Credit Loss Allowance and Credit Quality | 640 15.1% 13.8% (a) No FICO score is obtained on loans to commercial borrowers. (b) Percentages are based on unpaid principal balance Commercial Lending Credit Quality Indicators — The credit quality of receivables from dealers, which are considered commercial loans, is summarized according to standard regulatory classifications as follows: Pass — Asset is well-protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or guarantors, if any, or by the fair value less costs to sell any underlying collateral in a timely manner. Special Mention — Asset has potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention, which, if left uncorrected, may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for an asset at some future date. Special Mention assets are not adversely classified. Substandard — Asset is inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or by the collateral pledged, if any. A well-defined weakness or weaknesses exist that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. The loans are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Company will sustain some loss if deficiencies are not corrected. Doubtful — Exhibits the inherent weaknesses of a substandard credit. Additional characteristics exist that make collection or liquidation in full highly questionable and improbable, on the basis of currently known facts, conditions and values. Possibility of loss is extremely high, but because of certain important and reasonable specific pending factors which may work to the advantage and strengthening of the credit, an estimated loss cannot yet be determined. Loss — Credit is considered uncollectable and of such little value that it does not warrant consideration as an active asset. There may be some recovery or salvage value, but there is doubt as to whether, how much or when the recovery would occur. The Company's risk department performs a commercial analysis and classifies certain loans over an internal threshold based on the classifications above. Fleet loan credit quality indicators for retail installment contracts held for investment with commercial borrowers as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 were as follows: December 31, December 31, Pass $ 12,276 $ 17,585 Special Mention 5,324 2,790 Substandard 715 1,488 Doubtful — — Loss — — Total (Unpaid principal balance) $ 18,315 $ 21,863 Commercial loan credit quality indicators for receivables from dealers held for investment as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 were as follows: December 31, December 31, Pass $ 14,130 $ 67,681 Special Mention 1,657 — Substandard — 1,750 Doubtful — — Loss — — Total (Unpaid principal balance) $ 15,787 $ 69,431 Troubled Debt Restructurings In certain circumstances, the Company modifies the terms of its finance receivables to troubled borrowers. Modifications may include a reduction in interest rate, an extension of the maturity date, rescheduling of future cash flows, or a combination thereof. A modification of finance receivable terms is considered a TDR if the Company grants a concession to a borrower for economic or legal reasons related to the debtor’s financial difficulties that would not otherwise have been considered. Management considers TDRs to include all individually acquired retail installment contracts that have been modified at least once, deferred for a period of 90 days or more, or deferred at least twice. Additionally, restructurings through bankruptcy proceedings are deemed to be TDRs. The purchased receivables portfolio, operating and capital leases, and loans held for sale, including personal loans, are excluded from the scope of the applicable guidance. The Company's TDR balance as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 primarily consisted of loans that had been deferred or modified to receive a temporary reduction in monthly payment. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016 , there were no receivables from dealers classified as a TDR. For loans not classified as TDRs, the Company generally estimates an appropriate allowance for credit losses based on delinquency status, the Company’s historical loss experience, estimated values of underlying collateral, and various economic factors. Once a loan has been classified as a TDR, it is generally assessed for impairment based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan's original effective interest rate considering all available evidence. For loans that are considered collateral-dependent, such as certain bankruptcy modifications, impairment is measured based on the fair value of the collateral, less its estimated cost to sell. A loan that has been classified as a TDR remains so until the loan is liquidated through payoff or charge-off. TDRs are placed on nonaccrual status when the Company believes repayment under the revised terms is not reasonably assured and at the latest, when the account becomes past due more than 60 days . For loans on nonaccrual status, interest income is recognized on a cash basis, however the Company continues to assess the recognition of cash received on those loans in order to identify whether certain of those loans should also be placed on a cost recovery basis. For TDR loans on nonaccrual status, the accrual of interest is resumed and reinstated if a delinquent account subsequently becomes 60 days or less past due. However, for TDR