AS FILED WITH THE U.S. SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION ON DECEMBER 20, 2021
1933 Act File No. 333-259932
U.S. SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM N-14
REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE
| SECURITIES ACT OF 1933 | /X/ |
Pre-Effective Amendment No. 2
Post-Effective Amendment No.
THE ADVISORS’ INNER CIRCLE FUND III
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Charter)
One Freedom Valley Drive
Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456
(Address of Principal Executive Offices, Zip Code)
1-800-932-7781
(Registrant’s Telephone Number)
Michael Beattie
c/o SEI Investments
One Freedom Valley Drive
Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456
(Name and Address of Agent for Service)
Copy to:
Sean Graber, Esquire |
Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP |
1701 Market Street |
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103 |
Title of Securities being Registered: Class A Shares and Class I Shares of the FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund and FS Chiron Real Asset Fund.
Approximate Date of Proposed Public Offering: As soon as practicable after the Registration Statement becomes effective under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “1933 Act”).
No filing fee is required under the 1933 Act because an indefinite number of shares of beneficial interest have previously been registered pursuant to Section 24(f) under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended.
The Registrant hereby amends this Registration Statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment that specifically states that this Registration Statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the 1933 Act, or until this Registration Statement shall become effective on such date as the Commission, acting pursuant to such Section 8(a), shall determine.
FS SERIES TRUST
FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund
FS Chiron Real Asset Fund
201 Rouse Boulevard
Philadelphia, PA 19112
215-495-1150
December 20, 2021
Dear Shareholder:
On behalf of the Board of Trustees of FS Series Trust (the “Target Trust”), we are pleased to invite you to a special meeting of shareholders of the FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund and FS Chiron Real Asset Fund (each, a “Target Fund,” and together, the “Target Funds”) to be held at 1:00 p.m. (Eastern time) on March 7, 2022 at the offices of the Target Funds, 201 Rouse Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19112 (the “Meeting”). The purpose of the Meeting is to vote on an important proposal that affects the Target Funds.
The Board of Trustees of the Target Trust has approved an Agreement and Plan of Reorganization (the “Agreement”) for the Target Funds pursuant to which each Target Fund would be reorganized into a corresponding, newly formed series of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund III (the “Acquiring Trust” and each such series, an “Acquiring Fund”).
At the Meeting, you will be asked to approve the Agreement. The reorganization of each Target Fund into a corresponding Acquiring Fund is shown in the table below (the “Reorganizations”). Each Acquiring Fund will have the same name, investment objective, principal investment strategies, investment adviser and portfolio management team as the corresponding Target Fund.
Target Fund | | Acquiring Fund | |
If a shareholder owns shares of: | Share Class | The shareholder will receive shares of: | Share Class |
FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund | Class A | FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund | Class A |
Class I | Class I |
FS Chiron Real Asset Fund | Class A Class I | FS Chiron Real Asset Fund | Class A Class I |
FS Fund Advisor LLC, the Target Funds’ investment adviser, believes the Reorganizations may result in certain benefits to shareholders, including:
| · | A reduction in your Target Fund’s total annual operating expenses, before taking into account any fee waivers or expense reimbursements. |
| · | The opportunity to realize distribution and other operational and administrative efficiencies that may result from managing your Target Fund on the same platform as the other mutual funds advised by an affiliate of the Adviser (the “FS/Chiron Funds”). |
| · | Potential for enhanced service levels with experienced mutual fund teams on the platform. |
| · | Potential economies of scale by leveraging a unified distribution approach with the FS/Chiron Funds. |
| · | Ease of access to additional investment options through the ability to exchange into the FS/Chiron Funds. |
The Board of Trustees of the Target Trust (the “Target Trust Board”) unanimously recommends that you vote to approve the proposed Reorganizations.
The formal Notice of Meeting, a Combined Proxy Statement/Prospectus, and a Proxy Ballot are enclosed. Please be sure to vote and return the Proxy Ballot.
You may vote up until 11:59 p.m. Eastern Time on January 18, 2022 in any of the following ways:
1. Internet — Visit www.proxyvote.com. The required control number is printed on your enclosed proxy card.
2. Telephone — Call 1-800-690-6903 with a touch-tone phone to vote using an automated system. The required control number is printed on your enclosed proxy card.
3. By mail — Mark, sign and date your ballot, and return it in the postage-paid envelope provided.
The proposed Reorganizations and the reasons for the Target Funds Board’s unanimous recommendation are discussed in detail in the enclosed materials, which you should read carefully. If you have any questions about the Reorganizations, please do not hesitate to contact the Target Funds toll free at (877) 628-8575.
We look forward to your attendance at the Meeting or receiving your proxy card or your online or telephone instructions so that your shares may be voted at the Meeting.
Sincerely,
Michael C. Forman
President
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FS Series Trust
201 Rouse Boulevard
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 191112
NOTICE OF JOINT SPECIAL MEETING OF SHAREHOLDERS
FS MULTI-STRATEGY aLTERNATIVES fUND
FS Chiron real asset Fund
To Be Held on March 7, 2022
A joint special meeting (the “Meeting”) of the shareholders of the FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund and the FS Chiron Real Asset Fund (each, a “Target Fund,” and together, the “Target Funds”), each a series of FS Series Trust (the “Target Trust”) will be held at 201 Rouse Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19112 on March 7, 2022 at 1:00 p.m., Eastern Time to vote on the following proposals (each, a “Proposal,” and together, the “Proposals”), and any other matters that may properly come before the Meeting or any adjournment or postponement thereof.
Proposal 1: Target Multi-Strategy Fund – Acquiring Multi-Strategy Fund Reorganization
To approve an Agreement and Plan of Reorganization between the Target Trust, on behalf of the FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund (the “Target Multi-Strategy Fund”), and The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund III (the “Acquiring Trust”), on behalf of the FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund (the “Acquiring Multi-Strategy Fund”), a newly created series of the Acquiring Trust, providing for: (a) the acquisition of all of the assets and assumption of all of the liabilities of the Target Multi-Strategy Fund by the Acquiring Multi-Strategy Fund in exchange for Class A shares and Class I shares of the Acquiring Multi-Strategy Fund; (b) the distribution of such shares to the shareholders of Class A shares and Class I shares, respectively, of the Target Multi-Strategy Fund; and (c) the liquidation and termination of the Target Multi-Strategy Fund.
Proposal 2: Target Real Asset Fund– Acquiring Real Asset Fund Reorganization
To approve an Agreement and Plan of Reorganization between the Target Trust, on behalf of the FS Chiron Real Asset Fund (the “Target Real Asset Fund”), and the Acquiring Trust, on behalf of the FS Chiron Real Asset Fund (the “Acquiring Real Asset Fund”), a newly created series of the Acquiring Trust, providing for: (a) the acquisition of all of the assets and assumption of all of the liabilities of the Target Real Asset Fund by the Acquiring Real Asset Fund in exchange for Class A shares and Class I shares of the Acquiring Real Asset Fund; (b) the distribution of such shares to the shareholders of Class A shares and Class I shares, respectively, of the Target Real Asset Fund; and (c) the liquidation and termination of the Target Real Asset Fund.
Shareholders of each Target Fund will vote separately on each Proposal, as shown below:
Target Fund | Acquiring Fund | Proposal # |
FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund | FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund | 1 |
FS Chiron Real Asset Fund | FS Chiron Real Asset Fund | 2 |
The approval of one Reorganization is not contingent upon the approval of the other Reorganization.
Target Multi-Strategy Fund shareholders of record as of the close of business on November 19, 2021 and Target Real Asset Fund shareholders of record as of the close of business on October 21, 2021 are entitled to notice of, and to vote at, the Meeting or any adjournment or postponement of the Meeting. If sufficient votes to approve a Proposal are not received by the date of the Meeting or any reconvened Meeting following an adjournment, the Meeting or reconvened Meeting may be adjourned or postponed to permit further solicitations of proxies.
The Board of Trustees of the Target Trust (the “Target Trust Board”) requests that you vote your shares by completing the enclosed proxy card and returning it in the enclosed postage paid return envelope or by voting by telephone or via the internet using the instructions on the proxy card. If you plan on attending the Meeting and voting your shares in person, you will need to bring photo identification in order to be admitted to the Meeting. If your shares are held through a broker and you attend the Meeting in person, please bring a letter from your broker identifying you as the beneficial owner of the shares and authorizing you to vote your shares at the Meeting.
The Target Trust Board recommends that shareholders of the Target Funds vote “FOR” the Proposals as described in the accompanying Proxy Statement/Prospectus.
| By order of the Board of Trustees, | |
| | |
| /s/ Michael C. Forman | |
| Michael C. Forman | |
| President of the Target Trust | |
| December 20, 2021 | |
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FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund and FS Chiron Real Asset Fund each a series of FS Series Trust 201 Rouse Boulevard Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19112 1-877-628-8575 | FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund and FS Chiron Real Asset Fund each a series of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund III One Freedom Valley Drive Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456 1-877-924-4766 |
PROXY STATEMENT/PROSPECTUS
December 20, 2021
Introduction
This Proxy Statement/Prospectus contains information that shareholders of the FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund and the FS Chiron Real Asset Fund (each, a “Target Fund,” and together, the “Target Funds”), each a series of FS Series Trust (the “Target Trust”), should know before voting on the proposed reorganizations that are described herein (each, a “Reorganization,” and together, the “Reorganizations”), and should be retained for future reference. This document is both the proxy statement of the Target Funds and also a prospectus for the FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund and FS Chiron Real Asset Fund (each, an “Acquiring Fund” and together, the “Acquiring Funds”), each a newly created series of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund III (the “Acquiring Trust”). The Target Funds and the Acquiring Funds (each a “Fund” and collectively, the “Funds”) are each series of registered open-end management investment companies.
Each Reorganization will be effected pursuant to an Agreement and Plan of Reorganization (the “Agreement”). Under the Agreement, each Target Fund will transfer all of its assets to its corresponding Acquiring Fund in exchange for the assumption by the Acquiring Fund of all of the Target Fund’s liabilities and the classes of shares of the Acquiring Fund as set forth in the following chart:
If you own shares of the Target Fund listed below | Share Class | You will receive shares of the Acquiring Fund listed below | Share Class |
FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund | Class A | FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund | Class A |
Class I | Class I |
FS Chiron Real Asset Fund | Class A Class I | FS Chiron Real Asset Fund | Class A Class I |
A joint special meeting of the shareholders of the Target Funds (the “Meeting”) will be held at 201 Rouse Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19112 on March 7, 2022 at 1:00 p.m., Eastern Time. At the Meeting, shareholders of the Target Funds will be asked to consider the following proposals relating to the Reorganizations (each, a “Proposal,” and together, the “Proposals”), and any other matters that may properly come before the Meeting or any adjournment or postponement thereof:
Proposal 1: Target Multi-Strategy Fund – Acquiring Multi-Strategy Fund Reorganization
To approve an Agreement and Plan of Reorganization between the Target Trust, on behalf of the FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund (the “Target Multi-Strategy Fund”), and the Acquiring Trust, on behalf of the FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund (the “Acquiring Multi-Strategy Fund”), a newly created series of the Acquiring Trust, providing for: (a) the acquisition of all of the assets and assumption of all of the liabilities of the Target Multi-Strategy Fund by the Acquiring Multi-Strategy Fund in exchange for Class A shares and Class I shares of the Acquiring Multi-Strategy Fund; (b) the distribution of such shares to the shareholders of Class A shares and Class I shares, respectively, of the Target Multi-Strategy Fund; and (c) the liquidation and termination of the Target Multi-Strategy Fund.
Proposal 2: Target Real Asset Fund – Acquiring Real Asset Fund Reorganization
To approve an Agreement and Plan of Reorganization between the Target Trust, on behalf of the FS Chiron Real Asset Fund (the “Target Real Asset Fund”), and the Acquiring Trust, on behalf of the FS Chiron Real Asset Fund (the “Acquiring Real Asset Fund”), a newly created series of the Acquiring Trust, providing for: (a) the acquisition of all of the assets and assumption of all of the liabilities of the Target Real Asset Fund by the Acquiring Real Asset Fund in exchange for Class A shares and Class I shares of the Acquiring Real Asset Fund; (b) the distribution of such shares to the shareholders of Class A shares and Class I shares, respectively, of the Target Real Asset Fund; and (c) the liquidation and termination of the Target Real Asset Fund.
Shareholders of each Target Fund will vote separately on each Proposal, as shown below:
Target Fund | Acquiring Fund | Proposal # |
Target Multi-Strategy Fund | Acquiring Multi-Strategy Fund | 1 |
Target Real Asset Fund | Acquiring Real Asset Fund | 2 |
The approval of one Reorganization is not contingent upon the approval of the other Reorganization.
The total net asset value of shares of the Acquiring Fund (“Acquiring Fund Shares”) that you will receive in a Reorganization will be the same as the total net asset value of your Target Fund shares immediately prior to the Reorganization. Each Reorganization is anticipated to be a tax-free reorganization for federal income tax purposes. For more detailed information about the federal income tax consequences of each Reorganization, please refer to the section titled “Federal Income Tax Considerations” below.
The Board of Trustees of the Target Trust (the “Target Trust Board”) and officers of the Target Trust have fixed the close of business on November 19, 2021 as the record date with respect to the Target Multi-Strategy Fund (the “Multi-Strategy Record Date”) and the close of business on October 21, 2021 as the record date with respect to the Target Real Asset Fund (the “Real Asset Record Date” and together with the Multi-Strategy Record Date, the “Record Dates”) for the determination of Target Fund shareholders entitled to notice of and to vote at the Meeting and at any adjournment or postponement thereof. Shareholders of each Target Fund on its Record Date will be entitled to one vote for each share of the Target Fund held (and a proportionate fractional vote for each fractional share). This Proxy Statement/Prospectus, the enclosed Notice of Joint Special Meeting of Shareholders, and the enclosed proxy card will be mailed on or about December 21, 2021, to all shareholders eligible to vote on the Proposals.
The Target Trust Board has approved the Agreement and has determined that each Reorganization is in the best interests of the applicable Target Fund and will not dilute the interests of the existing shareholders of the Target Fund. Accordingly, the Target Trust Board recommends that shareholders vote “FOR” the Proposals. If shareholders of a Target Fund do not approve its Reorganization, the Target Trust Board will consider what further action is appropriate for the Target Fund, including abandoning the Reorganizations or seeking platforms other than the Acquiring Trust on which to reorganize.
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Additional information about the Target Funds is available in the following:
These documents are on file with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Each of the Target Funds Prospectus and Target Funds SAI is incorporated herein by reference and is legally deemed to be part of this Proxy Statement/Prospectus. The SAI to this Proxy Statement/Prospectus (“Merger SAI”) also is incorporated herein by reference and is legally deemed to be part of this Proxy Statement/Prospectus. The Target Funds Prospectus, the Target Funds Annual Report and Target Funds Semi-Annual Report have previously been delivered to shareholders. The Target Funds Prospectus, Target Funds SAI, Target Funds Annual Report and Target Funds Semi-Annual Report are available on the Target Funds’ website at http://www.fsinvestments.com. Copies of these documents are also available at no cost by calling 1-877-628-8575 or writing to the Target Funds at FS Series Trust, 201 Rouse Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19112. Copies of the Merger SAI are available at no charge by writing to the Acquiring Funds at One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456, or by calling 1-877-924-4766.
You also may view or obtain these documents from the SEC’s Public Reference Room, which is located at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549-1520, or from the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. Information on the operation of the SEC’s Public Reference Room may be obtained by calling the SEC at 202-551-8090. You can also request copies of these materials, upon payment at the prescribed rates of the duplicating fee, by electronic request to the SEC’s e-mail address (publicinfo@sec.gov) or by writing the Public Reference Branch, Office of Consumer Affairs and Information Services, SEC, Washington, D.C. 20549-1520.
The file number for the Target Fund documents listed above is 333-214851. The file number for the Merger SAI is 333-259932.
The Funds are subject to the informational requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”), and in accordance therewith, file reports and other information, including proxy materials, with the SEC.
These securities have not been approved or disapproved by the SEC nor has the SEC passed upon the accuracy or adequacy of this Proxy Statement/Prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense. An investment in the Funds is not a deposit with a bank and is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other government agency. You may lose money by investing in the Funds.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
No dealer, salesperson or any other person has been authorized to give any information or to make any representations regarding the Reorganizations other than those contained in this Proxy Statement/Prospectus or related solicitation materials on file with the SEC, and you should not rely on such other information or representations.
SUMMARY OF KEY INFORMATION
The following is a summary of certain information contained elsewhere in this Proxy Statement/Prospectus, in the Agreement, in the Target Funds Prospectuses and/or in the Target Funds SAI. Shareholders should read the entire Proxy Statement/Prospectus, the Agreement, the Target Funds Prospectuses, and the Target Funds SAI carefully for more complete information.
Why are you sending me the Proxy Statement/Prospectus?
You are receiving this Proxy Statement/Prospectus because you own shares in a Target Fund as of its Record Date and have the right to vote on the very important Proposal described herein concerning your Target Fund. This Proxy Statement/Prospectus contains information that shareholders of the Target Funds should know before voting on the Proposals. This document is both a proxy statement of the Target Funds and also a prospectus for the Acquiring Funds.
On what am I being asked to vote?
You are being asked to approve the reorganization of your Target Fund to a new mutual fund complex. Specifically, you are being asked to vote on the approval of the Agreement providing for: (i) the acquisition by the applicable Acquiring Fund of all of the assets of the corresponding Target Fund, in exchange solely for Class A Shares and Class I Shares of the Acquiring Fund; (ii) the assumption by the Acquiring Fund of all of the liabilities of the Target Fund; (iii) the distribution of Class A Shares and Class I Shares of the Acquiring Fund to the shareholders of Class A Shares and Class I Shares of the Target Fund, respectively, in complete liquidation of the Target Fund; and (iv) the dissolution of the Target Fund as soon as practicable after the Reorganization. If shareholders approve the Agreement, you will receive shares in the Acquiring Fund having a total net asset value equal to the total net asset value of your Target Fund shares immediately prior to the Reorganization. The Target Trust Board and the Board of Trustees of the Acquiring Trust (the “Acquiring Trust Board”) each approved the Agreement.
What are the reasons for the proposed Reorganizations?
FS Fund Advisor, LLC (“FS” or the “Adviser”) serves as the investment adviser of the Target Funds and the Acquiring Funds. The Adviser has proposed the Reorganizations because the Adviser believes the Reorganizations may result in certain benefits to shareholders, including:
| • | A reduction in your Target Fund’s total annual operating expenses, before taking into account any fee waivers or expense reimbursements. |
| • | The opportunity to realize distribution and other operational and administrative efficiencies that may result from managing your Target Fund on the same platform as the other mutual funds advised by an affiliate of the Adviser (the “FS/Chiron Funds”). |
| · | Potential for enhanced service levels with experienced mutual fund teams on the platform. |
| • | Potential economies of scale by leveraging a unified distribution approach with the FS/Chiron Funds. |
| • | Access to additional investment options, through the ability to exchange into the FS/Chiron Funds. |
Has the Target Trust Board approved the Reorganizations?
Yes. The Target Trust Board has carefully reviewed the Proposals and unanimously approved the Agreement and the Reorganizations. The Target Trust Board recommends that shareholders of the Target Funds vote “FOR” the Proposals.
What effect will the Reorganizations have on me as a shareholder?
Immediately after the Reorganization of your Target Fund, you will hold shares of the corresponding class of the corresponding Acquiring Fund having a total net asset value equal to the total net asset value of your Target Fund shares immediately prior to the Reorganization. The principal differences between each Target Fund and its corresponding Acquiring Fund are described in this Proxy Statement/Prospectus.
How do the Funds’ investment objectives, principal investment strategies and principal risks compare?
Each Acquiring Fund will be managed the same as its corresponding Target Fund and, accordingly, each Acquiring Fund and its corresponding Target Fund have the same investment objectives, principal investment strategies and principal risks.
The sections below entitled “ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE FUNDS — Comparison of Investment Objectives, Comparison of Principal Investment Strategies and Comparison of Principal Risks of Investing in the Funds” compare the investment objectives, principal investment strategies and principal risks, respectively, of each Target Fund and its corresponding Acquiring Fund.
How do the Funds’ fees and expenses compare?
Investment Advisory Fees
The investment advisory fee of each Acquiring Fund will be the same as its corresponding Target Fund.
Expense Limitation Agreements with Respect to Each Fund
The Adviser has entered into a separate Expense Limitation Agreement with each Target Fund (each, a “Target Fund Expense Limitation Agreement”) and has agreed to enter into a single Expense Limitation Agreement with respect to each Acquiring Fund (the “Acquiring Fund Expense Limitation Agreement” and together with each Target Fund Expense Limitation Agreement, the “Expense Limitation Agreements”). Under each Expense Limitation Agreement, the Adviser has agreed to waive or reduce its fees and to assume other expenses of the applicable Fund, if necessary, in an amount that limits the applicable Fund’s operating expenses to not more than 0.25% of the average daily net assets for the Fund (the “expense cap”). For these purposes, the Fund’s management fees, distribution or servicing fees, interest, taxes, brokerage fees and commissions, dividends and interest paid on short positions, acquired fund fees and expenses and extraordinary expenses (as determined in the sole discretion of the Adviser) (“excluded expenses”) are excluded from the expense cap, and thus are payable by the Fund.
Each Acquiring Fund Expense Limitation Agreement shall remain in place until at least two years from the date of the closing of the applicable Reorganization. In this regard, the Adviser has agreed to limit each Acquiring Fund’s operating expenses to the same level that the Adviser currently limits the operating expenses of the corresponding Target Fund for two years following the closing of the applicable Reorganization.
Any subsequent expense caps after the two year period are not assured, and are subject to change. If the Acquiring Fund Expense Limitation Agreement is not renewed or is modified after its expiration, it is possible that the total annual operating expenses of the Acquiring Fund may be higher than the total annual operating expenses of the corresponding share class of the Target Fund, based in part on the asset size of the Acquiring Fund at that time.
The Acquiring Fund Expense Limitation Agreement provides that the Adviser may recoup all or a portion of its prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made under the Acquiring Fund Expense Limitation Agreement or Target Fund Expense Limitation Agreement during the rolling three-year period preceding the date of the recoupment to the extent that the Acquiring Fund’s total annual operating expenses (not including excluded expenses) at the time of the recoupment are below the lower of (i) the expense cap in effect at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) the expense cap in effect at the time of the recoupment.
Annual Fund Operating Expenses
Before giving effect to the applicable Expense Limitation Agreement, the total annual operating expenses of each Acquiring Fund are expected to be lower than the total annual operating expenses of its corresponding Target Fund. After giving effect to the applicable Expense Limitation Agreement, the total annual operating expenses of each Acquiring Fund are expected to be the same as the total annual operating expenses of its corresponding Target Fund.
The net assets transferred to each Acquiring Fund at the closing of its Reorganization will reflect the corresponding Target Fund’s payment or provision for payment of certain Reorganization costs, and therefore the Acquiring Fund’s total annual operating expenses immediately following its Reorganization will be higher than if its corresponding Target Fund did not bear such Reorganization costs. For more information on the Reorganization costs to be borne by the Target Funds, refer to the section below entitled “ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE FUNDS — Who will pay the costs of the Reorganizations?”.
How do the performance records of the Funds compare?
If the Reorganizations are approved, each Acquiring Fund will assume the performance history of its corresponding Target Fund. The Acquiring Funds do not have performance history because they had not yet commenced investment operations as of the date of this Proxy Statement/Prospectus. For more information about a Target Fund’s performance, see the “Performance” section in the Target Funds Prospectus, which are incorporated by reference into this Proxy Statement/Prospectus.
How do the providers of investment advisory, sub-advisory and underlying investment management services of the Funds compare?
The Target Funds and the Acquiring Funds have the same investment adviser: FS Fund Advisor, LLC.
The primary sub-adviser, Wilshire Associates Incorporated (“Wilshire”), and underlying managers of the Target Multi-Strategy Fund are the same as those of the Acquiring Multi-Strategy Fund. Those underlying managers are Chilton Investment Company, LLC (“Chilton”), MidOcean Credit Fund Management, L.P. (“MidOcean Credit Partners”) and Crabel Capital Management, LLC (“Crabel”).
The Target Real Asset Fund and Acquiring Real Asset Fund have the same co-investment adviser: Chiron Investment Management, LLC.
The SEC granted an exemptive order to the Target Trust and the Adviser, which permits the Adviser to use a “manager of managers” approach in providing investment advisory services to the Target Funds (the “Order”). Pursuant to the terms of the Order, the Adviser, subject to the supervision and approval of the Target Trust Board, is permitted to hire, terminate and replace investment sub-advisers or make material changes to investment sub-advisory agreements without shareholder approval (“Sub-Adviser Selection Authority”). The Order also permits the Adviser and the Target Funds to disclose to shareholders the aggregate sub-advisory fees paid to sub-advisers, without disclosing the precise amount paid to each sub-adviser (“Disclosure Authority”). The terms of the Order allow for the Adviser to rely on the Order with respect to its management of the Acquiring Funds. Therefore, the Adviser will exercise its Sub-Adviser Selection Authority and Disclosure Authority under the Order to manage the Acquiring Funds to the same extent it does with respect to the Target Funds.
For more information, see the “Investment Adviser, Primary Sub-Adviser and Advisory Arrangements” section of the Target Fund Prospectus, with respect to the Target Funds, and Exhibit A hereto, with respect to the Acquiring Funds.
Will the Funds have different portfolio managers?
No, the portfolio managers of each Acquiring Fund will be the same as the portfolio managers of its corresponding Target Fund. Michael Kelly, President & Chief Investment Officer of FS Investments, and Scott Burr, Investment Management Portfolio Manager of FS Investments, will continue to have primary responsibility for the day-to-day management of the Target Multi-Strategy Fund and the Acquiring Multi-Strategy Fund. For the FS Chiron Real Asset Fund, Scott Burr, Peter Bianco and Brian Cho will continue to have primary responsibility for the day-to-day management of the Acquiring Real Asset Fund. Accordingly, the Reorganizations are not expected to change the day-to-day portfolio management of the Target Funds. Exhibit A provides additional information about Messrs. Kelly, Burr, Bianco and Cho.
How do the Funds’ other principal service providers compare?
The following table identifies the other principal service providers of the Target Funds and the Acquiring Funds:
| Target Funds’ Service Providers | Acquiring Funds’ Service Providers |
Distributor: | ALPS Distributors, Inc. | SEI Investments Distribution Co. |
Administrator: | FS Fund Advisor, LLC | SEI Investments Global Funds Services |
Sub-Administrator | State Street Bank & Trust Company | N/A |
Transfer Agent: | DST Systems, Inc. | DST Systems, Inc. |
Custodian: | State Street Bank and Trust Company | Brown Brothers Harriman & Co. |
Auditor: | Ernst & Young LLP | Ernst & Young LLP |
How do the Funds’ purchase and redemption procedures and exchange policies compare?
The purchase and redemption procedures and exchange policies of the Target Funds are substantially similar to those of the Acquiring Funds.
Shareholders may purchase or redeem shares of each Fund on any day that the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) is open for business. Shareholders may purchase shares of each Fund by mail, bank wire, electronic funds transfer or by telephone after opening an account with the respective Fund.
The minimum initial investment of each Fund is $2,500 for Class A Shares and $1,000,000 for Class I Shares. The minimum subsequent investment of each Fund is $100 for Class A Shares. There is no minimum subsequent investment amount for Class I Shares. The Adviser may, in its discretion, waive the minimum initial or additional investment amounts at any time.
At no charge, shareholders may convert one class of shares of the Funds directly to another class of shares of the Funds, subject to the eligibility requirements and the fees and expenses of the share class of the Fund converted into. For more information on the purchase and redemption procedures and exchange policies of the Funds, see the “Shareholder’s Guide” section of the Target Funds Prospectus, with respect to the Target Funds, and Exhibit A hereto, with respect to the Acquiring Funds.
How do the Funds’ distribution and shareholder servicing fees compare?
The distribution and shareholder servicing fees of the Target Funds are substantially similar to those of the Acquiring Funds. In this regard, Class A shares of each Target Fund and its corresponding Acquiring Fund pay a fee in the amount of 0.25% of such Fund’s average daily net assets for distribution and shareholder services pursuant to a plan adopted pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act (together, the “Rule 12b-1 Plans”). For more information on the Rule 12b-1 Plans, see the “Distribution, Servicing and Administrative Fees” section of the Target Funds Prospectus, with respect to the Target Funds, and Exhibit A of this Proxy Statement/Prospectus, with respect to the Acquiring Funds.
