Investments | Investments (a) Available-for-Sale Securities The cost or amortized cost, fair value, and gross unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities were as follows: December 31, 2015 Cost or Gross Gross Fair Equity securities: Common stock $ 53,356 $ 569 $ (6,960 ) $ 46,965 Preferred stock 11,448 377 — 11,825 Fixed maturities: U.S. Treasury 19,348 1,052 (48 ) 20,352 Federal agencies 1,945 7 — 1,952 States and political subdivision bonds 193,017 4,516 (609 ) 196,924 Foreign government 31,383 31 (352 ) 31,062 Corporate bonds 1,375,336 22,224 (47,902 ) 1,349,658 Residential mortgage-backed securities 419,293 6,254 (978 ) 424,569 Commercial mortgage-backed securities 135,134 720 (3,649 ) 132,205 Structured securities 205,024 15 (4,347 ) 200,692 Total $ 2,445,284 $ 35,765 $ (64,845 ) $ 2,416,204 Less: Securities pledged 54,955 439 — 55,394 Total net of Securities pledged $ 2,390,329 $ 35,326 $ (64,845 ) $ 2,360,810 NGHC $ 2,199,714 $ 34,773 $ (58,826 ) $ 2,175,661 Reciprocal Exchanges 245,570 992 (6,019 ) 240,543 Total $ 2,445,284 $ 35,765 $ (64,845 ) $ 2,416,204 December 31, 2014 Cost or Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Equity securities: Common stock $ 47,269 $ 1,004 $ (7,349 ) $ 40,924 Preferred stock 7,755 65 (125 ) 7,695 Fixed maturities: U.S. Treasury 37,446 1,536 (3 ) 38,979 Federal agencies 98 — — 98 States and political subdivision bonds 172,617 4,961 (169 ) 177,409 Foreign government 6,194 — (658 ) 5,536 Corporate bonds 839,436 36,525 (8,699 ) 867,262 Residential mortgage-backed securities 459,596 11,132 (92 ) 470,636 Commercial mortgage-backed securities 79,579 1,602 (189 ) 80,992 Asset-backed securities 5,461 — (91 ) 5,370 Total $ 1,655,451 $ 56,825 $ (17,375 ) $ 1,694,901 Less: Securities pledged 47,546 1,910 — 49,456 Total net of Securities pledged $ 1,607,905 $ 54,915 $ (17,375 ) $ 1,645,445 NGHC $ 1,430,578 $ 55,031 $ (16,264 ) $ 1,469,345 Reciprocal Exchanges 224,873 1,794 (1,111 ) 225,556 Total $ 1,655,451 $ 56,825 $ (17,375 ) $ 1,694,901 The amortized cost and fair value of available-for-sale fixed maturities and securities pledged, held as of December 31, 2015 , by contractual maturity, are shown in the table below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because some borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. NGHC Reciprocal Exchanges Total December 31, 2015 Cost or Amortized Cost Fair Value Cost or Amortized Cost Fair Value Cost or Amortized Cost Fair Value Due in one year or less $ 28,272 $ 27,853 $ 175 $ 178 $ 28,447 $ 28,031 Due after one year through five years 244,834 246,342 35,145 34,281 279,979 280,623 Due after five years through ten years 1,031,918 1,017,146 109,946 107,655 1,141,864 1,124,801 Due after ten years 330,244 321,985 45,519 45,200 375,763 367,185 Mortgage-backed securities 501,143 505,119 53,284 51,655 554,427 556,774 Total $ 2,136,411 $ 2,118,445 $ 244,069 $ 238,969 $ 2,380,480 $ 2,357,414 (b) Investment Income The components of net investment income consisted of the following: Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Interest Cash and short term investments $ 186 $ 114 $ 14 Equity securities 277 349 — Fixed maturities 69,310 52,008 33,936 Reverse Repurchase Agreements — — 61 Investment Income 69,773 52,471 34,011 Investment expense (3,529 ) (2,629 ) (2,927 ) Repurchase Agreements interest expense (213 ) (236 ) (276 ) Other Income (1) 9,309 2,820 — Net Investment Income $ 75,340 $ 52,426 $ 30,808 NGHC $ 66,429 $ 50,627 $ 30,808 Reciprocal Exchanges 8,911 