loans placed on cost recovery basis, the Company returns to accrual when a sustained period of repayment performance has been achieved (typically defined as six months). The impact to interest income of TDR loans that were on cost recovery which moved back to accrual, was insignificant as of December 31, 2017. While the Company's nonaccrual designation remains consistent at more than 60 days past due, SC continuously assesses TDR collection performance. The recognition of interest income on impaired loans (such as TDR loans) is based on an expectation of whether the contractually due interest income is reasonably assured of collection. Prior to January 1, 2017, the collection performance of TDR loans supported classifying TDRs as nonaccrual only when past due more than 60 days , regardless of delinquency status at the time of the TDR event. However, the Company noted emerging trends related to recent TDR vintage performance that caused the Company to review whether collection of interest income was reasonably assured for certain TDRs. Accordingly, beginning January 1, 2017, based on observed TDR performance, the Company places certain additional TDRs on nonaccrual status when the Company believes repayment under the revised terms is not reasonably assured and at the latest, when the account becomes past due more than 60 days . The Company believes repayment under the revised terms is not reasonably assured for a retail installment contract that is already on nonaccrual (i.e., more than 60 days past due) and has received a modification or deferment that qualifies for a TDR event. In addition, any TDR that subsequently receives a third deferral is placed on nonaccrual status. Further, the Company has determined that certain of these loans should also be placed on a cost recovery basis. If the portfolio of TDRs with these characteristics continues to grow, this change would affect the magnitude of interest income to be recognized in the future. TDR loans are generally measured based on the present value of expected cash flows. The recognition of interest income on TDR loans reflects management’s best estimate of the amount that is reasonably assured of collection and is consistent with the estimate of future cash flows used in the impairment measurement. Any accrued but unpaid interest is fully reserved for through the recognition of additional impairment on the recorded investment, if not expected to be collected. As of December 31, 2017, the Company had $1,390,373 of TDRs on nonaccrual status. These loans included $790,461 of TDRs for which repayment was not reasonably assured. Accordingly, these loans were placed on nonaccrual status and followed cost recovery basis. The Company applied $56,740 of interest received, on these loans, towards principal (as compared to interest income), in accordance with cost recovery method. The table below presents the Company’s loans modified in TDRs as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 : December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 Retail Installment Contracts Outstanding recorded investment (a) $ 6,261,432 $ 5,637,792 Impairment (1,731,320 ) (1,611,295 ) Outstanding recorded investment, net of impairment $ 4,530,112 $ 4,026,497 (a) As of December 31, 2017 , the outstanding recorded investment excludes $64.7 million of collateral-dependent bankruptcy TDRs that has been written down by $29.2 million to fair value less cost to sell. A summary of the Company’s delinquent TDRs at December 31, 2017 and 2016 , is as follows: December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 Retail Installment Contracts (a) Principal, 30-59 days past due $ 1,332,239 $ 1,253,848 Delinquent principal over 59 days 818,938 736,691 Total delinquent TDR principal $ 2,151,177 $ 1,990,539 (a) The balances in the above table reflects total unpaid principal balance rather than net recorded investment before allowance. As of December 31, 2017, the Company had $1,390,373 of TDRs on nonaccrual status, of which $790,461 of TDRs followed cost recovery basis. The remaining nonaccrual TDR loans follow cash basis of accounting. Out of the total TDRs on cost recovery basis, $652,679 of TDRs were less than 60 days past due. As of December 31, 2016, the Company had $665,068 of TDRs on nonaccrual status, none of which followed cost recovery basis. Average recorded investment and income recognized on TDR loans are as follows: For the Year Ended December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 Retail Installment Contracts Retail Installment Contracts Retail Installment Contracts Personal Loans Average outstanding recorded investment in TDRs $ 6,002,715 $ 5,079,782 $ 4,361,962 $ 17,150 Interest income recognized 946,606 802,048 716,054 2,220 The following table summarizes the financial effects, excluding impacts related to credit loss allowance and impairment, of TDRs that occurred for the years ended December 31, 2017 , 2016 , and 2015 : For the Year Ended December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 Retail Installment Contracts Retail Installment Contracts Retail Installment Contracts Personal Loans Outstanding recorded investment before TDR $ 3,547,456 $ 3,394,308 $ 3,417,884 $ 15,418 Outstanding recorded investment after TDR $ 3,541,968 $ 3,419,990 $ 3,445,103 $ 15,340 Number of contracts (not in thousands) 204,775 191,385 198,325 12,501 A TDR is considered to have subsequently defaulted