How do the Funds’ administrative fees payable to the Adviser compare?
The Target Funds reimburse the Adviser for certain administrative services, including performing, or overseeing the performance of, the Target Funds’ corporate operations and required administrative services, assisting the Target Funds in calculating their net asset values (“NAV”), overseeing the preparation and filing of the Target Funds’ tax returns and the printing and dissemination of reports to shareholders, and generally overseeing the payment of the Target Funds’ expenses and the performance of administrative and professional services rendered to the Target Funds by others. In addition, the Target Funds contract with State Street Bank and Trust Company to provide various accounting and administrative services, including preparing preliminary financial information for review by the Adviser, preparing and monitoring expense budgets, maintaining accounting books and records, processing trade information for the Target Funds and performing certain portfolio compliance testing. SEI Investments Global Funds Servicing, the Acquiring Funds’ administrator, will provide such services to the Acquiring Funds, and thus the Acquiring Funds will not be subject to such reimbursement arrangements with the Adviser or the contract with State Street Bank and Trust Company.
How do the Funds’ sales charges compare?
Each Target Fund and its corresponding Acquiring Fund are subject to the same initial sales load schedules. In this regard, an initial sales charge may apply to your purchase of Class A Shares of the Funds based on the amount invested (generally, the larger the investment, the smaller the percentage sales charge), and is based on the total amount of your purchase and the value of your account (and any other accounts eligible for aggregation of which you or your selling agent notifies the Funds). The sales charge is allocated between the Fund’s distributor and your financial intermediary. A portion of the sales charge, up to 0.75%, may be paid to FS Investment Solutions, LLC (“FS Solutions”), a registered broker-dealer and an affiliate of the Adviser, or reallowed to participating broker-dealers. Sales charges, as expressed as a percentage of offering price and as a percentage of your net investment, are shown in the table below.
The dollar amount of your initial sales charge is calculated as the difference between the public offering price and the net asset value of those shares. (Hence the “offering price” includes the front-end sales load.) Since the offering price is calculated to two decimal places using standard rounding criteria, the number of shares purchased and the dollar amount of your sales charge as a percentage of the offering price and of your net investment may be higher or lower than the amounts set forth in the table depending on whether there was a downward or upward rounding.
Amount of Purchase at Offering Price | | Class A Shares Sales Charge as a Percentage of Offering Price(1) | | | Class A Shares Sales Charge as a Percentage of Net Amount Invested | | | Dealer Commission as a Percentage of Offering Price | |
Under $50,000 | | | 5.75 | % | | | 6.10 | % | | | 5.00 | % |
$50,000 but under $100,000 | | | 4.75 | % | | | 4.99 | % | | | 4.00 | % |
$100,000 but under $250,000 | | | 3.75 | % | | | 3.90 | % | | | 3.00 | % |
$250,000 but under $500,000 | | | 2.75 | % | | | 2.83 | % | | | 2.25 | % |
$500,000 but under $1,000,000 | | | 2.00 | % | | | 2.04 | % | | | 1.50 | % |
$1,000,000 and above | | | None | | | | None | | | | None | |
(1) | Offering Price includes the initial sales charge. |
For more information on the Funds’ sales charges, see the “Purchases” section of the Target Funds Prospectus, with respect to the Target Funds, and Exhibit A of this Proxy Statement/Prospectus, with respect to the Acquiring Funds.
How do the Funds’ valuation procedures compare?
There are no material differences between the Target Trust’s procedures used to value the Target Funds’ assets and the procedures used to value the Acquiring Funds’ assets. For more information on the valuation procedures of the Funds, see the “Pricing of Fund Shares” section of the Target Funds Prospectus, with respect to the Target Funds, and Exhibit A of this Proxy Statement/Prospectus and the Merger SAI, with respect to the Acquiring Funds.
Will there be any tax consequences resulting from the Reorganizations?
Each Reorganization is intended to qualify as a tax-free reorganization for federal income tax purposes and each Target Fund anticipates receiving a legal opinion to that effect, although there can be no assurance that the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) will adopt a similar position. Provided a Reorganization is so treated, shareholders of the Target Fund will recognize no gain or loss for federal income tax purposes upon the exchange of all of their shares in the Target Fund for shares in the corresponding Acquiring Fund. Shareholders should consult their tax adviser about state and local tax consequences of the Reorganizations, if any, because the information about tax consequences in this Proxy Statement/Prospectus relates only to the federal income tax consequences of the Reorganizations.
For more detailed information about the federal income tax consequences of the Reorganizations, please refer to the section titled “THE PROPOSED REORGANIZATIONS – Federal Income Tax Considerations” below.
Will my dividends be affected by the Reorganizations?
No. Each Acquiring Fund and its corresponding Target Fund distribute their net investment income, and make distributions of their net realized capital gains, if any, annually.
Who will pay the costs of the Reorganizations?
The Adviser and the Target Funds together will bear the costs relating to each Reorganization, whether or not the Reorganization is consummated. The costs relating to a Reorganization to be borne by the applicable Target Fund and the Adviser shall include, but are not limited to, (i) costs associated with the preparation, printing and distribution of the N-14 Registration Statement for the Reorganization (including the prospectus/proxy statement contained therein); (ii) expenses of soliciting Target Fund Shareholders and holding any shareholder meeting and adjournments thereof (together, (i) and (ii) are “Proxy Costs”); (iii) legal fees (including those relating to the Reorganization or transfer of ownership of any wholly-owned subsidiary of a Target Fund); (iv) accounting fees; (v) transfer agent and custodian conversion costs; and (vi) expenses of any Target Fund or Acquiring Fund Board meetings (together, (iii), (iv), (v) and (vi) are “Non-Proxy Costs” and together with Proxy Costs, “Reorganization Costs”).
The aggregate costs of the Reorganizations are expected to be $438,610. The Adviser shall bear 20% of aggregate Reorganization Costs, which are estimated to be $87,722. Of the remaining 80% of aggregate Reorganization Costs, which are estimate to be $350,888, each Target Fund shall bear all of the Proxy Costs applicable to such Target Fund and the Target Fund’s pro rata share of aggregate Non-Proxy Costs based on the net asset value of such Fund relative to the aggregate net asset value of all series of the Target Trust.
Under this arrangement, the Adviser estimates that the Target Funds will bear the Reorganization costs set forth in the table below. The Adviser has allocated Proxy Costs to each Target Fund pro rata based on net assets for purposes of these estimates. The Reorganization costs ultimately borne by a Target Fund may be higher or lower than these estimates.
Target Fund | Share Class | Estimated Reorganization Costs Borne ($) | Estimated Reorganization Costs Borne ($/Share as of September 7, 2021) |
FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund | Class A Shares | $22,688 | $0.03 |
Class I Shares | $324,603 | $0.03 |
FS Chiron Real Asset Fund | Class A Shares | $44 | $0.02 |
Class I Shares | $3,553 | $0.02 |
The Adviser believes that the Reorganizations benefit the Target Funds after taking into account that the Target Funds will bear Reorganization Costs as discussed above, and that such anticipated benefits include those listed above under “SUMMARY OF KEY INFORMATION - What are the reasons for the proposed Reorganizations?”.
When are the Reorganizations expected to occur?
If shareholders of the Target Funds approve the Reorganizations, it is anticipated that the Reorganizations will occur on or around March 14, 2022.
How do I vote on the Reorganizations?
You may vote up until 11:59 p.m. Easter Time on January 18, 2022 in any of the below ways. You will find the required control number printed on your enclosed proxy card.
| 1. | Internet – Visit www.proxyvote.com. |
| 2. | Telephone – Call (800) 690-6903 with a touch-tone phone to vote using an automated system. |
| 3. | By mail – Mark, sign and date your ballot, and return it in the postage-paid envelope provided. |
| 4. | In person – You may vote in person at the Meeting by requesting a ballot when you arrive. You will need to bring photo identification in order to be admitted to the Meeting. If your shares are held through a broker and you attend the Meeting in person, please bring a letter from your broker identifying you as the beneficial owner of the shares and authorizing you to vote your shares at the Meeting. |
You may revoke your proxy and change your vote before the proxies are voted at the Meeting. You may change your vote using the Internet or telephone methods described above, before the applicable cutoff time before the Meeting, in which case only your latest Internet or telephone proxy will be counted. Alternatively, you may revoke your proxy and change your vote by signing and returning a new proxy dated as of a later date, or by attending the Meeting and voting in person. However, your attendance at the Meeting will not automatically revoke your proxy, unless you properly vote at the Meeting, or specifically request that your prior proxy be revoked by delivering a written notice of revocation to the applicable Target Fund prior to the Meeting. Shareholders should direct their proxy revocations to the applicable Target Fund at the following address: 201 Rouse Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19112, Attention: Stephen S. Sypherd, General Counsel and Secretary.
What will happen if shareholders of a Target Fund do not approve its Reorganization?
If the shareholders of a Target Fund do not approve its Reorganization, the Target Trust Board will consider other possible courses of action for the Target Fund, including abandoning the Reorganizations or seeking platforms other than the Acquiring Trust on which to reorganize the Target Funds.
What if I do not wish to participate in the Reorganizations?
If you do not wish to have your Target Fund shares exchanged for shares of the corresponding Acquiring Fund, you may redeem your shares prior to the consummation of your Target Fund’s Reorganization. If you redeem your shares, and if you hold shares in a taxable account, you will recognize a taxable gain or loss based on the difference between your tax basis in the shares and the amount you receive for them.
Where can I find more information about the Funds and the Reorganizations?
Additional information about the Funds can be found in the Target Funds Prospectus, the Target Funds SAI, Exhibit A and the Merger SAI. The remainder of this Proxy Statement/Prospectus contains additional information about the Funds and the Reorganizations. Please read the entire document.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE FUNDS
Comparison of Investment Objectives
The investment objective of each Acquiring Fund is the same as the investment objective of its corresponding Target Fund. Each Fund’s investment objective is classified as non-fundamental, which means that a Target Fund’s investment objective can be changed by the Target Trust Board without shareholder approval, and an Acquiring Fund’s investment objective can be changed by the Board of Trustees of the Acquiring Trust Board without shareholder approval. Each Fund’s investment objective is set forth in the following table:
Funds (Both the Target Fund and Acquiring Fund) | Investment Objective |
Multi-Strategy Fund | The Fund seeks to provide shareholders with positive absolute returns over a complete market cycle. |
Real Asset Fund | The Fund seeks to provide returns consisting of capital appreciation and income. |
Comparison of Fees and Expenses
The following tables describe the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold shares of a Fund.
Annual fund operating expense ratios shown below for each Target Fund are based on annualized expenses incurred during the six-month period ended June 30, 2021 and are expressed as a percentage of average net assets during the period. Only pro forma information is provided for each Acquiring Fund because each Acquiring Fund will not commence operations until its Reorganization is completed, and the pro forma information is based on the average net assets of the corresponding Target Fund during the six-month period ended June 30, 2021. The Funds have contractual fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement arrangements, as described below.
As discussed above under “ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE FUNDS — Who will pay the costs of the Reorganizations?,” each Target Fund will bear certain Reorganization costs. The Fee Tables and Examples below have not been restated to reflect the Reorganization costs estimated to be borne by the Target Funds. If these estimated Reorganization costs had been so reflected, the expenses of the Target Funds and pro forma expenses of the Acquiring Funds shown below would be higher.
FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund Reorganization
Fee Table
| Target Fund | Acquiring Fund | Target Fund | Acquiring Fund |
FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund | AIC III FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund – Pro Forma | FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund | AIC III FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund – Pro Forma |
Class I | Class I | Class A | Class A |
Shareholder Fees (fees paid directly from your account) | | | | |
Maximum Sales Charge (Load) imposed on purchases (as % of offering price) | None | None | 5.75% | 5.75% |
Maximum Deferred Sales Charge (Load) | None | None | None | None |
|
Annual Fund Operating Expenses (expenses that you pay each year as a % of the value of your investment) | | | | |
Management Fee | 1.25% | 1.25% | 1.25% | 1.25% |
Distribution and/or Service (12b-1) Fees | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.25% | 0.25% |
Total Other Expenses(1) | 2.09% | 1.13%(2) | 2.09% | 1.13%(2) |
Other Expenses Not Including Dividend or Interest Expense | 1.87% | 0.91% | 1.87% | 0.91% |
Dividend and Interest Expense | 0.22% | 0.22% | 0.22% | 0.22% |
Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses | None(3) | None | None(3) | None |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses | 3.34% | 2.38% | 3.59% | 2.63% |
Less Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements (4) | 1.61% | 0.65% | 1.61% | 0.65% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements | 1.73% | 1.73%(2) | 1.98% | 1.98%(2) |
| (1) | The costs of investing in swaps are estimated to be between approximately 0.20% to 0.50% of the Target Fund’s and Acquiring Fund’s average daily net assets. Such costs are indirect expenses of the Target Fund and the Acquiring Fund that are variable in nature and are not included in the fee table or expense example. |
| (2) | Fees and expenses for the Acquiring Fund are estimated for the Fund’s current fiscal year. The expenses of the Acquiring Fund do not include reorganization costs associated with the Reorganization. If such costs were included, the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements would be 2.30% and 2.55%, respectively, for Class I and Class A Shares. |
| (3) | Acquiring Fund Fees and Expenses have been restated to reflect current expenses. |
| (4) | The Adviser has entered into an Expense Limitation Agreement with each Fund under which it has agreed to waive or reduce its fees and to assume other expenses of the Fund, if necessary, in an amount that limits “Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses” to not more than 0.25 percent of the average daily net assets for the Fund (the “expense cap”). Management fees, distribution or servicing fees, interest, taxes, brokerage fees and commissions, dividends and interest paid on short positions, acquired fund fees and expenses and extraordinary expenses (as determined in the sole discretion of the Adviser) are excluded from the expense cap and thus are payable by the applicable Fund. |
The Target Fund Expense Limitation Agreement shall remain in place until at least April 30, 2022, and Acquiring Fund Expense Limitation Agreement shall remain in place until at least two years from the date of the closing of the applicable Reorganization. The Target Trust Board and the Acquiring Trust Board may terminate the Target Fund Expense Limitation Agreement and Acquiring Fund Expense Limitation Agreement, respectively, at any time. The Adviser may terminate the Acquiring Fund Expense Limitation Agreement upon 90 days’ written notice, effective at the end of the two-year period.
The Target Fund Expense Limitation Agreement permits the Adviser to recoup waived or reimbursed amounts within the three-year period from the date of the waiver after the Adviser bears the expense, provided total expenses, including such recoupment, do not exceed the annual expense limit in effect at the time of such waiver and reimbursement or recoupment.
The Acquiring Fund Expense Limitation Agreement provides that the Adviser may receive from the Acquiring Fund the difference between the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made under the Acquiring Fund Expense Limitation Agreement or Target Fund Expense Limitation Agreement during the rolling three-year period preceding the date of the recoupment to the extent that Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) at the time of the recoupment are below the lower of (i) the contractual expense limit in effect at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) the contractual expense limit in effect at the time of the recoupment.
Example
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Funds’ Class I shares and Class A shares for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your Class I shares and Class A shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that each Fund’s shares operating expenses (including one year of capped expenses) are as shown in the table above and remain the same. Although your actual costs and returns may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
| Class | 1 Year | 3 Years | 5 Years | 10 Years |
FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund | Class I | $176 | $877 | $1,602 | $3,522 |
AIC III FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund – Pro Forma | Class I | $176 | $680 | $1,212 | $2,667 |
FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund | Class A | $764 | $1,471 | $2,199 | $4,108 |
AIC III FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund – Pro Forma | Class A | $764 | $1,287 | $1,835 | $3,323 |
FS Chiron Real Asset Fund Reorganization
Fee Table
| Target Fund | Acquiring Fund | Target Fund | Acquiring Fund |
FS Chiron Real Asset Fund | AIC III FS Chiron Real Asset Fund – Pro Forma | FS Chiron Real Asset Fund | AIC III FS Chiron Real Asset Fund– Pro Forma |
Class I | Class I | Class A | Class A |
Shareholder Fees (fees paid directly from your account) | | | | |
Maximum Sales Charge (Load) imposed on purchases (as % of offering price) | None | None | 5.75% | 5.75% |
Maximum Deferred Sales Charge (Load) | None | None | None | None |
|
Annual Fund Operating Expenses (expenses that you pay each year as a % of the value of your investment) | | | | |
Management Fee(1) | 0.95% | 0.95% | 0.95% | 0.95% |
Distribution and/or Service (12b-1) Fees | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.25% | 0.25% |
Total Other Expenses(2) | 12.46% | 5.74%(3) | 12.46% | 5.74%(3) |
Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses(4) | None | None | None | None |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses | 13.41% | 6.69% | 13.66% | 6.94% |
Less Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements (5) | 12.21% | 5.49% | 12.21% | 5.49% |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements | 1.20% | 1.20%(3) | 1.45% | 1.45%(3) |
| (1) | Management fees have been restated to reflect current fees. |
| (2) | The costs of investing in swaps are estimated to be between approximately 0.20% to 0.50% of the Target Fund’s and Acquiring Fund’s average daily net assets. Such costs are indirect expenses of the Target Fund and the Acquiring Fund that are variable in nature and are not included in the fee table or expense example. |
| (3) | Fees and expenses for the Acquiring Fund are estimated for the Fund’s current fiscal year. The expenses of the Acquiring Fund do not include reorganization costs associated with the Reorganization. If such costs were included, the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Reductions and/or Expense Reimbursements would be 1.50% and 1.75%, respectively, for Class I and Class A Shares. |
| (4) | Acquiring Fund Fees and Expenses have been restated to reflect current expenses. |
| (5) | The Adviser has entered into an Expense Limitation Agreement with each Fund under which it has agreed to waive or reduce its fees and to assume other expenses of the Fund, if necessary, in an amount that limits “Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses” (exclusive of management fees, distribution or servicing fees, interest, taxes, brokerage fees and commissions, dividends and interest paid on short positions, acquired fund fees and expenses and extraordinary expenses (as determined in the sole discretion of the Adviser)) to not more than 0.25 percent of the average daily net assets for the Fund. The Target Fund Expense Limitation Agreement shall remain in place until at least September 1, 2022, and Acquiring Fund Expense Limitation Agreement shall remain in place until at least two years from the date of the closing of the applicable Reorganization. The Fund may terminate the Expense Limitation Agreement at any time. |
The Target Fund Expense Limitation Agreement permits the Adviser to recoup waived or reimbursed amounts within the three-year period from the date of the waiver after the Adviser bears the expense, provided total expenses, including such recoupment, do not exceed the annual expense limit in effect at the time of such waiver and reimbursement or recoupment.
The Acquiring Fund Expense Limitation Agreement provides that the Adviser may receive from the Acquiring Fund the difference between the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made under the Acquiring Fund Expense Limitation Agreement or Target Fund Expense Limitation Agreement during the rolling three-year period preceding the date of the recoupment to the extent that Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) at the time of the recoupment are below the lower of (i) the contractual expense limit in effect at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) the contractual expense limit in effect at the time of the recoupment.
Example
The Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Funds’ Class I shares and Class A shares for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your Class I shares and Class A shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that each Fund’s shares operating expenses (including one year of capped expenses) are as shown in the table above and remain the same. Although your actual costs and returns may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
| Class | 1 Year | 3 Years | 5 Years | 10 Years |
FS Chiron Real Asset Fund | Class I | $122 | $2,677 | $4,820 | $8,786 |
AIC III FS Chiron Real Asset Fund – Pro Forma | Class I | $122 | $1,488 | $2,807 | $5,916 |
FS Chiron Real Asset Fund | Class A | $714 | $3,155 | $5,191 | $8,924 |
AIC III FS Chiron Real Asset Fund – Pro Forma | Class A | $714 | $2,043 | $3,320 | $6,303 |
Comparison of Principal Investment Strategies
The following section describes the principal investment strategies of the Funds. The principal investment strategies of each Acquiring Fund are the same as the principal investment strategies of its corresponding Target Fund.
Proposal 1: Reorganization of the Target Multi-Strategy Fund into the Acquiring Multi-Strategy Fund
Principal Strategies — FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund
The Fund seeks to achieve its investment objective by actively allocating its assets across a broad spectrum of alternative investment strategies. The Fund will seek to provide exposure to alternative strategies with low correlation to equity and fixed income markets, which can enhance portfolio diversification. The strategy will be implemented through a rigorous quantitative and qualitative process intended to select high quality Underlying Managers and Alternative Beta Strategies (each as defined below).
The Adviser typically allocates the assets of the Fund among a number of (i) asset managers (the “Underlying Managers”) that directly manage a portion of Fund assets in alternative investment strategies, and (ii) alternative beta providers (“Alternative Beta Providers”) that offer the Fund exposure to the “beta” portion — or market-related portion — of the returns of particular investment strategies (“Alternative Beta Strategies”). The Adviser may also manage all or a portion of the Fund’s assets directly. The Underlying Managers are sub-advisers to the Fund. The Fund invests in Alternative Beta Strategies by entering into a total return swap (or similar instrument or other arrangement) with an Alternative Beta Provider, a financial institution. Alternative Beta Providers are swap (or similar instrument) counterparties, not sub-advisers. The strategies employed by the Underlying Managers and Alternative Beta Providers are collectively referred to in this Proxy Statement/Prospectus as “Alternative Investment Strategies.”
The Adviser, with the assistance of the Fund’s primary sub-adviser, Wilshire Associates Incorporated (“Wilshire”), determines the allocation of the Fund’s assets. The Adviser is ultimately responsible for selecting the Alternative Investment Strategies, for identifying and retaining Underlying Managers with expertise in the selected strategies, and for determining the amount of Fund assets to allocate to each Alternative Investment Strategy. The Adviser may adjust allocations from time to time among Alternative Investment Strategies based on its assessment of market conditions and/or other factors.
The Adviser, from time to time, may also choose not to allocate to certain Alternative Investment Strategies and there may be lengthy periods of time when there is no allocation to particular Alternative Investment Strategies, Underlying Managers or other strategies described in this Proxy Statement/Prospectus. Each Underlying Manager is responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund’s assets that the Adviser allocates to it.
The Adviser has entered into sub-advisory agreements with, and may allocate the Fund’s assets to, the following Underlying Managers:
Underlying Manager | Strategy |
Chilton Investment Company, LLC (“Chilton”) Chilton pursues a long/short equity strategy focused on high-quality companies with strong business models and growth potential at reasonable valuations. | Equity Long/Short |
MidOcean Credit Fund Management, L.P. (“MidOcean Credit Partners”) MidOcean implements an event-driven long/short credit strategy which seeks to capture current income and growth from three primary pockets of inefficiencies in the credit market: callable bonds, short-dated credit and crossover credit. | Credit Long/Short |
Crabel Capital Management, LLC (“Crabel”) Crabel specializes in the systematic, automated trading of worldwide futures and foreign exchange designed to capture market anomalies implemented through a technologically advanced, low latency infrastructure to deliver uncorrelated return. | Systematic Trading |
The investment strategy for each Underlying Manager listed above is its principal investment strategy, but the Underlying Managers may also implement other investment strategies in the portion of assets assigned to them.
As noted above, the Fund’s primary sub-adviser, Wilshire, assists the Adviser by evaluating and recommending Alternative Investment Strategies to the Adviser for use by the Fund. In addition, Wilshire provides recommendations to the Adviser for allocating and reallocating Fund assets among the Underlying Managers and Alternative Beta Providers and may also provide the Adviser with advice on investment decisions and underlying positions. However, Wilshire does not have discretionary authority with respect to the investment of the Fund’s assets.
In conjunction with recommending Alternative Investment Strategies to the Fund, Wilshire performs due diligence on prospective Underlying Managers. In evaluating Underlying Managers and their strategies, Wilshire employs a due diligence process that includes both qualitative and quantitative analysis, including a proprietary six-step qualitative manager review process that analyzes factors including organization and team, portfolio construction, investment process and risk management. Wilshire’s recommendations to the Adviser regarding investments and asset allocation are guided by portfolio construction techniques and are designed to maximize perceived opportunity sets and minimize unintended risks. Wilshire’s team takes a multi-faceted approach, focusing on expected return, expected risk, market dependency, diversification benefits, potential downside and other factors.
Wilshire monitors risk with respect to each Underlying Manager, Alternative Beta Provider, Alternative Investment Strategy and the Fund overall through a comprehensive assessment of risk factors, market sensitivities and exposures. Complementing Wilshire’s review process, the Adviser performs its own due diligence, which may include reviews of the performance, personnel, compliance history, and infrastructure of current and prospective Underlying Managers.
The Fund generally seeks to obtain exposure to Alternative Investment Strategies in a cost-efficient manner, particularly as compared to private investment vehicles that have historically been used to access alternative investment strategies. Alternative Beta Providers in particular may offer cost advantages over traditional alternative asset managers.
Principal Strategies — Underlying Managers
The Adviser, based on recommendations from Wilshire, may determine to allocate the Fund’s assets to Underlying Managers employing all or a subset of the non-traditional and alternative strategies described below at any one time, and may change those allocations from time to time in its sole discretion. The Adviser may also direct an Underlying Manager to reduce or omit its investment in certain assets or asset classes in an effort to achieve its desired combination of the Fund’s strategies. In the future, Underlying Managers may employ other strategies not described herein.
| · | “Equity Long/Short” strategies seek to generate positive absolute returns by long and short investing, based on fundamental evaluations, research and various analytical measurements (e.g., statistical, technical or other factors), in equity and equity-related investments. |
| · | “Relative Value” strategies seek to identify and benefit from price discrepancies between related assets (assets that share a common financial factor, such as interest rates, an issuer or an index). Relative Value opportunities generally rely on arbitrage (the simultaneous purchase and sale of related assets) and may exist between two issuers or within the capital structure of a single issuer. |
| · | “Global Macro” strategies seek to analyze macroeconomic variables to forecast future moves in global asset prices. A variety of different trading and investing styles can be utilized to identify opportunities across an unconstrained universe of markets and investments. |
| · | “Event Driven” strategies seek to achieve gains from market movements in security prices caused by specific corporate events or changes in perceived relative value. Event Driven investing involves taking a view on the likelihood and potential outcome of certain types of corporate events, including business combinations, recapitalizations, restructurings, management changes, and other situations, and taking a long and/or short position in the company’s equity and/or debt securities. |
| · | “Credit Long/Short” strategies seek to deliver growth and income based returns through long/short credit investing. Credit Long/Short managers seek to maintain diversified exposure and adjust portfolio weightings based on opportunity. They generally employ a bottom-up credit analysis and a value approach in selecting investments. |
| · | “Systematic Trading” strategies seek to produce total return by long and short investing across global fixed income, equity, currency and commodity markets. Systematic Trading managers may employ various investment styles. Some Tactical Trading managers may employ both fundamental analysis and quantitative modeling techniques. Tactical Trading managers typically have no bias towards long, short or neutral holdings. |
Principal Strategies — Alternative Beta Strategies
Alternative Beta Providers provide the Fund exposure to Alternative Beta Strategies. Alternative Beta Strategies, sometimes referred to as risk premia strategies, seek to generate returns through particular investments in the broader securities markets that are designed to give exposure to independent risk factors, such as price momentum, size risk, commodity carry risk, and currency carry risk. These strategies call for investments in securities possessing one or more attributes that have historically been associated with, or are otherwise believed to offer, attractive investor returns as a result of their exposure to a particular risk factor. In general, Alternative Beta Strategies, while dependent on market movements for success, are expected to have relatively low correlation to broader market movements.
The Adviser, with assistance from Wilshire, evaluates the actual and potential performance of Alternative Beta Strategies on a risk-adjusted basis. The Adviser will generally seek to allocate capital to Alternative Beta Strategies that offer attractive returns relative to the level of volatility in their investment results. In making investment decisions, the Adviser (and Wilshire, in making recommendations) will consider both the volatility of investment results associated with particular Alternative Beta Strategies and the effect of individual Alternative Beta Strategies on the risk-return profile of the Fund as a whole. The Fund may strategically allocate capital to relatively high-risk strategies if those strategies have the potential to generate correspondingly high returns or otherwise have a positive impact on the risk-return profile of the Fund as a whole.
