Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements | 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements Use of Estimates We prepared our financial statements in accordance with GAAP, which requires us to make estimates and use assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and related disclosures at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis, which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities. We base our estimates on historical experience and other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include revenue, useful lives and impairment of property and equipment, intangible assets, goodwill, deferred income tax assets and liabilities, and valuation allowance. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates compared to historical experience and trends, which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities. Revenue Recognition We recognize revenue when four basic criteria are met: (1) persuasive evidence of a sales arrangement exists; (2) performance of services has occurred; (3) the sales price is fixed or determinable; and (4) collectability is reasonably assured. We consider persuasive evidence of a sales arrangement to be the receipt of a signed contract. We assess collectability based on a number of factors, including transaction history and the credit worthiness of a customer. If we determine that collection is not reasonably assured, revenue is not recognized until collection becomes reasonably assured, which is generally upon receipt of cash. We recognize performance incentive rebates and certain other business incentives as a reduction in revenue. We record cash received in advance of revenue recognition as deferred revenue. For arrangements with multiple deliverables, we allocate revenue to each deliverable if the delivered item(s) has value to the customer on a standalone basis and, if the arrangement includes a general right of return relative to the delivered item, delivery or performance of the undelivered item(s) is considered probable and substantially in the control of the Company. We determine the fair value of the selling price for a deliverable using a hierarchy of (1) Company specific objective and reliable evidence, then (2) third-party evidence, then (3) best estimate of selling price. We allocate any arrangement fee to each of the elements based on their relative selling prices. To the extent that we offer performance incentive rebates or certain other business incentives to our partners, those incentives will be recognized as a reduction to revenue. Domain Name Registration Fees We recognize revenue from registration fees charged to third parties in connection with new, renewed and transferred domain name registrations on a straight‑line basis over the registration term, which ranges from one to ten years. We record payments received in advance of the domain name registration term in deferred revenue in our balance sheets. The registration term and related revenue recognition commences once we confirm that the requested domain name has been recorded in the appropriate registry under accepted contractual performance standards. We defer the associated direct and incremental costs, which principally consist of registry and ICANN fees, and expense them as cost of revenue on a straight‑line basis over the registration term. Our businesses, including eNom and Name.com, are ICANN accredited registrars. Thus, we are the primary obligor with our reseller and retail registrant customers and are responsible for the fulfillment of our registrar services to those parties. As a result, we report revenue in the amount of the fees we receive directly from our reseller and retail registrant customers. Our reseller customers maintain the primary obligor relationship with their retail customers, establish pricing and retain credit risk to those customers. Accordingly, we do not recognize any revenue related to transactions between its reseller customers and its ultimate retail customers. A portion of our resellers have contracted with us to provide billing and credit card processing services to the resellers’ retail customer base in addition to registration services. Under these circumstances, the cash collected from these resellers’ retail customer base exceeds the fixed amount per transaction that we charge for domain name registration services. Accordingly, we do not recognize the amounts that we collect for the benefit of the reseller as revenue, rather the amounts are recorded as a liability until we remit the funds to the reseller on a periodic basis. We report revenue from these resellers on a net basis because the reseller determines the price to charge the retail customer, maintains the primary customer relationship and retains the credit risk. Value‑added Services We recognize revenue from online registrar value‑added services, which include, but are not limited to, security certificates, domain name identification protection, charges associated with alternative payment methodologies, web hosting services and email services on a straight‑line basis over the period in which services are provided. We include payments received in advance of services being provided in deferred revenue. Domain Name Monetization Services Domain name monetization service revenue represents advertising revenue and primarily includes revenue derived from cost‑per‑click advertising links we place on websites owned by us, which we acquire and sell on a regular basis, and on websites owned by certain of our customers, with whom we have revenue sharing arrangements. Where we enter into revenue sharing arrangements with our customers, such as those relating to advertising on our customers’ domains, and when we are considered the primary obligor, we report the underlying revenue on a gross basis in our statements of operations, and record these revenue‑sharing payments to our customers as revenue‑sharing expenses, which are included in cost of revenue. Also included under this heading is revenue which represents proceeds received from selling domain names from our portfolio, as well as proceeds received from selling domain names that are not renewed by customers of our registrar platform. Domain name sales are primarily conducted through our