Investments | – The Company continuously monitors its investment strategies and individual holdings with consideration of current and projected market conditions, the composition of the Company’s liabilities, projected liquidity and capital investment needs, and compliance with investment policies and state regulatory guidelines. Available‑for‑Sale Securities The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains, gross unrealized losses, fair value, and Other Than Temporary Impairments (OTTI) loss included in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (AOCI) of fixed maturities and equity securities available-for-sale are as follows: June 30, 2019 Fixed maturities, available-for-sale Amortized Cost Unrealized Gain Unrealized Loss Fair Value OTTI Losses U.S. government and agencies $ 15,823 $ 1,840 $ — $ 17,663 $ — U.S. agency mortgage-backed 40,960 770 (98 ) 41,632 — State and political subdivisions 18,658 1,616 — 20,274 — Corporate and miscellaneous 134,253 12,727 (754 ) 146,226 — Foreign government 131 28 — 159 — Residential mortgage-backed securities 7,241 497 (9 ) 7,729 (266 ) Commercial mortgage-backed securities 18,922 787 (11 ) 19,698 — Asset-backed securities 61,372 398 (295 ) 61,475 — Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale $ 297,360 $ 18,663 $ (1,167 ) $ 314,856 $ (266 ) December 31, 2018 Fixed maturities, available-for-sale Amortized Cost Unrealized Gain Unrealized Loss Fair Value OTTI Losses U.S. government and agencies $ 11,459 $ 1,181 $ (129 ) $ 12,511 $ — U.S. agency mortgage-backed 32,811 332 (562 ) 32,581 — State and political subdivisions 23,334 694 (117 ) 23,911 — Corporate and miscellaneous 155,372 5,972 (4,428 ) 156,916 — Foreign government 131 11 — 142 — Residential mortgage-backed securities 9,786 374 (75 ) 10,085 (269 ) Commercial mortgage-backed securities 16,409 56 (313 ) 16,152 — Asset-backed securities 55,001 117 (830 ) 54,288 — Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale $ 304,303 $ 8,737 $ (6,454 ) $ 306,586 $ (269 ) Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Maturities of mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities may be substantially shorter than their contractual maturity because they may require monthly principal installments and such loans may prepay principal. The amortized cost and fair value of fixed maturities available-for-sale by contractual maturity, are presented in the following table: June 30, 2019 Amortized Cost Fair Value Due in one year or less $ 10,025 $ 10,154 Due after one year through five years 38,183 39,930 Due after five years through ten years 29,703 31,533 Due after ten years 90,772 102,520 Securities not due at a single maturity date — primarily mortgage and asset-backed securities 128,677 130,719 Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale $ 297,360 $ 314,856 Fixed maturities with a carrying value of $4,960 and $4,273 were on deposit with governmental authorities as required by law at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. The Company’s fixed maturities portfolio was primarily composed of investment grade securities, defined as a security having a rating of Aaa, Aa, A, or Baa from Moody’s, AAA, AA, A, or BBB from Standard & Poor’s, or National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) rating of NAIC 1 or NAIC 2. Investment grade securities comprised 97.9% and 94.0% of the Company’s total fixed maturities portfolio at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. Mortgage Loans The Company makes investments in commercial mortgage loans. The Company, along with other investors, owns a pro rata share of each loan. The Company participates in 32 such investment instruments with ownership shares ranging from 3.1% to 30.0% of the trust at June 30, 2019. The Company owns a share of 297 mortgage loans with a loan average balance of $183 and a maximum exposure related to any single loan of $555. Mortgage loan holdings are diversified by geography and property type as follows: June 30, 2019 December 31, 2018 Gross Carrying Value % of Total Gross Carrying Value % of Total Property Type: Retail $ 17,441 32.1 % $ 16,081 31.5 % Office 13,143 24.2 % 12,446 24.4 % Industrial 8,712 16.0 % 7,742 15.2 % Mixed use 6,352 11.7 % 6,526 12.8 % Apartments 4,265 7.8 % 4,118 8.1 % Medical office 3,220 5.9 % 2,905 5.7 % Other 1,226 2.3 % 1,248 2.3 % Gross carrying value of mortgage loans 54,359 100.0 % 51,066 100.0 % Valuation allowance (62 ) (236 ) Net carrying value of mortgage loans $ 54,297 $ 50,830 June 30, 2019 December 31, 2018 Gross Carrying Value % of Total Gross Carrying Value % of Total U.S. Region: West South Central $ 13,397 24.6 % $ 12,223 23.9 % East North Central 12,614 23.2 % 11,262 22.1 % South Atlantic 11,953 22.0 % 12,105 23.7 % West North Central 4,399 8.1 % 4,067 8.0 % Mountain 4,567 8.4 % 4,357 8.5 % Middle Atlantic 2,873 5.3 % 2,714 5.3 % East South Central 