Alternative Beta Providers may pursue a wide range of investment approaches, including strategies that seek to replicate key investment characteristics of the strategies described under “Principal Strategies — Underlying Managers” above. Alternative Beta Strategies may also include, without limitation:
| · | Value Strategies: Value strategies seek to take advantage of instruments that have low valuations. These strategies can be deployed to identify exposures to buy and/or sell in a either a directional or relative value manner. |
| · | Carry Strategies: Carry strategies seek to capture the tendency of higher-yielding assets to provide higher returns than lower-yielding assets. An asset’s “carry” is defined as its return assuming that market conditions stay the same, meaning that carry is the income earned if the asset’s price remains constant over the holding period. These strategies can be deployed to identify exposures to buy and/or sell in either a directional or relative value manner. |
| · | Curve Strategies: Curve strategies seek to benefit from structural inefficiencies often present in rate and commodity future yield curves. Different points on these curves can be impacted by excessive demand or supply stemming from structural flows from different market participants such as hedgers, producers, borrowers or lenders. These strategies can be deployed to identify exposures to buy and/or sell in either a directional or relative value manner. |
| · | Trend/Momentum Strategies: Momentum strategies seek to benefit from the historical tendency of assets’ recent relative performance to continue, typically focusing on investments that have performed relatively well over those that have underperformed. Trend strategies are effectively aggregations of momentum strategies, taking long positions in markets with recent positive returns and short positions in those with recent negative returns. The persistence in price trends has delivered excess returns over time, including and during some abnormal market conditions. These strategies can be deployed to identify exposures to buy and/ or sell in either a directional or relative value manner. |
| · | Mean Reversion Strategies: Mean reversion investment strategies seek to benefit from the tendency of securities prices to exhibit mean-reverting behavior in a somewhat predictable fashion over specific time periods. These strategies can be deployed to identify exposures to buy and/or sell in either a directional or relative value manner. |
| · | Equity Risk Premia / Alternative Beta Strategies: |
| o | Low Beta: Low-Beta strategies aim to benefit from the tendency of low-beta stocks to outperform high-beta stocks on a risk-adjusted basis (where “beta” refers to a security’s sensitivity to broader market movements). Investors that have the ability to take long positions only or are subject to constraints on their use of leverage may prefer high-beta stocks, which provides an opportunity for low-beta stocks to outperform on a relative basis. |
| o | Size: Size-based strategies seek to take advantage of the tendency of smaller companies to outperform larger companies on a risk-adjusted basis. This may be due to the fact that smaller companies may be viewed as less transparent and less liquid, and may be avoided by some investors. |
| o | Value: Value-based equity strategies seek to take advantage of stocks that may be perceived as risky. Value stocks may be discounted by more than is justified, as investors often overestimate their riskiness, potentially positioning these stocks to outperform on a risk-adjusted basis. |
| o | Quality: Quality equity strategies seek to benefit from the tendency of stocks of companies with strong balance sheets to outperform at times when market sentiment favors companies with strong fundamentals. Investors may tend to underestimate this outperformance, potentially allowing Alternative Beta Strategies to obtain high-quality stocks at attractive prices under certain market conditions. |
| o | Momentum: Momentum equity strategies aim to take advantage of the tendency for strong relative performers to continue to outperform for certain periods of time. One explanation is that some investors react more slowly to new information, creating a “first-mover” advantage. |
| · | Thematic Strategies: Strategies can be employed to express views on market themes (i.e., macro, political, structural, regulatory) that are expected to influence the absolute or relative price change of individual securities and/or indices. |
| · | Volatility Strategies: Volatility strategies seek to capture returns from market participants’ tendency to overpay for volatility protection. Historically, the average implied volatility of index options has exceeded the realized volatility of the underlying index. This difference represents the volatility premium, or market participants’ willingness to pay for protection against losses when volatility suddenly increases. This strategy can be carried out in many asset classes, such as equities, foreign currencies, and rates. |
| · | Congestion Strategies and Similar Strategies: Congestion strategies seek to monetize structural inefficiencies around indices or other market participants adjusting their positions in a somewhat predictable fashion. For example, many benchmark bond indices rebalance on the last business day of each month. The rebalancing involves bringing new issuances during the month into the index, which leads to buying pressure at month-end from asset managers that seek to track the index. This process has historically resulted in a persistent bullish market phenomenon at month-end. Congestion strategies seek to benefit from this phenomenon. Similar Alternative Beta Strategies may also include other strategies that seek to benefit from other structural market phenomena, such has those involving extension of fixed income instruments. |
| · | Opportunistic, Hedge and Other Strategies: These strategies aim to provide systematic trading methods to capture a perceived or desired risk-adjusted return profile. Certain strategies may use entry or timing mechanisms, while others may exploit more obscure and hard-to-extract risk premia such as strategies that seek to benefit from equity index dispersion (the variance in performance of securities within an index). |
In sum, the Alternative Beta Strategies seek to capitalize upon investment opportunities present in markets by employing a systematic, rules-based approach. As discussed above, such opportunities may arise from, among other sources, market inefficiencies or investor behavioral biases.
The Adviser may use Alternative Beta Strategies for longer-term investments, as well as for tactical purposes, including temporary positions pending placement of capital, as a hedge on the Fund’s overall portfolio, and/or for investing the Fund’s excess cash.
The Adviser will make determinations regarding whether a particular strategy is most efficiently expressed through an Underlying Manager or an Alternative Beta Provider in its discretion on a case-by-case basis.
Principal Strategies — General
The Adviser may allocate up to 100% of the assets of the Fund among one or more Alternative Beta Providers that offer the Fund exposure to the returns of rules-based Alternative Investment Strategies that seek to achieve the Fund’s objective. An Alternative Beta Provider is a financial institution that serves as a counterparty to the Fund in a total return swap (or similar instruments or other arrangements) that offers exposure to the returns of a specified underlying asset. In a typical total return swap (or similar instrument) transaction with an Alternative Beta Provider, the Fund agrees to pay a fixed or variable interest rate to the Alternative Beta Provider in exchange for return earned on a specified underlying asset. Alternative Beta Providers in particular may offer cost advantages over traditional alternative asset managers. In general, Alternative Beta Strategies seek to identify and capitalize upon market inefficiencies and market behavioral biases (or risk premia). Alternative Beta Strategies typically have less correlation to traditional equity and fixed income markets than traditional investment strategies.
The Fund generally seeks to obtain exposure to Alternative Investment Strategies in a cost-efficient manner, particularly as compared to private investment vehicles that have historically been used to access alternative investment strategies. Strategies may include historical trend (seeking to benefit from the historical tendency of securities with certain characteristics to outperform others), carry and curve, low beta, value and volatility premium and momentum strategies (which emphasize investing in securities that have better recent performance compared to other securities). The Adviser may also manage all or a portion of the Fund’s assets directly.
The Fund’s portfolio may include, without limitation: (i) equity securities, including common and preferred stocks, convertible securities, rights and warrants, depositary receipts, real estate investment trusts (“REITs”), pooled investment vehicles, including other investment companies, such as exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”), exchange-traded vehicles (“ETVs”) and partnership interests; (ii) fixed income and/or floating rate securities, including debt issued by companies, debt issued by governments (including the U.S. and foreign governments), their agencies, instrumentalities, sponsored entities and political subdivisions, covered bonds, notes, debentures, debt participations, convertible bonds, non-investment grade securities (commonly known as “junk bonds”), bank loans (including senior secured loans) and other direct indebtedness and exchange-traded notes (“ETNs”); (iii) mortgage-backed and other mortgage-related securities, asset-backed securities, municipal securities, to-be announced (“TBA”) securities and custodial receipts; and (iv) currencies. The Fund’s investments may be publicly traded or privately issued or negotiated. The Fund may invest without restriction as to issuer capitalization, currency, maturity or credit rating.
The Fund’s investments may include U.S. securities and non-U.S. securities (including emerging market securities), including securities denominated in a currency other than the U.S. dollar.
The Fund may use derivatives for a variety of purposes, such as to seek economic exposure to one or more alternative strategies, enhance returns, increase investment flexibility, speculate on a targeted investment opportunity, or for hedging purposes (although the Fund is not required to hedge any of its positions or to use derivatives). The Fund’s derivative investments may include, without limitation: (i) futures contracts, including futures based on equity or fixed income securities and/or equity or fixed income indices, interest rate futures, currency futures and swap futures; (ii) swaps, including equity, currency, interest rate, total return, variance and credit default swaps, and swaps on futures contracts; (iii) options, including long and short positions in call options and put options on indices, individual securities or currencies, swaptions and options on futures contracts; (iv) forward contracts, including forwards based on equity or fixed income securities and/or equity or fixed income indices, currency forwards, interest rate forwards, swap forwards and non-deliverable forwards; and (v) other instruments, including structured securities and contracts for differences (“CFDs”) (collectively, “Financial Instruments”). As a result of the Fund’s use of Financial Instruments or as an investment strategy, the Fund may also hold significant amounts of U.S. Treasury Bills or short-term investments, including money market funds, repurchase agreements, cash and time deposits.
The Fund may obtain investment leverage through the use of Financial Instruments or other means. As a result, the sum of the Fund’s investment exposures may significantly exceed the amount of assets invested in the Fund, although these exposures may vary over time.
The Fund may take long and/or short positions in a wide range of asset classes, including equities, fixed income, commodities and currencies, among others. The Fund may implement short positions through short sales of any instrument (including ETFs) that the Fund may purchase for investment or by using options, swaps, futures, forwards and other Financial Instruments. For example, the Fund may enter into a futures contract pursuant to which it agrees to sell an asset that it does not currently own at a specified price and time in the future. This gives the Fund a short position with respect to that asset.
The Fund may make investments through one or more subsidiaries (each, a “Subsidiary” and collectively, the “Subsidiaries”) and may invest up to 25% of its total assets in the Subsidiaries. Generally, each Subsidiary will invest primarily in commodity futures, forwards and swaps, but it may also invest in financial futures, option and swap contracts, fixed income securities, pooled investment vehicles, including those that are not registered pursuant to the 1940 Act, and other investments intended to serve as margin or collateral for the Subsidiary’s derivative positions. The Fund will invest in each Subsidiary in order to gain exposure to the commodities markets within the limitations of the federal tax laws, rules and regulations that apply to registered investment companies. Unlike the Fund, each Subsidiary may invest without limitation in commodity-linked derivative instruments, however, each Subsidiary will comply with the same 1940 Act asset coverage requirements with respect to its investments in commodity-linked derivatives that are applicable to the Fund’s transactions in derivatives. In addition, the Fund and each Subsidiary will be subject to the same fundamental investment restrictions on a consolidated basis and, to the extent applicable to the investment activities of each Subsidiary, each Subsidiary will follow the same compliance policies and procedures as the Fund. Unlike the Fund, each Subsidiary will not seek to qualify as a regulated investment company (a “RIC”) under Subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). The Fund is the sole shareholder of each Subsidiary and does not expect shares of a Subsidiary to be offered or sold to other investors.
Up to 15 percent of the Fund’s net assets may be invested in illiquid investments, which may include privately placed securities that may only be resold in reliance on Rule 144A under the Securities Act of 1933.
Although the Fund intends to normally invest in Alternative Investment Strategies, it retains the flexibility to allocate as little as none or as much as all of its capital to particular Underlying Managers and/or Alternative Beta Providers. The Fund is considered non-diversified, which means that the percentage of its assets that may be invested in the securities of a single issuer is not limited by the 1940 Act.
Proposal 2: Reorganization of the Target Real Asset Fund into the Acquiring Real Asset Fund
Principal Strategies — FS Chiron Real Asset Fund
Under normal circumstances, the Fund will invest at least 80% of its net assets (including any borrowings for investment purposes) in ‘real assets’ and securities of companies that derive a significant portion of their profits and revenues from real assets and activities related to real assets. Real assets are defined broadly by the Fund and are considered to include any assets that have physical properties, such as energy and natural resources, real estate, basic materials, equipment, utilities and infrastructure and commodities. Real assets may also include select digital assets with storage of value characteristics and/or that contain digital infrastructure properties. Real asset securities may also include: i) companies that are directly involved in real asset activities (such as logistics, data centers, communication towers, life sciences office and lab space, cold storage and renewable power, among others); and ii) inflation-indexed securities that can generate returns in inflationary environments.
A majority of the Fund’s assets will typically be invested in common stocks and the Fund’s goal is to hold a portfolio of securities and other investments that, over time, seek to provide protection against the impact of inflation. In selecting investments, the Adviser seeks sectors in equity markets across the globe that are expected to outperform the overall equity market during periods of high or rising inflation.
The Fund utilizes a “quantamental” approach, which combines quantitative and fundamental research. The quantitative process identifies opportunities for growth with the fundamental approach identifying changes not captured by the quantitative research, such as regulatory environment and industry dynamics. As markets are not static and go through various stages, the Fund seeks to identify the current stage in each market in which it invests and makes investment decisions accordingly, in order to capitalize on the underlying factors driving that particular market stage. The Fund aims to reduce volatility and risk through diversifying its investment choices across a range of industries.
Companies involved in activities related to real assets may produce cash flows and subsequent valuations that increase when the overall price level in the economy is rising. The Fund may also seek companies whose revenue and earnings are expected to rise if the prices of certain real assets rise during a period of general inflation.
The Fund may invest in securities issued by companies of any market capitalization, as well as real estate investment trusts (“REITs”).
The Fund may invest up to 15% of its total assets to indirectly gain exposure to Bitcoin through exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”) that provide exposure to Bitcoin and Bitcoin futures contracts. For purposes of this 15% limit, these investments are measured at notional value. Bitcoins are a digital commodity that are not issued by a government, bank or central organization. Bitcoins exist on an online, peer-to-peer computer network (the “Bitcoin Network”) that hosts a public transaction ledger where Bitcoin transfers are recorded (the “Blockchain”). Bitcoins have no physical presence beyond the record of transactions on the Blockchain.
There is no limit on the amount of the Fund’s exposures to any one or more specific sectors, and the Fund may at times have significant exposure to a single real asset sector (up to 100% of the Fund’s non-cash related exposure). The Fund may invest without limit in investments tied to any one or more foreign countries, including emerging market countries, and investments denominated in foreign currencies.
FS and Chiron Investment Management, LLC, a co-adviser to the Fund, (“Chiron” and together with FS for the purposes of this section of this Proxy Statement/Prospectus only, the “Adviser”), may allocate a portion of the assets of the Fund among one or more alternative beta providers (“Alternative Beta Providers”) that offer the Fund exposure to the returns of particular investment strategies (“Alternative Beta Strategies”). An Alternative Beta Provider is a financial institution that serves as a counterparty to the Fund in a total return swap (or similar instruments or other arrangements) that offers exposure to the returns of a specified underlying asset. In a typical total return swap (or similar instrument) transaction with an Alternative Beta Provider, the Fund agrees to pay a fixed or variable interest rate to the Alternative Beta Provider in exchange for return earned on a specified underlying asset. Alternative Beta Providers are swap (or similar instrument) counterparties, not sub-advisers. Alternative Beta Providers in particular may offer cost advantages over traditional alternative asset managers. The strategies employed by the use of Alternative Beta Providers are referred to in this Proxy Statement/Prospectus as “Alternative Investment Strategies.” In general, Alternative Beta Strategies seek to identify and capitalize upon market inefficiencies and market behavioral biases (or risk premia). Alternative Beta Strategies typically have less correlation to traditional equity and fixed income markets than traditional investment strategies.
The Fund generally seeks to obtain exposure to Alternative Investment Strategies in a cost-efficient manner, particularly as compared to private investment vehicles that have historically been used to access alternative investment strategies. Alternative Beta Strategies may include historical trend (seeking to benefit from the historical tendency of securities with certain characteristics to outperform others), carry and curve, low beta, value and volatility premium and momentum strategies (which emphasize investing in securities that have better recent performance compared to other securities). The Adviser may also manage all or a portion of the Fund’s assets directly.
If the Fund obtains its real asset exposures through futures contracts and other derivatives not requiring significant investments of the Fund’s cash, the Fund would have free cash available to invest in other assets. The Fund currently expects that those other investments will comprise principally fixed-income investments. It is possible that the Fund might lose money on both its real asset exposures and on its fixed-income investments
The Fund may invest directly in debt instruments. Fixed income investments in which the Fund may invest, may include, by way of example, (i) securities or other income-producing instruments issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Government, its agencies, instrumentalities or sponsored corporations (including inflation-protected securities); (ii) short-term investments, such as commercial paper, repurchase agreements and money market funds; or (iii) various types of loans, including those that are part of highly leveraged transactions.
Under normal circumstances, the Fund’s portfolio of fixed income investments is expected to include primarily fixed income and other income-producing instruments rated investment grade and unrated securities considered by the Adviser to be of comparable credit quality. The Fund may, however, invest in fixed income and other income producing instruments rated below investment grade (known as “junk bonds”) and those that are unrated but determined by the Adviser to be of comparable credit quality.
The Fund may invest in privately placed and other securities or instruments exempt from Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) registration (collectively, “private placements”). The Fund may engage in short sales, either to earn additional return or to hedge existing investments.
The Fund may enter into derivatives transactions of any kind for hedging purposes or otherwise to gain, or reduce, long or short exposure to one or more asset classes or issuers. A derivative is a financial contract whose value depends on changes in the value of one or more underlying assets, reference rates, or indexes. These instruments include, among others, options, futures contracts, forward currency contracts, swap agreements and similar instruments. The Fund may use derivatives transactions with the purpose or effect of creating investment leverage. Although the Fund reserves the right to invest in derivatives of any kind, it currently expects that it may use the following types of derivatives: futures contracts and options on futures contracts, in order to gain efficient long or short investment exposures as an alternative to cash investments or to hedge against portfolio exposures; interest rate swaps, to gain indirect long or short exposures to interest rates, issuers, or currencies, or to hedge against portfolio exposures; and total and excess return swaps and credit derivatives (such as credit default swaps), put and call options, and exchange-traded and structured notes, to take indirect long or short positions on indexes, commodities, securities, currencies, or other indicators of value. Any use of derivatives strategies entails the risks of investing directly in the securities or instruments underlying the derivatives strategies, as well as the risks of using derivatives generally, and in some cases the risks of leverage, described in this Proxy Statement/Prospectus and in the Fund’s Statement of Additional Information.
The Fund may invest in a variety of instruments, such as total and excess return swaps (which are contracts in which one party agrees to make periodic payments to another party based on the change in market value of the assets of the underlying contract), exchange traded products, including ETFs, common or preferred stocks of subsidiaries of the Fund that invest directly or indirectly in commodities, and other investments intended to provide long or short exposure to one or more commodities.
The Fund expects that many of the instruments in which it will invest will involve leverage. When the Fund utilizes leverage, small changes in the values of the underlying prices may result in significant changes in the values of the Fund’s investments, and the Fund can lose significantly more than the amount it invests in an instrument, or the margin it supplies to its counterparty on the instrument.
The Fund may make investments through one or more offshore, wholly-owned subsidiaries (each, a “Subsidiary” and collectively, the “Subsidiaries”) and may invest up to 25% of its total assets in the Subsidiaries. Generally, each Subsidiary will invest primarily in commodity futures, forwards and swaps, but it may also invest in financial futures, option and swap contracts, fixed income securities, pooled investment vehicles, including those that are not registered pursuant to the 1940 Act, and other investments intended to serve as margin or collateral for the Subsidiary’s derivative positions. The Fund will invest in each Subsidiary in order to gain direct or indirect exposure to the commodities markets and/or indirect exposure to Bitcoin through investments in ETFs that provide exposure to Bitcoin and Bitcoin futures contracts within the limitations of the federal tax laws, rules and regulations that apply to registered investment companies. Unlike the Fund, each Subsidiary may invest without limitation in commodity-linked derivative instruments, however, each Subsidiary will comply with the same 1940 Act asset coverage requirements with respect to its investments in commodity-linked derivatives that are applicable to the Fund’s transactions in derivatives. In addition, the Fund and each Subsidiary will be subject to the same fundamental investment restrictions on a consolidated basis and, to the extent applicable to the investment activities of each Subsidiary, each Subsidiary will follow the same compliance policies and procedures as the Fund. Additionally, the Subsidiary and the Fund in the aggregate will comply with the 15% Bitcoin limits described above. Unlike the Fund, each Subsidiary will not seek to qualify as a regulated investment company (“RIC”) under Subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). The Fund is the sole shareholder of each Subsidiary and does not expect shares of a Subsidiary to be offered or sold to other investors.
The Adviser may engage in active and frequent trading of the Fund’s portfolio investments. To the extent that it does so, the Fund may incur greater transaction costs and may make greater distributions of income and gains, which will be taxable to shareholders who do not hold their shares through a tax-advantaged or tax-deferred account.
Any percentage limitation and requirement as to investments will apply only at the time of an investment to which the limitation or requirement is applicable and shall not be considered violated unless an excess or deficiency occurs or exists immediately after and as a result of such investment. Accordingly, any later increase or decrease resulting from a change in values, net assets or other circumstances will not be considered in determining whether any investment complies with the Fund’s limitation or requirement, except as otherwise provided herein. Portfolio investments may be sold at any time. By way of example, sales may occur when the Fund’s portfolio manager determines to take advantage of what the portfolio manager considers to be a better investment opportunity, when the portfolio manager believes the portfolio investments no longer represent relatively attractive investment opportunities, when the portfolio manager perceives deterioration in the credit fundamentals of the issuer, or when the individual security has reached the portfolio manager’s sell target.
Although a portion of the Fund’s assets may be invested in instruments the performance of which is based on an index, the Fund’s overall portfolio is not designed to replicate the performance of any index. The Fund’s performance will deviate, potentially significantly, from the performance of any index used by the Fund. The Fund retains the flexibility to allocate as little as none or as much as all of its capital to particular Alternative Beta Providers. The Fund is considered non-diversified, which means that the percentage of its assets that may be invested in the securities of a single issuer is not limited by the 1940 Act.
Comparison of Principal Risks of Investing in the Funds
The principal risks of investing in each Acquiring Fund and Target Fund are discussed below. Because the principal investment strategies of the Target Funds are identical to the principal investment strategies of the Acquiring Funds, the principal risks of the Target Funds and the Acquiring Funds are the same, although certain risks are presented differently in the Target Fund Prospectus than the Acquiring Fund Prospectus.
FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund Principal Risks
Derivatives Risk
The Fund may invest in Financial Instruments, including swap agreements, futures contracts, forwards and other derivative instruments, that may involve risks different from, or greater than, those associated with more traditional investments. Due to leverage, small changes in the value of the Financial Instruments’ reference assets, rates, or indexes may produce disproportionate losses to the Fund. The value of Financial Instruments may not move as expected relative to the value of the reference assets, rates or indexes. Financial Instruments used for hedging purposes may not hedge risks as expected, and Financial Instruments used for non-hedging purposes may not provide the anticipated investment exposure. Financial Instruments may be highly illiquid, and the Fund may not be able to close out or sell a Financial Instrument position at a particular time or at an anticipated price. Various legislative and regulatory initiatives may impact the availability, liquidity and cost of derivatives. Financial Instruments also may be subject to interest rate risk, currency risk and counterparty risk.
Equity Risk
The prices of equity securities in which the Fund holds long and short positions may rise and fall daily. A variety of factors can negatively impact the value of equity securities, including factors affecting individual companies, industries, securities markets or economies.
Market Risk
Investments in securities, in general, are subject to market risks, including increased volatility, illiquidity, or other potentially adverse effects in response to changing market conditions, inflation, changes in interest rates, market disruptions caused by local or regional events such as war, acts of terrorism, the spread of infectious illness (including epidemics and pandemics) or other public health issues, recessions or other events or adverse investor sentiment that may cause their prices to fluctuate over time. An investment in the Fund may lose money.
Volatility Risk
The Fund may have investments that appreciate or decrease significantly in value over short periods of time. This may cause the Fund’s NAV per share to experience significant increases or declines in value over short periods of time, however, all investments long- or short-term are subject to risk of loss.
Counterparty Risk
The stability and liquidity of many derivative transactions depends in large part on the creditworthiness of the parties to the transactions. If a counterparty to such a transaction defaults, exercising contractual rights may involve delays or costs for the Fund. Furthermore, there is a risk that a counterparty could become the subject of insolvency proceedings, and that the recovery of securities and other assets from such counterparty will be delayed or be of a value less than the value of the securities or assets originally entrusted to such counterparty.
Credit/Default Risk
An issuer or guarantor of fixed income securities or instruments held by the Fund may default on its obligation to pay interest and principal when due or default on any other obligation, which may impair the liquidity and value of the Fund’s investment. In addition, the Fund may incur expenses in an effort to protect the Fund’s interests or enforce its rights against an issuer, guarantor or counterparty or may be hindered or delayed in exercising these rights.
Event-Driven Trading Risk
The Fund may seek to profit from the occurrence of specific corporate or other events. A delay in the timing of these events, or the failure of these events to occur at all, may have a significant negative effect on the Fund’s performance.
Foreign Investments and Emerging Markets Risk
The Fund may invest in the securities of non-U.S. issuers, including those located in developing countries, which securities involve risks beyond those associated with investments in U.S. securities. These risks may relate to foreign political, social and economic matters, less developed markets, political immobility and less developed legal and accounting practices.
Interest Rate Risk
Interest rate risk is the risk that prices of fixed income securities generally increase when interest rates decline and decrease when interest rates increase. The Fund may lose money if short-term or long-term interest rates rise sharply or otherwise change in a manner not anticipated by the Adviser or Wilshire. There may be less governmental action in the future to maintain low interest rates. The negative impact on fixed income securities from the resulting rate increases for that and other reasons could be swift and significant.
Market Capitalization Risk (Small-, Mid- and Large-Cap Stocks Risk)
To the extent the Fund emphasizes small-, mid-, or large-cap stocks, it takes on the associated risks. At any given time, any of these market capitalizations may be out of favor with investors. Small- or mid-cap capitalization stocks may be more volatile and more affected by sector or market events than larger-capitalization stocks.
Model and Technology Risk
The Adviser, Underlying Managers, and Alternative Beta Providers may use investment programs that are fundamentally dependent on proprietary or licensed technology through such manager’s use of, among other things, certain hardware, software, model-based strategies, data gathering systems, order execution, and trade allocation systems, and/or risk management systems. These strategies may not be successful on an ongoing basis or could contain errors, omissions, imperfections, or malfunctions. These errors may result in, among other things, execution and allocation failures and failures to properly gather and organize large amounts of data from third parties and other external sources.
Multi-Manager and Allocation Risk
The success of the Fund’s investment strategy depends on, among other things, the Adviser’s ability, based on recommendations from Wilshire, to select Underlying Managers, Alternative Beta Providers and Alternative Investment Strategies to implement the Fund’s investment objective and the Adviser’s success in allocating assets, based on recommendations from Wilshire, to those Underlying Managers and Alternative Beta Providers. The Fund’s Underlying Managers and/or Alternative Beta Strategies may underperform the market generally or underperform other investment managers that could have been selected for the Fund. In addition, some Underlying Managers may have little or no experience managing assets for an open-end fund, which is different from the hedge funds and similar vehicles with which most Underlying Managers have expertise.
Non-Investment Grade Fixed Income Securities Risk
Non-investment grade fixed income securities and unrated securities of comparable credit quality (commonly known as “junk bonds”) are considered speculative and are subject to the increased risk of an issuer’s inability to meet principal and interest payment obligations, increased risk of price volatility, increased risk of illiquidity and other risks.
Short Sales Risk
A short sale of a security involves the theoretical risk of unlimited loss because of increases in the market price of the security sold short. The Fund’s use of short sales, in certain circumstances, can result in significant losses.
Arbitrage Strategies Risk
The Fund may purchase securities at prices only slightly below the anticipated value to be paid or exchanged for such securities in a merger, exchange offer or cash tender offer, and substantially above the prices at which such securities traded immediately prior to announcement of the transaction. If there is a perception that the proposed transaction will not be consummated or will be delayed, the market price of the security may decline sharply.
Commodities Risk
To the extent that the Fund gains exposure to the commodities markets, such exposure may subject the Fund to greater volatility than investments in traditional securities. The value of commodity-linked investments may be affected by changes in overall market movements, commodity index volatility, changes in interest rates, or sectors affecting a particular industry or commodity, such as drought, floods, weather, embargoes, tariffs and international economic, political and regulatory developments. The prices of certain commodities may fluctuate widely due to factors such as changes in value, supply and demand and governmental regulatory policies. Some commodity-linked investments are issued by companies in the financial services sector, including the banking, brokerage and insurance sectors. As a result, events affecting issuers in the financial services sector may cause the Fund’s share value to fluctuate.
Currency Risk
The Fund’s returns may be adversely impacted by changes in currency exchange rates.
