Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies) | 3 Months Ended |
Mar. 31, 2014 |
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | ' |
Consolidation | ' |
Consolidation |
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The consolidated financial statements of Holding include all of its wholly-owned subsidiaries, including Corporation and its respective subsidiaries and affiliated physician groups. The consolidated financial statements of Corporation, include all of its wholly-owned subsidiaries, including EmCare and AMR and their respective subsidiaries, and affiliated physician groups. All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. |
Use of Estimates | ' |
Use of Estimates |
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The preparation of financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions relating to the reporting of results of operations, financial condition and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements including, but not limited to, estimates and assumptions for accounts receivable and insurance related reserves. Actual results may differ from those estimates under different assumptions or conditions. |
Insurance Reserves | ' |
Insurance Reserves |
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Insurance reserves are established for automobile, workers compensation, general liability and professional liability claims utilizing policies with both fully-insured and self-insured components. This includes the use of an off-shore captive insurance program through a wholly-owned subsidiary for certain liability programs for both EmCare and AMR. In those instances where the Company has obtained third-party insurance coverage, the Company normally retains liability for the first $1 to $3 million of the loss. Insurance reserves cover known claims and incidents within the level of Company retention that may result in the assertion of additional claims, as well as claims from unknown incidents that may be asserted arising from activities through the balance sheet date. |
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The Company establishes reserves for claims based upon an assessment of actual claims and claims incurred but not reported. The reserves are established based on quarterly consultation with third-party independent actuaries using actuarial principles and assumptions that consider a number of factors, including historical claim payment patterns and legal costs, and changes in case reserves and the assumed rate of inflation in healthcare costs and property damage repairs. Claims, other than general liability claims, are discounted at a rate of 1.5%. General liability claims are not discounted. |
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The Company’s most recent actuarial valuation was completed in March 2014. As a result of this and previous actuarial valuations, the Company recorded increases in its provisions for insurance liabilities of $5.2 million during the three month period ended March 31, 2014 compared to decreases of $1.2 million for three month period ended March 31, 2013, related to reserves for losses in prior years. |
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The long-term portion of insurance reserves was $151.8 million and $175.4 million as of March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively. |
Trade and Other Accounts Receivable, net | ' |
Trade and Other Accounts Receivable, net |
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The Company estimates its allowances based on payor reimbursement schedules, historical collections and write-off experience and other economic data. The Company’s billing systems do not provide contractual allowances or uncompensated care reserves on outstanding patient accounts. The allowance for uncompensated care is related principally to receivables recorded for self-pay patients and is not recorded on specific accounts due to the volume and variability of individual patient receivable collections. While the billing systems do not specifically record the allowance for doubtful accounts to individual accounts owed or specific payor classifications, the portion of the allowance for uncompensated care associated with fee for service charges as of December 31, 2013 was equal to approximately 87% and 89% of outstanding self-pay receivables for EmCare and AMR, respectively, consistent with the Company’s collection history. Account balances are charged off against the uncompensated care allowance when it is probable the receivable will not be recovered and to the contractual allowance when payment is received. The Company’s accounts receivable and allowances as of March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013 were as follows (in thousands): |
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| | March 31, | | December 31, | | | | | | | |
2014 | 2013 | | | | | | |
Gross trade accounts receivable | | $ | 4,153,929 | | $ | 3,841,672 | | | | | | | |
Allowance for contractual discounts | | (2,193,183 | ) | (2,002,704 | ) | | | | | | |
Allowance for uncompensated care | | (1,121,079 | ) | (1,038,833 | ) | | | | | | |
Net trade accounts receivable | | 839,667 | | 800,135 | | | | | | | |
Other receivables, net | | 1,273 | | 1,011 | | | | | | | |
Net accounts receivable | | $ | 840,940 | | $ | 801,146 | | | | | | | |
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Other receivables primarily represent EmCare hospital subsidies and fees, and AMR fees for stand-by and special events and subsidies from community organizations. |