3,197 5.9 % 2,903 5.7 % New England 140 0.3 % 144 0.3 % Pacific 1,219 2.2 % 1,291 2.5 % Gross carrying value of mortgage loans 54,359 100.0 % 51,066 100.0 % Valuation allowance (62 ) (236 ) Net carrying value of mortgage loans $ 54,297 $ 50,830 During the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, $4,508 and, $5,930 of new mortgage loans were purchased respectively, which did not include second lien mortgage loans. There were no taxes, assessments, or any amounts advanced that were not included in the mortgage loan balances at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018. At June 30, 2019, and December 31, 2018, the Company had 6 and 6 mortgage loans with a total carrying value of $610 and $617 that were in a restructured status, respectively. There were no impairments for mortgage loans at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018. The changes in the valuation allowance for commercial mortgage loans were as follows: Six Months Ended June 30, 2019 Year Ended December 31, 2018 Beginning balance $ 236 $ 268 Net decrease in valuation allowance (174 ) (32 ) Ending balance $ 62 $ 236 At June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company had no mortgage loans that were on nonaccrual status. At June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company had a commitment to make investments in mortgage loans in the amount of $734 and $4,397, respectively. Limited Partnerships The carrying value of limited partnerships at both June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, was $13 and $118, which includes undistributed losses of $54 and $96, respectively. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss related to these equity method investments is limited to the carrying value of these investments plus unfunded commitments of $119 and $119 at , respectively. At both June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company’s limited partnerships holdings were in one hedge fund of funds investment, which consists of a diversified group of managers with multiple strategies being employed. Net Investment Income The sources of net investment income are as follows: Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, 2019 2018 2019 2018 Interest from: Fixed maturities - available-for-sale $ 3,132 $ 3,382 $ 6,442 $ 6,818 Policyholder loans 80 114 211 157 Mortgage loans 653 503 1,285 1,052 Cash and cash equivalents 46 34 106 53 Dividends on equity securities 106 98 207 193 Gross investment income 4,017 4,131 8,251 8,273 Investment expense (335 ) (411 ) (750 ) (809 ) Net investment income $ 3,682 $ 3,720 $ 7,501 $ 7,464 Investment expenses include investment management fees, some of which include incentives based on market performance, custodial fees and internal costs for investment-related activities. Realized Investment (Losses) Gains The sources of realized investment (losses) gains are as follows: Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, 2019 2018 2019 2018 Investment (losses) gains from: Fixed maturities - available-for-sale $ 42 $ 133 $ 153 $ 250 Equity securities, trading (131 ) 500 647 (205 ) Mortgage loans valuation allowance — 52 174 53 Limited partnerships 2 10 (5 ) 47 Investment expenses (12 ) (13 ) (20 ) (24 ) Total net realized investment (losses) gains $ (99 ) $ 682 $ 949 $ 121 Other‑Than‑Temporary Declines in Fair Value The Company regularly reviews its investments portfolio for factors that may indicate that a decline in the fair value of an investment is other‑than‑temporary. A fixed maturity security is other-than-temporarily impaired if the fair value of the security is less than its amortized cost basis and the Company either intends to sell the fixed maturity security or it is more likely than not the Company will be required to sell the fixed maturity security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. For all other securities in an unrealized loss position in which the Company does not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis, the security is deemed to be other-than-temporarily impaired for credit reasons. Significant judgment is required in the determination of whether an OTTI loss has occurred for a security. The Company has developed a consistent methodology and has identified significant inputs for determining whether an OTTI loss has occurred. Some of the factors considered in evaluating whether a decline in fair value is other‑than‑temporary are the financial condition and prospects of the issuer, payment status, the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due, credit ratings of the securities, and the duration and severity of the decline. The credit loss component of a fixed maturity security impairment is calculated as the difference between amortized cost and the present value of the expected cash flows of the security. The present value is determined using the best estimate of cash