Hedging Transactions Risk
The Fund may invest in securities and utilize financial instruments for a variety of hedging purposes. Hedging transactions may limit the opportunity for gain if the value of the portfolio position should increase. There can be no assurance that the Fund will engage in hedging transactions at any given time, even under volatile market conditions, or that any hedging transactions the Fund engages in will be successful. Moreover, it may not be possible for the Fund to enter into a hedging transaction at a price sufficient to protect its assets. The Fund may not anticipate a particular risk so as to hedge against it.
High Portfolio Turnover Risk
Active and frequent trading of the Fund’s portfolio securities may result in increased transaction costs to the Fund, including brokerage commissions, dealer mark-ups and other transaction costs, which could reduce the Fund’s return.
Highly Leveraged Transactions Risk
The loans or other debt instruments in which the Fund invests may include highly leveraged transactions whereby the borrower assumes large amounts of debt in order to have the financial resources to attempt to achieve its business objectives. Loans or other debt instruments that are part of highly leveraged transactions involve a greater risk (including default and bankruptcy) than other investments.
Investment Style Risk
Different investment styles (e.g., “growth”, “value” or “quantitative”) tend to shift in and out of favor depending upon market and economic conditions and investor sentiment. The Fund employs various non-traditional and alternative investment styles, and may outperform or underperform other funds that invest in similar asset classes but employ different investment styles. Risks also exist that Underlying Managers may fail to fully adhere to stated or agreed-upon investment strategies and goals. An Underlying Manager may make certain changes to the strategies that the manager has previously used, may not use such strategies at all, may use additional strategies or may lose a license permitting the use of a proprietary model. Such changes may not be fully disclosed to the Fund’s Board of Trustees or the Adviser. As a result, the Fund’s portfolio could correlate with broader securities markets more closely than anticipated, or may otherwise fail to achieve desired performance.
Alternative Beta Strategies seek to generate returns through exposure to portfolios of risky assets that are selected based on non-traditional criteria. These strategies may involve elevated risk insofar as they may not involve detailed, issuer-specific fundamental analysis. Alternative Beta Strategies may give the Fund exposure to individual issuers that face significant operational, financial, regulatory or other challenges.
New Fund Risk
The Fund has a limited operating history. Investors bear the risk that the Fund may not grow to or maintain an economically viable size, may not be successful in implementing its investment strategy, and may not employ a successful investment strategy, any of which could result in the Fund being liquidated at any time without shareholder approval and/or at a time that may not be favorable for certain shareholders. Such a liquidation could have negative tax consequences for shareholders.
Rule 144A and Other Exempted Securities Risk
The Fund may invest in privately placed and other securities or instruments exempt from SEC registration (collectively “private placements”), subject to liquidity and other regulatory restrictions. In the U.S. market, private placements are typically sold only to qualified institutional buyers, or qualified purchasers, as applicable. An insufficient number of buyers interested in purchasing private placements at a particular time could affect adversely the marketability of such investments and the Fund might be unable to dispose of them promptly or at reasonable prices, subjecting the Fund to liquidity risk.
Valuation Risk
The sales price the Fund could receive for any particular portfolio investment may differ from the Fund’s valuation of the investment, particularly for securities that trade in thin or volatile markets or that are valued using a fair value methodology. Investors who purchase or redeem Fund shares on days when the Fund is holding fair-valued securities may receive fewer or more shares or lower or higher redemption proceeds than they would have received if the Fund had not fair-valued the security or had used a different valuation methodology.
Leverage Risk
Leverage occurs when the Fund directly or indirectly increases its assets available for investment using borrowings, short sales, Financial Instruments, or similar instruments or techniques. The use of leverage may make any change in the Fund’s NAV greater than it otherwise would be and thus result in increased volatility of returns and the risk that the Fund will lose more than it has invested. Leverage can also create interest or other transactional expenses that may lower the Fund’s overall returns. The use of leverage may cause the Fund to liquidate portfolio positions at disadvantageous times in order to satisfy its obligations or to meet any asset segregation or position coverage requirements.
Cyber Security and Operational Risk
The Fund and its service providers may experience disruptions that arise from breaches in cyber security, human error, processing and communications errors, counterparty or third-party errors, technology or systems failures, any of which may have an adverse impact on the Fund. Failures or breaches of the electronic systems of the Fund, the Fund’s adviser, distributor, and other service providers, or the issuers of securities in which the Fund invests have the ability to cause disruptions and negatively impact the Fund’s operations, potentially resulting in financial losses to the Fund and its shareholders.
Issuer Risk
An issuer in which the Fund invests or to which it has exposure may perform poorly, and the value of its loans or securities may therefore decline, which would negatively affect the Fund’s performance. Poor performance may be caused by poor management decisions, competitive pressures, breakthroughs in technology, reliance on suppliers, labor problems or shortages, corporate restructurings, fraudulent disclosures, natural disasters, the spread of infectious illness (including epidemics and pandemics) or other events, conditions or factors.
Liquidity Risk
Although the Fund will invest primarily in liquid, publicly traded securities, the Fund may make investments that may be illiquid or that may become less liquid in response to market developments or adverse investor perceptions. Illiquid investments may be more difficult to value and more difficult to sell in response to redemption requests than liquid investments. If the Fund must sell illiquid or less liquid assets to meet redemption requests or other cash needs, it may be forced to sell at a loss.
Non-Diversification Risk
The Fund is classified as a “non-diversified” investment company, which means that the percentage of its assets that may be invested in the securities of a single issuer is not limited by the 1940 Act. As a result, the Fund’s investment portfolio may be subject to greater risk and volatility than if investments had been made in the securities of a broad range of issuers.
Regulatory Risk
Legal, tax, and regulatory developments may adversely affect the Fund. The regulatory environment for the Fund is evolving, and changes in the regulation of investment funds, their managers, and their trading activities and capital markets, or a regulator’s disagreement with the Fund’s interpretation of the application of certain regulations, may adversely affect the ability of the Fund to pursue its investment strategy, its ability to obtain leverage and financing, and the value of investments held by the Fund.
Structured Products and Structured Notes Risk
A structured product may decline in value due to changes in the underlying instruments on which the product is based. The cash flow or rate of return on the underlying investments may be apportioned among the newly issued securities to create different investment characteristics, such as varying maturities, credit quality, payment priorities and interest rate provisions. The cash flow or rate of return on a structured investment may be determined by applying a multiplier to the rate of total return on the underlying investments or referenced indicator. Application of a multiplier is comparable to the use of financial leverage, a speculative technique.
Holders of structured products indirectly bear risks associated with the underlying investments, index or reference obligation, and are subject to counterparty risk. Structured products are generally privately offered and sold, and thus, are not registered under the securities laws. Certain structured products may be thinly traded or have a limited trading market and may have the effect of increasing the Fund’s illiquidity to the extent that the Fund, at a particular point in time, may be unable to find qualified buyers for these securities. Structured notes are derivative securities for which the amount of principal repayment and/or interest payments is based on the movement of one or more “factors.” Investments in structured notes involve risks including interest rate risk, credit risk and market risk. Where the Fund’s investments in structured notes are based upon the movement of one or more factors, depending on the factor used and the use of multipliers or deflators, changes in interest rates and movement of the factor may cause significant price fluctuations.
Tax Risk
The Fund may gain most of its exposure to the commodities markets through its investment in the Subsidiary, which invests in commodity investments and derivative instruments. To the extent the Fund invests in such instruments directly, it will seek to restrict its income from instruments that do not generate qualifying income to a maximum of 10% of its gross income (when combined with its other investments that produce non-qualifying income) to comply with certain qualifying income tests necessary for the Fund to qualify as a regulated investment company (a “RIC”) under Subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). The Fund believes that income from the Subsidiary will be qualifying income because it expects that the Subsidiary will make annual distributions of its earnings and profits.
To comply with its asset diversification test applicable to a RIC, the Fund will limit its investments in the Subsidiary to 25% of the Fund’s total assets at the end of each quarter. The Fund intends to invest in complex derivatives for which there is not clear guidance from the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) as to the calculation of such investments under the asset diversification test applicable to RICs. There are no assurances that the IRS will agree with the Fund’s calculation under the asset diversification test which could cause the Fund to fail to qualify as a RIC.
The tax treatment of certain commodity investments and derivative instruments in which the Fund may invest may be affected by future regulatory or legislative changes that could affect the character, timing and/or amount of the Fund’s taxable income or gains and distributions.If the Fund did not qualify as a RIC for any taxable year and certain relief provisions were not available, the Fund’s taxable income would be subject to tax at the Fund level and to a further tax at the shareholder level when such income is distributed. Failure to comply with the requirements for qualification as a RIC would have significant negative tax consequences to Fund shareholders.
Activist Strategies Risk
The Fund may purchase securities of companies that are the subject of proxy contests or which activist investors are attempting to influence, in the expectation that new management or a change in business strategies will cause the price of such company’s securities to increase. There is a risk that the market price of the company’s securities will fall if the proxy contest, or the new management, is not successful.
Convertible Securities Risk
If market interest rates rise, the value of a convertible security usually falls. In addition, convertible securities are subject to the risk that the issuer will not be able to pay interest or dividends when due, and their market value may change based on changes in the issuer’s credit rating or the market’s perception of the issuer’s creditworthiness. Since it derives a portion of its value from the common stock into which it may be converted, a convertible security is also subject to the same types of market and issuer risks that apply to the underlying common stock. “Mandatory” convertible bonds, which must be converted into common stock by a certain date, may be more exposed to the risks of the underlying common stock.
Exchange-Traded Product Risk
The Fund may invest in long (or short) positions in ETFs, ETVs and ETNs (collectively with ETFs and ETVs, “ETPs”). Through its positions in ETPs, the Fund will be subject to the risks associated with such vehicles’ investments, including the possibility that the value of the securities or instruments held by an ETP could decrease (or increase), and will bear its proportionate share of the ETP’s fees and expenses. In addition, certain of the ETPs may hold common portfolio positions, thereby reducing any diversification benefits.
Fixed Income Risk
The price of fixed-income securities responds to economic developments, particularly interest rate changes, as well as to perceptions about the credit risk of individual issuers. Rising interest rates generally will cause the price of bonds and other fixed-income debt securities to fall. Falling interest rates may cause an issuer to redeem, call or refinance a security before its stated maturity, which may result in the Fund having to reinvest the proceeds in lower yielding securities. Bonds and other fixed-income debt securities are subject to credit risk, which is the possibility that the credit strength of an issuer will weaken and/or an issuer of a fixed-income security will fail to make timely payments of principal or interest and the security will go into default. Loans and other direct indebtedness involve the risk that the Fund will not receive payment of principal, interest and other amounts due in connection with these investments, which depend primarily on the financial condition of the borrower.
Investment in Other Investment Companies Risk
As with other investments, investments in other investment companies, including ETFs, are subject to market and manager risk. In addition, if the Fund acquires shares of investment companies, shareholders bear both their proportionate share of expenses in the Fund (including management and advisory fees) and, indirectly, the expenses of the investment companies. The Fund may invest in money market mutual funds. An investment in a money market mutual fund is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other government agency. Although money market mutual funds that invest in U.S. government securities seek to preserve the value of the Fund’s investment at $1.00 per share, it is possible to lose money by investing in a stable NAV money market mutual fund. Moreover, Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) rules require prime money market mutual funds to use floating NAVs that do not preserve the value of the Fund’s investment at $1.00 per share.
Limited Capacity Risk
Alternative investment strategies utilized by the Fund may have limited capacity, and the Adviser may not be able to allocate as much of the Fund’s assets to one or more alternative investment strategies as it desires. This capacity limitation may negatively impact the performance and portfolio composition of the Fund.
Mortgage-Backed and Other Asset-Backed Risk
Mortgage-backed and other asset-based securities are subject to risks associated with credit/default risk, interest rate risk, and prepayment risk, as well as the risk of declining values of underlying collateral assets. Small movements in interest rates may dramatically affect the value of certain mortgage- and asset-backed securities.
Preferred Stock Risk
Preferred stock is a type of stock that generally pays dividends at a specified rate and that has preference over common stock in the payment of dividends and the liquidation of assets. Preferred stock does not ordinarily carry voting rights. The price of a preferred stock is generally determined by earnings, type of products or services, projected growth rates, experience of management, liquidity, and general market conditions of the markets on which the stock trades. The most significant risks associated with investments in preferred stock include issuer risk, market risk and interest rate risk (i.e., the risk of losses attributable to changes in interest rates).
Prepayment Risk
The Fund faces prepayment risk with respect to certain fixed-income investments. When interest rates fall, certain fixed income obligations will be paid off by the obligor more quickly than originally anticipated, and the Fund may have to invest the proceeds in securities with lower yields, potentially reducing overall Fund returns.
U.S. Government Securities Risk
The U.S. government may not provide financial support to U.S. government agencies, instrumentalities or sponsored enterprises that have issued debt securities that may be held by the Fund. Such issuers may not have the funds to meet their payment obligations in the future.
Custody Risk
The Fund invests in securities markets that are less developed than those in the U.S., which may expose the Fund to risks in the process of clearing and settling trades and the holding of securities by local banks, agents and depositories. The less developed a country’s securities market is, the greater the likelihood of custody problems.
Subsidiary Risk
By investing in a Subsidiary, the Fund is indirectly exposed to the risks associated with the Subsidiary’s investments. The derivatives and other investments held by the Subsidiary are generally similar to those that are permitted to be held by the Fund and are subject to the same risks that apply to similar investments if held directly by the Fund. The Subsidiary is not registered under the 1940 Act, and unless otherwise noted in this Proxy Statement/Prospectus, is not subject to all the investor protections of the 1940 Act. Changes in the laws of the United States and/or the Cayman Islands could result in the inability of the Fund and/or Subsidiary to continue to operate as it does currently and could adversely affect the Fund.
Swap Agreements Risk
In a typical swap transaction, two parties agree to exchange the return earned on a specified underlying reference for a fixed return or the return from another underlying reference during a specified period of time. Swaps may be difficult to value and may be illiquid. Swaps could result in Fund losses if the underlying asset or reference does not perform as anticipated. Swaps create significant investment leverage such that a relatively small price movement in a swap may result in immediate and substantial losses to the Fund. The Fund may only close out a swap with its particular counterparty, and may only transfer a position with the consent of that counterparty. Certain swaps, such as short swap transactions and total return swaps, have the potential for unlimited losses, regardless of the size of the initial investment. Swaps can increase the Fund’s risk exposure to underlying references and their attendant risks, such as credit risk, market risk, foreign currency risk and interest rate risk, while also exposing the Fund to correlation risk, counterparty risk, hedging risk, inflation risk, leverage risk, liquidity risk, pricing risk and volatility risk.
FS Chiron Real Asset Fund Principal Risks
Equity Risk
The prices of equity securities in which the Fund holds long and short positions may rise and fall daily. A variety of factors can negatively impact the value of equity securities, including factors affecting individual companies, industries, securities markets or economies.
Commodities Risk
To the extent that the Fund gains exposure to the commodities markets, such exposure may subject the Fund to greater volatility than investments in traditional securities. The value of commodity-linked investments may be affected by changes in overall market movements, commodity index volatility, changes in interest rates, or sectors affecting a particular industry or commodity, such as drought, floods, weather, embargoes, tariffs and international economic, political and regulatory developments. The prices of certain commodities may fluctuate widely due to factors such as changes in value, supply and demand and governmental regulatory policies. Some commodity-linked investments are issued by companies in the financial services sector, including the banking, brokerage and insurance sectors. As a result, events affecting issuers in the financial services sector may cause the Fund’s share value to fluctuate.
Volatility Risk
The Fund may have investments, such as ETFs that provide exposure to Bitcoin and Bitcoin futures contracts, that appreciate or decrease significantly in value over short periods of time. This may cause the Fund’s NAV per share to experience significant increases or declines in value over short periods of time, however, all investments long- or short-term are subject to risk of loss.
Natural Resources Risk
Investments related to natural resources may be affected by numerous factors, including events occurring in nature, inflationary pressures and domestic and international politics. For example, events occurring in nature (such as earthquakes or fires in prime natural resource areas) and political events (such as coups or military confrontations) can affect the overall supply of a natural resource and the value of companies involved in such natural resource. Political risks and other risks to which non-US companies are subject also may affect US companies if they have significant operations or investments in non-US countries. In addition, interest rates, prices of raw materials and other commodities, international economic developments, energy conservation, tax and other government regulations (both US and non-US) may affect the supply of and demand for natural resources, which can affect the profitability and value of securities issued by companies in the natural resources category. Securities of companies within specific natural resources sub-categories can perform differently than the overall market. This may be due to changes in such things as the regulatory or competitive environment or to changes in investor perceptions.
Infrastructure Companies Risk
Securities and instruments of infrastructure companies are more susceptible to adverse economic or regulatory occurrences affecting their industries. Infrastructure companies may be subject to a variety of factors that may adversely affect their business or operations, including high interest costs in connection with capital construction programs, high leverage, costs associated with environmental and other regulations, the effects of economic slowdown, surplus capacity, increased competition from other providers of services, uncertainties concerning the availability of fuel at reasonable prices, the effects of energy conservation policies and other factors. Infrastructure companies also may be affected by or subject to, among other factors, regulation by various government authorities, including rate regulation, and service interruption due to environmental, operational or other mishaps.
Real Estate-Related Investment Risk
Investments in REITs and in securities of other companies (wherever organized) principally engaged in the real estate industry subject the Fund to, among other things, risks similar to those of direct investments in real estate and the real estate industry in general. These include risks related to general and local economic conditions, possible lack of availability of financing and changes in interest rates or property values. REITs are entities that either own properties or make construction or mortgage loans, and also may include operating or finance companies. The value of interests in a REIT may be affected by, among other factors, changes in the value of the underlying properties owned by the REIT, changes in the prospect for earnings and/or cash flow growth of the REIT itself, defaults by borrowers or tenants, market saturation, decreases in market rates for rents, and other economic, political, or regulatory matters affecting the real estate industry, including REITs. REITs and similar non-U.S. entities depend upon specialized management skills, may have limited financial resources, may have less trading volume in their securities, and may be subject to more abrupt or erratic price movements than the overall securities markets. REITs are also subject to the risk of failing to qualify for favorable tax treatment under the Code. Some REITs (especially mortgage REITs) are affected by risks similar to those associated with investments in debt securities including changes in interest rates and the quality of credit extended.
Inflation-Indexed Security Risk
Interest payments on inflation-indexed securities can be unpredictable and will vary as the principal and/or interest is periodically adjusted based on the rate of inflation. If the index measuring inflation falls, the interest payable on these securities will be reduced. The US Treasury has guaranteed that, in the event of a drop in prices, it would repay the par amount of its inflation-indexed securities.
Inflation-indexed securities issued by corporations generally do not guarantee repayment of principal. Any increase in the principal amount of an inflation-indexed security will be considered taxable ordinary income, even though investors do not receive their principal until maturity. As a result, the Fund may be required to make annual distributions to shareholders that exceed the cash the Fund received, which may cause the Fund to liquidate certain investments when it is not advantageous to do so. Also, if the principal value of an inflation-indexed security is adjusted downward due to deflation, amounts previously distributed may be characterized in some circumstances as a return of capital.
Market Risk
Investments in securities, in general, are subject to market risks, including increased volatility, illiquidity, or other potentially adverse effects in response to changing market conditions, inflation, changes in interest rates, market disruptions caused by local or regional events such as war, acts of terrorism, the spread of infectious illness (including epidemics and pandemics) or other public health issues, recessions or other events or adverse investor sentiment that may cause their prices to fluctuate over time. An investment in the Fund may lose money.
Derivatives Risk
The Fund may invest in financial instruments, including swap agreements, futures contracts, forwards and other derivative instruments, that may involve risks different from, or greater than, those associated with more traditional investments. Due to leverage, small changes in the value of the financial instruments’ reference assets, rates, or indexes may produce disproportionate losses to the Fund. The value of financial instruments may not move as expected relative to the value of the reference assets, rates or indexes. Financial instruments used for hedging purposes may not hedge risks as expected, and financial instruments used for non-hedging purposes may not provide the anticipated investment exposure. Financial instruments may be highly illiquid, and the Fund may not be able to close out or sell a financial instrument position at a particular time or at an anticipated price. Various legislative and regulatory initiatives may impact the availability, liquidity and cost of derivatives. Financial instruments also may be subject to interest rate risk, currency risk and counterparty risk.
Counterparty Risk
The stability and liquidity of many derivative transactions depends in large part on the creditworthiness of the parties to the transactions. If a counterparty to such a transaction defaults, exercising contractual rights may involve delays or costs for the Fund. Furthermore, there is a risk that a counterparty could become the subject of insolvency proceedings, and that the recovery of securities and other assets from such counterparty will be delayed or be of a value less than the value of the securities or assets originally entrusted to such counterparty.
New Fund Risk
The Fund has a limited operating history. Investors bear the risk that the Fund may not grow to or maintain an economically viable size, may not be successful in implementing its investment strategy, and may not employ a successful investment strategy, any of which could result in the Fund being liquidated at any time without shareholder approval and/or at a time that may not be favorable for certain shareholders. Such a liquidation could have negative tax consequences for shareholders.
Bitcoin Futures Contract Risk
The Fund expects to obtain exposure to bitcoin through futures contracts. Bitcoin futures are financial contracts the value of which depends on, or is derived from, Bitcoin as the underlying reference asset. Bitcoin futures contracts involve the risk that changes in their value may not move as expected relative to changes in the value of Bitcoin. Futures contracts exhibit “futures basis,” which refers to the difference between the current market value of Bitcoin (the “spot” price) and the price of the cash-settled Bitcoin futures contracts. A negative futures basis exists when cash-settled Bitcoin futures contracts generally trade at a premium to the current market value of Bitcoin. If a negative futures basis exists, the Fund’s investments in Bitcoin futures contracts will generally underperform a direct investment in Bitcoin. There can also be no guarantee that there will be a correlation between price movements in Bitcoin futures contracts and in the price of Bitcoin. As a result, the use of Bitcoin futures contracts involves risks that are in addition to, and potentially greater than, the risks of investing directly in securities and other more traditional assets, and may be considered a speculative investment.
Bitcoin Risks
The value of the Fund’s investments in Bitcoin-related instruments, including Bitcoin futures and ETFs that provide exposure to Bitcoin, is subject to fluctuations in the value of Bitcoins. The value of Bitcoins is determined by the supply of and demand for Bitcoins in the global market for the trading of Bitcoins, which consists of transactions on Bitcoin Exchanges. Pricing on Bitcoin Exchanges and other venues can be volatile and can adversely affect the value of the Fund’s investments. Currently, there is relatively small use of Bitcoins in the retail and commercial marketplace in comparison to the relatively large use by speculators, thus contributing to price volatility that could adversely affect the Fund’s Bitcoin-related investments. Bitcoin transactions are irrevocable, and stolen or incorrectly transferred Bitcoins may be irretrievable. As a result, any incorrectly executed Bitcoin transactions could adversely affect the value of the Fund’s Bitcoin-related investments. Bitcoin is generally not subject to the same degree of regulation as are registered U.S. securities. The reporting, accounting and auditing standards for Bitcoin may differ from the standards for U.S. registered securities. Furthermore, countries, including the United States, may in the future curtail or outlaw the acquisition, use or redemption of Bitcoins.
As with any fund, there is no guarantee that the Fund will achieve its investment objective.
Interest Rate Risk
Interest rate risk is the risk that prices of fixed income securities generally increase when interest rates decline and decrease when interest rates increase. The Fund may lose money if short-term or long-term interest rates rise sharply or otherwise change in a manner not anticipated by the Adviser. There may be less governmental action in the future to maintain low interest rates. The negative impact on fixed income securities from the resulting rate increases for that and other reasons could be swift and significant.
Allocation Risk
The success of the Fund’s investment strategy depends on, among other things, the Adviser’s ability to select Alternative Beta Providers and Alternative Investment Strategies to implement the Fund’s investment objective and the Adviser’s success in allocating assets to those Alternative Beta Providers. The Fund’s Alternative Beta Strategies may underperform the market generally or underperform other investment managers that could have been selected for the Fund.
Sector Risk
Companies in similar businesses may be similarly affected by particular economic or market events, which may, in certain circumstances, cause the value of securities of all companies in a particular sector of the market to decrease.
Technology Securities Risk
Securities of technology companies may be subject to greater price volatility than securities of companies in other sectors. These securities may fall in and out of favor with investors rapidly, which may cause sudden selling and dramatically lower market prices. Technology securities also may be affected adversely by changes in technology, consumer and business purchasing patterns, government regulation and/or obsolete products or services.
High Portfolio Turnover Risk
Active and frequent trading of the Fund’s portfolio securities may result in increased transaction costs to the Fund, including brokerage commissions, dealer mark-ups and other transaction costs, which could reduce the Fund’s return.
Liquidity Risk
Although the Fund will invest primarily in liquid, publicly traded securities, the Fund may make investments that may be illiquid or that may become less liquid in response to market developments or adverse investor perceptions. Illiquid investments may be more difficult to value and more difficult to sell in response to redemption requests than liquid investments. If the Fund must sell illiquid or less liquid assets to meet redemption requests or other cash needs, it may be forced to sell at a loss.
Credit/Default Risk
An issuer or guarantor of fixed income securities or instruments held by the Fund may default on its obligation to pay interest and principal when due or default on any other obligation, which may impair the liquidity and value of the Fund’s investment. In addition, the Fund may incur expenses in an effort to protect the Fund's interests or enforce its rights against an issuer, guarantor or counterparty or may be hindered or delayed in exercising these rights.
Currency Risk
The Fund’s returns may be adversely impacted by changes in currency exchange rates.
Custody Risk
The Fund invests in securities markets that are less developed than those in the U.S., which may expose the Fund to risks in the process of clearing and settling trades and the holding of securities by local banks, agents and depositories. The less developed a country’s securities market is, the greater the likelihood of custody problems.
Cyber Security and Operational Risk
The Fund and its service providers may experience disruptions that arise from breaches in cyber security, human error, processing and communications errors, counterparty or third-party errors, technology or systems failures, any of which may have an adverse impact on the Fund. Failures or breaches of the electronic systems of the Fund, the Fund’s adviser, distributor, and other service providers, or the issuers of securities in which the Fund invests have the ability to cause disruptions and negatively impact the Fund’s operations, potentially resulting in financial losses to the Fund and its shareholders.
Exchange-Traded Product Risk
The Fund may invest in long (or short) positions in ETFs, ETNs and other exchange traded vehicles (“ETVs” and collectively with ETFs and ETNs, “ETPs”). Through its positions in ETPs, the Fund will be subject to the risks associated with such vehicles’ investments, including the possibility that the value of the securities or instruments held by an ETP could decrease (or increase), and will bear its proportionate share of the ETP’s fees and expenses. In addition, certain of the ETPs may hold common portfolio positions.
Foreign Investments and Emerging Markets Risk
The Fund may invest in the securities of non-U.S. issuers, including those located in developing countries, which securities involve risks beyond those associated with investments in U.S. securities. These risks may relate to foreign political, social and economic matters, less developed markets, political immobility and less developed legal and accounting practices.
Hedging Transactions Risk
Hedging transactions may limit the opportunity for gain if the value of the portfolio position should increase. There can be no assurance that the Fund will engage in hedging transactions at any given time, even under volatile market conditions, or that any hedging transactions the Fund engages in will be successful. Moreover, it may not be possible for the Fund to enter into a hedging transaction at a price sufficient to protect its assets. The Fund may not anticipate a particular risk so as to hedge against it.
Highly Leveraged Transactions Risk
The loans or other debt instruments in which the Fund invests may include highly leveraged transactions whereby the borrower assumes large amounts of debt in order to have the financial resources to attempt to achieve its business objectives. Loans or other debt instruments that are part of highly leveraged transactions involve a greater risk (including default and bankruptcy) than other investments.
Investment in Other Investment Companies Risk
As with other investments, investments in other investment companies, including ETFs, are subject to market and manager risk. In addition, if the Fund acquires shares of investment companies, shareholders bear both their proportionate share of expenses in the Fund (including management and advisory fees) and, indirectly, the expenses of the investment companies. The Fund may invest in money market mutual funds. An investment in a money market mutual fund is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other government agency. Although money market mutual funds that invest in U.S. government securities seek to preserve the value of the Fund’s investment at $1.00 per share, it is possible to lose money by investing in a stable NAV money market mutual fund. Moreover, SEC rules require prime money market mutual funds to use floating NAVs that do not preserve the value of the Fund’s investment at $1.00 per share.