direct sales efforts as well as through our NameJet, LLC (“NameJet”) joint venture with Web.com, of which we own 50%. While certain domain names sold are registered on our registrar platform upon sale, we have determined that sales revenue and related registration revenue represent separate units of accounting, because the domain name has value to the customers on a stand‑alone basis, where a customer could resell it separately, without the registration service, there is objective and reliable evidence of the fair value of the registration service and no general rights of return. We evaluated each deliverable, domain name sale and domain name registration, to determine whether vendor‑specific objective evidence (“VSOE”) or third-party evidence of selling price (“TPE”) existed in order to determine the selling price for each unit of accounting. We determined that there is VSOE for domain name registrations through analysis of historical stand‑alone transactions sold by us, which have been consistently priced with limited discounts. For domain name sales, we have determined that TPE is not a practical alternative due to uniqueness of domain names compared to those sold by competitors and the availability of relevant third-party pricing information. We have not established VSOE for domain names due to the lack of pricing consistency and other factors. Accordingly, we allocate revenue to the domain name sale deliverable in the arrangement based on best estimate of the selling price (“BESP”). We determine BESP by reference to the total transaction price and an estimate of what a market participant would pay without the registration service. Based on the nature of the transaction and its elements, we believe that there are no meaningful discounts embedded in the overall arrangement. We recognize domain name sales revenue when title to the name is transferred to the buyer and the related registration fees are recognized on a straight‑line basis over the registration term. If we sell a domain name, we recognize any unamortized cost basis as a cost of revenue over the registration term. For sales of our owned and operated domain names generated through NameJet, we recognize revenue on a gross basis in our statements of operations, and record the related commission in cost of revenue. For sales of third-party owned domain names generated through NameJet, we recognize revenue net of auction service fee payments to NameJet. We generated revenue of approximately $5.0 million, $4.4 million and $5.1 million from domain name sales generated through NameJet for 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Intangible Assets Registration and Acquisition Costs of Undeveloped Websites We capitalize initial registration and acquisition costs of our undeveloped websites, and amortize these costs over the expected useful life of the underlying undeveloped websites on a straight‑line basis, which approximates the estimated pattern in which the underlying economic benefits are consumed. The expected useful lives of the undeveloped websites range from 12 months to 84 months. We determine the appropriate useful life by performing an analysis of expected cash flows based on historical experience with domain names of similar quality and value. In order to maintain the rights to each undeveloped website acquired, we pay periodic renewal registration fees, which generally cover a minimum period of twelve months. We record renewal registration fees of website name intangible assets in deferred registration costs and recognize the costs over the renewal registration period, which is included in cost of revenue. Acquired in Business Combinations We perform valuations of assets acquired and liabilities assumed on each acquisition accounted for as a business combination and allocate the purchase price of each acquired business to our respective net tangible and intangible assets. Acquired intangible assets include: trade names, non‑compete agreements, owned website names, customer relationships, and technology. We determine the appropriate useful life by performing an analysis of expected cash flows based on historical experience of the acquired businesses. Intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives of three to 20 years, using the straight‑line method, which approximates the pattern in which the economic benefits are consumed. gTLDs We capitalize payments for gTLD applications and other costs directly attributable to the acquisition of gTLD registry operator rights and include them in other long-term assets. We have received and may continue to receive partial cash refunds for certain gTLD applications, and to the extent we elect to sell or withdraw certain gTLD applications throughout the process, we may also incur gains or losses on amounts invested. These gains have been recorded as gains on other assets, net, on the statements of operations. As gTLDs become available for their intended use, gTLD application fees and acquisition related costs are reclassified as finite lived intangible assets and amortized on a straight-line basis over an estimated useful life of 10 years, which approximates the pattern in which the economic benefits are consumed. Other costs incurred as part of the gTLD Initiative and not directly attributable to the acquisition of gTLD registry operator rights are expensed as incurred. Impairment of Intangible Assets We evaluate the recoverability of our finite-lived intangible assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset group may not be recoverable. When such events or circumstances occur, an impairment test would be performed by comparing the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset group to the related asset group’s carrying value. If an asset is considered impaired, the impairment loss is measured as the amount by which the carrying value of the asset group exceeds its estimated fair value. We have not recognized any such impairment loss associated with our finite-lived intangible assets during 2015, 2014 or 2013. Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price of an acquired business over the fair value of the net tangible and the identifiable intangible assets. Goodwill is not amortized; rather, goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level on an annual basis in the fourth quarter, or more frequently, if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the reporting unit below its carrying value. First, we determine if the carrying value of our related reporting unit exceeds fair value, which would indicate that goodwill may be impaired. If we then determine that goodwill may be impaired, we compare the implied fair value of the goodwill to its carrying amount to determine if there is an impairment loss. Our most recent annual impairment analysis was performed in the fourth quarter of 2015 and indicated that the fair value of our reporting unit exceeded the carrying value at that time. As of December 31, 2015, our market capitalization exceeded our book value. Should this condition continue to exist for an extended period of time, we will consider this and other factors, including our anticipated future cash flows, to determine whether goodwill is impaired. If we are required to record a significant impairment charge against certain intangible assets reflected on our balance sheet during the period in which an impairment is determined to exist, we could report a greater loss in one or more future periods. Based on a review of events and changes in circumstances at the reporting unit level through December 31, 2015, we have not identified any indications that the carrying value of our goodwill is impaired. We will continue to perform our annual goodwill impairment test in the fourth quarter of the year ending December 31, 2016, consistent with our existing accounting policy. There were no charges recorded related to goodwill impairment during 2015, 2014 and 2013. Impairment of Long‑lived Assets We evaluate the recoverability of our long-lived assets with finite useful lives for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset group may not be recoverable. When such events or circumstances occur, an impairment test would be performed by comparing the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset group to the related asset group’s carrying value. If an asset is considered impaired, the impairment loss is measured as the amount by which the carrying value of the asset group exceeds its estimated fair value. We have not recognized any such impairment loss associated with our long-lived assets during 2015, 2014 or 2013. Income Taxes As of December 31, 2015, we retrospectively adopted a new accounting standard that required the classification of all deferred tax assets and liabilities as noncurrent. Other than the policy changes made in accordance with the new standard, no other changes in policy or methodology have been made. Our operations have historically been included in the federal income tax return of Demand Media, as well as certain state tax returns where Demand Media files on a combined basis. For periods during which our operations were included with Demand Media, income taxes are presented in these financial statements as if we filed our own tax returns on a separate return basis. We account for our income taxes using the liability and asset method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in our financial statements or in our tax returns. In estimating future tax consequences, generally all expected future events other than enactments or changes in the tax law or rates are considered. Deferred income taxes are recognized for differences between financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities at the enacted statutory tax rates in effect for the years in which the temporary differences are expected to reverse. The effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. We evaluate the realizability of our deferred tax assets and valuation allowances are provided when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts expected to be realized. We operate in various tax jurisdictions and are subject to audit by various tax authorities. We provide tax contingencies whenever it is deemed probable that a tax asset has been impaired or a tax liability has been incurred for events such as tax claims or changes in tax laws. Tax contingencies are based upon their technical merits, and relevant tax law and the specific facts and circumstances as of each reporting period. Changes in facts and circumstances could result in material changes to the amounts recorded for such tax contingencies. We recognize a tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements from such positions are then measured based on the largest benefit that we believe has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon settlement. We recognize interest and penalties accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits in our income tax (benefit) provision in the accompanying statements of operations. We calculate our current and deferred tax provision based on estimates and assumptions that could differ from the actual results reflected in income tax returns filed in subsequent years. Adjustments based on filed returns are recorded when identified. The amount of income taxes we pay is subject to ongoing audits by federal, state and foreign tax authorities. Our estimate of the potential outcome of any uncertain tax issue is subject to management’s assessment of relevant risks, facts, and circumstances existing at that time. To the extent that our assessment of such tax positions changes, the change in estimate is recorded in the period in which the determination is made. Cash and Cash Equivalents We consider all highly liquid investments with a maturity of 90 days or less at the time of purchase to be cash equivalents. We consider funds transferred from our credit card service providers but not yet deposited into our bank accounts at the balance sheet dates, as funds in transit and these amounts are recorded as unrestricted cash, since the amounts are generally settled the day after the outstanding date. Cash and cash equivalents consist primarily of checking accounts. Accounts Receivable Since our domain name registration services are primarily conducted on a prepaid basis through credit card or internet payments processed at the time a transaction is consummated, we do not carry significant receivables related to these business activities. Accounts receivable primarily consists of amounts due