financial statements with better information regarding the effects of prepayment risk and other market factors on the Excess MSRs. Under this election, CHMI records a valuation adjustment on its investments in Excess MSRs on a quarterly basis to recognize the changes in fair value in net income as described below. In determining the valuation of Excess MSRs, management used an internally developed models that are primarily based on observable market-based inputs but also include unobservable market data inputs (see Note 9). |
Revenue Recognition – Excess MSRs are aggregated into pools as applicable; each pool of Excess MSRs is accounted for in the aggregate. Interest income for Excess MSRs is accreted into interest income on an effective yield or “interest” method, based upon the expected excess mortgage servicing amount over the expected life of the underlying mortgages. Changes to expected cash flows result in a cumulative retrospective adjustment, which will be recorded in the period in which the change in expected cash flows occurs. Under the retrospective method, the interest income recognized for a reporting period would be measured as the difference between the amortized cost basis at the end of the period and the amortized cost basis at the beginning of the period, plus any cash received during the period. The amortized cost basis is calculated as the present value of estimated future cash flows using an effective yield, which is the yield that equates all past actual and current estimated future cash flows to the initial investment. The difference between the fair value of Excess MSRs and their amortized cost basis is recorded on the income statement as “Unrealized gain (loss) on investments in excess mortgage servicing rights.” Fair value is generally determined by discounting the expected future cash flows using discount rates that incorporate the market risks and liquidity premium specific to the Excess MSRs and, therefore, may differ from their effective yields. Approximately $2.7 million in Excess MSR cash flow is receivable at December 31, 2014, and is classified as “Receivables and other assets” on the consolidated balance sheet. |
Derivatives and Hedging Activities | Derivatives and Hedging Activities |
Derivative transactions include swaps, swaptions, treasury futures and TBAs. Swaps and swaptions are entered into by CHMI solely for interest rate risk management purposes. TBAs are used for duration risk and basis risk management purposes. The decision of whether or not a given transaction/position (or portion thereof) is economically hedged is made on a case-by-case basis, based on the risks involved and other factors as determined by senior management, including restrictions imposed by the Code on REITs among others. In determining whether to economically hedge a risk, CHMI may consider whether other assets, liabilities, firm commitments and anticipated transactions already offset or reduce the risk. All transactions undertaken as economic hedges are entered into with a view towards minimizing the potential for economic losses that could be incurred by CHMI. Generally, derivatives entered into are not intended to qualify as hedges under GAAP, unless specifically stated otherwise. |
CHMI’s derivative financial instruments contain credit risk to the extent that its bank counterparties may be unable to meet the terms of the agreements. CHMI reduces such risk by limiting its counterparties to major financial institutions. In addition, the potential risk of loss with any one party resulting from this type of credit risk is monitored. Finally, CHMI’s interest rate swaps are required to be cleared on an exchange, which further mitigates but does not eliminate, credit risk. Management does not expect any material losses as a result of default by other parties. |
Classification – All derivatives are recognized as either assets or liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet and measured at fair value. Due to the nature of these instruments, they may be in a receivable/asset position or a payable/liability position at the end of an accounting period. Derivative amounts payable to, and receivable from, the same party under contracts may be offset as long as the following conditions are met: (i) each of the two parties owes the other determinable amounts; (ii) the reporting party has the right to offset the amount owed with the amount owed by the other party; (iii) the reporting party intends to offset; and (iv) the right to offset is enforceable by law. CHMI reports the fair value of derivative instruments gross of cash paid or received pursuant to credit support agreements, and fair value is reflected on a net counterparty basis when CHMI believes a legal right of offset exists under an enforceable master netting agreement. For further discussion on offsetting assets and liabilities, see Note 8. |
Revenue Recognition – With respect to derivatives that have not been designated as hedges, any net payments under, or fluctuations in the fair value of, such derivatives have been recognized currently in “Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives, net” in the consolidated statements of income. These derivatives may, to some extent, be economically effective as hedges. |
Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash | Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash |
CHMI considers all highly liquid short-term investments with maturities of 90 days or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. Substantially all amounts on deposit with major financial institutions exceed insured limits. Restricted cash represents the Company’s cash held by counterparties as collateral against CHMI’s derivatives and/or repurchase agreements. |