flows discounted at the effective rate implicit to the security at the date of purchase or prior impairment. The methodology and assumptions for estimating the cash flows vary depending on the type of security. For mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities, cash flow estimates, including prepayment assumptions, are based on data from widely accepted third‑party sources or internal estimates. In addition to prepayment assumptions, cash flow estimates vary based on assumptions regarding the underlying collateral characteristics, expectations of delinquency and default rates, and structural support, including subordination and guarantees. If the present value of the modeled expected cash flows equals or exceeds the amortized cost of a security, no credit loss exists and the security is considered to be temporarily impaired. If the present value of the expected cash flows is less than amortized cost, the security is determined to be other-than-temporarily impaired for credit reasons and is recognized as an OTTI loss in earnings. The non-credit component, determined as the difference between the adjusted amortized cost basis and fair value, is recognized as OTTI in other comprehensive (loss) income. A rollforward of the cumulative credit losses on fixed maturity securities are as follows: June 30, December 31, 2019 2018 Beginning balance of credit losses on fixed maturity securities $ 828 $ 828 Reduction of credit losses related to securities sold during period — — Ending balance of credit losses on fixed maturity securities $ 828 $ 828 Unrealized Losses for Fixed Maturities The Company’s fair value and gross unrealized losses for fixed maturities available-for-sale, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous gross unrealized loss position are as follows: June 30, 2019 12 months or less Longer than 12 months Total Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Fixed maturity securities U.S. government and agencies $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — U.S. agency mortgage-backed 2,539 (10 ) 4,459 (88 ) 6,998 (98 ) Corporate and miscellaneous 3,118 (267 ) 4,873 (487 ) 7,991 (754 ) Residential mortgage-backed 828 (8 ) 7 (1 ) 835 (9 ) Commercial mortgage-backed 251 (1 ) 1,266 (10 ) 1,517 (11 ) Asset-backed securities 28,959 (238 ) 1,571 (57 ) 30,530 (295 ) Total fixed maturities $ 35,695 $ (524 ) $ 12,176 $ (643 ) $ 47,871 $ (1,167 ) December 31, 2018 12 months or less Longer than 12 months Total Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Fixed maturity securities U.S. government and agencies $ 1,991 $ (82 ) $ 1,469 $ (47 ) $ 3,460 $ (129 ) U.S. agency mortgage-backed 11,420 (171 ) 12,565 (391 ) 23,985 (562 ) State and political subdivisions 5,420 (63 ) 2,416 (54 ) 7,836 (117 ) Corporate and miscellaneous 62,162 (3,359 ) 7,310 (1,068 ) 69,472 (4,427 ) Residential mortgage-backed 4,667 (53 ) 621 (22 ) 5,288 (75 ) Commercial mortgage-backed 4,948 (117 ) 4,357 (197 ) 9,305 (314 ) Asset-backed securities 35,372 (703 ) 6,325 (126 ) 41,697 (829 ) Total fixed maturities $ 125,980 $ (4,548 ) $ 35,063 $ (1,905 ) $ 161,043 $ (6,453 ) The indicated gross unrealized losses in all fixed maturity categories decreased to $1,167 from $6,453 at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. Based on the Company’s current evaluation of its fixed maturities in an unrealized loss position in accordance with our impairment policy, and the Company’s current intentions regarding these securities, the Company concluded that these securities were not other-than-temporarily impaired. Information and concentrations related to fixed maturities in an unrealized loss position are included below. The tables below include the number of fixed maturities in an unrealized loss position for greater than and less than 12 months and the percentage that were investment grade at June 30, 2019. Unrealized Losses 12 months or less Number of Securities Total Impairment is Less than 10% of Amortized Cost Impairment is Between 10% and 20% of Amortized Cost Impairment is Greater than 20% of Amortized Cost Percent Investment Grade Fixed maturity securities U.S. government and agencies U.S. agency mortgage-backed 3 3 — — 100 % Corporate and miscellaneous 12 7 4 1 25 % Residential mortgage-backed 3 3 — — 33 % Commercial mortgage-backed 1 1 — — 0 % Asset-backed securities 48 48 — — 90 % Total fixed maturities 67 62 4 1 Unrealized Losses greater than 12 months Number of Securities Total Impairment is Less than 10% of Amortized Cost Impairment is Between 10% and 20% of Amortized Cost Impairment is Greater than 20% of Amortized Cost Percent Investment Grade Fixed maturity securities U.S. agency mortgage-backed 11 11 — — 100 % Corporate and miscellaneous 12 8 4 — 58 % Residential mortgage-backed 1 1 — — 0 % Commercial mortgage-backed 1 1 — — 100 % Asset-backed securities 2 2 — — 100 % Total fixed maturities 27 23 4 — |