upon charge off, which for retail installment contracts is at the earlier of the date of repossession or 120 days past due and for revolving personal loans is generally the month in which the receivable becomes 180 days past due. Loan restructurings accounted for as TDRs within the previous twelve months that subsequently defaulted for the years ended December 31, 2017 , 2016 , and 2015 are summarized in the following table: For the Year Ended December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 Retail Installment Contracts Retail Installment Contracts Retail Installment Contracts Personal Loans Recorded investment in TDRs that subsequently defaulted (a) $ 820,765 $ 788,933 $ 788,297 $ 5,346 Number of contracts (not in thousands) 46,600 44,972 45,840 4,919 (a) For TDR modifications and TDR modifications that subsequently default, while the allowance methodology remains unchanged, transition rates of the TDR loans are adjusted to reflect the respective risks." id="sjs-B4">Credit Loss Allowance and Credit Quality Credit Loss Allowance The Company estimates the allowance for credit losses on individually acquired retail installment contracts and personal loans held for investment not classified as TDRs based on delinquency status, historical loss experience, estimated values of underlying collateral, when applicable, and various economic factors. In developing the allowance, the Company utilizes a loss emergence period assumption, a loss given default assumption applied to recorded investment, and a probability of default assumption based on a loss forecasting model. The loss emergence period assumption represents the average length of time between when a loss event is first estimated to have occurred and when the account is charged off. The recorded investment represents unpaid principal balance adjusted for unaccreted net discounts, subvention from manufacturers, and origination costs. Under this approach, the resulting allowance represents the expected net losses of recorded investment inherent in the portfolio. The Company uses a transition based Markov model for estimating the allowance for credit losses on individually acquired retail installment contracts. This model utilizes the recently observed loan transition rates from various loan statuses to forecast future losses. For loans classified as TDRs, impairment is generally measured based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the original effective interest rate. For loans that are considered collateral-dependent, such as certain bankruptcy modifications, impairment is measured based on the fair value of the collateral, less its estimated cost to sell. The amount of the allowance is equal to the difference between the loan’s impaired value and the recorded investment. The Company maintains a general credit loss allowance for receivables from dealers based on risk ratings, and individually evaluates loans for specific impairment as necessary. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016 , the credit loss allowance for receivables from dealers is comprised entirely of general allowances as none of these receivables have been determined to be individually impaired. The activity in the credit loss allowance for individually acquired loans for the years ended December 31, 2017 , 2016 , and 2015 were as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2017 Retail Installment Receivables Personal Loans Balance — beginning of year $ 3,411,055 $ 724 $ — Provision for credit losses 2,244,182 (560 ) 10,691 Charge-offs (a) (4,796,216 ) — (8,945 ) Recoveries 2,402,114 — 819 Balance — end of year $ 3,261,135 $ 164 $ 2,565 (a) For the year ended December 31, 2017, charge-offs for retail installment contracts acquired individually includes approximately $75 million for the partial write-down of loans to the collateral value less estimated costs to sell, for which a bankruptcy notice was received. There is no additional credit loss allowance on these loans. No such charge-offs were recorded for the years ended December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015. Year Ended December 31, 2016 Retail Installment Receivables Balance — beginning of year $ 3,197,414 $ 916 Provision for credit losses 2,471,490 201 Charge-offs (4,723,649 ) (393 ) Recoveries 2,465,800 — Balance — end of year $ 3,411,055 $ 724 Year Ended December 31, 2015 Retail Installment Receivables Personal Loans Balance — beginning of year $ 2,586,685 $ 674 $ 348,660 Provision for credit losses 2,433,617 242 324,634 Charge-offs (a) (3,897,480 ) — (695,918 ) Recoveries 2,101,709 — 22,624 Impact of loans transferred to held for sale (27,117 ) — — Balance — end of year $ 3,197,414 $ 916 $ — (a) Charge-offs of retail installment contracts acquired individually and personal loans include lower of cost or market adjustments of $73,388 and $377,598 , respectively, which were charged off against the credit loss allowance. The Company estimates lease losses on the capital lease receivable portfolio based on delinquency status and loss experience to date, as well as various economic factors. The activity in the lease loss allowance for capital leases for the years ended December 31, 2017 , 2016 , and 2015 was as follows: For the Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 Balance — beginning of year $ 9,988 $ 19,878 $ 9,589 Provision for credit losses 48 (506 ) 41,196 Charge-offs (11,069 ) (33,476 ) (64,209 ) Recoveries 6,675 24,092 33,302 Balance — end of year $ 5,642 $ 9,988 $ 19,878 There was no impairment activity noted for purchased receivable portfolio for the years ended December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016. Delinquencies Retail installment contracts and personal amortizing term loans are classified as non-performing (or nonaccrual) when they are greater than 60 days past due as to contractual principal or interest payments. See discussion of TDR under the "Troubled Debt Restructurings" section below. Dealer receivables are classified as non-performing when they are greater than 90 days past due. At the time a loan is placed in non-performing (nonaccrual) status, previously accrued and uncollected interest is reversed against interest income. If an account is returned to a performing (accrual) status, the Company returns to accruing interest on the contract. The Company considers an account delinquent when an obligor fails to pay the required minimum portion of the scheduled payment by the due date. With respect to receivables originated by the Company through its “Chrysler Capital” channel, the required minimum payment is 90% of the scheduled payment. With respect to receivables originated by the Company or acquired by the Company from an unaffiliated third-party originator on or after January 1, 2017, the required minimum payment is 90% of the scheduled payment, whereas previous to January 1, 2017 the required minimum payment was 50% of the scheduled payment. In each case, the period of delinquency is based on the number of days payments are contractually past due. The accrual of interest on revolving personal loans continues until the loan is charged off. The unpaid principal balance on revolving personal loans 90 days past due and still accruing totaled $130,034 and $129,974 as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. A summary of delinquencies as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 is as follows: December 31, 2017 Retail Installment Contracts Held for Investment Loans Purchased Total Principal, 30-59 days past due $ 2,822,686 $ 4,992 $ 2,827,678 Delinquent principal over 59 days (a) 1,541,728 2,855 1,544,583 Total delinquent principal $ 4,364,414 $ 7,847 $ 4,372,261 December 31, 2016 Retail Installment Contracts Held for Investment Loans Purchased Total Principal, 30-59 days past due $ 2,911,800 $ 13,703 $ 2,925,503 Delinquent principal over 59 days (a) 1,520,105 6,638 1,526,743 Total delinquent principal $ 4,431,905 $ 20,341 $ 4,452,246 (a) Interest is accrued until 60 days past due in accordance with the Company's accounting policy for retail installment contracts. The Company's delinquency ratio continues to be calculated using the end of period delinquent principal over 60 days. Refer to Part II, Item 6 " Selected Financial Data" for details on delinquent principal over 60 days and related delinquency ratios. Within the total delinquent principal above, retail installment contracts acquired individually held for investment that were placed on nonaccrual status, as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 : December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 Dollars (in thousands) Percent (a) Dollars (in thousands) Percent (a) Non-TDR $ 666,926 2.6 % $ 721,150 2.6 % TDR (b) 1,390,373 5.4 % 665,068 2.4 % Total nonaccrual principal $ 2,057,299 7.9 % $ 1,386,218 5.1 % (a) Percent of unpaid principal balance of total retail installment contracts acquired individually held for investment. (b) Refer to "Troubled Debt Restructurings" section below for discussion around significant increase in nonaccrual loans The balances in the above tables reflect total unpaid principal balance rather than recorded investment before allowance. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016 , there were no receivables from dealers that were 30 days or more delinquent. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016 , there were $1,701 and $33,886 , respectively, of retail installment contracts held for sale that were 30 days or more delinquent. Credit Quality Indicators FICO® Distribution - A summary of the credit risk profile of the Company's consumer loans by FICO® distribution, determined at origination, as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 was as follows: FICO ® Band December 31, 2017 (b) December 31, 2016 (b) Commercial (a) 2.5% 3.1% No-FICOs 11.2% 12.2% <540 21.8% 22.1% 540-599 32.0% 31.4% 600-639 17.4% 17.4% >640 15.1% 13.8% (a) No FICO score is obtained on loans to commercial borrowers. (b) Percentages are based on unpaid principal balance Commercial Lending Credit Quality Indicators — The credit quality of receivables from dealers, which are considered commercial loans, is summarized according to standard regulatory classifications as follows: Pass — Asset is well-protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or guarantors, if any, or by the fair value less costs to sell any underlying collateral in a timely manner. Special Mention — Asset has potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention, which, if left uncorrected, may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for an asset at some future date. Special Mention assets are not adversely classified. Substandard — Asset is inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or by the collateral pledged, if any. A well-defined weakness or weaknesses