Investment Style Risk
Different investment styles (e.g., “growth”, “value” or “quantitative”) tend to shift in and out of favor depending upon market and economic conditions and investor sentiment. The Fund employs various non-traditional and alternative investment styles, and may outperform or underperform other funds that invest in similar asset classes but employ different investment styles.
Alternative Beta Strategies seek to generate returns through exposure to portfolios of risky assets that are selected based on non-traditional criteria. These strategies may involve elevated risk insofar as they may not involve detailed, issuer-specific fundamental analysis. Alternative Beta Strategies may give the Fund exposure to individual issuers that face significant operational, financial, regulatory or other challenges.
Issuer Risk
An issuer in which the Fund invests or to which it has exposure may perform poorly, and the value of its loans or securities may therefore decline, which would negatively affect the Fund’s performance. Poor performance may be caused by poor management decisions, competitive pressures, breakthroughs in technology, reliance on suppliers, labor problems or shortages, corporate restructurings, fraudulent disclosures, natural disasters, the spread of infectious illness (including epidemics and pandemics) or other events, conditions or factors.
Leverage Risk
Leverage occurs when the Fund directly or indirectly increases its assets available for investment using borrowings, short sales, financial instruments, or similar instruments or techniques. The use of leverage may make any change in the Fund’s NAV greater than it otherwise would be and thus result in increased volatility of returns and the risk that the Fund will lose more than it has invested. Leverage can also create interest or other transactional expenses that may lower the Fund’s overall returns. The use of leverage may cause the Fund to liquidate portfolio positions at disadvantageous times in order to satisfy its obligations or to meet any asset segregation or position coverage requirements.
Limited Capacity Risk
Alternative investment strategies utilized by the Fund may have limited capacity, and the Adviser may not be able to allocate as much of the Fund’s assets to one or more alternative investment strategies as it desires. This capacity limitation may negatively impact the performance and portfolio composition of the Fund.
Model and Technology Risk
The Adviser and Alternative Beta Providers may use investment programs that are fundamentally dependent on proprietary or licensed technology through such manager’s use of, among other things, certain hardware, software, model-based strategies, data gathering systems, order execution, and trade allocation systems, and/or risk management systems. These strategies may not be successful on an ongoing basis or could contain errors, omissions, imperfections, or malfunctions. These errors may result in, among other things, execution and allocation failures and failures to properly gather and organize large amounts of data from third parties and other external sources.
Non-Diversification Risk
The Fund is classified as a “non-diversified” investment company, which means that the percentage of its assets that may be invested in the securities of a single issuer is not limited by the 1940 Act. As a result, the Fund’s investment portfolio may be subject to greater risk and volatility than if investments had been made in the securities of a broad range of issuers.
Non-Investment Grade Fixed Income Securities Risk
Non-investment grade fixed income securities and unrated securities of comparable credit quality (commonly known as “junk bonds”) are considered speculative and are subject to the increased risk of an issuer’s inability to meet principal and interest payment obligations, increased risk of price volatility, increased risk of illiquidity and other risks.
Prepayment Risk
The Fund faces prepayment risk with respect to certain fixed-income investments. When interest rates fall, certain fixed income obligations will be paid off by the obligor more quickly than originally anticipated, and the Fund may have to invest the proceeds in securities with lower yields, potentially reducing overall Fund returns.
Regulatory Risk
Legal, tax, and regulatory developments may adversely affect the Fund. The regulatory environment for the Fund is evolving, and changes in the regulation of investment funds, their managers, and their trading activities and capital markets, or a regulator’s disagreement with the Fund’s interpretation of the application of certain regulations, may adversely affect the ability of the Fund to pursue its investment strategy, its ability to obtain leverage and financing, and the value of investments held by the Fund.
Rule 144A and Other Exempted Securities Risk
In the U.S. market, private placements are typically sold only to qualified institutional buyers, or qualified purchasers, as applicable. An insufficient number of buyers interested in purchasing private placements at a particular time could affect adversely the marketability of such investments and the Fund might be unable to dispose of them promptly or at reasonable prices, subjecting the Fund to liquidity risk.
Short Sales Risk
A short sale of a security involves the theoretical risk of unlimited loss because of increases in the market price of the security sold short. The Fund’s use of short sales, in certain circumstances, can result in significant losses.
Structured Products and Structured Notes Risk
A structured product may decline in value due to changes in the underlying instruments on which the product is based. The cash flow or rate of return on the underlying investments may be apportioned among the newly issued securities to create different investment characteristics, such as varying maturities, credit quality, payment priorities and interest rate provisions. The cash flow or rate of return on a structured investment may be determined by applying a multiplier to the rate of total return on the underlying investments or referenced indicator. Application of a multiplier is comparable to the use of financial leverage, a speculative technique.
Holders of structured products indirectly bear risks associated with the underlying investments, index or reference obligation, and are subject to counterparty risk. Structured products are generally privately offered and sold, and thus, are not registered under the securities laws. Certain structured products may be thinly traded or have a limited trading market and may have the effect of increasing the Fund’s illiquidity to the extent that the Fund, at a particular point in time, may be unable to find qualified buyers for these securities. Structured notes are derivative securities for which the amount of principal repayment and/or interest payments is based on the movement of one or more “factors.” Investments in structured notes involve risks including interest rate risk, credit risk and market risk. Where the Fund’s investments in structured notes are based upon the movement of one or more factors, depending on the factor used and the use of multipliers or deflators, changes in interest rates and movement of the factor may cause significant price fluctuations.
Subsidiary Risk
By investing in a Subsidiary, the Fund is indirectly exposed to the risks associated with the Subsidiary’s investments. The derivatives and other investments held by the Subsidiary are generally similar to those that are permitted to be held by the Fund and are subject to the same risks that apply to similar investments if held directly by the Fund. The Subsidiary is not registered under the 1940 Act, and unless otherwise noted in this Prospectus, is not subject to all the investor protections of the 1940 Act. Changes in the laws of the United States and/or the Cayman Islands could result in the inability of the Fund and/or Subsidiary to continue to operate as it does currently and could adversely affect the Fund.
Swap Agreements Risk
In a typical swap transaction, two parties agree to exchange the return earned on a specified underlying reference for a fixed return or the return from another underlying reference during a specified period of time. Swaps may be difficult to value and may be illiquid. Swaps could result in Fund losses if the underlying asset or reference does not perform as anticipated. Swaps create significant investment leverage such that a relatively small price movement in a swap may result in immediate and substantial losses to the Fund. The Fund may only close out a swap with its particular counterparty, and may only transfer a position with the consent of that counterparty.
Certain swaps, such as short swap transactions and total return swaps, have the potential for unlimited losses, regardless of the size of the initial investment. Swaps can increase the Fund’s risk exposure to underlying references and their attendant risks, such as credit risk, market risk, foreign currency risk and interest rate risk, while also exposing the Fund to correlation risk, counterparty risk, hedging risk, inflation risk, leverage risk, liquidity risk, pricing risk and volatility risk.
Tax Risk
The Fund may gain most of its exposure to the commodities markets and Bitcoin-related investments through its investment in the Subsidiary, which invests in commodity investments, derivative instruments and Bitcoin-related investments. To the extent the Fund invests in such instruments directly, it will seek to restrict its income from instruments that do not generate qualifying income to a maximum of 10% of its gross income (when combined with its other investments that produce non-qualifying income) to comply with certain qualifying income tests necessary for the Fund to qualify as a regulated investment company (a “RIC”) under Subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). The Fund believes that income from the Subsidiary will be qualifying income because it expects that the Subsidiary will make annual distributions of its earnings and profits.
To comply with its asset diversification test applicable to a RIC, the Fund will limit its investments in the Subsidiary to 25% of the Fund’s total assets at the end of each quarter. The Fund intends to invest in complex derivatives for which there is not clear guidance from the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) as to the calculation of such investments under the asset diversification test applicable to RICs. There are no assurances that the IRS will agree with the Fund’s calculation under the asset diversification test which could cause the Fund to fail to qualify as a RIC.
The tax treatment of certain commodity investments, derivative instruments and Bitcoin-related investments in which the Fund may invest may be affected by future regulatory or legislative changes that could affect the character, timing and/or amount of the Fund’s taxable income or gains and distributions.If the Fund did not qualify as a RIC for any taxable year and certain relief provisions were not available, the Fund’s taxable income would be subject to tax at the Fund level and to a further tax at the shareholder level when such income is distributed. Failure to comply with the requirements for qualification as a RIC would have significant negative tax consequences to Fund shareholders.
U.S. Government Securities Risk
The U.S. government may not provide financial support to U.S. government agencies, instrumentalities or sponsored enterprises that have issued debt securities that may be held by the Fund. Such issuers may not have the funds to meet their payment obligations in the future.
Valuation Risk
The sales price the Fund could receive for any particular portfolio investment may differ from the Fund’s valuation of the investment, particularly for assets that trade in thin or volatile markets, such as ETFs that provide exposure to Bitcoin and Bitcoin futures contracts, or that are valued using a fair value methodology. Investors who purchase or redeem Fund shares on days when the Fund is holding fair-valued securities may receive fewer or more shares or lower or higher redemption proceeds than they would have received if the Fund had not fair-valued the security or had used a different valuation methodology. Bitcoin-related investments, including ETFs that provide exposure to Bitcoin and Bitcoin futures contracts, may trade at a substantial premium to the net asset value of such assets. Shares that trade at a premium mean that an investor who purchases $1 of a portfolio will actually own less than $1 in assets.
Comparison of Fundamental and Non-Fundamental Investment Restrictions
The 1940 Act requires registered investment companies, such as the Funds, to adopt fundamental policies with respect to concentration of investments in securities of issuers in a particular industry or group of industries, borrowing, issuing senior securities, lending, investments in commodities, investments in real estate, underwriting securities and diversification (if applicable). Fundamental policies cannot be changed without approval by the vote of a majority of the outstanding shares of a Fund. The phrase “majority of the outstanding shares” means the vote of (i) 67% or more of the Fund’s shares present at a meeting, if more than 50% of the outstanding shares of the Fund are present or represented by proxy, or (ii) more than 50% of the Fund’s outstanding shares, whichever is less. Non-fundamental policies may be changed by a Fund’s Board of Trustees without shareholder approval.
A comparison of the Funds’ fundamental and non-fundamental policies is provided below. Although the fundamental investment policies of the Target Funds and the Acquiring Funds are worded differently, in general the differences between the fundamental investment policies of the Target Funds and the Acquiring Funds are not expected to result in any material difference between the way the Target Funds have been managed and the way the Acquiring Funds will be managed.
Fundamental Policies
| Target Funds | Acquiring Funds |
Concentration | The Target Funds may not invest 25% or more of its total assets in a particular industry or group of industries. Securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Government or its agencies or instrumentalities are not considered to represent an industry. | The Acquiring Funds may not concentrate investments in a particular industry or group of industries, as concentration is defined under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time, except that a Fund may invest without limitation in securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities and repurchase agreements involving such securities or tax-exempt obligations of state or municipal governments and their political subdivisions. |
Borrowing/Senior Securities | The Target Funds may borrow money, make loans, or issue senior securities to the fullest extent permitted by the 1940 Act, the rules or regulations thereunder, or applicable orders of the SEC, as such statute, rules, regulations, or orders may be amended from time to time. | The Acquiring Funds may borrow money or issue senior securities (as defined under the 1940 Act), except as prohibited under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
Lending | The Target Funds may borrow money, make loans, or issue senior securities to the fullest extent permitted by the 1940 Act, the rules or regulations thereunder, or applicable orders of the SEC, as such statute, rules, regulations, or orders may be amended from time to time. | The Acquiring Funds may make loans, except as prohibited under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
Commodities and Real Estate | The Target Funds may purchase or sell commodities, commodities contracts, futures contracts and related options, options, forward contracts, or real estate to the fullest extent permitted by the 1940 Act, the rules or regulations thereunder, or applicable orders of the SEC, as such statute, rules, regulations, or orders may be amended from time to time. | The Acquiring Funds may purchase or sell commodities or real estate, except as prohibited under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
Underwriting | The Target Funds may underwrite securities to the fullest extent permitted by the 1940 Act, the rules or regulations thereunder, or applicable orders of the SEC, as such statute, rules, regulations, or orders may be amended from time to time. | The Acquiring Funds may underwrite securities issued by other persons, except as prohibited under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder or any exemption therefrom, as such statute, rules or regulations may be amended or interpreted from time to time. |
Non-Fundamental Policies
Neither the Target Funds nor the Acquiring Funds have non-fundamental policies. The Funds may be subject to other investment restrictions that are not identified in this section. A full description of the Funds’ investment policies and restrictions may be found in the Target Funds SAI and the Merger SAI.
Comparison of Shareholder Rights
Each Target Fund is a series of the Target Trust, which is a Delaware Statutory Trust. Each Acquiring Fund is a series of the Acquiring Trust, which also is a Delaware statutory trust. The Target Funds are governed by the Agreement and Declaration of Trust dated November 28, 2016, as amended (“Target Funds Declaration”), its bylaws and Delaware law. Each Acquiring Fund is governed by an Agreement and Declaration of Trust dated December 4, 2013, as amended (“Acquiring Funds Declaration”), its bylaws and Delaware law. Information about the shareholder rights provided for in each Fund’s governing instruments and governing law is provided below.
Category | Target Funds | Material Differences of the Acquiring Funds |
Funds may issue shares without shareholder approval | Yes | Same |
Amount of Shares each Fund may issue | Unlimited | Same |
Preemptive Rights | None | Same |
Annual Meetings | Not required | Same |
Right to Call Shareholder Meetings | May be called at any time by the President, and shall be called by the President or the Secretary at the request, in writing or by resolution, of a majority of the Trustees, or at the written request of the holder or holders of a majority of the total number of the then-issued and outstanding Shares of the Trust entitled to vote at such meeting. | Shall be called by the Secretary upon written request of the holders of shares entitled to cast not less than ten percent (10%) of all the votes entitled to be cast at such meeting. |
Category | Target Funds | Material Differences of the Acquiring Funds |
Quorum for Meetings | Except when a larger quorum is required by applicable law, the Declaration of Trust or the By-Laws, thirty-three and one-third percent (33-1/3%) of the Shares outstanding and entitled to vote present in person or represented by proxy at a Shareholders’ meeting shall constitute a quorum at such meeting. When a separate vote by one or more Series or Classes is required, thirty-three and one-third percent (33-1/3%) of the outstanding Shares of each such Series or Class entitled to vote present in person or represented by proxy at a Shareholders’ meeting shall constitute a quorum of such Series or Class. If a quorum, as above defined, is not present for the purpose of any vote that may properly come before any meeting of Shareholders at the time and place of the meeting, the Shareholders present in person or by proxy and entitled to vote at such meeting on such matter holding a majority of the Shares present and entitled to vote on such matter may by vote adjourn the meeting from time to time to be held, without further notice than by announcement to be given at the meeting until a quorum, as above defined, entitled to vote on such matter, is present, whereupon any such matter may be voted upon at the meeting as though held when originally convened. | If a quorum shall not be present or represented at any meeting of the shareholders, the meeting may be adjourned to a date not more than 180 days after the original record date or another date and time within a reasonable time after the date set for the original meeting. |
Vote Required | Any matter required to be submitted to Shareholders and affecting one or more Classes or Series of Shares shall require approval by the required vote of all the affected Classes and Series of Shares voting together as a single Class; provided, however, that as to any matter with respect to which a separate vote of any Class or Series of Shares is required by the 1940 Act, such requirement as to a separate vote by that Class or Series of Shares shall apply in addition to a vote of all the affected Classes and Series voting together as a single Class. Shareholders of a particular Class or Series of Shares shall not be entitled to vote on any matter that affects only one or more other Classes or Series of Shares. There shall be no cumulative voting in the election or removal of Trustees. | No material differences. |
Category | Target Funds | Material Differences of the Acquiring Funds |
Removal of Trustees by Shareholders | Any Trustee may be removed by action of a majority of the Trustees with or without cause. Any Trustee may be removed with or without cause (i) at any meeting of Shareholders by a vote of two-thirds of the total combined net asset value of all Shares of the Trust issued and outstanding or (ii) by vote of a majority of the Trustees. | A meeting of shareholders for the purpose of removing one or more Trustees may be called upon the demand of shareholders owning 10% or more, rather than two-thirds, of the Shares of the Trust in the aggregate. |
Personal Liability of Shareholders | If any Shareholder or former Shareholder of any Series is held personally liable solely by reason of his or her being or having been a Shareholder and not because of his, her or its acts or omissions or for some other reason, the Shareholder or former Shareholder (or his or her heirs, executors, administrators or other legal representatives or, in the case of any entity, its general successor) shall be entitled out of the assets belonging to the applicable Series to be held harmless from and indemnified against all loss and expense arising from such liability. The Trust, on behalf of the affected Series, shall, upon request by such Shareholder or former Shareholder, assume the defense of any claim made against him, her or it for any act or obligation of the Series and satisfy any judgment thereon from the assets belonging to the Series. | No material differences. |
Category | Target Funds | Material Differences of the Acquiring Funds |
Trustee/Director Power to Amend Organizational Documents | The Target Trust’s Declaration of Trust may be restated and/or amended at any time by (i) an instrument in writing signed by a majority of the Target Trust’s Trustees then holding office or (ii) adoption by a majority of the Trustees then holding office of a resolution specifying the restatement and/or amendment. Any such restatement and/or amendment shall be effective immediately upon such execution or adoption. No vote or consent of any Shareholder shall be required for any amendment to the Declaration of Trust except (i) as determined by the Trustees in their sole discretion or (ii) as required by federal law including the 1940 Act, but only to the extent so required. The Target Trust’s By-Laws may be restated and/or amended at any time, without the approval of the Shareholders, by an instrument in writing signed by, or a resolution of, a majority of the Trustees then in office. | Shareholder approval is required for an amendment to the Acquiring Funds Declaration that would materially affect the rights and preferences of any class of shareholders. |
THE PROPOSED REORGANIZATIONS
Summary of Agreement and Plan of Reorganization
The terms and conditions under which each Reorganization is expected to be consummated are set forth in the Agreement, a copy of which is attached as Exhibit C to this Proxy Statement/Prospectus. A summary of all material provisions of the Agreement is provided below, and should be read carefully.
With respect to each Reorganization, if shareholders of the applicable Target Fund approve the Agreement and other closing conditions are satisfied, the assets of the Target Fund, as defined in the Agreement, will be delivered to the corresponding Acquiring Fund’s custodian for the account of the applicable Acquiring Fund in exchange for the assumption by the Acquiring Fund of all of the liabilities of the Target Fund and delivery by the Acquiring Fund to the Target Fund for further delivery to the holders of record as of the Effective Time (as defined below) of the issued and outstanding Class I and Class A shares of the Target Fund of a number of Class I and Class A shares of the Acquiring Fund (including, if applicable, fractional shares rounded to the nearest thousandth), having an aggregate net asset value equal to the value of the net assets of the Target Fund so transferred in liquidation of the Target Fund.
The value of the net assets of the Target Fund will be computed using the valuation procedures of the Acquiring Fund.
The Target Fund and the Acquiring Fund will be required to make representations and warranties that are customary in matters such as the Reorganizations.
If shareholders approve a Reorganization, and if all of the closing conditions set forth in the Agreement are satisfied or waived, consummation of the Reorganization (the “Closing”) is expected to occur on or around March 14, 2022 (the “Closing Date”), immediately prior to the opening of regular trading on the NYSE on the Closing Date (the “Effective Time”).
Following receipt of the requisite shareholder vote in favor of a Reorganization and as soon as reasonably practicable after the Closing, each Target Fund will dissolve in accordance with its governing documents and applicable law.
With respect to each Reorganization, the obligations of the applicable Acquiring Fund and the applicable Target Fund are subject to the following conditions, among others:
| · | the Acquiring Fund Registration Statement on Form N-14 (the “N-14 Registration Statement”) under the 1933 Act, shall have been filed with the SEC and such N-14 Registration Statement shall have become effective under the 1933 Act, and no stop-order suspending the effectiveness of the N-14 Registration Statement shall have been issued; |
| · | the shareholders of the Target Fund shall have approved the Agreement; |
| · | the Acquiring Fund and Target Fund have each delivered an officer’s certificate to the other party certifying that the representations and warranties made in the Agreement are true and correct in all material respects at and as of the Valuation Time (as such term is defined in the Agreement) and the Closing Date, except as they may be affected by the transactions contemplated by the Agreement; and |
| · | the Acquiring Fund and Target Fund shall each have received a legal opinion that the consummation of the transactions contemplated by the Agreement will not result in the recognition of gain or loss for federal income tax purposes for the Target Fund or its shareholders or the Acquiring Fund. |
With respect to each Reorganization, if shareholders of the applicable Target Fund do not approve the Agreement or if the Reorganization does not otherwise close, the Target Trust Board will consider what additional action to take, including abandoning the Reorganizations or seeking platforms other than the Acquiring Trust on which to reorganize the Target Funds. The Agreement may be terminated and the Reorganization may be abandoned at any time prior to Closing by, among other things, mutual agreement of the Target Trust and the Acquiring Trust. The Agreement may be amended or modified in a writing signed by the parties to the Agreement.
Board Considerations in Approving the Reorganizations
At a meeting of the Board of Trustees of the Target Trust held on September 2, 2021, the Target Trust Board, including a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested persons” of the Target Trust (each, an “Independent Trustee” and, together, the “Independent Trustees”), as such term is defined in Section 2(a)(19) of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”), approved the Reorganizations.
In their deliberations during various meetings of the full Target Trust Board held on July 19, 2021, August 3, 2021 and September 2, 2021 (the “Meetings”), and during executive sessions of the Independent Trustees of the Target Trust held on July 19, 2021, August 2, 2021, August 3, 2021, August 6, 2021 and September 2, 2021, the Trustees of the Target Trust considered a range of materials and information regarding the proposals to reorganize the Target Funds into the Acquiring Funds, including information provided by the Acquiring Trust in response to a due diligence request sent to the Acquiring Trust on behalf of the Independent Trustees. The Target Trust Board considered information relating to, among other things, the structure of the Acquiring Funds and the Acquiring Trust, including the class structure and anticipated fees and expenses of the Acquiring Funds; the investment policies, strategies and risks of the Acquiring Funds; the service providers of the Acquiring Funds; the anticipated financial and non-financial benefits of the Reorganizations expected to inure to the benefit of the Target Funds and their shareholders; the contractual terms of the Agreement governing the Reorganizations; and the benefits that may accrue to the Adviser and its affiliates as a result of the Reorganizations. The Target Trust Board also considered information related to potential economies of scale that could be realized as a result of the Reorganizations. In addition to evaluating, among other things, the written information provided by the Adviser, the Target Trust Board also considered the presentations provided to the Target Trust Board by representatives of the Adviser and the answers to questions posed by the Independent Trustees to such representatives at the various Meetings and through their independent legal counsel.
The Independent Trustees of the Target Trust Board met separately in various executive session with their independent legal counsel to review and consider the information provided regarding the Reorganizations. Based on their review, the Independent Trustees and the Target Trust Board determined to approve the Reorganizations. In their deliberations, the Target Trust Board did not identify any single factor or group of factors as all-important or controlling, but considered all factors together. The material factors and conclusions that formed the basis for the Target Trust Board’s determinations are discussed below.
The Target Trust Board considered that the structure of the Acquiring Funds and the Acquiring Trust are substantially similar to the structure of the Target Funds and the Target Trust. In particular, the Target Trust Board recognized that the class structure and shareholder rights of the Acquiring Funds are substantially similar to the class structure and shareholder rights of Target Funds. In addition, the Board considered that the Adviser and the portfolio managers of the Target Funds are not expected to change as a result of the Reorganizations and that the investment advisory services to be provided by the Adviser to the Acquiring Funds are identical to the services currently provided to the Target Funds. In addition, the Board considered that the investment objectives, strategies, policies, practices and risks of the Target Funds are identical to the Acquiring Funds’ investment objectives, strategies, policies, practices and risks.
The Target Trust Board also considered the service providers of the Acquiring Funds as compared to the current service providers of the Target Funds. With respect to the differences in service providers, the Target Trust Board considered information regarding the favorable reputation and experience of the third-party service providers for the Acquiring Funds and determined that, in light of the proposed services to be provided and the experience and size of the third-party service providers of the Acquiring Funds, shareholders would likely experience enhanced services for lower fees from such third-party service providers as a result of the Reorganizations. In addition, the Target Trust Board considered the Adviser’s belief that the Acquiring Funds would benefit from the enhanced distribution opportunities that would be provided to the Acquiring Funds in light of the larger distribution platform on which the Acquiring Funds would be sold.
The Target Trust Board also reviewed the proforma fees and expenses of the Acquiring Funds as compared to the current fees and expenses of the Target Funds. The Target Trust Board noted that the Adviser contractually caps the Target Funds’ ordinary operating expenses at 25 basis points and is responsible for paying all ordinary operating expenses over the 25 basis point cap for the Target Funds. The Target Trust Board also noted that the Adviser has represented that it will continue to cap the Acquiring Funds’ ordinary expenses at the same rate. The Target Trust Board considered that the proforma fees and expenses reflect a reduction in the gross overall operating expenses and gross expense ratio of each Acquiring Fund as compared to the corresponding Target Fund. The Target Trust Board also noted that the net operating expenses and expense ratio of each Acquiring Fund are the same as the corresponding Target Fund’s current net operating expenses and expense ratio, not taking into consideration Reorganizations costs to be paid by the Funds, due to the Adviser’s cap on expenses. The Board considered that the initial benefit of the reduction in fees and expenses resulting from the Reorganizations would inure to the benefit of the Adviser by reducing the amount of expenses paid by the Adviser for the Acquiring Funds in excess of the Adviser’s expense cap of 25 basis points. The Target Trust Board also considered that the Adviser’s projected proforma fees and expenses reflected that the Acquiring Funds would begin to experience lower fees and expenses once the ordinary operating expenses fall below the current 25 basis point cap, taking into account any available recoupments of prior expenses paid by the Adviser, within the next several years after the Reorganizations, based on conservative asset growth scenarios.
The Target Trust Board also noted that the Target Funds will pay approximately 80% of the direct costs of each Reorganization, including costs associated with organizing the Acquiring Fund, costs associated with the preparation, printing and distribution of the Proxy Statement/Prospectus, legal fees, accounting fees, transfer agent and custodian conversion costs, and expenses of soliciting Target Fund shareholders and holding the Meeting (and adjournments and postponements thereof), with the Adviser or its affiliates paying the remaining 20% of the Reorganization costs. In this regard, the Target Trust Board considered the proforma fee and expense examples that included the costs of the Reorganization, which would not fall within Adviser’s expense cap. The Target Trust Board noted that, with the effect of the payment of 80% of the Reorganization costs by the Target Funds, the Acquiring Funds would still realize economies of scale and a lower expense ratio over the next several years as a result of the Reorganizations as the assets of the Acquiring Funds grow.
The Target Trust Board reviewed and considered the contractual terms of the Agreement governing the Reorganizations. The Target Trust Board further considered the fact that, under the Agreement, each Acquiring Fund would assume all of the liabilities of its corresponding Target Fund. The Target Trust Trustees considered that the Reorganizations are not expected to result in taxable income or gain or other adverse U.S. federal tax consequences to shareholders.
The Target Trust Board, including all of the Independent Trustees, weighed the various anticipated benefits, possible risks and the anticipated costs to the Target Funds in considering the Reorganizations, both with respect to the immediate effects of the Reorganizations on each Target Fund and its shareholders and the potential benefits that could be experienced by the Acquiring Funds after the Reorganizations. In weighing these various benefits and risks, the Target Trust Board determined that the overall enhanced services that would be provided to the Acquiring Funds, along with the potential for enhanced distribution opportunities and the anticipated savings that would be realized by Acquiring Fund shareholders as the assets of the Funds grow, as well as the other factors considered by the Target Funds Board, supported the approval of the Reorganizations as in the best interests of each Target Fund and its shareholders and that the interests of existing shareholders in the Target Funds will not be diluted as a result of the transactions contemplated by the Reorganizations.
Federal Income Tax Considerations
The following is a general summary of certain material U.S. federal income tax considerations of the Reorganizations and is based upon the current provisions of the Code, the existing U.S. Treasury Regulations thereunder, current administrative rulings of the IRS and published judicial decisions, all of which are subject to change. These considerations are general in nature and individual shareholders should consult their own tax advisers as to the federal, state, local, and foreign tax considerations applicable to them and their individual circumstances. These considerations generally differ for shareholders who hold their shares in a tax-advantaged account.
