Allowance for Loan Losses | Note 4. Allowance for Loan Losses The allowance for loan losses is maintained at a level which, in management’s judgment, is adequate to absorb probable credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio. The amount of the allowance is based on management’s quarterly evaluation of the collectability of the loan portfolio, credit concentrations, historical loss experience, specific impaired loans, and economic conditions. To determine the total allowance for loan losses, the Company estimates the reserves needed for each segment of the portfolio, including loans analyzed individually and loans analyzed on a pooled basis. Allowances for impaired loans are generally determined based on collateral values or the present value of estimated cash flows. For purposes of determining the allowance for loan losses, the Company has segmented certain loans in the portfolio by product type. Within these segments, the Company has sub-segmented its portfolio by classes within the segments, based on the associated risks within these classes. Loan Classes by Segments Commercial loan segment: Commercial and industrial - organic Commercial and industrial - Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) Commercial and industrial - government guaranteed 1 Commercial and industrial - syndicated Real estate construction and land loan segment: Residential construction Commercial construction Land and land development Real estate mortgage loan segment: 1-4 family residential, first lien, investment 1-4 family residential, first lien, owner occupied 1-4 family residential, junior lien Home equity lines of credit, first lien Home equity lines of credit, junior lien Farm Multifamily Commercial owner occupied Commercial non-owner occupied Consumer loan segment: Consumer revolving credit Consumer all other credit Student loans purchased Management utilizes a loss migration model for determining the quantitative risk assigned to unimpaired loans in order to capture historical loss information at the loan level, track loss migration through risk grade deterioration, and increase efficiencies related to performing the calculations. The quantitative risk factor for each loan class primarily utilizes a migration analysis loss method based on loss history for the prior twelve quarters. 1 The migration analysis loss method is used for all loan classes except for the following: • Student loans purchased - On June 27, 2018, the Company was notified that ReliaMax Surety Company (“ReliaMax Surety”), the South Dakota insurance company which issued surety bonds for the student loan pools, was placed into liquidation due to insolvency. As such, the historical charge-off rate on this portfolio is determined by using the Company’s own losses/charge-offs since July 1, 2018 together with prior insurance claim history. For reporting periods prior to June 30, 2018, the Company did not charge off student loans as the insurance covered the past due loans, but the Company did apply qualitative factors to calculate a reserve on these loans, net of the deposit reserve accounts held by the Company for this group of loans. • Commercial and industrial PPP loans – These loans require no reserve as these are 100% guaranteed by the SBA. • Commercial and industrial government guaranteed loans - These purchased loans require no reserve as these are 100% guaranteed by either the Small Business Administration (“SBA”) or the United States Department of Agriculture (“USDA”). • Commercial and industrial syndicated loans - Beginning with the quarter ended September 30, 2016, migration analysis was utilized on the Pass pool. For all other pools, there was not an established loss history; therefore the S&P credit and recovery ratings on the credit facilities were utilized to calculate a three-year weighted average historical default rate. As of December 31, 2019, only migration analysis was utilized since all outstanding syndicated loans at that time were in the Pass pool. Under the migration analysis method, average loss rates are calculated at the risk grade and class levels by dividing the twelve-quarter average net charge-off amount by the twelve-quarter average loan balances. Qualitative factors are combined with these quantitative factors to arrive at the overall general allowances. The Company’s internal creditworthiness grading system is based on experiences with similarly graded loans. The Company performs regular