exist that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. The loans are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Company will sustain some loss if deficiencies are not corrected. Doubtful — Exhibits the inherent weaknesses of a substandard credit. Additional characteristics exist that make collection or liquidation in full highly questionable and improbable, on the basis of currently known facts, conditions and values. Possibility of loss is extremely high, but because of certain important and reasonable specific pending factors which may work to the advantage and strengthening of the credit, an estimated loss cannot yet be determined. Loss — Credit is considered uncollectable and of such little value that it does not warrant consideration as an active asset. There may be some recovery or salvage value, but there is doubt as to whether, how much or when the recovery would occur. The Company's risk department performs a commercial analysis and classifies certain loans over an internal threshold based on the classifications above. Fleet loan credit quality indicators for retail installment contracts held for investment with commercial borrowers as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 were as follows: December 31, December 31, Pass $ 12,276 $ 17,585 Special Mention 5,324 2,790 Substandard 715 1,488 Doubtful — — Loss — — Total (Unpaid principal balance) $ 18,315 $ 21,863 Commercial loan credit quality indicators for receivables from dealers held for investment as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 were as follows: December 31, December 31, Pass $ 14,130 $ 67,681 Special Mention 1,657 — Substandard — 1,750 Doubtful — — Loss — — Total (Unpaid principal balance) $ 15,787 $ 69,431 Troubled Debt Restructurings In certain circumstances, the Company modifies the terms of its finance receivables to troubled borrowers. Modifications may include a reduction in interest rate, an extension of the maturity date, rescheduling of future cash flows, or a combination thereof. A modification of finance receivable terms is considered a TDR if the Company grants a concession to a borrower for economic or legal reasons related to the debtor’s financial difficulties that would not otherwise have been considered. Management considers TDRs to include all individually acquired retail installment contracts that have been modified at least once, deferred for a period of 90 days or more, or deferred at least twice. Additionally, restructurings through bankruptcy proceedings are deemed to be TDRs. The purchased receivables portfolio, operating and capital leases, and loans held for sale, including personal loans, are excluded from the scope of the applicable guidance. The Company's TDR balance as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 primarily consisted of loans that had been deferred or modified to receive a temporary reduction in monthly payment. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016 , there were no receivables from dealers classified as a TDR. For loans not classified as TDRs, the Company generally estimates an appropriate allowance for credit losses based on delinquency status, the Company’s historical loss experience, estimated values of underlying collateral, and various economic factors. Once a loan has been classified as a TDR, it is generally assessed for impairment based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan's original effective interest rate considering all available evidence. For loans that are considered collateral-dependent, such as certain bankruptcy modifications, impairment is measured based on the fair value of the collateral, less its estimated cost to sell. A loan that has been classified as a TDR remains so until the loan is liquidated through payoff or charge-off. TDRs are placed on nonaccrual status when the Company believes repayment under the revised terms is not reasonably assured and at the latest, when the account becomes past due more than 60 days . For loans on nonaccrual status, interest income is recognized on a cash basis, however the Company continues to assess the recognition of cash received on those loans in order to identify whether certain of those loans should also be placed on a cost recovery basis. For TDR loans on nonaccrual status, the accrual of interest is resumed and reinstated if a delinquent account subsequently becomes 60 days or less past due. However, for TDR loans placed on cost recovery basis, the Company returns to accrual when a sustained period of repayment performance has been achieved (typically defined as six months). The impact to interest income of TDR loans that were on cost recovery which moved back to accrual, was insignificant as of December 31, 2017. While the Company's nonaccrual designation remains consistent at more than 60 days past due, SC continuously assesses TDR collection performance. The recognition of interest income on impaired loans (such as TDR loans) is based on an expectation of whether the contractually due interest income is reasonably assured of collection. Prior to January 1, 2017, the collection performance of TDR loans supported classifying TDRs as nonaccrual only when past due more than 60 days , regardless of delinquency status at the time of the TDR event. However, the Company noted emerging trends related to recent TDR vintage performance that caused the Company to review whether collection