from registries and from certain domain reseller customers of our registrar service offering, as well as gTLD amounts due from our collaboration agreement with Donuts Inc. (“Donuts”), a third-party new gTLD applicant. Receivables from registries represent refundable amounts for registrations that were placed on auto-renew status by the registries, but were not explicitly renewed by a registrant as of the balance sheet dates. We record registry services accounts receivable at the amount of the registration fees paid by us to a registry for all registrations placed on auto-renew status. Subsequent to the lapse of a prior registration period, a registrant either renews the applicable domain name with us, which results in the application of the refundable amount to a consummated transaction, or the registrant lets the domain name registration expire, which results in a refund of the applicable amount from a registry to us. Deferred Revenue and Deferred Registration Costs Deferred revenue consists primarily of amounts received from customers in advance of our performance for domain name registration services and online value‑added services. We recognize deferred revenue as revenue on a systematic basis that is proportionate to the unexpired term of the related domain name registration over online value‑added service period. Deferred registration costs represent incremental direct costs paid in advance to registries, ICANN, and other third parties for domain name registrations and are recorded as a deferred cost. We record the amortization of deferred registration costs to cost of revenue on a straight‑line basis over the registration period. Property and Equipment and Software Development Costs We record property and equipment at cost and provide for depreciation and amortization using the straight-line method for financial reporting purposes over the estimated useful lives. We capitalize certain costs of internally developed software or software purchased for internal use. We capitalize software development costs when application development begins, it is probable that the project will be completed, and the software will be used as intended. We expense costs associated with preliminary project stage activities, training, maintenance, and all other post-implementation stage activities as we incur these costs. Our policy provides for the capitalization of certain payroll, benefits, and other payroll-related costs for employees who are directly associated with internal-use software development projects, as well as external direct costs of materials and services associated with developing or obtaining internal-use software. We only capitalize personnel costs that relate directly to time spent on such projects. The estimated useful lives by asset classification are as follows: · Computer hardware: 2 to 5 years · Computer software: 2 to 3 years · Internally developed software: 3 years · Furniture and equipment: 7 to 10 years · Leasehold improvements: Shorter of the estimated useful life or life of related lease During 2014, depreciation expense included the write-off of internally developed software of $0.8 million. There were no impairments related to property and equipment during 2015 and 2013. Other Long‑Term Assets ICANN approved a framework for the significant expansion of the number of gTLDs available for businesses and consumers to register as part of a domain name (“New gTLD Program”). The first new gTLDs launched in the fourth quarter of 2013. We capitalize the costs incurred to pursue the acquisition of gTLD operator rights. While there can be no assurance that gTLDs will be awarded to us, we reclassify these payments as finite‑lived intangible assets following the delegation of operator rights for each gTLD by ICANN. Payments for gTLD applications primarily represent amounts paid directly to ICANN and/or third parties in the pursuit of gTLD operator rights. When two or more applicants apply for the same gTLD, an auction process is used to determine the eventual owner. If a private auction is used, the highest bidder is required to pay the other applicants the proceeds from the auction in return for the withdrawal of their application for the gTLD. We may also receive partial cash refunds from ICANN for certain gTLD applications, and to the extent we elect to sell or withdraw of our interest in certain gTLD applications throughout the process, we may also incur gains or losses on amounts invested. Gains on the withdrawal of our interest in gTLD applications are recognized when realized, while losses are recognized when deemed probable. Potential losses are limited to the non‑refundable portion of our deposits, while gains realized during the initial ICANN rights delegation phase are based on proceeds received from third parties and may be significant as compared to our initial investment (deposit) in a particular gTLD. We expense other costs incurred by us as part of the gTLD Initiative not directly attributable to the acquisition of gTLD operator rights. We amortize capitalized costs on a straight‑line basis over the estimated useful life of the gTLD operator rights acquired commencing the date that each asset is available for its intended use. Investments We account for investments in entities over which we have the ability to exert significant influence, but do not control and are not the primary beneficiary of, including NameJet, using the equity method of accounting. We include our proportionate share of earnings (losses) of our equity method investees in other income (expense), net in our statements of operations. Our proportional shares of affiliate earnings or losses accounted for under the equity method of accounting were not material for all periods presented. Transactions with our equity method investees generated revenue of approximately $5.0 million, $4.4 million and $5.1 million for 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. We account for investments in companies that we do not control or account for under the equity method either at fair value or under the cost method, as applicable. Investments in equity securities are carried at fair value if the fair value of the security is readily determinable. Equity investments carried at fair value are classified as available‑for‑sale