Investments | Note 2—Investments The Company continuously monitors its investment strategies and individual holdings with consideration of current and projected market conditions, the composition of the Company’s liabilities, projected liquidity and capital investment needs, and compliance with investment policies and state regulatory guidelines. Fixed Maturities The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains, gross unrealized losses, and fair value net of allowances for credit losses are included in accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) of fixed maturities available-for-sale are as follows: December 31, 2023 Fixed maturities Amortized Unrealized Unrealized Fair U.S. government and agencies $ 10,188 $ 365 $ ( 488 ) $ 10,065 U.S. agency mortgage-backed 7,173 61 ( 516 ) 6,718 State and political subdivisions 79,362 347 ( 9,490 ) 70,219 Corporate and miscellaneous 174,263 2,733 ( 11,700 ) 165,296 Foreign government 130 5 — 135 Residential mortgage-backed 7,302 96 ( 523 ) 6,875 Commercial mortgage-backed 22,043 23 ( 1,678 ) 20,388 Asset-backed 35,681 86 ( 2,081 ) 33,686 Total fixed maturities $ 336,142 $ 3,716 $ ( 26,476 ) $ 313,382 December 31, 2022 Fixed maturities Amortized Unrealized Unrealized Fair OTTI (1) U.S. government and agencies $ 9,258 $ 349 $ ( 501 ) $ 9,106 $ — U.S. agency mortgage-backed 9,429 63 ( 614 ) 8,878 — State and political subdivisions 68,213 26 ( 12,015 ) 56,224 — Corporate and miscellaneous 171,283 1,473 ( 16,275 ) 156,481 — Foreign government 130 1 — 131 — Residential mortgage-backed 4,912 140 ( 622 ) 4,430 ( 709 ) Commercial mortgage-backed 21,374 2 ( 1,914 ) 19,462 — Asset-backed 47,347 5 ( 3,926 ) 43,426 — Total fixed maturities $ 331,946 $ 2,059 $ ( 35,867 ) $ 298,138 $ ( 709 ) (1) Due to the adoption of the measurement of credit losses on financial instruments accounting standard, realized capital losses previously reported as OTTI write-downs are now presented as credit losses; therefore OTTI is not presented in the 2023 table above. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Maturities of mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities may be substantially shorter than their contractual maturity because they may require monthly principal installments and such loans may prepay principal. The amortized cost and fair value of fixed maturities by contractual maturity, are presented in the following table: December 31, 2023 Amortized Fair Due in one year or less $ 7,754 $ 7,670 Due after one year through five years 37,576 36,830 Due after five years through ten years 74,512 71,313 Due after ten years 144,102 129,902 Securities not due at a single maturity date — primarily mortgage and asset-backed 72,198 67,667 Total fixed maturities $ 336,142 $ 313,382 Fixed maturities with a carrying value of $ 2,689 and $ 2,680 were on deposit with governmental authorities, as required by law at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company’s fixed maturities portfolio was primarily composed of investment grade securities, defined as a security having a rating of Aaa, Aa, A, or Baa from Moody’s, AAA, AA, A, or BBB from S&P or NAIC rating of NAIC 1 or NAIC 2. Investment grade securities comprised 96.0 % and 95.1 % of the Company’s total fixed maturities portfolio at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. At December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 , the Company had unfunded commitments to make investments in fixed maturity securities in the amount of $ 0 and $ 1,290 , respectively. Mortgage Loans The Company makes investments in commercial mortgage loans. The Company, along with other investors, owns a pro-rata share of each loan. The Company participates in 35 such investment instruments with ownership shares ranging from 0.6 % to 30.0 % of the trust at December 31, 2023 . The Company owns a share of 311 mortgage loans with a loan average balance of $ 132 and a maximum exposure related to any single loan of $ 600 . Mortgage loan holdings are diversified by geography and property type as follows: December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Gross Carrying % of Total Gross Carrying % of Total Property Type: Retail $ 12,812 31.2 % $ 13,866 30.6 % Office 10,635 25.9 % 11,115 24.5 % Industrial 7,476 18.2 % 8,138 17.9 % Mixed use 4,798 11.7 % 5,249 11.6 % Apartments 2,077 5.0 % 2,796 6.2 % Medical office 2,423 5.9 % 3,053 6.7 % Other 886 2.1 % 1,136 2.5 % Gross carrying value of mortgage loans 41,107 100.0 % 45,353 100.0 % Credit loss allowance (1) ( 573 ) ( 83 ) Net carrying value of mortgage loans $ 40,534 $ 45,270 