credit reviews of the loan portfolio to review the credit quality and adherence to its underwriting standards. Additionally, external reviews of a portion of the credits are conducted on a semi-annual basis. Loans that trend upward on the risk ratings scale, toward more positive risk ratings, generally exhibit lower risk factor characteristics. Conversely, loans that migrate toward more negative ratings generally will result in a higher risk factor being applied to those related loan balances. Risk Ratings and Historical Loss Factor Assigned Excellent A 0% historical loss factor is applied, as these loans are secured by cash or fully guaranteed by a U.S. government agency and represent a minimal risk. The Company has never experienced a loss within this category. Good A 0% historical loss factor is applied, as these loans represent a low risk and are secured by marketable collateral within margin. In an abundance of caution, a nominal loss reserve is applied to these loans. The Company has never experienced a loss within this category. Pass A historical loss factor for loans rated “Pass” is applied to current balances of like-rated loans, pooled by class. Loans with the following risk ratings are pooled by class and considered together as “Pass”: Satisfactory – modest risk loans where the borrower has strong and liquid financial statements and more than adequate cash flow Average – average risk loans where the borrower has reasonable debt service capacity Marginal – acceptable risk loans where the borrower has acceptable financial statements but is leveraged Watch These loans have an acceptable risk but require more attention than normal servicing. A historical loss factor for loans rated “Watch” is applied to current balances of like-rated loans pooled by class. Special Mention These potential problem loans are currently protected but are potentially weak. A historical loss factor for loans rated “Special Mention” is applied to current balances of like-rated loans pooled by class. Substandard These problem loans are inadequately protected by the sound worth and paying capacity of the borrower and/or the value of any collateral pledged. These loans may be considered impaired and evaluated on an individual basis. Otherwise, a historical loss factor for loans rated “Substandard” is applied to current balances of all other “Substandard” loans pooled by class. Doubtful Loans with this rating have significant deterioration in the sound worth and paying capacity of the borrower and/or the value of any collateral pledged, making collection or liquidation of the loan in full highly questionable. These loans would be considered impaired and evaluated on an individual basis. The following represents the loan portfolio designated by the internal risk ratings assigned to each credit as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (dollars in thousands). There were no loans rated “Doubtful” as of either period. June 30, 2020 Excellent Good Pass Watch Special Mention Sub- standard TOTAL Commercial Commercial and industrial - organic $ 5,980 $ 16,733 $ 14,182 $ 224 $ — $ 340 $ 37,459 Commercial and industrial - Paycheck Protection Program 84,244 - - - - - 84,244 Commercial and industrial - government guaranteed 33,959 - - - - - 33,959 Commercial and industrial - syndicated - - 6,374 - - - 6,374 Real estate construction Residential construction - - 3,208 - - - 3,208 Commercial construction - - 16,010 - - - 16,010 Land and land development - - 7,059 200 - 23 7,282 Real estate mortgages 1-4 family residential, first lien investment - - 52,114 2,702 - 364 55,180 1-4 family residential, first lien, owner occupied - - 14,979 1,022 - 765 16,766 1-4 family residential, junior lien - - 1,805 31 15 403 2,254 1-4 family residential, first lien - purchased - - 27,050 - - - 27,050 Home equity lines of credit, first lien - - 9,862 - - - 9,862 Home equity lines of credit, junior lien - - 9,824 84 - 82 9,990 Farm - - 6,366 307 - 1,276 7,949 Multifamily - - 31,934 396 - - 32,330 Commercial owner occupied - - 86,895 5,533 - 4,839 97,267 Commercial non-owner occupied - - 119,431 1,510 - 882 121,823 Consumer Consumer revolving credit 839 17,433 160 - - 3 18,435 Consumer all other credit 400 3,340 468 - - 1 4,209 Student loans purchased - - 39,374 1,213 64 92 40,743 Total Loans $ 125,422 $ 37,506 $ 447,095 $ 13,222 $ 79 $ 9,070 $ 632,394 December 31, 2019 Excellent Good Pass Watch Special Mention Sub- standard TOTAL