of interest income was reasonably assured for certain TDRs. Accordingly, beginning January 1, 2017, based on observed TDR performance, the Company places certain additional TDRs on nonaccrual status when the Company believes repayment under the revised terms is not reasonably assured and at the latest, when the account becomes past due more than 60 days . The Company believes repayment under the revised terms is not reasonably assured for a retail installment contract that is already on nonaccrual (i.e., more than 60 days past due) and has received a modification or deferment that qualifies for a TDR event. In addition, any TDR that subsequently receives a third deferral is placed on nonaccrual status. Further, the Company has determined that certain of these loans should also be placed on a cost recovery basis. If the portfolio of TDRs with these characteristics continues to grow, this change would affect the magnitude of interest income to be recognized in the future. TDR loans are generally measured based on the present value of expected cash flows. The recognition of interest income on TDR loans reflects management’s best estimate of the amount that is reasonably assured of collection and is consistent with the estimate of future cash flows used in the impairment measurement. Any accrued but unpaid interest is fully reserved for through the recognition of additional impairment on the recorded investment, if not expected to be collected. As of December 31, 2017, the Company had $1,390,373 of TDRs on nonaccrual status. These loans included $790,461 of TDRs for which repayment was not reasonably assured. Accordingly, these loans were placed on nonaccrual status and followed cost recovery basis. The Company applied $56,740 of interest received, on these loans, towards principal (as compared to interest income), in accordance with cost recovery method. The table below presents the Company’s loans modified in TDRs as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 : December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 Retail Installment Contracts Outstanding recorded investment (a) $ 6,261,432 $ 5,637,792 Impairment (1,731,320 ) (1,611,295 ) Outstanding recorded investment, net of impairment $ 4,530,112 $ 4,026,497 (a) As of December 31, 2017 , the outstanding recorded investment excludes $64.7 million of collateral-dependent bankruptcy TDRs that has been written down by $29.2 million to fair value less cost to sell. A summary of the Company’s delinquent TDRs at December 31, 2017 and 2016 , is as follows: December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 Retail Installment Contracts (a) Principal, 30-59 days past due $ 1,332,239 $ 1,253,848 Delinquent principal over 59 days 818,938 736,691 Total delinquent TDR principal $ 2,151,177 $ 1,990,539 (a) The balances in the above table reflects total unpaid principal balance rather than net recorded investment before allowance. As of December 31, 2017, the Company had $1,390,373 of TDRs on nonaccrual status, of which $790,461 of TDRs followed cost recovery basis. The remaining nonaccrual TDR loans follow cash basis of accounting. Out of the total TDRs on cost recovery basis, $652,679 of TDRs were less than 60 days past due. As of December 31, 2016, the Company had $665,068 of TDRs on nonaccrual status, none of which followed cost recovery basis. Average recorded investment and income recognized on TDR loans are as follows: For the Year Ended December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 Retail Installment Contracts Retail Installment Contracts Retail Installment Contracts Personal Loans Average outstanding recorded investment in TDRs $ 6,002,715 $ 5,079,782 $ 4,361,962 $ 17,150 Interest income recognized 946,606 802,048 716,054 2,220 The following table summarizes the financial effects, excluding impacts related to credit loss allowance and impairment, of TDRs that occurred for the years ended December 31, 2017 , 2016 , and 2015 : For the Year Ended December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 Retail Installment Contracts Retail Installment Contracts Retail Installment Contracts Personal Loans Outstanding recorded investment before TDR $ 3,547,456 $ 3,394,308 $ 3,417,884 $ 15,418 Outstanding recorded investment after TDR $ 3,541,968 $ 3,419,990 $ 3,445,103 $ 15,340 Number of contracts (not in thousands) 204,775 191,385 198,325 12,501 A TDR is considered to have subsequently defaulted upon charge off, which for retail installment contracts is at the earlier of the date of repossession or 120 days past due and for revolving personal loans is generally the month in which the receivable becomes 180 days past due. Loan restructurings accounted for as TDRs within the previous twelve months that subsequently defaulted for the years ended December 31, 2017 , 2016 , and 2015 are summarized in the following table: For the Year Ended December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 Retail Installment Contracts Retail Installment Contracts Retail Installment Contracts Personal Loans Recorded investment in TDRs that subsequently defaulted (a) $ 820,765 $ 788,933 $ 788,297 $ 5,346 Number of contracts (not in thousands) 46,600 44,972 45,840 4,919 (a) For TDR modifications and TDR modifications that subsequently default, while the allowance methodology remains unchanged, transition rates of the TDR loans are adjusted to reflect the respective risks. |