December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Gross Carrying % of Total Gross Carrying % of Total U.S. Region: West South Central $ 10,038 24.3 % $ 11,608 25.6 % East North Central 12,184 29.6 % 12,320 27.2 % South Atlantic 8,046 19.6 % 8,815 19.4 % West North Central 2,328 5.7 % 2,871 6.3 % Mountain 2,560 6.2 % 2,824 6.2 % Middle Atlantic 1,986 4.8 % 2,310 5.1 % East South Central 3,519 8.7 % 3,661 8.1 % New England — 0.0 % 34 0.1 % Pacific 446 1.1 % 910 2.0 % Gross carrying value of mortgage loans 41,107 100.0 % 45,353 100.0 % Credit loss allowance (1) ( 573 ) ( 83 ) Net carrying value of mortgage loans $ 40,534 $ 45,270 (1) Due to the adoption of the measurement of credit losses on financial instruments accounting standard, the valuation allowance in 2022 is now presented as an allowance for expected credit losses in 2023. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 , $ 964 and $ 4,527 of new mortgage loans were purchased, respectively, which did not include second lien mortgage loans. All taxes, assessments, or any amounts advanced were not included in the mortgage loan balances at December 31, 2023 and 2022. At December 31, 2023 and 2022 , the Company had zero and 3 mortgage loans with a total carrying value of $ 0 and $ 692 that were in a restructured status, respectively. There were no impairments for mortgage loans in 2023 and 2022. The changes in the allowances for credit losses (includes $ 237 related to adoption of ASU 2016-13) for commercial mortgage loans were as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2023 Year Ended December 31, 2022 Beginning balance $ 83 $ 69 Net increase in allowances for credit losses related to change in accounting standards (See Note 1) 237 — Net increase (decrease) in allowances for credit losses 253 14 Ending balance $ 573 $ 83 At December 31, 2023 and 2022 the Company had no mortgage loans that were on non-accrual status. At December 31, 2023 and 2022 , the Company had a commitment to make investments in mortgage loans in the amount of $ 3,734 and $ 2,575 , respectively. Net Investment Income The sources of net investment income are as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 Income from: Fixed maturities $ 15,155 $ 14,556 Policyholder loans 365 378 Mortgage loans 2,312 2,472 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash 144 66 Gross investment income 17,976 17,472 Investment expenses ( 1,363 ) ( 1,436 ) Net investment income $ 16,613 $ 16,036 Investment expenses include investment management fees, some of which include incentives based on market performance, custodial fees and internal costs for investment-related activities. Net (Losses) Gains on Investments The sources of net investment gains (losses) are as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 Investment (losses) gains from sales: Fixed maturities $ ( 567 ) $ ( 364 ) Mortgage loans 56 ( 80 ) Cash and cash equivalents — 1 Gains and losses from sales ( 511 ) ( 443 ) Valuation change of other invested assets - (decline) appreciation: ( 1,715 ) 572 Change in allowance for credit losses (1) ( 281 ) ( 456 ) Total net (losses) gains on investments $ ( 2,507 ) $ ( 327 ) Change in Allowance for Credit Losses The Company regularly reviews its fixed income portfolio to identify and evaluate whether a security may require a credit loss allowance. For each fixed income security in an unrealized loss position, the Company assesses whether management with the appropriate authority has made the decision to sell or whether it is more likely than not the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of the amortized cost basis for reasons such as liquidity, contractual or regulatory purposes. If a security meets either of these criteria, any existing credit loss allowance would be written-off against the amortized cost basis of the asset along with any remaining unrealized losses, with incremental losses recorded in earnings. For all other securities in an unrealized loss position in which the Company does not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis, the security is deemed to have a credit loss. Significant judgment is required in the determination of whether a credit loss has occurred for a security. The Company has developed a consistent methodology and has identified significant inputs for determining whether a credit loss has occurred. Some of the factors considered in evaluating whether a decline in fair value is a credit loss are the financial condition and prospects of the issuer, payment status, the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due, credit ratings of the securities, and the duration and severity