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Accounts receivable allowances at EmCare are estimated based on cash collection and write-off experience at a facility level contract and facility specific payor mix. These allowances are reviewed and adjusted monthly through revenue provisions. In addition, a look-back analysis is done, typically after 15 months, to compare actual cash collected on a date of service basis to the revenue recorded for that period. Any adjustment necessary for an overage or deficit in these allowances based on actual collections is recorded through a revenue adjustment in the current period. |
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AMR contractual allowances are determined primarily on payor reimbursement schedules that are included and regularly updated in the billing systems, and by historical collection experience. The billing systems calculate the difference between payor specific gross billings and contractually agreed to, or governmentally driven, reimbursement rates. The allowance for uncompensated care at AMR is related principally to receivables recorded for self-pay patients. AMR’s allowances on self-pay accounts receivable are estimated on claim level, historical write-off experience. |
Business Combinations | ' |
Business Combinations |
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Assets and liabilities of an acquired business are recorded at their fair values at the date of acquisition. The excess of the acquisition consideration over the estimated fair values is recorded as goodwill. All acquisition costs are expensed as incurred. While the Company uses its best estimates and assumptions as a part of the acquisition consideration allocation process to accurately value assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date, the estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement. As a result, during the measurement period the Company may record adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period any subsequent adjustments are recorded as expense. |
Insurance Collateral | ' |
Insurance Collateral |
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Insurance collateral is comprised of investments in U.S. Treasuries and marketable equity and debt securities held by the Company’s captive insurance subsidiary that support the Company’s insurance program and reserves. Certain of these investments, if sold or otherwise liquidated, would have to be replaced by other suitable financial assurances and are, therefore, considered restricted. These investments are designated as available-for-sale and reported at fair value with the related temporary unrealized gains and losses reported as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income, net of deferred income tax. Declines in the fair value of a marketable investment security which are determined to be other-than-temporary are recognized in the statements of operations, thus establishing a new cost basis for such investment. Investment income earned on these investments is reported as interest income from restricted assets in the statements of operations. |
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Realized gains and losses are determined based on an average cost basis. |
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Additionally, insurance collateral is comprised of cash deposits with third parties. Insurance collateral also includes a receivable from insurers of $1.8 million and $1.3 million as of March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively, for liabilities in excess of the Company’s self-insured retention. |
Equity Structure and Public Offerings | ' |
Equity Structure and Public Offerings — Holding |
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On August 13, 2013, Holding’s Registration Statement was declared effective by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) for an initial public offering of its Common Stock. Holding registered the offering and sale of 42,000,000 shares of Common Stock and an additional 6,300,000 shares of Common Stock sold to the underwriters pursuant to their option to purchase additional shares at a price of $23 per share. On August 19, 2013, Holding completed the offering of 48,300,000 shares of Common Stock, at a price of $23 per share, for an aggregate offering price of $1,110.9 million, and the offering terminated. At the closing, Holding received net proceeds of approximately $1,025.9 million, after deducting the underwriters’ discounts and commissions paid and offering expenses of approximately $85.0 million, including a $20.0 million payment to Clayton, Dubilier & Rice, LLC (“CD&R”) in connection with the termination of a consulting agreement with Holding and Corporation (“Consulting Agreement”) which was recorded in the third quarter of 2013 to selling, general and administrative expenses in the statements of operations, see Note 13. |
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Net proceeds from the initial public offering were used to (i) redeem in full Holding’s Senior PIK Toggle Notes due 2017 for a total of $479.6 million, which included a call premium pursuant to the indenture governing the Senior PIK Toggle Notes due 2017 and all accrued but unpaid interest, (ii) pay CD&R the fee of $20.0 million to terminate the Consulting Agreement, (iii) pay $16.5 million to repay all outstanding revolving credit facility borrowings, and (iv) redeem $332.5 million of aggregate principal amount of Corporation’s senior unsecured notes due 2019 and all accrued but unpaid interest. The remaining proceeds were used for general corporate purposes which included, among other things, repayment of indebtedness and acquisitions. |