1,799 — Net Investment Income $ 75,340 $ 52,426 $ 30,808 (1 ) Includes interest income of approximately $8,701 and $2,601 for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 , respectively, under the ACP Re Credit Agreement (see Note 16, "Related Party Transactions"). (c) Realized Gains and Losses Proceeds from sales of equity securities and fixed maturities during the years ended December 31, 2015 , 2014 and 2013 were $180,412 , $218,496 and $296,391 , respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2015 , 2014 and 2013 , the Company recognized an OTTI loss of $15,247 , $2,244 and $2,869 , respectively, on investments based on our qualitative and quantitative review. The tables below indicate the gross realized gains and losses (including any OTTI loss) for the years ended December 31, 2015 , 2014 and 2013 . Year Ended December 31, 2015 Gross Gains Gross Losses Net Gains (Losses) Equity securities $ 5 $ (1,608 ) $ (1,603 ) Fixed maturities 8,245 (1,702 ) 6,543 OTTI — (15,247 ) (15,247 ) Total gross realized gains and losses $ 8,250 $ (18,557 ) $ (10,307 ) NGHC $ 7,005 $ (17,658 ) $ (10,653 ) Reciprocal Exchanges 1,245 (899 ) 346 Total gross realized gains and losses $ 8,250 $ (18,557 ) $ (10,307 ) Year Ended December 31, 2014 Gross Gains Gross Losses Net Gains (Losses) Equity securities $ 34 $ (613 ) $ (579 ) Fixed maturities 151 (220 ) (69 ) OTTI — (2,244 ) (2,244 ) Total gross realized gains and losses $ 185 $ (3,077 ) $ (2,892 ) NGHC $ 185 $ (3,077 ) $ (2,892 ) Reciprocal Exchanges — — — Total gross realized gains and losses $ 185 $ (3,077 ) $ (2,892 ) Year Ended December 31, 2013 Gross Gains Gross Losses Net Gains (Losses) Fixed maturities $ 8,865 $ (7,665 ) $ 1,200 OTTI — (2,869 ) $ (2,869 ) Total gross realized gains and losses $ 8,865 $ (10,534 ) $ (1,669 ) (d) Unrealized Gains and Losses Unrealized gains (losses) on investments as of December 31, 2015 , 2014 and 2013 consisted of the following: December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Net unrealized loss on common stock $ (6,391 ) $ (6,345 ) $ — Net unrealized gain (loss) on preferred stock 377 (60 ) (652 ) Net unrealized gain (loss) on fixed maturities (23,066 ) 45,855 10,310 Net unrealized gain (loss) on other (20 ) 18 — Deferred income tax 10,185 (13,787 ) (2,598 ) Net unrealized gain (loss), net of deferred income tax $ (18,915 ) $ 25,681 $ 7,060 NGHC $ (15,634 ) $ 24,998 $ 7,060 Reciprocal Exchanges (3,281 ) 683 — Net unrealized gain (loss), net of deferred income tax (18,915 ) 25,681 7,060 Non-controlling interest 3,281 (683 ) — NGHC net unrealized gain (loss), net of deferred income tax $ (15,634 ) $ 24,998 $ 7,060 Year Ended December 31, NGHC change for the year in net unrealized gain (loss), net of deferred income tax $ (40,632 ) $ 17,938 $ (25,414 ) Non-controlling interest change for the year in net unrealized loss, net of deferred income tax $ (3,964 ) $ — $ — (e) Gross Unrealized Losses The tables below summarize the gross unrealized losses on equity securities and fixed maturities by length of time the security has continuously been in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 : Less Than 12 Months 12 Months or More Total December 31, 2015 Fair Unrealized No. of Fair Unrealized No. of Fair Unrealized Common stock $ 39,490 $ (6,932 ) 5 $ 130 $ (28 ) 2 $ 39,620 $ (6,960 ) U.S. Treasury 7,141 (48 ) 5 — — — 7,141 (48 ) States and political subdivision bonds 17,674 (501 ) 22 4,878 (108 ) 10 22,552 (609 ) Foreign government 21,322 (352 ) 4 — — — 21,322 (352 ) Corporate bonds 684,613 (37,919 ) 229 32,121 (9,983 ) 38 716,734 (47,902 ) Residential mortgage-backed securities 102,889 (919 ) 23 1,655 (59 ) 9 104,544 (978 ) Commercial mortgage-backed securities 66,222 (3,472 ) 30 2,364 (177 ) 2 68,586 (3,649 ) Structured securities 153,042 (4,347 ) 65 — — — 153,042 (4,347 ) Total $ 1,092,393 $ (54,490 ) 383 $ 41,148 $ (10,355 ) 61 $ 1,133,541 $ (64,845 ) NGHC $ 988,188 $ (50,599 ) 284 $ 28,691 $ (8,227 ) 34 $ 1,016,879 $ (58,826 ) Reciprocal Exchanges 104,205 (3,891 ) 99 12,457 (2,128 ) 27 116,662 (6,019 ) Total $ 1,092,393 $ (54,490 ) 383 $ 41,148 $ (10,355 ) 61 $ 1,133,541 $ (64,845 ) Less Than 12 Months 12 Months or More Total December 31, 2014 Fair Market Value Unrealized Losses No. of Positions Held Fair Market Value Unrealized Losses No. of Positions Held Fair Market Value Unrealized Losses Common stock $ 33,717 $ (7,349 ) 3 $ — $ — — $ 33,717 $ (7,349 ) Preferred stock — — — 4,878 (125 ) 1 4,878 (125 ) U.S. Treasury 6,343 (3 ) 5 — — — 6,343 (3 ) States and political subdivision bonds 16,320 (92 ) 39 8,341 (77 ) 8 24,661 (169 ) Foreign government 5,536 (658 ) 1 — — — 5,536 (658 ) Corporate bonds 116,880 (5,594 ) 108 23,592 (3,105 ) 10 140,472 (8,699 ) Residential mortgage-backed securities 15,598 (34 ) 17 1,975 (58 ) 3 17,573 (92 ) Commercial mortgage-backed securities 33,735 (189 ) 10 — — — 33,735 (189 ) Asset-backed securities 4,869 (91 ) 3 — — — 4,869 (91 ) Total $ 232,998 $ (14,010 ) 186 $ 38,786 $ (3,365 ) 22 $ 271,784 $ (17,375 ) NGHC $ 142,313 $ (12,899 ) 97 $ 38,786 $ (3,365 ) 22 $ 181,099 $ (16,264 ) Reciprocal Exchanges 90,685 (1,111 ) 89 — — — 90,685 (1,111 ) Total $ 232,998 $ (14,010 ) 186 $ 38,786 $ (3,365 ) 22 $ 271,784 $ (17,375 ) There were 444 and 208 securities at December 31, 2015 and 2014 , respectively, that account for the gross unrealized loss, none of which are deemed by the Company to be an OTTI. A t December 31, 2015 , we have determined that the unrealized losses on fixed maturities were primarily due to market interest rate movements since their date of purchase. Significant factors influencing the Company’s determination that none of these securities were OTTI included the magnitude of unrealized losses in relation to cost, the nature of the investment and management’s intent not to sell these securities and it being more likely than not that the Company will not be required to sell these investments before anticipated recovery of fair value to the Company’s cost basis. As of December 31, 2015 , of the $10,355 of unrealized losses related to securities in unrealized loss positions for a period of twelve or more consecutive months, $8,466 of those unrealized losses were related to securities in unrealized loss positions greater than or equal to 20% of amortized cost or cost. Those unrealized losses were evaluated based on factors such as discounted cash flows and near-term and long-term prospects of the issue or issuer and were determined to have adequate resources to fulfill contractual obligations. During the years ended December 31, 2015 , 2014 and 2013 , the Company recognized an OTTI loss of $15,247 , $2,244 and $2,869 , respectively, on investments based on our qualitative and quantitative review. For the year ended December 31, 2015 , the OTTI loss of $15,247 related to certain investments in the energy and natural resources sectors and was based on the severity of the decline in relation to their amortized cost or cost. (f) Credit Quality of Investments The tables below summarize the credit