With respect to each Reorganization, as a condition to Closing, Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP will render a favorable opinion to the applicable Target Fund and the corresponding Acquiring Fund generally to the effect that, for U.S. federal income tax purposes:
| · | The acquisition by the Acquiring Fund of all of the assets of the Target Fund, as provided for in the Agreement, solely in exchange for Acquiring Fund Shares and the assumption by the Acquiring Fund of all of the liabilities of the Target Fund, followed by the distribution by the Target Fund to its shareholders of the Acquiring Fund Shares in complete liquidation of the Target Fund, will qualify as a reorganization within the meaning of Section 368(a)(1) of the Code, and the Target Fund and the Acquiring Fund each will be a “party to a reorganization” within the meaning of Section 368(b) of the Code; |
| · | No gain or loss will be recognized by the Target Fund upon the transfer of all of its assets to, and assumption of all of its liabilities by, the Acquiring Fund in exchange solely for Acquiring Fund Shares pursuant to Section 361(a) and Section 357(a) of the Code, except for (A) gain or loss that may be recognized on the transfer of “section 1256 contracts” as defined in Section 1256(b) of the Code, (B) gain that may be recognized on the transfer of stock in a “passive foreign investment company” as defined in Section 1297(a) of the Code, and (C) any other gain or loss that may be required to be recognized upon the transfer of an asset regardless of whether such transfer would otherwise be a non-recognition transaction under the Code; |
| · | No gain or loss will be recognized by the Acquiring Fund upon the receipt by it of all of the assets of the Target Fund in exchange solely for the assumption of all of the liabilities of the Target Fund and issuance of the Acquiring Fund Shares pursuant to Section 1032(a) of the Code; |
| · | No gain or loss will be recognized by the Target Fund upon the distribution of the Acquiring Fund Shares by the Target Fund to its shareholders in complete liquidation (in pursuance of the Agreement) of the Target Fund pursuant to Section 361(c)(1) of the Code; |
| · | The tax basis of the assets of the Target Fund received by the Acquiring Fund will be the same as the tax basis of such assets in the hands of the Target Fund immediately prior to the transfer of such assets, increased by the amount of gain, or decreased by the amount of loss, if any, recognized by the Target Fund on the transfer pursuant to Section 362(b) of the Code; |
| · | The holding periods of the assets of the Target Fund in the hands of the Acquiring Fund will include the periods during which such assets were held by the Target Fund pursuant to Section 1223(2) of the Code, other than assets with respect to which gain or loss is required to be recognized and except where investment activities of the Acquiring Fund have the effect of reducing or eliminating the holding period with respect to an asset; |
| · | No gain or loss will be recognized by the shareholders of the Target Fund upon the exchange of all of their Target Fund shares for the Acquiring Fund Shares pursuant to Section 354(a) of the Code; |
| · | The aggregate tax basis of the Acquiring Fund Shares received by a shareholder of the Target Fund will be the same as the aggregate tax basis of the Target Fund shares exchanged therefor pursuant to Section 358(a)(1) of the Code; |
| · | The holding period of the Acquiring Fund Shares received by a shareholder of the Target Fund will include the holding period of the Target Fund shares exchanged therefor, provided that the shareholder held the Target Fund shares as a capital asset on the date of the exchange pursuant to Section 1223(1) of the Code; and |
| · | The consummation of the Reorganization will not terminate the taxable year of the Target Fund. The part of the taxable year of the Target Fund before the Reorganization and the part of the taxable year of the Acquiring Fund after the Reorganization will constitute a single taxable year of the Acquiring Fund. |
Such opinion will be conditioned upon, among other things, the accuracy, as of the Closing Date, of certain representations of the Target Fund and the Acquiring Fund upon which Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP will rely in rendering its opinion. Such opinion of counsel may state that no opinion is expressed as to any other U.S. federal tax issues (except those set forth in the opinion) and all state, local or foreign tax issues of any kind. Such opinion will be conditioned upon the performance by the Target Fund and the Acquiring Fund of their respective undertakings in the Agreement and upon the representation letters provided by officers of the Funds to Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP. A copy of the opinions will be filed with the SEC and will be available for public inspection.
Opinions of counsel are not binding upon the IRS or the courts. If a Reorganization is consummated but the IRS or the courts determine that the Reorganization does not qualify as a tax-free reorganization under the Code, and thus is taxable, the applicable Target Fund would recognize gain or loss on the transfer of its assets to the corresponding Acquiring Fund and each shareholder of the Target Fund would recognize a taxable gain or loss equal to the difference between its tax basis in the Target Fund shares and the fair market value of the shares of the Acquiring Fund it receives.
The tax attributes, including capital loss carryovers, of each Target Fund will move to the corresponding Acquiring Fund in the applicable Reorganization. The ability of an Acquiring Fund to carry forward capital losses (if any) of the corresponding Target Fund and use such losses to offset future gains generally will not be limited as a direct result of the Reorganization. As of December 31, 2020, the Target Funds had the following capital loss carryovers:
Target Fund | Capital Loss Carryover |
FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund | $9,687,075 |
FS Chiron Real Asset Fund | None |
Significant holders of shares of a Target Fund (generally, those holders that own at least 1% of the total outstanding stock (by vote or value) of a Target Fund or that own Target Fund securities with an aggregate basis of $1 million or more immediately prior to the Reorganization) generally will be required to attach a statement to their U.S. federal income tax return for the year in which the Reorganization occurs that contains the information listed in U.S. Treasury Regulation 1.368-3(b).
If you acquired different blocks of shares of a Target Fund at different times or for different prices, you should consult your tax advisor concerning the treatment of the basis and holding period for the different blocks of stock in the Reorganization. You should also consult your tax adviser regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences to you, if any, of the Reorganizations in light of your particular circumstances, as well as the state and local tax consequences, if any, of the Reorganizations because this discussion is only a general summary of certain federal income tax consequences.
Costs of the Reorganizations
The Adviser shall bear 20% of aggregate Reorganization Costs. Of the remaining 80% of Reorganization Costs, each Fund shall bear all of the Proxy Costs applicable to such Fund and the Fund’s pro rata share of aggregate Non-Proxy Costs based on the net asset value of such Fund relative to the aggregate net asset value of all series of the Target Trust. Please refer to the section of this Proxy Statement/Prospectus entitled “Summary of Key Information - Who will pay the costs of the Reorganizations?” for estimates of the Reorganization costs to be borne by each Target Fund.
The Target Trust Board unanimously recommends that shareholders of the Target Funds approve the Reorganizations.
VOTING INFORMATION
You are receiving this Proxy Statement/Prospectus and the enclosed Proxy Ballot because the Target Trust Board is soliciting your proxy to vote at the Meeting and at any adjournments or postponements of the Meeting. This Proxy Statement/Prospectus gives you information about the business to be conducted at the Meeting. You do not need to attend the Meeting to vote. Instead, you may simply complete, sign, and return the enclosed proxy card or vote by telephone or through a website established for that purpose.
Shares Outstanding.
This Proxy Statement/Prospectus, the enclosed Notice of Joint Special Meeting of Shareholders, and the enclosed proxy card are expected to be mailed on or about December 21, 2021, to all shareholders entitled to vote. Shareholders of record of the Target Funds on the Record Dates are entitled to vote at the Meeting. Each full share of a Target Fund is entitled to one vote and each fractional share is entitled to a vote equal to its fraction of a full share. All share classes of the Target Funds will vote together as one class. The total number of votes to which shareholders of such class are entitled at the Meeting if they hold their shares until the Record Dates, are set forth below.
Fund | Share Class | Shares Outstanding |
FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund | Class A | 726,210.883 |
Class I | 12,582,039.752 |
FS Chiron Real Asset Fund | Class A | 2,500.000 |
Class I | 2,117,327.712 |
Quorum; Treatment of Broker Non-Votes; Adjournment
A quorum must be present at the Meeting for the transaction of business. For each of the Target Funds, the holders of 33⅓% of the aggregate number of shares of the Target Fund entitled to vote present in person or by proxy constitute a quorum for the transaction of business with respect to that Target Fund. Abstentions and broker non-votes do not represent votes cast for the Proposals but will be counted for purposes of determining whether a quorum is present. “Broker non-votes” are shares held by a broker or nominee as to which instructions have not been received from the beneficial owners or persons entitled to vote, and the broker or nominee does not have discretionary voting power but for which a broker or nominee returns the proxy card or otherwise votes without actually voting on the relevant Proposal. Because the affirmative “vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities,” as defined below, of the respective Target Fund is required to approve each Proposal, abstentions and broker non-votes will have the effect of a vote against such Proposal. However, it is the Trust’s understanding that because broker-dealers, in the absence of specific authorization from their customers, will not have discretionary authority to vote any shares held beneficially by their customers on the matter expected to be presented at the Meeting, there are unlikely to be any “broker non-votes” at the Meeting.
Whether or not a quorum is present at the Meeting, the chair of the Meeting may propose one or more adjournments of the Meeting to permit further solicitation of proxies. Any adjourned session or sessions may be held, any time after the date set for the Meeting, without the necessity of further notice. Upon motion of the chair of the Meeting, the question of adjournment may be (but is not required to be) submitted to a vote of the shareholders, and in that case, any adjournment with respect to one or more matters must be approved by the vote of a majority of the votes cast in person or by proxy at the Meeting with respect to the matter or matters adjourned, whether or not a quorum is present with respect to such matter or matters, and, if approved, such adjournment shall take place without the necessity of further notice. Unless a proxy is otherwise limited in this regard, any shares present and entitled to vote at a meeting may, at the discretion of the proxies named therein, be voted “FOR” a proposal in favor of such an adjournment.
The person(s) named as proxies on the enclosed proxy card will vote in accordance with your directions, if your proxy card is received properly executed or if you vote appropriately by phone or over the Internet. If we receive your proxy card, and it is executed properly, but you give no voting instructions with respect to the Proposals, your shares will be voted in accordance with management’s recommendation. The duly appointed proxies may, in their discretion, vote upon such other matters as may properly come before the Meeting and any adjournment(s) or postponement(s) thereof.
Under the Target Funds Declaration, when any share is held jointly by several persons, any one of them may vote at any meeting in person or by proxy in respect of such share, unless at or prior to exercise of the proxy the Target Trust receives a specific written notice to the contrary from any one of them.
Other Business
The Target Trust Trustees do not know of any additional matters to be presented at the Meeting other than those set forth in this Proxy Statement/Prospectus. If other business should properly come before the Meeting, proxies will be voted in accordance with the judgment of the persons named in the accompanying proxy or any adjournment(s) or postponement(s) thereof.
Required Vote.
Each proposal must be approved by a “vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities” of the respective Target Fund. The “vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities” is defined in the 1940 Act as the lesser of the vote of (i) 67% or more of the voting securities of a Target Fund entitled to vote on the proposal present at the Meeting or represented by proxy, if more than 50% of the Target Fund’s outstanding voting securities are present or represented by proxy; or (ii) more than 50% of the outstanding voting securities of the Target Fund entitled to vote on the proposal.
Solicitation of Proxies.
Representatives of the Target Funds’ Adviser may solicit proxies by telephone, letter or personally and will receive no additional compensation for these services. The Target Trust may also use one or more proxy solicitation firms to assist with the mailing and tabulation effort and any special personal solicitation of proxies. Banks, brokers, fiduciaries and nominees will, upon request, be reimbursed for their reasonable expenses in sending proxy material to beneficial owners of shares of the Target Funds.
Broadridge (the “Solicitor”) has been engaged to assist in the solicitation of proxies, at an estimated cost of approximately $72,500 plus out-of-pocket expenses. As the Meeting date approaches, certain shareholders of the Target Funds may receive telephone calls from a representative of the Solicitor if their votes have not yet been received. Proxies that are obtained telephonically will be recorded in accordance with the procedures described below. The Target Trust Trustees believe that these procedures are reasonably designed to ensure that both the identity of the shareholder casting the vote and the voting instructions of the shareholder are accurately determined.
If a shareholder wishes to participate in the Meeting and does not wish to authorize the execution of a proxy by telephone, mail, facsimile or Internet, the shareholder may vote at the Meeting.
If you require additional information regarding the proxy or replacement Proxy Ballot, please call the Solicitor toll free at (844) 858-7386. Any proxy given by a shareholder, whether in writing, by telephone, by facsimile or the Internet, is revocable until voted at the Meeting.
Shareholders Sharing the Same Address
The Target Funds will mail only one copy of this proxy statement to a household, even if more than one person in a household is a Target Fund shareholder of record, unless the Target Funds have received contrary instructions from one or more of the shareholders. If you need additional copies of this Proxy Statement/Prospectus and you are a holder of record of your shares, please call the Target Funds at (844) 858-7386. If your shares are held in broker street name, please contact your financial service firm to obtain additional copies of this proxy statement. If in the future you do not want the mailing of proxy statements to be combined with those of other members of your household, or if you have received multiple copies of this proxy statement and want future mailings to be combined with those of other members of your household, please contact the Target Funds in writing at 201 Rouse Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19112, or by telephone at (877) 628-8575, or contact your financial service firm. The Target Funds undertake to deliver promptly upon written or oral request a separate copy of the proxy statement to a security holder at a shared address to which a single copy of the document was delivered.
Share Ownership by Large Shareholders, Management and Trustees
A list of the name, address, and percent ownership of each person who, as of the applicable Record Date, to the knowledge of each Target Fund, owned 5% or more of the outstanding shares of the Target Fund can be found at Exhibit B to this Proxy Statement/Prospectus.
To the best of the knowledge of the Target Trust, the ownership of shares of each Target Fund by officers and Trustees of the Target Trust as a group constituted less than 1% of the shares of the Target Fund as of its Record Date.
Voting Authority of the Adviser.
As of the applicable Record Date, the Adviser and its affiliates owned approximately 100% of the Target Real Asset Fund’s outstanding voting securities. The Adviser and its affiliates intend to vote their shares FOR the Proposal applicable to the Target Real Asset Fund. Based on the foregoing voting authority, the Adviser has the ability to control whether the Reorganization for the Target Real Asset Fund is approved.
OTHER MATTERS
Capitalization
The following tables show the capitalization of each Target Fund as of September 7, 2021, its corresponding Acquiring Fund as of September 7, 2021 and its corresponding Acquiring Fund on a pro forma combined basis (unaudited) as of September 7, 2021 giving effect to the proposed Reorganization. The following are examples of the number of shares of each Acquiring Fund that would be exchanged for the shares of its corresponding Target Fund if the Reorganization was consummated on September 7, 2021, and does not reflect the number of shares or value of shares that would actually be received if the Reorganizations occurred on the Closing Date. Each Acquiring Fund is a shell fund that will commence operations on the Closing Date. Each Target Fund will be the accounting survivor for financial statement purposes. The capitalizations of the Target Funds and their share classes are likely to be different on the Closing Date as a result of daily share purchase, redemption, and market activity.
Target Multi-Strategy Fund – Acquiring Multi-Strategy Fund Reorganization
| Target Multi-Strategy Fund | Acquiring Multi-Strategy Fund | Pro Forma Adjustments | (Pro Forma Combined) |
Class A Shares Net Assets (in Thousands) | $8,870 | $0 | $(23)(a) | $8,847 |
Class A Shares Outstanding | 833,072 | 0 | 0 | 833,072 |
Class A Shares Net Asset Value Per Share | $10.65 | $0 | $(0.03)(b) | $10.62 |
Class I Shares Net Assets (in Thousands) | $126,905 | $0 | $(325)(a) | $126,580 |
Class I Shares Outstanding | 11,864,848 | 0 | 0 | 11,864,848 |
Class I Shares Net Asset Value Per Share | $10.70 | $0 | $(0.03)(b) | $10.67 |
Target Real Asset Fund – Acquiring Real Asset Fund Reorganization
| Target Real Asset Fund | Acquiring Real Asset Fund | Pro Forma Adjustments | (Pro Forma Combined) |
Class A Shares Net Assets (in Thousands) | $30 | $0 | $(0)(a),(c) | $30 |
Class A Shares Outstanding | 2,500 | 0 | 0 | 2,500 |
Class A Shares Net Asset Value Per Share | $12.18 | $0 | $(0.02)(b) | $12.16 |
Class I Shares Net Assets (in Thousands) | $2,465 | $0 | $(4)(a) | $2,461 |
Class I Shares Outstanding | 202,255 | 0 | 0 | 202,255 |
Class I Shares Net Asset Value Per Share | $12.19 | $0 | $(0.02)(b) | $12.17 |
| (a) | Represents the costs to be borne by the respective Target Fund associated with each of the Reorganizations. |
| (b) | Represents the impact to net asset value per share of costs to be borne by the respective Target Fund associated with each of the Reorganizations. |
| (c) | Rounds to less than $1,000. |
Dissenters’ Rights
Shareholders of the Target Funds have no appraisal or dissenters’ rights.
Shareholder Proposals.
The Target Funds only expect to hold shareholder meetings to the extent required by the 1940 Act or pursuant to special meetings called by the Target Trust Board or a majority of shareholders, or in the future in compliance with the requirements of any exchange on which shares may be listed in the future. As a shareholder of a Target Fund, you are entitled to one vote for each whole dollar and a proportionate fractional vote for each fractional dollar of net asset value of the Target Fund that you own. Generally, all series of the Target Trust and all share classes vote together as a single group, except where a separate vote of one or more funds or classes is required by law or where the interests of one or more funds or classes are affected differently from other funds or classes. Shares of all series of the Target Trust have noncumulative voting rights, which means that the holders of more than 50% of the value of shares of all series of the Target Trust voting for the election of Trustees can elect 100% of the Board if they choose to do so. In such event, the holders of the remaining value of shares will not be able to elect any Trustees.
FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS
This section provides further details about the financial history of each Target Fund for the past five years. Certain information reflects financial results for a single Fund share. “Total return” shows the percentage that an investor in the Target Fund would have earned or lost during a given period, assuming all distributions were reinvested.
The information for each Target Fund for periods ended on or before December 31, 2021 has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, whose report, along with the Target Fund’s financial statements, is included in the Target Funds Annual Report, which is available upon request as described on the cover page of this Proxy Statement/Prospectus. The information for each Target Fund for the period ended on June 30, 2021 has not been audited.
FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund
Consolidated Financial Highlights — Class A Shares
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
| | Six Months Ended June 30, 2021 (Unaudited) | | | Year Ended December 31, 2020 | | | Year Ended December 31, 2019 | | | Year Ended December 31, 2018 | | | Period from May 16, 2017 (Commencement of Operations) through December 31, 2017 | |
Per Share Data:(1) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net asset value, beginning of period | | $ | 9.77 | | | $ | 10.22 | | | $ | 9.68 | | | $ | 10.18 | | | $ | 10.00 | |
Results of operations | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net investment income(2) | | (0.01) | | | | 0.02 | | | | 0.15 | | | | 0.15 | | | | 0.05 | |
Net realized gain (loss) and unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on investments | | 0.87 | | | | (0.43) | | | | 0.59 | | | | (0.57) | | | | 0.13 | |
Net increase (decrease) in net assets resulting from operations | | 0.86 | | | | (0.41) | | | | 0.74 | | | | (0.42) | | | | 0.18 | |
Shareholder Distributions:(3) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Distributions from net investment income | | – | | | | (0.04) | | | | (0.20) | | | | – | | | | – | |
Distributions from net realized gain on investments | | – | | | | – | | | | – | | | | (0.08) | | | | – | |
Net increase (decrease) in net assets resulting from shareholder distributions | | – | | | | (0.04) | | | | (0.20) | | | | (0.08) | | | | – | |
Net asset value, end of period | | $ | 10.63 | | | $ | 9.77 | | | $ | 10.22 | | | $ | 9.68 | | | $ | 10.18 | |
Shares outstanding, end of period | | 842,214 | | | | 720,143 | | | | 1,073,885 | | | | 776,764 | | | | 281,056 | |
Total return(4) | | 8.80 | % | | | (3.99) | % | | | 7.68 | % | | | (4.12) | % | | | 1.80 | %(5) |
Ratio/Supplemental Data: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net assets, end of period | | $ | 8,952 | | | $ | 7,036 | | | $ | 10,973 | | | $ | 7,521 | | | $ | 2,860 | |
Ratio of net investment income to average net assets(6)(7) | | (0.28) | % | | | 0.22 | % | | | 1.46 | % | | | 1.55 | % | | | 0.81 | % |
Ratio of total operating expenses to average net assets(6) | | 3.59 | % | | | 3.42 | % | | | 3.55 | % | | | 3.63 | % | | | 5.34 | % |
Ratio of expense reimbursement and waiver from sponsor to average net assets(6) | | (1.61) | % | | | (1.01) | % | | | (1.74) | % | | | (2.76) | % | | | (4.57) | % |
Ratio of net operating expenses to average net assets(6) | | 1.98 | % | | | 2.41 | % | | | 1.81 | % | | | 0.87 | % | | | 0.77 | % |
Portfolio turnover rate(5) | | 88 | % | | | 244 | % | | | 178 | % | | | 317 | % | | | 133 | % |
| (1) | Per share data may be rounded in order to compute the ending net asset value per share. |
| (2) | The per share data was derived by using the average number of common shares outstanding during the applicable period. |
| (3) | The per share data for net decrease in net assets resulting from shareholder distributions reflects the actual amount of distributions declared per Class A common share during the applicable period. |
| (4) | The total return for each period presented is historical and is calculated by determining the percentage change in net asset value, assuming the reinvestment of all distributions in additional common shares of the same class of the Fund at such class’s net asset value per share on the ex-dividend date. The total return does not consider the effect of any selling commissions or charges that may be incurred in connection with the sale of the Fund’s common shares. The historical calculation of total return in the table should not be considered a representation of the Fund’s future total return, which may be greater or less than the total return shown in the table due to a number of factors, including, among others, the Fund’s ability or inability to make investments that meet its investment criteria, the interest rates payable on the debt securities the Fund acquires, the level of the Fund’s expenses, the amount of the expense limitation, if any, variations in and the timing of the recognition of realized and unrealized gains or losses, the degree to which the Fund encounters competition in its markets and general economic conditions. As a result of these and other factors, results for any previous period should not be relied upon as being indicative of performance in future periods. The total return calculations set forth above represent the total return on the Fund during the applicable period on a per class basis and do not represent an actual return to shareholders. |
| (5) | Information presented is not annualized. |
| (6) | Average daily net assets for the applicable period is used for this calculation. Data for periods of less than one year is annualized. |
| (7) | Had the sponsor not reimbursed certain operating expenses, the ratio of net investment income (loss) to average net assets would have been (1.89)%, (0.79)%, (0.28)%, (1.21)% and (3.76)% for the six months ended June 30, 2021, years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, and for the period from May 16, 2017 (Commencement of Operations) through December 31, 2017, respectively. |
FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund
Consolidated Financial Highlights – Class I Shares
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
| | Six Months Ended June 30, 2021 (Unaudited) | | | Year Ended December 31, 2020 | | | Year Ended December 31, 2019 | | | Year Ended December 31, 2018 | | | Period from May 16, 2017 (Commencement of Operations) through December 31, 2017 | |
Per Share Data:(1) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net asset value, beginning of period | | $ | 9.80 | | | $ | 10.25 | | | $ | 9.72 | | | $ | 10.19 | | | $ | 10.00 | |
Results of operations | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net investment income(2) | | – | | | | 0.04 | | | | 0.17 | | | | 0.18 | | | | 0.06 | |
Net realized gain (loss) and unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on investments | | 0.87 | | | | (0.41) | | | | 0.59 | | | | (0.57) | | | | 0.13 | |
Net increase (decrease) in net assets resulting from operations | | 0.87 | | | | (0.37) | | | | 0.76 | | | | (0.39) | | | | 0.19 | |
Shareholder Distributions:(3) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Distributions from net investment income | | – | | | | (0.08) | | | | (0.23) | | | | – | | | | – | |
Distributions from net realized gain on investments | | – | | | | – | | | | – | | | | (0.08) | | | | – | |
Net increase (decrease) in net assets resulting from shareholder distributions | | – | | | | (0.08) | | | | (0.23) | | | | (0.08) | | | | – | |
Net asset value, end of period | | $ | 10.67 | | | $ | 9.80 | | | $ | 10.25 | | | $ | 9.72 | | | $ | 10.19 | |
Shares outstanding, end of period | | 11,476,301 | | | | 12,418,229 | | | | 17,997,221 | | | | 9,241,564 | | | | 5,043,239 | |
Total return(4) | | 8.88 | % | | | (3.65) | % | | | 7.77 | % | | | (3.82) | % | | | 1.90 | %(5) |
Ratio/Supplemental Data: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net assets, end of period | | $ | 122,464 | | | $ | 121,667 | | | $ | 184,543 | | | $ | 89,799 | | | $ | 51,387 | |
Ratio of net investment income to average net assets(6)(7) | | (2.02) | % | | | 0.46 | % | | | 1.65 | % | | | 1.80 | % | | | 0.88 | % |
Ratio of total operating expenses to average net assets(6) | | 3.34 | % | | | 3.17 | % | | | 3.28 | % | | | 3.54 | % | | | 4.62 | % |
Ratio of expense reimbursement from sponsor to average net assets(6) | | (1.61) | % | | | (1.01) | % | | | (1.69) | % | | | (2.91) | % | | | (4.10) | % |
Ratio of net operating expenses to average net assets(6) | | 1.73 | % | | | 2.16 | % | | | 1.59 | % | | | 0.63 | % | | | 0.52 | % |
Portfolio turnover rate(5) | | 88 | % | | | 244 | % | | | 178 | % | | | 317 | % | | | 133 | % |
| (1) | Per share data may be rounded in order to compute the ending net asset value per share. |
| (2) | The per share data was derived by using the average number of common shares outstanding during the applicable period. |
| (3) | The per share data for net decrease in net assets resulting from shareholder distributions reflects the actual amount of distributions declared per Class I common share during the applicable period. |
| (4) | The total return for each period presented is historical and is calculated by determining the percentage change in net asset value, assuming the reinvestment of all distributions in additional common shares of the same class of the Fund at such class’s net asset value per share on the ex-dividend date. The total return does not consider the effect of any selling commissions or charges that may be incurred in connection with the sale of the Fund’s common shares. The historical calculation of total return in the table should not be considered a representation of the Fund’s future total return, which may be greater or less than the total return shown in the table due to a number of factors, including, among others, the Fund’s ability or inability to make investments that meet its investment criteria, the interest rates payable on the debt securities the Fund acquires, the level of the Fund’s expenses, the amount of the expense limitation, if any, variations in and the timing of the recognition of realized and unrealized gains or losses, the degree to which the Fund encounters competition in its markets and general economic conditions. As a result of these and other factors, results for any previous period should not be relied upon as being indicative of performance in future periods. The total return calculations set forth above represent the total return on the Fund during the applicable period on a per class basis and do not represent an actual return to shareholders. |
| (5) | Information presented is not annualized. |
| (6) | Average daily net assets for the applicable period is used for this calculation. Data for periods of less than one year is annualized. |
| (7) | Had the sponsor not reimbursed certain operating expenses, the ratio of net investment income (loss) to average net assets would have been (1.63)%, (0.55)%, (0.04)%, (1.10)% and (3.22)% for the six months ended June 30, 2021, years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, and for the period from May 16, 2017 (Commencement of Operations) through December 31, 2017, respectively. |
FS Chiron Real Asset Fund
Consolidated Financial Highlights – Class A Shares
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
| | Six Months Ended June 30, 2021 (Unaudited) | | | Year Ended December 31, 2020 | | | Year Ended December 31, 2019 | |
Per Share Data:(1) | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net asset value, beginning of year | | $ | 10.72 | | | $ | 10.26 | | | $ | 10.00 | |
Results of operations | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net investment income (loss)(2) | | (0.03) | | | | (0.01) | | | | 0.18 | |
Net realized gain (loss) and unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on investments(2) | | 1.71 | | | | 0.77 | | | | 0.79 | |
Net increase (decrease) in net assets resulting from operations | | 1.68 | | | | 0.76 | | | | 0.97 | |
Shareholder Distributions:(3) | | | | | | | | | | | |
Distributions from net investment income | | (0.05) | | | | (0.30) | | | | (0.71) | |
Net increase (decrease) in net assets resulting from shareholder distributions | | (0.05) | | | | (0.30) | | | | (0.71) | |
Net asset value, end of year | | $ | 12.35 | | | $ | 10.72 | | | $ | 10.26 | |
Shares outstanding, end of year | | 2,500 | | | | 2,500 | | | | 2,500 | |
Total return(4) | | 15.83 | % | | | 7.69 | % | | | 9.87 | % |
Ratio/Supplemental Data: | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net assets, end of year | | $ | 31 | | | $ | 27 | | | $ | 26 | |
Ratio of net investment income (loss) to average net assets(5)(6) | | (0.45) | % | | | (0.06) | % | | | 1.72 | % |
Ratio of total operating expenses to average net assets(5) | | 13.86 | % | | | 11.21 | % | | | 8.95 | % |
Ratio of expense reimbursement and waiver from sponsor to average net assets(5) | | (13.36) | % | | | (10.71) | % | | | (8.45) | % |
Ratio of net operating expenses to average net assets(5) | | 0.50 | % | | | 0.50 | % | | | 0.50 | % |
Portfolio turnover rate(7) | | – | % | | | – | % | | | – | % |
| (1) | Per share data may be rounded in order to compute the ending net asset value per share. |
| (2) | The per share data was derived by using the average number of common shares outstanding during the applicable period. Net realized gain (loss) and unrealized appreciation (depreciation) does not align with the income statement due to the timing of capital activity during the year. |
| (3) | The per share data for net decrease in net assets resulting from shareholder distributions reflects the actual amount of distributions declared per Class A common share during the applicable period. |
| (4) | The total return for each period presented is historical and is calculated by determining the percentage change in net asset value, assuming the reinvestment of all distributions in additional common shares of the same class of the Fund at such class’s net asset value per share on the ex-dividend date. The total return does not consider the effect of any selling commissions or charges that may be incurred in connection with the sale of the Fund’s common shares. The historical calculation of total return in the table should not be considered a representation of the Fund’s future total return, which may be greater or less than the total return shown in the table due to a number of factors, including, among others, the Fund’s ability or inability to make investments that meet its investment criteria, the interest rates payable on the debt securities the Fund acquires, the level of the Fund’s expenses, the amount of the expense limitation, if any, variations in and the timing of the recognition of realized and unrealized gains or losses, the degree to which the Fund encounters competition in its markets and general economic conditions. As a result of these and other factors, results for any previous period should not be relied upon as being indicative of performance in future periods. The total return calculations set forth above represent the total return on the Fund during the applicable period on a per class basis and do not represent an actual return to shareholders. |
| (5) | Average daily net assets is used for this calculation. |
| (6) | Had the sponsor not reimbursed certain operating expenses, the ratio of net investment income (loss) to average net assets would have been (13.81)%, (10.77)% and (6.73)% for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. |
| (7) | Information presented is not annualized. |
FS Chiron Real Asset Fund
Consolidated Financial Highlights – Class I Shares
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
| | Six Months Ended June 30, 2021 (Unaudited) | | | Year Ended December 31, 2020 | | | Year Ended December 31, 2019 | |
Per Share Data:(1) | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net asset value, beginning of year | | $ | 10.72 | | | $ | 10.26 | | | $ | 10.00 | |
Results of operations | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net investment income (loss)(2) | | (0.01) | | | | 0.02 | | | | 0.21 | |
Net realized gain (loss) and unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on investments | | 1.71 | | | | 0.76 | | | | 0.79 | |
Net increase (decrease) in net assets resulting from operations | | 1.70 | | | | 0.78 | | | | 1.00 | |
Shareholder Distributions:(3) | | | | | | | | | | | |
Distributions from net investment income | | (0.06) | | | | (0.32) | | | | (0.74) | |
Net increase (decrease) in net assets resulting from shareholder distributions | | (0.06) | | | | (0.32) | | | | 0.74) | |
Net asset value, end of year | | $ | 12.36 | | | $ | 10.72 | | | $ | 10.26 | |
Shares outstanding, end of year | | 202,240 | | | | 202,227 | | | | 299,740 | |
Total return(4) | | 15.88 | % | | | 8.07 | % | | | 10.14 | % |
Ratio/Supplemental Data: | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net assets, end of year | | $ | 2,499 | | | $ | 2,167 | | | $ | 3,076 | |
Ratio of net investment income (loss) to average net assets(5)(6) | | (0.20) | % | | | 0.22 | % | | | 1.97 | % |
Ratio of total operating expenses to average net assets(5) | | 13.61 | % | | | 10.95 | % | | | 8.71 | % |
Ratio of expense reimbursement and waiver from sponsor to average net assets(5) | | (13.36) | % | | | (10.70) | % | | | (8.46) | % |
Ratio of net operating expenses to average net assets(5) | | 0.25 | % | | | 0.25 | % | | | 0.25 | % |
Portfolio turnover rate(7) | | – | % | | | – | % | | | – | % |
| (1) | Per share data may be rounded in order to compute the ending net asset value per share. |
| (2) | The per share data was derived by using the average number of common shares outstanding during the applicable period. |
| (3) | The per share data for net decrease in net assets resulting from shareholder distributions reflects the actual amount of distributions declared per Class I common share during the applicable period. |
| (4) | The total return for each period presented is historical and is calculated by determining the percentage change in net asset value, assuming the reinvestment of all distributions in additional common shares of the same class of the Fund at such class’s net asset value per share on the ex-dividend date. The total return does not consider the effect of any selling commissions or charges that may be incurred in connection with the sale of the Fund’s common shares. The historical calculation of total return in the table should not be considered a representation of the Fund’s future total return, which may be greater or less than the total return shown in the table due to a number of factors, including, among others, the Fund’s ability or inability to make investments that meet its investment criteria, the interest rates payable on the debt securities the Fund acquires, the level of the Fund’s expenses, the amount of the expense limitation, if any, variations in and the timing of the recognition of realized and unrealized gains or losses, the degree to which the Fund encounters competition in its markets and general economic conditions. As a result of these and other factors, results for any previous period should not be relied upon as being indicative of performance in future periods. The total return calculations set forth above represent the total return on the Fund during the applicable period on a per class basis and do not represent an actual return to shareholders. |
| (5) | Average daily net assets is used for this calculation. |
| (6) | Had the sponsor not reimbursed certain operating expenses, the ratio of net investment income (loss) to average net assets would have been (13.56)%, (10.48)% and (6.49)% for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. |
| (7) | Information presented is not annualized. |
EXHIBIT A
Additional Information about the Acquiring Funds
Summary Information about the Purchase and Sale of Acquiring Fund Shares, Taxes and Financial Intermediary Compensation
Purchase and Sale of Acquiring Fund Shares
You may generally purchase or redeem shares on any day that the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) is open for business.