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On February 5, 2014, Holding registered the offering and sale of 27,500,000 shares of Common Stock by certain stockholders of Holding and an additional 4,125,000 shares of Common Stock, which were sold by investment funds sponsored by, or affiliated with, CD&R (the “CD&R Affiliates”) to the underwriters pursuant to their option to purchase additional shares at $30.50 per share less the underwriting discount. The CD&R Affiliates, certain executive officers and directors of Holding and certain non-executives were the selling stockholders in the offering. Holding did not receive any of the proceeds from the sale of the shares being sold by the selling stockholders, including any shares sold pursuant to any exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares. |
Financial Instruments and Concentration of Credit Risk | ' |
Financial Instruments and Concentration of Credit Risk |
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The Company’s cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued liabilities, insurance collateral, other than current portion of self-insurance estimates, long-term debt and long-term liabilities, other than self-insurance estimates, constitute financial instruments. Based on management’s estimates, the carrying value of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued liabilities approximates fair value as of March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013. Concentration of credit risks in accounts receivable is limited, due to the large number of customers comprising the Company’s customer base throughout the United States. A significant component of the Company’s revenue is derived from Medicare and Medicaid. Given that these are government programs, the credit risk for these customers is considered low. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its other customers, but does not require collateral to support customer accounts receivable. The Company establishes an allowance for uncompensated care based on the credit risk applicable to particular customers, historical trends and other relevant information. For the three months ended March 31, 2014 and 2013, the Company derived approximately 27% and 28%, respectively, of its revenue from Medicare and Medicaid, 70% and 68%, respectively, from insurance providers and contracted payors, and 3% and 4%, respectively, directly from patients. |
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The Company estimates the fair value of its fixed rate senior notes based on quoted market prices (Level 1). The estimated fair value of the senior notes as of March 31, 2014 was approximately $650.7 million with a carrying value of $607.8 million. The Company’s captive insurance subsidiary holds $9.8 million of the senior notes as of March 31, 2014 which has been excluded from the carrying value stated above. |
Fair Value Measurement | ' |
Fair Value Measurement |
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The Company classifies its financial instruments that are reported at fair value based on a hierarchal framework which ranks the level of market price observability used in measuring financial instruments at fair value. Market price observability is impacted by a number of factors, including the type of instrument and the characteristics specific to the instrument. Instruments with readily available active quoted prices or for which fair value can be measured from actively quoted prices generally will have a higher degree of market price observability and a lesser degree of judgment used in measuring fair value. |
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Financial instruments measured and reported at fair value are classified and disclosed in one of the following categories: |
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Level 1—Quoted prices are available in active markets for identical assets or liabilities as of the reporting date. The Company does not adjust the quoted price for these assets or liabilities, which include investments held in connection with the Company’s captive insurance program. |
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Level 2—Pricing inputs are other than quoted prices in active markets, which are either directly or indirectly observable as of the reporting date, and fair value is determined through the use of models or other valuation methodologies. Balances in this category include fixed income mortgage backed securities, corporate bonds, and derivatives. |
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Level 3—Pricing inputs are unobservable as of the reporting date and reflect the Company’s own assumptions about the fair value of the asset or liability. Balances in this category include the Company’s estimate, using a combination of internal and external fair value analyses, of contingent consideration for acquisitions described in Note 4. |
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The following table summarizes the valuation of the Company’s financial instruments by the above fair value hierarchy levels as of March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013 (in thousands): |
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| | March 31, 2014 | |
Description | | Level 1 | | Level 2 | | Level 3 | | Total | |
Assets: | | | | | | | | | |
Available-for-sale securities (insurance collateral) | | $ | 7,016 | | $ | 515 | | $ | — | | $ | 7,531 | |
Fuel hedge | | — | | 401 | | — | | 401 | |
Liabilities: | | | | | | | | | |
Contingent consideration | | — | | — | | 1,734 | | 1,734 | |
Interest rate swap | | — | | 2,735 | | — | | 2,735 | |
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| | December 31, 2013 | |
Description | | Level 1 | | Level 2 | | Level 3 | | Total | |
Assets: | | | | | | | | | |
Available-for-sale securities (insurance collateral) | | $ | 12,710 | | $ | 517 | | $ | — | | $ | 13,227 | |
Fuel hedge | | — | | 672 | | — | | 672 | |
Liabilities: | | | | | | | | | |
Contingent consideration | | — | | — | | 7,734 | | 7,734 | |
Interest rate swap | | — | | 3,135 | | — | | 3,135 | |
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The contingent consideration balance classified as a Level 3 liability has decreased by $6.0 million since December 31, 2013 primarily due to payments made. |