Commercial Commercial and industrial - organic $ 6,463 $ 16,453 $ 14,257 $ 1,493 $ 37 $ 140 $ 38,843 Commercial and industrial - government guaranteed 35,347 - - - - - 35,347 Commercial and industrial - syndicated - - 6,398 - - - 6,398 Real estate construction Residential construction - - 2,197 - - - 2,197 Commercial construction - - 6,880 - - - 6,880 Land and land development - - 7,563 207 - 293 8,063 Real estate mortgages 1-4 family residential, first lien, investment - - 39,641 4,076 - 382 44,099 1-4 family residential, first lien, owner occupied - - 19,578 1,040 - 53 20,671 1-4 family residential, junior lien - - 2,029 33 17 441 2,520 1-4 family residential, first lien - purchased - - 33,428 - - - 33,428 Home equity lines of credit, first lien - - 9,591 677 - - 10,268 Home equity lines of credit, junior lien - - 9,357 232 - 82 9,671 Farm - - 6,149 318 - 2,341 8,808 Multifamily - - 26,690 403 - - 27,093 Commercial owner occupied - - 86,884 5,928 1,677 1,628 96,117 Commercial non-owner occupied - - 116,092 1,558 - 911 118,561 Consumer - Consumer revolving credit 279 19,176 606 20 - - 20,081 Consumer all other credit 199 5,035 507 - - - 5,741 Student loans purchased - - 42,598 1,729 211 209 44,747 Total Loans $ 42,288 $ 40,664 $ 430,445 $ 17,714 $ 1,942 $ 6,480 $ 539,533 In addition, the adequacy of the Company’s allowance for loan losses is evaluated through reference to eight qualitative factors, listed below and ranked in order of importance: 1) Changes in national and local economic conditions, including the condition of various market segments, which deteriorated in the first six months of 2020, 2) Changes in the value of underlying collateral; 3) Changes in volume of classified assets, measured as a percentage of capital; 4) Changes in volume of delinquent loans; 5) The existence and effect of any concentrations of credit and changes in the level of such concentrations; 6) Changes in lending policies and procedures, including underwriting standards; 7) Changes in the experience, ability and depth of lending management and staff; and 8) Changes in the level of policy exceptions. It has been the Company’s experience that the first five factors drive losses to a much greater extent than the last three factors; therefore, the first five factors are weighted more heavily. Qualitative factors are not assessed against loans rated “Excellent” or “Good,” as the Company has never experienced a loss within these categories. For each segment and class of loans, management must exercise significant judgment to determine the estimation method that fits the credit risk characteristics of its various segments. Although this evaluation is inherently subjective, qualified management utilizes its significant knowledge and experience related to both the Company’s market and the history of the Company’s loan losses. Impaired loans are individually evaluated and, if deemed appropriate, a specific allocation is made for these loans. In reviewing the loans classified as impaired loans totaling $2.1 million at June 30, 2020, specific valuation allowance was recognized after consideration was given for each borrowing as to the fair value of the collateral on the loan or the present value of expected future cash flows from the borrower. The $7 thousand in the allowance total shown below as individually evaluated for impairment was attributed to the impaired student loans that required an allowance as of June 30, 2020 due to the loss of the insurance on this portfolio as discussed previously. A summary of the transactions in the Allowance for Loan Losses by loan portfolio segment for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and the year ended December 31, 2019 appears below (dollars in thousands): Allowance for Loan Losses Rollforward by Portfolio Segment As of and for the period ended June 30, 2020 Commercial Loans Real Estate Construction and Land Real Estate Mortgages Consumer Loans Total Allowance for Loan Losses: Balance as of beginning of year $ 302 $ 109 $ 2,684 $ 1,114 $ 4,209 Charge-offs - - - (581 ) (581 ) Recoveries 19 - - 127 146 Provision for (recovery of) loan losses (59 ) 96 691 415 1,143 Ending Balance $ 262 $ 205 $ 3,375 $ 1,075 $ 4,917 Ending Balance: Individually evaluated for impairment $ - $ - $ - $ 7 $ 7 Collectively evaluated for impairment 262 205 3,375 1,068 4,910 Loans: Individually evaluated for impairment $ - $ 11 $ 967 $ 1,090 $ 2,068 Collectively evaluated for impairment 