of the decline. The credit loss component of a fixed maturity security impairment is calculated as the difference between amortized cost and the present value of the expected cash flows of the security. The present value is determined using the best estimate of cash flows discounted at the effective rate implicit to the security at the date of purchase or prior impairment. The methodology and assumptions for estimating the cash flows vary depending on the type of security. For mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities, cash flow estimates, including prepayment assumptions, are based on data from widely accepted third-party sources or internal estimates. In addition to prepayment assumptions, cash flow estimates vary based on assumptions regarding the underlying collateral characteristics, expectations of delinquency and default rates, and structural support, including subordination and guarantees. If the present value of the modeled expected cash flows equals or exceeds the amortized cost of a security, no credit loss exists. The non-credit component, determined as the difference between the adjusted amortized cost basis and fair value, is recognized in other comprehensive (loss) income. The credit loss component of a fixed maturity security impairment is calculated as the difference between amortized cost and the present value of the expected cash flows of the security. The present value is determined using the best estimate of cash flows discounted at the effective rate implicit to the security at the date of purchase or prior impairment. The methodology and assumptions for estimating the cash flows vary depending on the type of security. For mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities, cash flow estimates, including prepayment assumptions, are based on data from widely accepted third-party sources or internal estimates. In addition to prepayment assumptions, cash flow estimates vary based on assumptions regarding the underlying collateral characteristics, expectations of delinquency and default rates, and structural support, including subordination and guarantees. If the Company does not expect to receive cash flows sufficient to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the fixed maturity security, a credit loss allowance is recorded in earnings for the shortfall in expected cash flows; however, the amortized cost, net of the credit loss allowance, may not be lower than the fair value of the security. If the present value of the modeled expected cash flows equals or exceeds the amortized cost of a security, no credit loss exists. The non-credit component, determined as the difference between the adjusted amortized cost basis and fair value, is recognized in other comprehensive (loss) income. The measurement of credit losses for available-for-sale fixed income securities measured at fair value is not affected except that credit losses recognized are limited to the amount by which fair value is below amortized cost and the credit loss adjustment is recognized through an allowance which may change over time but once recorded cannot subsequently be reduced to an amount below zero. Previously these credit loss adjustments were recorded as OTTI and were not reversed once recorded. A roll-forward of the cumulative credit losses on fixed maturity securities is as follows: December 31, 2023 Beginning allowance for credit loss balance $ - Additional credit loss allowance 28 Reduction of credit losses allowances related to securities sold during period — Ending allowance for credit loss balance $ 28 Unrealized Losses for Fixed Maturities The Company’s fair value and gross unrealized losses for fixed maturities available-for-sale, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous gross unrealized loss position are as follows: 12 months or less Longer than 12 months Total December 31, 2023 Estimated Gross Estimated Gross Estimated Gross Fixed maturities U.S. government and agencies $ 499 $ ( 1 ) $ 2,732 $ ( 488 ) $ 3,231 $ ( 489 ) U.S. agency mortgage-backed 94 — 4,879 ( 515 ) 4,973 ( 515 ) State and political subdivisions 8,151 ( 176 ) 45,628 ( 9,314 ) 53,779 ( 9,490 ) Corporate and miscellaneous 22,527 ( 1,871 ) 66,482 ( 9,829 ) 89,009 ( 11,700 ) Residential mortgage-backed 269 ( 10 ) 3,029 ( 513 ) 3,298 ( 523 ) Commercial mortgage-backed 1,430 ( 53 ) 17,582 ( 1,625 ) 19,012 ( 1,678 ) Asset-backed 3,551 ( 190 ) 26,644 ( 1,891 ) 30,195 ( 2,081 ) Total fixed maturities $ 36,521 $ ( 2,301 ) $ 166,976 $ ( 24,175 ) $ 203,497 $ ( 26,476 ) 12 months or less Longer than 12 months Total December 31, 2022 Estimated Gross Estimated Gross