Due to Affiliate | Due to Affiliate |
This represents amounts due to the Manager pursuant to the Management Agreement. For further information on the Management Agreement, see Note 7. |
Income Taxes | Income Taxes |
As long as the Company qualifies as a REIT, the Company generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes on its taxable income to the extent it annually distributes at least 90% of its net taxable income to stockholders and does not engage in prohibited transactions. The Company intends to comply with all requirements to continue to qualify as a REIT. The majority of states also recognize the Company’s REIT status. For the taxable years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, the Company qualified to be taxed as a REIT for US federal income tax purposes. |
The Company assesses its tax positions for all open tax years and determines if it has any material unrecognized liabilities in accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes. The Company records these liabilities to the extent it deems them more-likely-than-not to be incurred. The Company classifies interest and penalties on material uncertain tax positions, if any, as interest expense and operating expense, respectively, in its consolidated statements of income. The Company has not incurred any interest or penalties. |
Effective January 1, 2014, Solutions has elected to be taxed as a corporation for Federal income tax purposes; prior to this date, Solutions was a disregarded entity for Federal income tax purposes. Solutions has jointly elected with the Company, the ultimate beneficial owner of Solutions, to be treated as a taxable REIT subsidiary. |
The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes. ASC 740 requires the recording of deferred income taxes that reflect the net tax effect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of the Company’s assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes, including operating loss carry forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in earnings in the period that includes the enactment date. The Company records interest and penalties related to income taxes within the provision for income taxes in the statement of income. |
Realized Gain (Loss) on RMBS and Derivatives, Net | Realized Gain (Loss) on RMBS and Derivatives, Net |
The following table presents gains and losses on sales of RMBS and derivatives for the periods indicated (dollars in thousands): |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended | | | Two Month Period | |
December 31, | October 31, 2012 |
| (date of inception) to |
| | 2014 | | | 2013 | | | December 31, 2013 |
Realized gain (loss) on RMBS, net | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Gain on RMBS | | $ | 303 | | | $ | 116 | | | $ | — | |
Loss on RMBS | | | (363 | ) | | | (643 | ) | | | — | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net realized gain (loss) on RMBS | | | (60 | ) | | | (527 | ) | | | — | |
Realized gain (loss) on derivatives, net | | | (2,643 | ) | | | 59 | | | | — | |
Unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives, net | | | (6,564 | ) | | | 2,747 | | | | — | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total | | $ | (9,267 | ) | | $ | 2,279 | | | $ | — | |
Repurchase Agreements and Interest Expense | Repurchase Agreements and Interest Expense |
CHMI finances its investments in RMBS with short-term borrowings under master repurchase agreements. The repurchase agreements are generally short-term debt, which expire within one year. Borrowings under repurchase agreements generally bear interest rates of a specified margin over one-month LIBOR and are generally uncommitted. The repurchase agreements are treated as collateralized financing transactions and are carried at their contractual amounts, as specified in the respective agreements. Interest is recorded at the contractual amount on an accrual basis. |
Dividends Payable | Dividends Payable |
Because the Company is organized as a REIT under the Code, it is required by law to distribute annually at least 90% of its REIT taxable income, which it does in the form of quarterly dividend payments. The Company accrues the dividend payable on the accounting date, which causes an offsetting reduction in retained earnings. |
Comprehensive Income | Comprehensive Income |
Comprehensive income is defined as the change in equity of a business enterprise during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances, excluding those resulting from investments by and distributions to owners. For CHMI’s purposes, comprehensive income represents net income, as presented in the consolidated statements of income, adjusted for unrealized gains or losses on RMBS, which are designated as available for sale. |
Offering Costs | Offering Costs |
Offering costs of approximately $1.9 million incurred in connection with the Company’s IPO and concurrent private placement were reflected as a reduction of additional paid-in-capital. Costs incurred which were not directly associated with the completion of the IPO and concurrent private placement were expensed as incurred. Offering costs incurred in connection with the IPO and concurrent private placement included, among others, the fees and disbursements of the Company’s counsel, the costs of printing the prospectus for the IPO, the fees paid to apply to list the Company’s common stock and all filing fees paid in connection with the IPO. However, the manager agreed to pay the underwriting discounts and commissions and a structuring fee of 0.375% of the gross proceeds of the IPO and concurrent private placement without reimbursement from the Company. |