162,036 26,489 379,504 62,297 630,326 Ending Balance $ 162,036 $ 26,500 $ 380,471 $ 63,387 $ 632,394 As of and for the period ended December 31, 2019 Commercial Loans Real Estate Construction and Land Real Estate Mortgages Consumer Loans Total Allowance for Loan Losses: Balance as of beginning of year $ 811 $ 119 $ 2,611 $ 1,350 $ 4,891 Charge-offs (482 ) - - (1,777 ) (2,259 ) Recoveries 51 1 14 136 202 Provision for (recovery of) loan losses (78 ) (11 ) 59 1,405 1,375 Ending Balance $ 302 $ 109 $ 2,684 $ 1,114 $ 4,209 Ending Balance: Individually evaluated for impairment $ - $ - $ - $ 21 $ 21 Collectively evaluated for impairment 302 109 2,684 1,093 4,188 Loans: Individually evaluated for impairment $ 20 $ 279 $ 996 $ 1,184 $ 2,479 Collectively evaluated for impairment 80,568 16,861 370,240 69,385 537,054 Ending Balance $ 80,588 $ 17,140 $ 371,236 $ 70,569 $ 539,533 As previously mentioned, one of the major factors that the Company uses in evaluating the adequacy of its allowance for loan losses is changes in the volume of delinquent loans. Management monitors payment activity on a regular basis. For all classes of loans, the Company considers the entire balance of the loan to be contractually delinquent if the minimum payment is not received by the due date. Interest and fees continue to accrue on past due loans until they are placed in nonaccrual or cha r ged off. The following tables show the aging of past due loans as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019. (Dollars below reported in thousands.) Past Due Aging as of June 30, 2020 30-59 Days Past Due 60-89 Days Past Due 90 Days or More Past Due Total Past Due Current Total Loans 90 Days Past Due and Still Accruing Commercial loans Commercial and industrial - organic $ 45 $ 421 $ - $ 466 $ 36,993 $ 37,459 $ - Commercial and industrial - Paycheck Protection Program - - - - 84,244 84,244 - Commercial and industrial - government guaranteed - - 548 548 33,411 33,959 548 Commercial and industrial - syndicated - - - - 6,374 6,374 - Real estate construction and land Residential construction - - - - 3,208 3,208 - Commercial construction - - - - 16,010 16,010 - Land and land development - 12 - 12 7,270 7,282 - Real estate mortgages 1-4 family residential, first lien, investment - 681 - 681 54,499 55,180 - 1-4 family residential, first lien, owner occupied - - - - 16,766 16,766 - 1-4 family residential, junior lien - - - - 2,254 2,254 - 1-4 family residential - purchased - 384 437 821 26,229 27,050 437 Home equity lines of credit, first lien - - - - 9,862 9,862 - Home equity lines of credit, junior lien - - - - 9,990 9,990 - Farm - - - - 7,949 7,949 - Multifamily - - - - 32,330 32,330 - Commercial owner occupied - - - - 97,267 97,267 - Commercial non-owner occupied - - - - 121,823 121,823 - Consumer loans Consumer revolving credit - 20 - 20 18,415 18,435 - Consumer all other credit - - - - 4,209 4,209 - Student loans purchased 123 64 92 279 40,464 40,743 92 Total Loans $ 168 $ 1,582 $ 1,077 $ 2,827 $ 629,567 $ 632,394 $ 1,077 Past Due Aging as of December 31, 2019 30-59 Days Past Due 60-89 Days Past Due 90 Days or More Past Due Total Past Due Current Total Loans 90 Days Past Due and Still Accruing Commercial loans Commercial and industrial - organic $ 604 $ 20 $ - $ 624 $ 38,219 $ 38,843 $ - Commercial and industrial - government guaranteed - - 548 548 34,799 35,347 548 Commercial and industrial - syndicated - - - - 6,398 6,398 - Real estate construction and land Residential construction - - - - 2,197 2,197 - Commercial construction - - - - 6,880 6,880 - Land and land development 1 - 280 281 7,782 8,063 14 Real estate mortgages 1-4 family residential, first lien, investment 188 - - 188 43,911 44,099 - 1-4 family residential, first lien, owner occupied - 123 - 123 20,548 20,671 - 1-4 family residential, junior lien - - - - 2,520 2,520 - 1-4 family residential - purchased 501 158 - 659 32,769 33,428 - Home equity lines of credit, first lien - - - - 10,268 10,268 - Home equity lines of credit, junior lien - - - - 9,671 9,671 - Farm - - - - 8,808 8,808 - Multifamily - - - - 27,093 27,093 - Commercial owner occupied - - - - 96,117 96,117 - Commercial non-owner occupied 0 - - 0 118,561 118,561 - Consumer loans Consumer revolving credit 20 - - 20 20,061 20,081 - Consumer all other credit 43 0 - 43 5,698 5,741 - Student loans purchased 697 218 209 1,124 43,623 44,747 209 Total Loans $ 2,054 $ 519 $ 1,037 $ 3,610 $ 535,923 $ 539,533 $ 771 |