Estimated Gross Fixed maturities U.S. government and agencies $ 2,722 $ ( 501 ) $ — $ — $ 2,722 $ ( 501 ) U.S. agency mortgage-backed 5,297 ( 578 ) 216 ( 36 ) 5,513 ( 614 ) State and political subdivisions 38,252 ( 7,036 ) 15,057 ( 4,979 ) 53,309 ( 12,015 ) Corporate and miscellaneous 94,461 ( 13,479 ) 8,322 ( 2,796 ) 102,783 ( 16,275 ) Residential mortgage-backed 3,286 ( 554 ) 344 ( 68 ) 3,630 ( 622 ) Commercial mortgage-backed 16,218 ( 1,611 ) 2,655 ( 303 ) 18,873 ( 1,914 ) Asset-backed 20,465 ( 1,726 ) 21,069 ( 2,200 ) 41,534 ( 3,926 ) Total fixed maturities $ 180,701 $ ( 25,485 ) $ 47,663 $ ( 10,382 ) $ 228,364 $ ( 35,867 ) The indicated gross unrealized losses in all fixed maturity categories were $ 26,476 and $ 35,867 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. At as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company did not have the intent to sell these investments, and it was not more likely than not that the Company would be required to sell these investments before an anticipated recovery of value. The Company evaluated these investments for credit losses at December 31, 2023. The Company considers many factors in evaluating whether the unrealized losses were credit related including, but not limited to, the extent to which the fair value has been less than amortized cost, conditions related to the security, industry, or geographic area, payment structure of the investment and the likelihood of the issuer’s ability to make contractual cashflows, defaults or other collectability concerns related to the issuer, changes in the ratings assigned by a rating agency, and other credit enhancements that affect the investment’s expected performance. The Company determined that the unrealized losses on these securities were due to non-credit related factors at the evaluation date. Information and concentrations related to fixed maturities in an unrealized loss position are included below. The tables below include the number of fixed maturities in an unrealized loss position for greater than and less than 12 months and the percentage that were investment grade at December 31, 2023. Unrealized Losses 12 months or less Gross Unrealized Losses Impairment is Impairment Impairment Percent Fixed maturities U.S. government and agencies $ ( 1 ) $ ( 1 ) $ — $ — 100 % U.S. agency mortgage-backed — — — — 0 % State and political subdivisions ( 176 ) ( 176 ) — — 100 % Corporate and miscellaneous ( 1,871 ) ( 621 ) ( 747 ) ( 502 ) 82 % Residential mortgage-backed ( 10 ) ( 10 ) — — 17 % Commercial mortgage-backed ( 53 ) ( 53 ) — — 100 % Asset-backed ( 190 ) ( 114 ) ( 76 ) — 100 % Gross unrealized losses $ ( 2,301 ) $ ( 975 ) $ ( 823 ) $ ( 502 ) Total number of fixed maturities 154 127 22 5 Unrealized Losses greater than 12 months Gross Unrealized Losses Impairment is Impairment Impairment Percent Fixed maturities U.S. government and agencies $ ( 488 ) $ ( 62 ) $ — $ ( 426 ) 100 % U.S. agency mortgage-backed ( 515 ) ( 202 ) ( 313 ) — 100 % State and political subdivisions ( 9,314 ) ( 601 ) ( 3,391 ) ( 5,322 ) 100 % Corporate and miscellaneous ( 9,829 ) ( 1,454 ) ( 4,055 ) ( 4,320 ) 86 % Residential mortgage-backed ( 513 ) ( 47 ) ( 336 ) ( 130 ) 90 % Commercial mortgage-backed ( 1,625 ) ( 746 ) ( 680 ) ( 198 ) 100 % Asset-backed ( 1,891 ) ( 871 ) ( 883 ) ( 138 ) 97 % Gross unrealized losses $ ( 24,175 ) $ ( 3,983 ) $ ( 9,658 ) $ ( 10,534 ) Total number of fixed maturities 584 221 224 139 Gross unrealized losses by unrealized loss position and credit quality at December 31, 2023 are as follows: Investment Grade Below Investment Grade Total Fixed income securities with unrealized loss position less than or equal to 20% of amortized cost, net (1) (2) $ 14,902 $ 539 $ 15,441 Fixed income securities with unrealized loss position greater than 20% of amortized cost, net (3) (4) 10,618 417 11,035 Total unrealized losses $ 25,520 $ 956 $ 26,476 (1) Below investment grade fixed income securities include $ 103 that have been in an unrealized loss position for less than twelve months. (2) Related to securities with an unrealized loss position less than or equal to 20% of amortized cost, net, the degree of which suggests that these securities do not pose a high risk of having credit losses. (3) Below investment grade fixed income securities include $ 853 that have been in an unrealized loss position for a period of twelve or more consecutive months. (4) Evaluated based on factors such as discounted cash flows and the financial condition and near-term and long-term prospects of the issue or issuer and were determined to have adequate resources to fulfill contractual obligations. |