quality of our fixed maturities, securities pledged and preferred securities as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 , as rated by Standard & Poor’s. NGHC Reciprocal Exchanges December 31, 2015 Cost or Amortized Cost Fair Value Percentage of Fixed Maturities and Preferred Securities Cost or Amortized Cost Fair Value Percentage of Fixed Maturities and Preferred Securities U.S. Treasury $ 13,416 $ 14,448 0.7 % $ 5,932 $ 5,904 2.5 % AAA 343,128 348,073 16.4 % 39,724 38,888 16.2 % AA, AA+, AA- 379,560 383,888 18.0 % 36,866 36,934 15.4 % A, A+, A- 501,409 508,884 23.9 % 50,612 50,153 20.8 % BBB, BBB+, BBB- 634,250 623,742 29.3 % 82,417 80,322 33.4 % BB+ and lower 274,594 249,660 11.7 % 30,020 28,343 11.7 % Total $ 2,146,357 $ 2,128,695 100.0 % $ 245,571 $ 240,544 100.0 % NGHC Reciprocal Exchanges December 31, 2014 Cost or Amortized Cost Fair Value Percentage of Fixed Maturities and Preferred Securities Cost or Amortized Cost Fair Value Percentage of Fixed Maturities and Preferred Securities U.S. Treasury $ 19,068 $ 20,475 1.4 % $ 18,378 $ 18,504 8.2 % AAA 359,424 370,058 25.9 % 24,956 25,027 11.1 % AA, AA+, AA- 275,905 282,443 19.8 % — — — % A, A+, A- 300,789 318,955 22.3 % 99,754 100,412 44.5 % BBB, BBB+, BBB- 328,594 335,745 23.5 % 48,440 48,486 21.5 % BB+ and lower 99,529 100,745 7.1 % 33,345 33,127 14.7 % Total $ 1,383,309 $ 1,428,421 100.0 % $ 224,873 $ 225,556 100.0 % The tables below summarize the investment quality of our corporate bond holdings and industry concentrations as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 . December 31, 2015 AAA AA+, A+,A,A- BBB+, BB+ or Fair % of Corporate Bonds: Financial Institutions — % 2.8 % 21.2 % 12.7 % 2.1 % $ 524,250 38.8 % Industrials — % 3.9 % 15.4 % 32.3 % 4.6 % 757,907 56.2 % Utilities/Other 0.4 % — % 0.4 % 3.4 % 0.8 % 67,501 5.0 % Total 0.4 % 6.7 % 37.0 % 48.4 % 7.5 % $ 1,349,658 100.0 % NGHC 0.4 % 6.1 % 33.9 % 42.7 % 6.3 % $ 1,206,442 89.4 % Reciprocal Exchanges — % 0.6 % 3.1 % 5.7 % 1.2 % 143,216 10.6 % Total 0.4 % 6.7 % 37.0 % 48.4 % 7.5 % $ 1,349,658 100.0 % December 31, 2014 AAA AA+, A+,A,A- BBB+, BB+ or Fair % of Corporate Bonds: Financial Institutions 1.4 % 3.6 % 26.9 % 8.9 % 2.5 % $ 376,236 43.3 % Industrials — % 2.4 % 9.4 % 31.7 % 5.9 % 427,592 49.4 % Utilities/Other — % — % 2.2 % 3.1 % 2.0 % 63,434 7.3 % Total 1.4 % 6.0 % 38.5 % 43.7 % 10.4 % $ 867,262 100.0 % NGHC 1.4 % 6.0 % 34.0 % 38.6 % 8.3 % $ 762,822 88.3 % Reciprocal Exchanges — % — % 4.5 % 5.1 % 2.1 % 104,440 11.7 % Total 1.4 % 6.0 % 38.5 % 43.7 % 10.4 % $ 867,262 100.0 % (g) Restricted Cash and Investments The Company, in order to conduct business in certain states, is required to maintain letters of credit or assets on deposit to support state mandated regulatory requirements and certain third party agreements. The Company also utilizes trust accounts to collateralize business with its reinsurance counterparties. These assets held are primarily in the form of cash or certain high grade securities. The fair values of our restricted assets as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 are as follows: December 31, 2015 2014 Restricted cash $ 13,776 $ 7,937 Restricted investments - fixed maturities at fair value 40,174 56,049 Total restricted cash and investments $ 53,950 $ 63,986 (h) Other The Company enters into reverse repurchase and repurchase agreements, which are accounted for as either collateralized lending or borrowing transactions and are recorded at contract amounts, which approximate fair value. For the collateralized borrowing transactions (i.e., repurchase agreements), the Company receives cash or securities that it invests or holds in short-term or fixed income securities. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014 , the Company had no collateralized lending transaction principal outstanding. Interest income associated with lending agreements for the years ended December 31, 2015 , 2014 and 2013 was $0 , $0 and $61 , respectively. As of December 31, 2015 , the Company had collateralized borrowing transaction principal outstanding of $52,484 at an interest rate of 0.80% . As of December 31, 2014 , the Company had collateralized borrowing transaction principal outstanding of $46,804 at interest rates between 0.30% and 0.35% . Interest expense associated with the repurchase borrowing agreements for the years ended December 31, 2015 , 2014 and 2013 was $213 , $236 and $276 , respectively. The Company had approximately $55,394 and $49,456 of collateral pledged in support for these agreements as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 , respectively. The table below summarizes the remaining contractual maturity of the Company's repurchase agreements as of December 31, 2015 . December 31, 2015 Remaining Contractual Maturity of the Repurchase Agreements Overnight and Continuous Up to 30 days 30 - 90 days Greater Than 90 days Total Repurchase agreements: Residential mortgage-backed securities $ — $ 52,484 $ — $ — $ 52,484 Total Securities sold under agreements to repurchase, at contract value $ — $ 52,484 $ — $ — $ 52,484 Securities sold under agreements to repurchase (repurchase agreements), at contract value are accounted for as collateralized borrowing transactions and are recorded at their contracted repurchase amounts, plus accrued interest. Under repurchase agreements, the Company borrows cash from a counterparty at an agreed-upon interest rate for an agreed-upon time frame and the Company transfers either corporate debt securities or U.S. government or government agency securities (pledged collateral). For securities repurchase agreements, the cash received is typically invested in cash equivalents, short-term investments or fixed maturities, with the offsetting obligation to repay the loan included as a liability in the consolidated balance sheets. At the end of the agreement, the counterparty returns the collateral to the Company, and the Company, in turn, repays the loan amount along with the agreed-upon interest. There are potential risks associated with repurchase agreements and the related collateral pledged, including obligations arising from a decline in the market value of the collateral pledged. The Company is generally required to maintain collateral in the amount of 105.0% to 110.0% of the value of the securities we have sold with agreement to repurchase, which are subject to daily mark-to-market margining (i.e., if the collateral falls in value, a margin call can be triggered requiring the Company to pay cash or post extra securities to maintain the 105.0% to 110.0% threshold). Conversely, if the value of the Company’s collateral pledged appreciates in value there is credit risk in that the lending counterparty could default and not return/sell the securities back. The Company minimizes the credit risk that counterparties might be unable to fulfill their contractual obligations by monitoring its counterparty exposure and related collateral pledged. Additionally, repurchase agreements are only transacted with pre-approved counter-parties. |