To purchase shares of an Acquiring Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $2,500 for Class A Shares and $1,000,000 for Class I Shares. Subsequent investments must be at least $100 for Class A Shares. There is no minimum for subsequent investments of Class I Shares.
The Acquiring Funds may accept investments of smaller amounts in their sole discretion. If you received shares of an Acquiring Fund as a result of its Reorganization, you will not be subject to the Acquiring Fund’s minimum investment requirements.
If you own your shares directly, you may redeem your shares on any day that the NYSE is open for business by contacting the Acquiring Funds directly by mail at FS Funds, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121-9009 (Express Mail Address: FS Funds, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105) or telephone at 1-877-628-8575.
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other financial intermediary, contact that broker or financial intermediary to redeem your shares. Your broker or financial intermediary may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Acquiring Funds.
Tax Information
Each Acquiring Fund intends to make distributions that may be taxed as ordinary income, qualified dividend income or capital gains, unless you are investing through a tax-deferred arrangement, such as a 401(k) plan or IRA, in which case your distribution will be taxed when withdrawn from the tax-deferred account.
Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries
If you purchase shares of an Acquiring Fund through a broker-dealer or other financial intermediary (such as a bank), the Acquiring Fund and its related companies may pay the intermediary for the sale of Acquiring Fund shares and related services. These payments may create a conflict of interest by influencing the broker-dealer or other intermediary and your salesperson to recommend an Acquiring Fund over another investment. Ask your salesperson or visit your financial intermediary’s web site for more information.
More Information about the Acquiring Funds’ Investment Objectives and Strategies
The investment objective of the FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund seeks to provide positive absolute returns over a complete market cycle.
The investment objective of the FS Chiron Real Asset Fund seeks to provide total returns consisting of capital appreciation and income.
The investment objective of each Acquiring Fund is not a fundamental policy and may be changed by the Acquiring Trust Board without shareholder approval.
The investments and strategies described in this Proxy Statement/Prospectus are those that the Acquiring Funds use under normal conditions. During unusual economic or market conditions, or for temporary defensive or liquidity purposes, each Acquiring Fund may, but is not obligated to, invest up to 100% of its assets in money market instruments and other cash equivalents that would not ordinarily be consistent with its investment objective. If an Acquiring Fund invests in this manner, it may cause the Acquiring Fund to forgo greater investment returns for the safety of principal and the Acquiring Fund may therefore not achieve its investment objective. An Acquiring Fund will only do so if the Adviser believes that the risk of loss outweighs the opportunity to pursue the Acquiring Fund’s investment objective.
This Proxy Statement/Prospectus describes the Acquiring Funds’ principal investment strategies, and the Acquiring Funds will normally invest in the types of securities and other investments described in this Proxy Statement/Prospectus. In addition to the securities and other investments and strategies described in this Proxy Statement/Prospectus, each Acquiring Fund also may invest to a lesser extent in other securities, use other strategies and engage in other investment practices that are not part of its principal investment strategies. These investments and strategies, as well as those described in this Proxy Statement/Prospectus, are described in detail in the Merger SAI. Of course, there is no guarantee that an Acquiring Fund will achieve its investment goals.
Investment Adviser
FS Fund Advisor, LLC, a registered investment adviser located at 201 Rouse Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19112, is the investment adviser to the Acquiring Funds. The Adviser is responsible for the day-to-day management of the Acquiring Funds’ investment portfolio and furnishes continuous advice and recommendations concerning the Acquiring Funds’ investments. The Adviser provides general management services to the Acquiring Funds, including overall supervisory responsibility for the general management and investment of the Acquiring Funds’ assets. The Adviser is an affiliate of FS Investments, a national sponsor of alternative investment funds designed for the individual investor. The Adviser is led by substantially the same personnel that form the investment and operations teams of the registered investment advisers that manage FS Investments’ other affiliated registered investment companies. As of October 31, 2021, the Adviser had approximately $179.7 million in assets under management.
The Adviser’s senior management team has significant experience in Alternative Beta Strategy investing, and has developed an expertise in determining the amount of Acquiring Fund assets to allocate to each Alternative Investment Strategy, while focusing on risk management. The team also has extensive knowledge of the managerial, operational and regulatory requirements of publicly registered alternative asset entities, such as open-end management investment companies.
The Adviser makes investment decisions for the Acquiring Funds and continuously reviews, supervises and administers each Acquiring Fund’s investment program. The Acquiring Trust Board supervises the Adviser and establishes policies that the Adviser must follow in its management activities with respect to the Acquiring Funds.
For its services under the Advisory Agreement, the Adviser is entitled to a fee, which is calculated daily and paid quarterly, at the following annual rates based on the average daily net assets of each Acquiring Fund:
Acquiring Fund | Advisory Fee |
FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund | 1.25% |
FS Chiron Real Asset Fund | 0.95% |
With respect to the FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund, the Adviser is responsible for allocating assets (i) among Underlying Managers and Alternative Beta Providers, and (ii) in the case of Underlying Managers and Alternative Beta Providers that offer more than one investment strategy, among strategies managed by individual Underlying Managers and Alternative Beta Providers. The Adviser also has authority to manage all or a portion of the FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund’s assets directly on a discretionary basis. As described below, the Adviser receives recommendations from Wilshire in identifying and allocating capital among Underlying Managers and Alternative Beta Providers (and among their strategies). However, the Adviser (and not Wilshire) retains the ultimate responsibility for selecting, retaining, negotiating with and monitoring the Underlying Managers and Alternative Beta Providers. Subject to oversight by the Adviser and the Acquiring Trust Board, Underlying Managers directly manage allocated portions of FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund assets on a discretionary basis.
With respect to the FS Chiron Real Asset Fund, the Adviser and Chiron Investment Management, LLC are responsible for the management of the FS Chiron Real Asset Fund.
Primary Sub-Adviser – FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund
FS Multi-Strategy Alternative Fund’s consultant and primary sub-adviser, Wilshire, is a diversified global financial services firm that serves approximately 500 clients across more than 20 countries, with assets under advisement of approximately $83 billion as of December 31, 2020. Wilshire is registered as an investment adviser with the SEC and its principal office is at 1299 Ocean Avenue, Suite 700, Santa Monica, CA 90401. Wilshire was founded in 1972 and is comprised of four business units: Wilshire Consulting, Wilshire Funds Management (“WFM”), Wilshire Analytics, and Wilshire Private Markets. WFM, the global investment management business unit of Wilshire, identifies, evaluates and recommends Underlying Managers, Alternative Beta Providers and Alternative Investment Strategies to FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund and provides monitoring and reporting to the Adviser as well as its Underlying Managers. In addition, WFM provides recommendations to the Adviser with respect to allocating and reallocating FS Multi-Strategy Alternative Fund assets among the Underlying Managers and may also provide the Adviser or an Underlying Manager with advice on investment decisions and underlying positions. Wilshire does not have discretionary management authority with respect to FS Multi-Strategy Alternative Fund assets.
Underlying Manager(s) - Multi-Manager Arrangements ��� FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund
FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund seeks to achieve its investment objective through a multi-manager approach by which the Adviser allocates the assets of such Fund among a number of Underlying Managers and Alternative Beta Providers that employ a variety of alternative investment strategies. The Underlying Managers each serve as sub-advisers to FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund. The Alternative Beta Providers provide the FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund with exposure to Alternative Investment Strategies but are not sub-advisers to the FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund.
The Underlying Managers provide day to day advice or management regarding FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund’s portfolio transactions. The Underlying Managers make the investment decisions for such Fund’s assets allocated to them and place purchase and sale orders for such Fund’s portfolio transactions in United States and foreign markets. As permitted by applicable law, these orders may be directed to any executing brokers, dealers, futures commission merchants or clearing brokers. Certain Underlying Managers may be able to draw upon the research and expertise of their asset management affiliates for portfolio decisions and management.
The Adviser engages the following entities as Underlying Managers to provide investment management services to the FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund:
| · | Chilton Investment Company, LLC (“Chilton”), located at 1290 East Main Street, 1st Floor, Stamford, CT 06902, an investment adviser registered with the SEC, serves as a sub-adviser to a portion of the FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund’s portfolio. Founded in 1992, Chilton had approximately $1.69 billion in assets under management as of December 31, 2020. |
| · | MidOcean Credit Fund Management, L.P. (“MidOcean Credit Partners”), located at 320 Park Avenue, Suite 1600, New York, NY 10022, an investment adviser registered with the SEC, serves as a sub-adviser to a portion of the FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund’s portfolio. Founded in 2009, MidOcean Credit Partners had approximately $7.9 billion in assets under management as of December 31, 2020. |
| · | Crabel Capital Management, LLC (“Crabel”), located at 10250 Constellation Blvd., Suite 2650, Los Angeles, California 90067, an investment adviser registered with the SEC and a Commodity Pool Operator and Commodity Trading Adviser registered with the Commodity Futures Trading Commission and National Futures Association,, serves as a sub-adviser to a portion of the FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund’s portfolio. Founded in 1987, Crabel had approximately $6.3 billion in assets under management as of December 31, 2020. |
Advisory Agreements
The Adviser serves as adviser to the Acquiring Funds pursuant to an Investment Advisory Agreement with each Acquiring Fund (each, an “Advisory Agreement, and collectively the “Advisory Agreements”). The basis for the Acquiring Trust Board’s approval of the Advisory Agreements, the sub-advisory agreement with Wilshire and the sub-advisory agreements with each Underlying Manager (each a “Sub-Advisory Agreement” and collectively, the “Sub-Advisory Agreements”) will be available in the Acquiring Funds’ semi-annual report to shareholders dated June 30, 2022. You can request the Funds’ annual or semi-annual reports, once available, free of charge, by contacting your plan sponsor, broker-dealer, or financial intermediary, or by contacting an Acquiring Fund representative at 1-877-628-8575. The reports will also be available, free of charge, at www.fsinvestments.com.
The SEC granted an exemptive order to FS, which permits FS to use a “manager of managers” approach in providing investment advisory services to the Acquiring Funds. Pursuant to the terms of the order, FS, subject to the supervision and approval of the Acquiring Trust Board, is permitted to hire, terminate and replace investment sub-advisers or make material changes to investment sub-advisory agreements without shareholder approval. When hiring a new sub-adviser, FS would, however, furnish shareholders with information that is equivalent to what would be provided in a proxy statement requesting approval of a new sub-adviser. The order also permits FS and the Acquiring Funds to disclose to shareholders the aggregate sub-advisory fees paid to sub-advisers, without disclosing the precise amount paid to each sub-adviser.
With respect to FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund, the Adviser intends to hire and terminate Underlying Managers or sub-advisers in accordance with the terms of such exemptive order that the Acquiring Trust and the Adviser have obtained from the SEC. The FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund will furnish shareholders with information about a new Underlying Manager or sub-adviser within 90 days of hiring the Underlying Manager or sub-adviser.
With respect to the FS Chiron Real Asset Fund, FS is not currently using a multi-manager approach in managing such Fund. It may employ such an approach when one of several situations arises. For example, if FS determines that it does not have the expertise in an investment style or sector that it thinks the FS Chiron Real Asset Fund should track, it may select a sub-adviser that can fulfill this task. Also, if FS or one of the Acquiring Funds’ sub-advisers reaches capacity on assets managed within an Acquiring Fund, FS may select another sub-adviser if the Acquiring Fund needs to add “capacity.” Therefore, even where FS does implement the “manager of managers” approach, not all of the Acquiring Funds will rely on the approach at any given time.
When and if FS determines to use the multi-manager approach, it will provide detailed information about the sub-adviser to the Acquiring Trust Board and make recommendations regarding the appropriate allocation of assets to each sub-adviser. The sub-adviser, in turn, will make investment decisions for the assets allocated to it and continuously review, supervise and administer an Acquiring Fund’s investment programs. It is expected that the “manager of managers” approach, when used from time to time by FS and the Acquiring Funds, will (i) reduce Acquiring Fund expenses to the extent that a manager of managers Acquiring Fund will not have to prepare and solicit proxies each time a sub-advisory agreement is entered into or modified; (ii) promote efficient hiring and termination according to the judgment of the Acquiring Trust Board and FS; and (iii) relieve shareholders of the very responsibility that they are paying FS to assume, that is, the selection, termination and replacement of sub-advisers.
The Adviser has entered into an Expense Limitation Agreement with each Acquiring Fund under which it has agreed to waive or reduce its fees and to assume other expenses of the Acquiring Fund, if necessary, in an amount that limits “Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses” (exclusive of management fees, distribution or servicing fees, interest, taxes, brokerage fees and commissions, dividends and interest paid on short positions, acquired fund fees and expenses and extraordinary expenses (as determined in the sole discretion of the Adviser)) to not more than 0.25 percent of the average daily net assets for the Fund. The Expense Limitation Agreement shall remain in place until at least two years from the date of the closing of the applicable Reorganization. Each Acquiring Fund may terminate the Expense Limitation Agreement with respect to such Acquiring Fund at any time.
The Expense Limitation Agreement provides that the Adviser may receive from the Acquiring Fund the difference between the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) and the expense cap to recoup all or a portion of its prior fee reductions or expense reimbursements made under the Acquiring Fund Expense Limitation Agreement or Target Fund Expense Limitation Agreement during the rolling three-year period preceding the date of the recoupment to the extent that Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (not including excluded expenses) at the time of the recoupment are below the lower of (i) the contractual expense limit in effect at the time of the fee waiver and/or expense reimbursement and (ii) the contractual expense limit in effect at the time of the recoupment.
Portfolio Managers
The Acquiring Multi-Strategy Fund is managed by a team of investment professionals that are jointly and primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the Acquiring Fund.
Name | Portfolio Manager of Target Multi-Strategy Fund Since | Title and Recent Biography |
Michael Kelly | 2017 | 2017 – Present: President & Chief Investment Officer, FS Investments 2015 – 2017: Executive Vice President & Chief Investment Officer, FS Investments 2012 – 2014: Chief Executive Officer, ORIX USA Asset Management |
Scott Burr | 2017 | 2017 – Present: Investment Management Portfolio Manager, FS Investments 2015 – 2017: Principal, Investcorp International Inc. 2011 – 2015: Head of Algorithmic Strategies, Ramius Alternative Solutions LLC |
The Acquiring Real Asset Fund is managed by a team of investment professionals that are jointly and primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the Acquiring Fund.
Name | Portfolio Manager of the Target Real Asset Fund Since | Title and Recent Biography |
Scott Burr | 2018 | 2017 – Present: Investment Management Portfolio Manager, FS Investments 2015 – 2017: Principal, Investcorp International Inc. 2011 – 2015: Head of Algorithmic Strategies, Ramius Alternative Solutions LLC |
Brian Cho | 2021 | 2015 – Present: Head of Quantitative Research, Portfolio Manager, Chiron 2003 – 2015: Co-founder, Partner, Director, Empirical Research Partners, LLC |
Peter Bianco | 2021 | 2021 – Present: Portfolio Manager, Chiron 2015 – Present: Head of Trading, Chiron 2011 – 2015: Head of Trading, Caxton Associates |
Conflicts of Interest
The Adviser manages or may in the future manage many funds and numerous other accounts, which may include separate accounts and other pooled investment vehicles, such as hedge funds. Side-by-side management of multiple accounts may give rise to conflicts of interest among those accounts, and may create potential risks, such as the risk that investment activity in one account may adversely affect another account. For example, short sale activity in an account could adversely affect the market value of long positions in one or more other accounts (and vice versa). Side-by-side management may raise additional potential conflicts of interest relating to the allocation of investment opportunities and the aggregation and allocation of trades.
Additionally, Wilshire, MidOcean Credit Partners and the Underlying Managers will have conflicts of interest which could interfere with their management of the FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund’s assets. For example, Wilshire, MidOcean Credit Partners and the Underlying Managers (or their affiliates) manage other investment funds and/or accounts and have other clients that are similar to, or overlap with, the investment objective and strategy of the FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund, creating potential conflicts of interest in investment decisions regarding investments that may be appropriate for the such Funds and the Adviser’s, Wilshire’s, MidOcean Credit Partners’ or Underlying Managers’ other clients. These conflicts of interest are exacerbated to the extent that Wilshire’s, MidOcean Credit Partner’s or Underlying Managers’ other clients pay them higher fees or performance-based fees. The portfolio compositions and performance results will differ across each Fund and other such funds and/or accounts. In addition, the activities in which Wilshire, MidOcean Credit Partners or Underlying Managers and their affiliates are involved may limit or preclude the flexibility that the FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund may otherwise have to participate in certain investments.
Distribution of the Funds
SEI Investments Distribution Co., the Acquiring Funds’ distributor, intends to enter into a “wholesaling” agreement with FS Investment Solutions, LLC (“FS Solutions”), a registered broker-dealer and an affiliate of the Adviser. Pursuant to the terms of the wholesaling agreement, FS Solutions will seek to market and otherwise promote the Funds through various “wholesale” distribution channels, including but not limited to, the independent broker-dealer channel, the registered investment adviser channel and the wirehouse channel. FS Solutions may receive compensation for certain sales, promotional and marketing services provided to the Funds in connection with the distribution of certain classes of the Funds’ shares.
Purchasing, Selling and Exchanging Acquiring Fund Shares
This section tells you how to purchase, sell (sometimes called “redeem”) and exchange Class A Shares and Class I Shares of the Acquiring Funds.
For information regarding the federal income tax consequences of transactions in shares of the Acquiring Funds, including information about cost basis reporting, see “Taxes.”
How to Choose a Share Class
Each Acquiring Fund offers two classes of shares, Class A Shares and Class I Shares. Each share class has its own cost structure and other features. The following summarizes the primary features of Class A Shares and Class I Shares. Contact your financial intermediary or the Acquiring Funds for more information about the Acquiring Funds’ share classes and how to choose between them.
Class A Shares are offered through financial intermediary platforms including, but not limited to, traditional brokerage platforms, mutual fund wrap fee programs, bank trust platforms, and retirement platforms. Class A Shares are subject to an initial sales charge. However, Class A shares may be offered without an initial sales charge through certain retirement platforms and through certain financial intermediary platforms, including but not limited to, fee-based broker-dealers or financial advisers, primarily on their wrap account platform(s) where such broker-dealer or financial adviser imposes additional fees for services connected to the wrap account. Class A Shares pay up to 0.25% of net assets to a Fund’s distributor for the provision of distribution services and/or shareholder services on behalf of clients. In addition, Class A Shares pay financial intermediaries for the provision of administrative services, including recordkeeping, subaccounting, order processing for omnibus or networked accounts, or other shareholder services provided to shareholders.
Class I Shares are available through certain financial intermediary platforms including, but not limited to, mutual fund wrap fee programs, managed account programs, asset allocation programs, bank trust platforms, as well as certain retirement platforms. Class I Shares pay financial intermediaries for the provision of administrative services, including recordkeeping, subaccounting, order processing for omnibus or networked accounts, or other shareholder services provided to shareholders. Class I Shares are also available to certain direct institutional investors including, but not limited to, corporations, certain retirement plans, public plans and foundations/endowments. For certain investors, the Funds or the Adviser may waive some or all of the eligibility criteria for investments in Class I Shares at their discretion. Class I Shares may also be available on brokerage platforms of firms that fund have agreements with the Funds’ Distributor to offer such shares solely when acting as an agent for the investor. An investor transacting in Class I Shares in these programs may be required to pay a commission and/or other forms of compensation to the broker.
Class Name | Investment Minimum | Features |
Class A Shares | Initial: $2,500 Subsequent: $100 | Front-End Sales Charge – Maximum of 5.75% Contingent Deferred Sales Charge ("CDSC") - None Rule 12b-1 Fee – 0.25% Administration Fee - Class-specific administrative, networking or omnibus fees payable to certain intermediaries, and out-of-pocket costs to the Acquiring Funds’ transfer agent |
Class I Shares | Initial: $1,000,000 Subsequent: None | Front-End Sales Charge: None CDSC - None Rule 12b-1 Fee – None Administration Fee - Class-specific administrative, networking or omnibus fees payable to certain intermediaries, and out-of-pocket costs to the Acquiring Funds’ transfer agent |
An investor may be eligible to purchase more than one share class. However, if you purchase shares through a financial intermediary, you may only purchase that class of shares which your financial intermediary sells or services. Your financial intermediary can tell you which classes of shares are available through the intermediary.
Class A Shares have a front-end sales charge, which is deducted from your purchase price when you buy your shares, and results in a smaller dollar amount being invested in an Acquiring Fund than the purchase price you pay (unless you qualify for a waiver or reduction of the sales charge). Each Acquiring Fund’s other share classes do not have a front-end sales charge, so the full amount of your purchase price is invested in those classes. Information regarding sales charges and certain waivers of and exemptions from sales charges is available on the Acquiring Funds’ website at www.fsinvestments.com.
The Acquiring Funds reserve the right to accept investments of smaller amounts in their sole discretion.
How to Purchase Acquiring Fund Shares
To purchase shares directly from the Acquiring Funds through their transfer agent, complete and send in the application. If you need an application or have questions, please call 1-877-628-8575.
All investments must be made by check, Automated Clearing House (“ACH”), or wire. All checks must be made payable in U.S. dollars and drawn on U.S. financial institutions. The Acquiring Funds do not accept purchases made by third-party checks, credit cards, credit card checks, cash, traveler’s checks, money orders or cashier’s checks.
The Acquiring Funds reserve the right to reject any specific purchase order, including exchange purchases, for any reason. The Acquiring Funds are not intended for short-term trading by shareholders in response to short-term market fluctuations. For more information about the Acquiring Funds’ policy on short-term trading, see “Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures.”
The Acquiring Funds do not generally accept investments by non-U.S. persons. Non-U.S. persons may be permitted to invest in the Acquiring Funds subject to the satisfaction of enhanced due diligence. Please contact the Acquiring Funds for more information.
By Mail
You can open an account with the Acquiring Funds by sending a check and your account application to the address below. You can add to an existing account by sending the Acquiring Funds a check and, if possible, the “Invest by Mail” stub that accompanies your confirmation statement. Be sure your check identifies clearly your name, your account number, the Acquiring Fund name and the share class.
Regular Mail Address
FS Funds
P.O. Box 219009
Kansas City, MO 64121-9009
Express Mail Address
FS Funds
c/o DST Systems, Inc.