Offering costs of approximately $154,000 incurred in connection with the preparation and filing of the Company’s shelf registration statement on Form S-3 and the resale shelf registration statement on Form S-3 covering the shares of the Company’s common stock acquired on the concurrent private placement in 2013, each of which was declared effective on December 3, 2014 were expensed in December 2014. Offering costs included, among others, the fees and disbursements of the Company’s external counsel, and the costs of printing. |
Recent Accounting Pronouncements | Recent Accounting Pronouncements |
Offsetting Assets and Liabilities – In December 2011, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2011-11, Disclosures about Offsetting Assets and Liabilities, which amends ASC 210, Balance Sheet. The amendments in ASU 2011-11 enhance disclosures required by U.S. GAAP by requiring improved information about financial instruments and derivative instruments that are either (1) offset in accordance with ASC 210, Balance Sheet or ASC 815, Other Presentation Matters or (2) subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement or similar agreement. ASU 2011-11 is effective for the first interim or annual period beginning on or after January 1, 2013. In January 2013, the FASB issued ASU 2013-01, Balance Sheet: Clarifying the Scope of Disclosures about Offsetting Assets and Liabilities, which limits the scope of ASU 2011-11 to certain derivatives, repurchase agreements and securities lending arrangements. ASU 2013-01 is also effective for the first interim or annual period beginning on or after January 1, 2013. Adopting both ASU 2011-11 and ASU 2013-01 did not have any impact on the Company’s consolidated financial condition, results of operations or earnings per share, but did impact financial statement disclosures – refer to Note 8. |
Comprehensive Income – In February 2013, the FASB issued ASU 2013-02, Reporting of Amounts Reclassified Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, which amends ASC 320, Comprehensive Income. ASU 2013-02 provides disclosure guidance on amounts reclassified out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income by component. The new guidance does not change the requirement to present items of net income and OCI and totals for net income, OCI and comprehensive income in a single continuous statement or two consecutive statements. ASU 2013-02 is effective for the first interim or annual period beginning on or after December 15, 2012. Adopting ASU 2013-02 did not have any impact on the Company’s consolidated financial condition, results of operations or earnings per share. |
Liabilities – In March 2013, the FASB issued ASU 2013-04, Obligations Resulting from Joint and Several Liability Arrangements for Which the Total Amount of the Obligation Is Fixed at the Reporting Date, which amends ASC 405, Liabilities. ASU 2013-04 requires additional disclosures about joint and several liability arrangements and requires the Company to measure obligations resulting from joint and several liability arrangements as the sum of the amount the Company agreed to pay on the basis of its arrangement among its co-obligors and any additional amount the Company expects to pay on behalf of its co-obligors. ASU 2013-04 is effective for the fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2013. Adopting ASU 2013-04 did not have any impact on the Company’s consolidated financial condition, results of operations or earnings per share. |
Presentation of an Unrecognized Tax Benefit – In July 2013, the FASB issued ASU 2013-11, Presentation of an Unrecognized Tax Benefit When a Net Operating Loss Carryforward, a Similar Tax Loss, or a Tax Credit Carryforward Exists, which amends ASC 740, Income Taxes. ASU 2013-11 requires an entity to present an unrecognized tax benefit as a reduction of a deferred tax asset for a net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforward or similar tax loss or tax credit carryforward, rather than as a liability when (1) the uncertain tax position would not reduce the NOL or other carryforward under the tax law of the applicable jurisdiction, and (2) the entity intends to use the deferred tax asset for that purpose. ASU 2013-11 does not require any new recurring disclosures. It is effective prospectively for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning on or after December 15, 2013, with early adoption permitted. Adopting ASU 2013-11 did not have any impact on the Company’s consolidated financial condition, results of operations or earnings per share. |
Revenue Recognition – In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in ASC 606, Revenue Recognition, and most industry-specific guidance throughout the Industry Topics of the Codification. The core principle of ASU 2014-09 is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. ASU 2014-09 is effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2016 and early adoption is not permitted. Management is evaluating the impact of ASU 2014-09; however, it is not expected to have a significant impact on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations or earnings per share. |