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During the three months ended March 31, 2014 and 2013, we had no transfers in and out of Level 1 and Level 2 fair value measurements. |
Revenue Recognition | ' |
Revenue Recognition |
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Revenue is recognized at the time of service and is recorded net of provisions for contractual discounts and estimated uncompensated care. Fee-for-service revenue represents billings for services provided to patients, for which the Company receives payment from the patient or their third-party payor. Provisions for contractual discounts are related to differences between gross charges and specific payor, including governmental, reimbursement schedules. Provisions for estimated uncompensated care, or bad debt expense, are related principally to the number of self-pay patients treated in the period and are based primarily on historical collection experience to reduce revenues net of contractual discounts to the estimated amounts the Company expects to collect. Subsidy and fee revenue primarily represent hospital subsidies and fees at EmCare and fees for stand-by, special event and community subsidies at AMR. |
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The majority of the patients the Company treats are for the provision of emergency care in the pre-hospital and hospital settings. Due to federal government regulations governing the provision of such care, the Company is obligated to provide emergency care regardless of the patient’s ability to pay or whether or not the patient has insurance or other third-party coverage for the costs of the services rendered. While the Company attempts to obtain all relevant billing information at the time the patient is within our care, there are numerous patient encounters where such information is not available. In such cases, the Company’s billing operations will initially classify these patients as self-pay, with the applicable estimated allowance for uncompensated care, while they pursue collection of the account. Over the course of the first 30 to 60 days after these self-pay patients have been treated, the billing staff may identify the appropriate insurance or other third-party payor and re-assign the account from a self-pay payor classification to the appropriate payor. Depending on the final payor determination, the allowances for uncompensated care and contractual discounts will be adjusted accordingly. For accounts that remain classified as self-pay, the billing protocols and systems will generate bills and notifications generally for 90 to 120 days. If no collection or additional information is received from the patient, the account is written-off and sent to a collection agency. The Company’s revenue recognition models, which are reviewed and updated on a monthly basis, consider these events in determining the collectability of accounts receivable. |
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Net revenue for the three month periods ended March 31, 2014 and 2013 consisted of the following (in thousands): |
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| | Quarter ended | | | | | | | |
March 31, | | | | | | |
| | 2014 | | 2013 | | | | | | | |
Fee-for-service revenue, net of contractuals: | | | | | | | | | | | |
Medicare | | $ | 250,312 | | $ | 233,874 | | | | | | | |
Medicaid | | 55,817 | | 51,214 | | | | | | | |
Commercial insurance and managed care | | 645,183 | | 560,191 | | | | | | | |
Self-pay | | 724,507 | | 629,256 | | | | | | | |
Sub-total | | 1,675,819 | | 1,474,535 | | | | | | | |
Subsidies and fees | | 182,675 | | 130,713 | | | | | | | |
Revenue, net of contractuals | | 1,858,494 | | 1,605,248 | | | | | | | |
Provision for uncompensated care | | (844,283 | ) | (716,924 | ) | | | | | | |
Net revenue | | $ | 1,014,211 | | $ | 888,324 | | | | | | | |
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Healthcare reimbursement is complex and may involve lengthy delays. Third-party payors are continuing their efforts to control expenditures for healthcare, including proposals to revise reimbursement policies. The Company has from time to time experienced delays in reimbursement from third-party payors. In addition, third-party payors may disallow, in whole or in part, claims for payment based on determinations that certain amounts are not reimbursable under plan coverage, determinations of medical necessity, or the need for additional information. Laws and regulations governing the Medicare and Medicaid programs are very complex and subject to interpretation. Revenue is recognized on an estimated basis in the period in which related services are rendered. As a result, there is a reasonable possibility that recorded estimates will change materially in the short-term. Such amounts, including adjustments between provisions for contractual discounts and uncompensated care, are adjusted in future periods, as adjustments become known. These adjustments in the aggregate increased the contractual discount and uncompensated care provisions (decreased net revenue) by approximately $1.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2014 and decreased the contractual discount and uncompensated provisions (increased net revenue) by approximately $2.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2013. |
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The Company provides services to patients who have no insurance or other third-party payor coverage. In certain circumstances, federal law requires providers to render services to any patient who requires care regardless of their ability to pay. Services to these patients are not considered to be charity care and provisions for uncompensated care for these services are estimated accordingly. |