securities. Realized gains and losses for available‑for‑sale securities are included in other income (expense), net in our statements of operations. Unrealized gains and losses, net of taxes, on available‑for‑sale securities are included in our financial statements as a component of other comprehensive income (loss) and accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”) until realized. We account for investments in equity securities that we do not control or account for under the equity method and do not have readily determinable fair values for under the cost method. We record cost method investments originally at cost. In determining whether other‑than‑temporary impairment exists for equity securities, management considers: (1) the length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than cost, (2) the financial condition and near‑term prospects of the issuer and (3) our intent and ability to retain our investment in the issuer for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value. The cost of marketable securities sold is based upon the specific identification method and any realized gains or losses on the sale of investments are reflected as a component of other income (expense), net. Leases We categorize leases as either operating or capital leases at their inception. We lease office space and equipment under non-cancelable operating and capital leases. The terms of our lease agreements generally provide for rental payments on a graduated basis. We record rent expense on a straight-line basis over the lease period and have accrued for rent expense incurred but not paid. Advertising Costs Advertising costs are expensed as incurred and generally consist of online advertising, sponsorships, and trade shows. Such costs are included in sales and marketing expense in our statements of operations. Advertising expense was $2.7 million, $1.5 million and $0.7 million for 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Stock-based Compensation Expense We measure stock-based compensation expense at the grant date based on the fair value of the award. We recognize compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. The requisite service period is generally four years. The compensation cost is recognized net of estimated forfeiture activity. Foreign Currency Transactions Our foreign subsidiaries have a functional currency of U.S. dollars. We record realized and unrealized foreign currency transaction gains and losses as incurred. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are included in other income (expense) in our statements of operations. The net effect of our foreign currency gains and losses was not significant for 2015, 2014 and 2013. Fair Value of Financial Instruments Fair value represents the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. We measure our financial assets and liabilities in three levels, based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the reliability of the assumptions used to determine fair value. Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis Assets and liabilities recognized or disclosed at fair value in our financial statements on a nonrecurring basis include items such as property and equipment, cost and equity method investments, and other assets. These assets are measured at fair value if determined to be impaired. The fair values of these investments are determined based on valuation techniques using the best information available and may include quoted market prices, market comparables, and discounted cash flow projections. An impairment charge is recorded when the cost of the investment exceeds its fair value and this condition is determined to be other-than-temporary. Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis Assets and liabilities recognized or disclosed at fair value in our financial statements on a recurring basis include items such as cash equivalents and short-term investments. These assets are measured at fair value at each balance sheet date. Cash equivalents consist of financial instruments that have original maturities of 90 days or less. Short-term investments consist of financial instruments with maturities greater than 90 days, but that generally mature in less than one year. Reclassifications Certain amounts previously presented for prior periods have been reclassified to conform to current presentation. These reclassifications did not affect consolidated net income, cash flows, or equity for the years presented. We reclassified $1.0 million of current deferred revenue to accrued expenses and other current liabilities on our balance sheets as of December 31, 2014. This balance was settled in March 2015. We also reclassified $27.9 million of current deferred tax liabilities to noncurrent deferred tax liabilities in our balance sheets, and net it with $9.5 million of noncurrent deferred tax assets, as of December 31, 2014, in accordance with our early adoption of the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2015-17. Adoption of New Accounting Pronouncements In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-17, “Incomes Taxes (Topic 740): Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes,” In May 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-08, “Business Combinations (Topic 805): Pushdown Accounting - Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 115. “Business Combinations (Topic 805): Pushdown Accounting,” Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842),” In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-15, “ Interest – Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Presentation and Subsequent Measurement of Debt Issuance Costs Associated with Line-of-Credit Arrangements.” been previously issued. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, we had $0.3 million and $0.5 million, respectively, of debt issuance costs that will remain classified as an Other Asset on our balance sheets when we adopt the new standard on January In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-05, “Intangibles – Goodwill and Other – Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Fees Paid in a Cloud Computing Arrangement.” service contracts. The new standard is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-03, “Interest – I |