Transfers and Servicing – In June 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-11, Repurchase-to-Maturity Transactions, Repurchase Financings, and Disclosures, which amends ASC 860, Transfers and Servicing. ASU 2014-11, which affects all entities that enter into repurchase-to-maturity transactions or repurchase financings, requires two accounting changes. First, ASU 2014-11 changes the accounting for repurchase-to-maturity transactions to secured borrowing accounting. Second, for repurchase financing arrangements, ASU 2014-11 requires separate accounting for a transfer of a financial asset executed contemporaneously with a repurchase agreement with the same counterparty, which will result in secured borrowing accounting for the repurchase agreement. ASU 2014-11 also requires disclosures for certain transactions comprising (1) a transfer of a financial asset accounted for as a sale and (2) an agreement with the same transferee entered into in contemplation of the initial transfer that results in the transferor retaining substantially all of the exposure to the economic return on the transferred financial asset throughout the term of the transaction. For those transactions outstanding at the reporting date, the transferor is required to disclose additional information by type of transaction. ASU 2014-11 also requires certain disclosures for repurchase agreements, securities lending transactions, and repurchase-to-maturity transactions that are accounted for as secured borrowings. The accounting changes in ASU 2014-11 are effective for public business entities for the first interim or annual period beginning after December 15, 2014. For public business entities, the disclosure for certain transactions accounted for as a sale is required to be presented for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2014, and the disclosure for repurchase agreements, securities lending transactions, and repurchase-to-maturity transactions accounted for as secured borrowings is required to be presented for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2014, and for interim periods beginning after March 15, 2015, with early adoption prohibited. Currently, management does not anticipate that the adoption of ASU 2014-11 will have a material impact on the consolidated financial condition, results of operations or earnings per share. |
Stock Compensation – In June 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-12, Accounting for Share-Based Payments When the Terms of an Award Provide that a Performance Target Could be Achieved After the Requisite Service Period, which amends ASC 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation. ASU 2014-12 requires that a performance target that affects vesting and that could be achieved after the requisite service period be treated as a performance condition. A reporting entity should apply existing guidance in ASC 718 as it relates to awards with performance conditions that affect vesting to account for such awards. As such, the performance target should not be reflected in estimating the grant-date fair value of the award. Compensation cost should be recognized in the period in which it becomes probable that the performance target will be achieved and should represent the compensation cost attributable to the period(s) for which the requisite service has already been rendered. If the performance target becomes probable of being achieved before the end of the requisite service period, the remaining unrecognized compensation cost should be recognized prospectively over the remaining requisite service period. The total amount of compensation cost recognized during and after the requisite service period should reflect the number of awards that are expected to vest and should be adjusted to reflect those awards that ultimately vest. The requisite service period ends when the employee can cease rendering service and still be eligible to vest in the award if the performance target is achieved. As indicated in the definition of vest, the stated vesting period (which includes the period in which the performance target could be achieved) may differ from the requisite service period. ASU 2014-12 is effective for annual periods and interim periods within those annual periods beginning after December 15, 2015, with early adoption permitted. Currently, management does not anticipate that the adoption of ASU 2014-12 will have a material impact on the consolidated financial condition, results of operations or earnings per share. |
Going Concern – In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-15, Disclosures of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern, which amends ASC Subtopic 205-40, Presentation of Financial Statements – Going Concern. ASU 2014-15 provides guidance in GAAP about management’s responsibility to evaluate whether there are conditions or events that raise substantial doubt about an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued and to provide related footnote disclosures of the relevant facts and circumstances. ASU 2014-15 is effective for the annual period ending after December 15, 2016, and for annual periods and interim periods thereafter, with early adoption permitted. Currently, management does not anticipate that the adoption of ASU 2014-15 will have a material impact on the consolidated financial condition, results of operations or earnings per share. |
Consolidation | Pursuant to ASC 810, Consolidation, changes in a parent’s ownership interest (and transactions with non-controlling interest unit holders in the Operating Partnership) while the parent retains its controlling interest in its subsidiary should be accounted for as equity transactions. |
Earnings per Share | In accordance with ASC 260, Earnings Per Share, if there is a loss from continuing operations, the common stock equivalents are deemed anti-dilutive and earnings (loss) per share is calculated excluding the potential common shares. During 2014, the Company had no dilutive common stock equivalents. |