430 West 7th Street
Kansas City, MO 64105
The Acquiring Funds do not consider the U.S. Postal Service or other independent delivery services to be their agents. Therefore, deposit in the mail or with such services of purchase orders does not constitute receipt by the Acquiring Funds’ transfer agent. The share price used to fill the purchase order is the next price calculated by an Acquiring Fund after the Acquiring Funds’ transfer agent receives the order in proper form at the P.O. Box provided for regular mail delivery or the office address provided for express mail delivery.
By Wire
To open an account by wire, call -877-628-8575 for details. To add to an existing account by wire, wire your money using the wiring instructions set forth below (be sure to include the Acquiring Fund name, the share class, and your account number).
By Automatic Investment Plan (via ACH)
You may not open an account via ACH. However, once you have established an account, you can set up an automatic investment plan by mailing a completed application to the Acquiring Funds. These purchases can be made monthly, every other month, quarterly and annually in amounts of at least $50. To cancel or change a plan, write to the Acquiring Funds at: FS Funds, P.O. Box 219009, Kansas City, MO 64121-9009 (Express Mail Address: FS Funds, c/o DST Systems, Inc., 430 W 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105). Allow up to 15 days to create the plan and 3 days to cancel or change it.
Purchases In-Kind
Subject to the approval of the Acquiring Funds, an investor may purchase shares of each Acquiring Fund with liquid securities and other assets that are eligible for purchase by that Acquiring Fund (consistent with the Acquiring Fund’s investment policies and restrictions) and that have a value that is readily ascertainable in accordance with the Acquiring Fund’s valuation policies. These transactions will be effected only if the Adviser deems the security to be an appropriate investment for an Acquiring Fund. Assets purchased by an Acquiring Fund in such transactions will be valued in accordance with procedures adopted by the Acquiring Funds. The Acquiring Funds reserve the right to amend or terminate this practice at any time.
Minimum Investments
To purchase shares of an Acquiring Fund for the first time, you must invest at least $2,500 for Class A Shares and $1,000,000 for Class I Shares. Subsequent investments must be at least $100 for Class A Shares. There is no minimum for subsequent investments of Class I Shares.
The Acquiring Funds reserve the right to waive the minimum investment amount and accept investments of smaller amounts in their sole discretion.
Acquiring Fund Codes
The Acquiring Funds’ reference information, which is listed below, will be helpful to you when you contact an Acquiring Fund to purchase or exchange Class A Shares or Class I Shares, check daily NAV, or obtain additional information.
Acquiring Fund Name | Share Class | Ticker Symbol | Fund Code |
FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund | Class A Shares | FSMMX | 8411 |
Class I Shares | FSMSX | 8412 |
FS Chiron Real Asset Fund | Class A Shares | FARLX | 8446 |
Class I Shares | FSRLX | 8447 |
General Information
You may purchase shares on any day that the NYSE is open for business (a “Business Day”). Shares cannot be purchased by Federal Reserve wire on days that either the NYSE or the Federal Reserve is closed.
An Acquiring Fund’s price per share will be the NAV per share next determined after the Acquiring Fund or an authorized institution (as defined below) receives your purchase order in proper form, plus any applicable front-end sales charge. “Proper form” means that the Acquiring Fund was provided with a complete and signed account application, including the investor’s social security number or tax identification number and other identification required by law or regulation, as well as sufficient purchase proceeds.
Each Acquiring Fund calculates its NAV once each Business Day as of the close of normal trading on the NYSE (normally, 4:00 p.m., Eastern Time). To receive the current Business Day’s NAV, an Acquiring Fund or an authorized institution must receive your purchase order in proper form before the close of normal trading on the NYSE. If the NYSE closes early, as in the case of scheduled half-day trading or unscheduled suspensions of trading, an Acquiring Fund reserves the right to calculate NAV as of the earlier closing time. An Acquiring Fund will not accept orders that request a particular day or price for the transaction or any other special conditions. Shares will only be priced on Business Days. Since securities that are traded on foreign exchanges may trade on days that are not Business Days, the value of an Acquiring Fund’s assets may change on days when you are unable to purchase or redeem shares.
Buying or Selling Shares through a Financial Intermediary
In addition to being able to buy and sell Acquiring Fund shares directly from the Acquiring Funds through their transfer agent, you may also buy or sell shares of an Acquiring Fund through accounts with financial intermediaries, such as brokers and other institutions that are authorized to place trades in Acquiring Fund shares for their customers. When you purchase or sell Acquiring Fund shares through a financial intermediary (rather than directly from an Acquiring Fund), you may have to transmit your purchase and sale requests to the financial intermediary at an earlier time for your transaction to become effective that day. This allows the financial intermediary time to process your requests and transmit them to the Acquiring Fund prior to the time the Acquiring Fund calculates its NAV that day. Your financial intermediary is responsible for transmitting all purchase and redemption requests, investment information, documentation and money to an Acquiring Fund on time. If your financial intermediary fails to do so, it may be responsible for any resulting fees or losses. Unless your financial intermediary is an authorized institution, orders transmitted by the financial intermediary and received by an Acquiring Fund after the time NAV is calculated for a particular day will receive the following day’s NAV.
Certain financial intermediaries, including certain broker-dealers and shareholder organizations, are authorized to act as agent on behalf of the Acquiring Funds with respect to the receipt of purchase and redemption orders for Acquiring Fund shares (“authorized institutions”). Authorized institutions are also authorized to designate other intermediaries to receive purchase and redemption orders on an Acquiring Fund’s behalf. An Acquiring Fund will be deemed to have received a purchase or redemption order when an authorized institution or, if applicable, an authorized institution’s designee, receives the order. Orders will be priced at an Acquiring Fund’s NAV next computed after they are received by an authorized institution or an authorized institution’s designee. To determine whether your financial intermediary is an authorized institution or an authorized institution’s designee such that it may act as agent on behalf of an Acquiring Fund with respect to purchase and redemption orders for Acquiring Fund shares, you should contact your financial intermediary directly.
If you deal directly with a financial intermediary, you will have to follow its procedures for transacting with an Acquiring Fund. Your financial intermediary may charge a fee for your purchase and/or redemption transactions. For more information about how to purchase or sell Acquiring Fund shares through a financial intermediary, you should contact your financial intermediary directly.
How the Acquiring Funds Calculate NAV
The NAV of a class of each Acquiring Fund’s shares is determined by dividing the total value of the Acquiring Fund’s portfolio investments and other assets attributable to the class, less any liabilities attributable to the class, by the total number of shares outstanding of the class.
In calculating NAV, each Acquiring Fund generally values its investment portfolio at market price. If market prices for portfolio securities are not readily available or an Acquiring Fund reasonably believes that they are unreliable, such as in the case of a security value that has been materially affected by events occurring after the relevant market closes, the Acquiring Fund is required to price those securities at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Acquiring Trust Board. Pursuant to the policies adopted by, and under the ultimate supervision of, the Acquiring Trust Board, these methods are implemented through the Acquiring Trust’s Fair Value Pricing Committee, members of which are appointed by the Acquiring Trust Board. An Acquiring Fund’s determination of a security’s fair value price often involves the consideration of a number of subjective factors, and is therefore subject to the unavoidable risk that the value that the Acquiring Fund assigns to a security may be higher or lower than the security’s value would be if a reliable market quotation for the security was readily available. The respective prospectuses for the open-end investment companies in which an Acquiring Fund invests explain the circumstances in which those investment companies will use fair value pricing and the effect of fair value pricing.
With respect to non-U.S. securities held by an Acquiring Fund, the Acquiring Fund may take factors influencing specific markets or issuers into consideration in determining the fair value of a non-U.S. security. International securities markets may be open on days when the U.S. markets are closed. In such cases, the value of any international securities owned by an Acquiring Fund may be significantly affected on days when investors cannot buy or sell shares. In addition, due to the difference in times between the close of the international markets and the time as of which an Acquiring Fund prices its shares, the value the Acquiring Fund assigns to securities may not be the same as the quoted or published prices of those securities on their primary markets or exchanges. In determining fair value prices, an Acquiring Fund may consider the performance of securities on their primary exchanges, foreign currency appreciation/depreciation, securities market movements in the United States, or other relevant information related to the securities.
There may be limited circumstances in which an Acquiring Fund would price securities at fair value for stocks of U.S. companies that are traded on U.S. exchanges – for example, if the exchange on which a portfolio security is principally traded closed early or if trading in a particular security was halted during the day and did not resume prior to the time an Acquiring Fund calculated its NAV.
Redeemable securities issued by open-end investment companies are valued at the investment company’s applicable NAV.
Other assets for which market quotations are not readily available will be valued at their fair value as determined in good faith pursuant to procedures adopted by the Acquiring Trust Board.
How to Sell Your Acquiring Fund Shares
If you own your shares directly, you may sell your shares on any Business Day by contacting the Acquiring Funds directly by mail or telephone at 1-877-628-8575.
If you own your shares through an account with a broker or other institution, contact that broker or institution to sell your shares. Your broker or institution may charge a fee for its services in addition to the fees charged by the Acquiring Funds.
If you would like to have your redemption proceeds, including proceeds generated as a result of closing your account, sent to a third party or an address other than your own, please notify the Acquiring Funds in writing.
Certain redemption requests will require a signature guarantee by an eligible guarantor institution. Eligible guarantors include commercial banks, savings and loans, savings banks, trust companies, credit unions, member firms of a national stock exchange, or any other member or participant of an approved signature guarantor program. For example, signature guarantees may be required if your address of record has changed in the last 30 days, if you want the proceeds sent to a bank other than the bank of record on your account, or if you ask that the proceeds be sent to a different person or address. Please note that a notary public is not an acceptable provider of a signature guarantee and that the Acquiring Funds must be provided with the original guarantee. Signature guarantees are for the protection of Acquiring Fund shareholders. Before granting a redemption request, the Acquiring Funds may require a shareholder to furnish additional legal documents to ensure proper authorization.
Accounts held by a corporation, trust, fiduciary or partnership, may require additional documentation along with a signature guaranteed letter of instruction. The Acquiring Funds participate in the Paperless Legal Program (the “Program”), which eliminates the need for accompanying paper documentation on legal securities transfers. Requests received with a Medallion Signature Guarantee will be reviewed for the proper criteria to meet the guidelines of the Program and may not require additional documentation. Please contact Shareholder Services at 1-877-628-8575 for more information.
The sale price of each share will be the NAV next determined after an Acquiring Fund (or an authorized institution) receives your request in proper form.
By Mail
To redeem shares by mail, please send a letter to the Acquiring Funds signed by all registered parties on the account specifying:
| · | The Acquiring Fund name; |
| · | The dollar amount or number of shares you wish to redeem; |
| · | The account name(s); and |
| · | The address to which redemption (sale) proceeds should be sent. |
All registered shareholders must sign the letter in the exact name(s) and must designate any special capacity in which they are registered.
Regular Mail Address
FS Funds
P.O. Box 219009
Kansas City, MO 64121-9009
Express Mail Address
FS Funds
c/o DST Systems, Inc.
430 West 7th Street
Kansas City, MO 64105
The Acquiring Funds do not consider the U.S. Postal Service or other independent delivery services to be their agents. Therefore, deposit in the mail or with such services of sell orders does not constitute receipt by the Acquiring Funds’ transfer agent. The share price used to fill the sell order is the next price calculated by an Acquiring Fund after the Acquiring Funds’ transfer agent receives the order in proper form at the P.O. Box provided for regular mail delivery or the office address provided for express mail delivery.
By Telephone
To redeem shares by telephone, you must first establish the telephone redemption privilege (and, if desired, the wire and/or ACH redemption privilege) by completing the appropriate sections of the account application. Call 877-9-CHIRON (877-924-4766) to redeem your shares. Based on your instructions, the Acquiring Funds will mail your proceeds to you, or send them to your bank via wire or ACH.
By Systematic Withdrawal Plan (via ACH)
If your account balance is at least $1,000, you may transfer as little as $100 monthly, every other month, quarterly and annually from your account to another financial institution through a Systematic Withdrawal Plan (via ACH). To participate in this service, you must complete the appropriate sections of the account application and mail it to the Acquiring Funds.
Receiving Your Money
Normally, an Acquiring Fund will send your sale proceeds within one Business Day after it receives your redemption request. An Acquiring Fund, however, may take up to seven days to pay redemption proceeds. Your proceeds can be wired to your bank account (may be subject to a $10 fee), sent to you by check or sent via ACH to your bank account if you have established banking instructions with an Acquiring Fund. If you are selling shares that were recently purchased by check or through ACH, redemption proceeds may not be available until your check has cleared or the ACH transaction has been completed (which may take up to 15 days from your date of purchase).
An Acquiring Fund typically expects to sell portfolio assets and/or hold cash or cash equivalents to meet redemption requests. On a less regular basis, an Acquiring Fund may also meet redemption requests by using short-term borrowings from its custodian and/or redeeming shares in-kind (as described below). These methods may be used during both normal and stressed market conditions.
Large Shareholder Redemptions
Certain accounts or FS Investment affiliates may from time to time own (beneficially or of record) or control a significant percentage of an Acquiring Fund’s shares. Redemptions by these accounts of their holdings in an Acquiring Fund may impact the Fund’s liquidity and NAV. These redemptions may also force an Acquiring Fund to sell securities, which may negatively impact the Acquiring Fund’s brokerage costs.
Redemptions In-Kind
The Acquiring Funds generally pay sale (redemption) proceeds in cash. However, under unusual conditions that make the payment of cash unwise and for the protection of the Acquiring Funds’ remaining shareholders, the Acquiring Funds might pay all or part of your redemption proceeds in any combination of securities, as determined by the Adviser, with a market value equal to the redemption price (redemption in-kind). It is highly unlikely that your shares would ever be redeemed in-kind, but if they were, you would have to pay transaction costs to sell the securities distributed to you, as well as taxes on any capital gains from the sale as with any redemption. In addition, you would continue to be subject to the risks of any market fluctuation in the value of the securities you receive in-kind until they are sold.
Involuntary Redemptions of Your Shares
If your account balance drops below $500 because of redemptions, you may be required to sell your shares. The Acquiring Funds generally will provide you at least 30 days’ written notice to give you time to add to your account and avoid the involuntary redemption of your shares. Each Acquiring Fund reserves the right to waive the minimum account value requirement in its sole discretion.
Suspension of Your Right to Sell Your Shares
The Acquiring Funds may suspend your right to sell your shares or delay payment of redemption proceeds for more than seven days during times when the NYSE is closed, other than during customary weekends or holidays, or as otherwise permitted by the SEC. More information about this is in the Acquiring Funds’ SAI.
How to Exchange Your Acquiring Fund Shares
At no charge, you may exchange Class A Shares or Class I Shares of one Acquiring Fund for Class A Shares or Class I Shares, respectively, of another Acquiring Fund by writing to or calling the Acquiring Funds. Exchanges are subject to the minimum investment requirements and the fees and expenses of the Acquiring Fund you exchange into.
The exchange privilege is not intended as a vehicle for short-term or excessive trading. An Acquiring Fund may suspend or terminate your exchange privilege if you engage in a pattern of exchanges that is excessive, as determined in the sole discretion of the Acquiring Funds. For more information about the Acquiring Funds’ policy on excessive trading, see “Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures.”
At no charge, you may also convert one class of shares of one Acquiring Fund directly to another class of shares of the same Acquiring Fund, where offered, by writing to or calling the Acquiring Funds, subject to the minimum investment requirements and the fees and expenses of the share class you convert into. A conversion between share classes of the same Acquiring Fund is not a taxable event.
You may only exchange or convert shares between accounts with identical registrations (i.e., the same names and addresses).
Restrictions on Exchanging Fund Shares
| • | If you bought shares through a financial intermediary, contact your financial intermediary to learn which Acquiring Funds and share classes your financial intermediary makes available to you for exchanges. |
| • | Exchanges may be made only between accounts that have identical registrations. |
| • | Not all Acquiring Funds may offer all share classes. |
| • | You will generally be required to meet the minimum investment requirement for the class of shares and/or Acquiring Fund into which your exchange is made. |
| • | Your exchange will also be subject to any other requirements of the Acquiring Fund or share class into which, or from which, you are exchanging shares, including the imposition of sales loads and/or subscription or redemption fees (if applicable). |
| • | Each Acquiring Fund reserves the right to reject or cancel any exchange request and to modify or terminate the exchange privilege at any time. |
Telephone Transactions
Purchasing, selling and exchanging Acquiring Fund shares over the telephone is extremely convenient, but not without risk. Although the Acquiring Funds have certain safeguards and procedures to confirm the identity of callers and the authenticity of instructions, the Acquiring Funds are not responsible for any losses or costs incurred by following telephone instructions they reasonably believe to be genuine. If you or your financial institution transact with the Acquiring Funds over the telephone, you will generally bear the risk of any loss.
Front-End Sales Charges – Class A Shares
The offering price of Class A Shares is the next calculated NAV after the Acquiring Funds receive your request, plus the front-end sales charge. The amount of any front-end sales charge included in your offering price varies depending on the amount of your investment.
If Your Investment Is: | Your Sales Charge as a Percentage of Offering Price | Your Sales Charge as a Percentage of Your Net Investment | Dealer Reallowance as a Percentage of Offering Price |
Less than $50,000 | 5.75% | 6.10% | 5.00% |
$50,000 but less than $100,000 | 4.75% | 4.99% | 4.00% |
$100,000 but less than $250,000 | 3.75% | 3.90% | 3.00% |
$250,000 but less than $500,000 | 2.75% | 2.83% | 2.25% |
$500,000 but less than $1,000,000 | 2.00% | 2.04% | 1.50% |
$1,000,000 and over | None | None | None |
You may qualify for reduced sales charges or sales charge waivers. If you believe that you may qualify for a reduction or waiver of the sales charge, you should discuss this matter with your broker or other financial intermediary. To qualify for these reductions or waivers, you or your financial intermediary must provide sufficient information at the time of purchase to verify that your purchase qualifies for such treatment. This information could be used to aggregate, for example, holdings in personal or retirement accounts, Acquiring Fund shares owned by your family members, and holdings in accounts at other brokers or financial intermediaries. The Acquiring Funds or your financial intermediary may request documentation from you in order to verify your eligibility for a breakpoint discount. This information may include account statements and records regarding Acquiring Fund shares held at all financial intermediaries by you and members of your family. In addition to breakpoint discounts, the following sections describe other circumstances in which sales charges are waived or otherwise may be reduced. Your financial intermediary may not offer any or all of the waivers or discounts discussed below, in which case you would be required to purchase Class A Shares directly from an Acquiring Fund or through another intermediary in order to receive the desired waiver or discount.
Waiver of Front-End Sales Charge – Class A Shares
Certain investors may be eligible for a waiver of the sales loads due to the nature of the investors and/or the reduced sales efforts necessary to obtain their investments. The front-end sales charge will be waived on Class A Shares purchased by:
| · | Officers, directors, trustees and employees of the Adviser and their respective affiliates; |
| · | Registered representatives and employees of financial intermediaries with a current selling agreement with the Distributor or the Adviser; |
| · | Immediate family members of all such persons as described above; |
| · | Financial intermediary supermarkets and fee-based platforms; and |
| · | Financial intermediaries who have entered into an agreement with the Distributor to offer shares to self-directed investment brokerage accounts that may or may not charge a transaction fee to its customers. |
You should inquire with your financial intermediary regarding whether a waiver of front-end sales charge
is applicable to you.
Repurchase of Class A Shares
You may repurchase any amount of Class A Shares of any Acquiring Fund at NAV (without the normal front-end sales charge), up to the limit of the value of any amount of Class A Shares (other than those which were purchased with reinvested dividends and distributions) that you redeemed within the past 90 days. In effect, this allows you to reacquire shares that you may have had to redeem, without repaying the front-end sales charge. To exercise this privilege, an Acquiring Fund must receive your purchase order within 90 days of your redemption. In addition, you must notify your investment professional or institution when you send in your purchase order that you are repurchasing shares. Certain tax rules may limit your ability to recognize a loss on the redemption of your Class A Shares, and you should consult your tax advisor if recognizing such a loss is important to you.
Reduced Sales Charges
In addition to the above described reductions in front-end sales charges for purchases over a certain dollar size, you may also be eligible to participate in one or more of the programs described below to lower your initial sales charge. To be eligible to participate in these programs, you must inform your broker-dealer or financial advisor at the time you purchase shares that you would like to participate in one or more of the programs and provide information necessary to determine your eligibility to participate, including the account number(s) and names in which your accounts are registered at the time of purchase. In addition, the Acquiring Funds or their agent may request account statements if they are unable to verify your account information.
Rights of Accumulation
In calculating the appropriate sales charge rate, this right allows you to add the value of the Class A Shares you already own to the amount that you are currently purchasing. The Funds will combine the value of your current purchases with the current value of any Class A Shares you purchased previously for (i) your account, (ii) your spouse’s account, (iii) a joint account with your spouse, or (iv) your minor children’s trust or custodial accounts. A fiduciary purchasing shares for the same fiduciary account, trust or estate may also use this right of accumulation. If your investment qualifies for a reduced sales load due to accumulation of purchases, you must notify the transfer agent at the time of purchase of the existence of other accounts and/or holdings eligible to be aggregated to reduce or eliminate the sales load. You may be required to provide records, such as account statements, regarding Fund shares held by you or related accounts at the Funds or at other financial intermediaries in order to verify your eligibility for a breakpoint discount. You will receive the reduced sales load only on the additional purchases and not retroactively on previous purchases. The Funds may amend or terminate this right of accumulation at any time.
Letter of Intent
You may purchase Class A Shares at the sales charge rate applicable to the total amount of the purchases you intend to make over a 13-month period. In other words, a Letter of Intent allows you to purchase Class A Shares of an Acquiring Fund over a 13-month period and receive the same sales charge as if you had purchased all the shares at the same time. The Acquiring Fund will only consider the value of Class A Shares sold subject to a sales charge. As a result, shares of the Class A Shares purchased with dividends or distributions will not be included in the calculation. To be entitled to a reduced sales charge on the purchase of Class A Shares based on shares you intend to purchase over the 13-month period, you must send the Acquiring Fund a Letter of Intent. In calculating the total amount of purchases, you may include in your Letter purchases made up to 90 days before the date of the Letter. Purchases resulting from the reinvestment of dividends and capital gains do not apply toward fulfillment of the Letter. The 13-month period begins on the date of the first purchase, including those purchases made in the 90-day period before the date of the Letter. Please note that the purchase price of these prior purchases will not be adjusted.
You are not legally bound by the terms of your Letter of Intent to purchase the amount of your shares stated in the Letter. The Letter does, however, authorize the Acquiring Fund to hold in escrow 5% of the total amount you intend to purchase. If you do not complete the total intended purchase of Class A Shares at the end of the 13-month period, the Acquiring Fund’s transfer agent will redeem the necessary portion of the escrowed shares to make up the difference between the reduced rate sales charge (based on the amount you intended to purchase) and the sales charge that would normally apply (based on the actual amount you purchased).
Combined Purchase/Quantity Discount Privilege
When calculating the appropriate sales charge rate, an Acquiring Fund will combine same-day purchases of Class A Shares (that are subject to a sales charge) made by you, your spouse and your minor children (under age 21). This combination also applies to Class A Shares you purchase with a Letter of Intent.
General Information about Sales Charges
Your securities dealer is paid a commission when you buy your shares and is paid a servicing fee as long as you hold your shares. Your securities dealer or servicing agent may receive different levels of compensation depending on which class of shares you buy. A portion of the sales charge, up to 0.75%, may be paid to FS Solutions or re-allowed to participating broker-dealers. From time to time, some financial institutions may be reallowed up to the entire sales charge. Firms that receive a reallowance of the entire sales charge may be considered underwriters for the purpose of federal securities law.
The Acquiring Funds’ distributor may, from time to time in its sole discretion, institute one or more promotional incentive programs for dealers, which will be paid for by the Acquiring Funds’ distributor from any sales charge it receives or from any other source available to it. Under any such program, the Acquiring Funds’ distributor may provide cash or non-cash compensation as recognition for past sales or encouragement for future sales that may include merchandise, travel expenses, prizes, meals, lodgings, and gifts that do not exceed $100 per year, per individual.
Because the Acquiring Funds’ prospectus will be available on the Acquiring Funds' website free of charge, the Acquiring Funds do not separately make information regarding the Acquiring Funds' sales charges available on the website.
Payments to Financial Intermediaries
The Acquiring Funds and/or the Adviser may compensate financial intermediaries for providing a variety of services to the Acquiring Funds and/or their shareholders. Financial intermediaries include affiliated or unaffiliated brokers, dealers, banks (including bank trust departments), trust companies, registered investment advisers, financial planners, retirement plan administrators, insurance companies, and any other institution having a service, administration, or any similar arrangement with the Acquiring Funds, their service providers or their respective affiliates. This section briefly describes how financial intermediaries may be paid for providing these services. For more information, please see “Payments to Financial Intermediaries” in the Acquiring Funds’ SAI.
Distribution Plan
The Acquiring Funds have adopted a distribution plan under Rule 12b-1 of the 1940 Act for Class A Shares that allows the Acquiring Funds to pay distribution and/or service fees for the sale and distribution of Acquiring Fund shares, and for services provided to shareholders. Because these fees are paid out of an Acquiring Fund’s assets on an on-going basis, over time these fees will increase the cost of your investment and may cost you more than paying other types of sales charges. The maximum annual Rule 12b-1 Fee for Class A Shares of an Acquiring Fund is 0.25%.
Other Payments by the Acquiring Funds
The Acquiring Funds may enter into agreements with financial intermediaries pursuant to which the Acquiring Funds may pay financial intermediaries for non-distribution-related sub-transfer agency, administrative, sub-accounting, and other shareholder services. Payments made pursuant to such agreements are generally based on either (1) a percentage of the average daily net assets of Acquiring Fund shareholders serviced by a financial intermediary, or (2) the number of Acquiring Fund shareholders serviced by a financial intermediary. Any payments made pursuant to such agreements may be in addition to, rather than in lieu of, distribution fees the Acquiring Funds may pay to financial intermediaries pursuant to the Acquiring Funds’ distribution plan.
Payments by the Adviser
From their own assets, the Adviser or its affiliates may pay selected brokerage firms or other financial intermediaries that sell Class A Shares of each Fund for distribution, marketing, promotional, or related services. Such payments may be based on gross sales, assets under management, or transactional charges, or on a combination of these factors. The amount of these payments is determined from time to time by the Adviser, may be substantial, and may differ for different financial intermediaries. Payments based primarily on sales create an incentive to make new sales of shares, while payments based on assets create an incentive to retain previously sold shares. Sales- and asset-based payments currently range up to 25 basis points on sales and up to 20 basis points on average annual net assets of shares held through the intermediary and are subject to change. Payments based on transactional charges may include the payment or reimbursement of all or a portion of “ticket charges.” Ticket charges are fees charged to salespersons purchasing through a financial intermediary firm in connection with mutual fund purchases, redemptions, or exchanges. The payment or reimbursement of ticket charges creates an incentive for salespersons of an intermediary to sell shares of the Trust’s funds over shares of funds for which there is lesser or no payment or reimbursement of any applicable ticket charge. FS and its affiliates consider a number of factors in making payments to financial intermediaries, including the distribution capabilities of the intermediary, the overall quality of the relationship, expected gross and/or net sales generated by the relationship, redemption and retention rates of assets held through the intermediary, the willingness of the intermediary to cooperate with FS’ marketing efforts, access to sales personnel, and the anticipated profitability of sales through the institutional relationship. These factors may change from time to time. Broker-dealer firms currently receiving or expected to receive these fees are listed in the SAI.
In addition, for all share classes, from time to time, the Adviser and/or its affiliates, in their discretion, may make payments to certain affiliated or unaffiliated financial intermediaries to compensate them for the costs associated with distribution, marketing, administration and shareholder servicing support for the Acquiring Funds. These payments are sometimes characterized as “revenue sharing” payments and are made out of the Adviser’s and/or its affiliates’ own legitimate profits or other resources, and may be in addition to any payments made to financial intermediaries by the Acquiring Funds. A financial intermediary may provide these services with respect to Acquiring Fund shares sold or held through programs such as retirement plans, qualified tuition programs, fund supermarkets, fee-based advisory or wrap fee programs, bank trust programs, and insurance (e.g., individual or group annuity) programs. In addition, financial intermediaries may receive payments for making shares of the Acquiring Funds available to their customers or registered representatives, including providing the Acquiring Funds with “shelf space,” placing them on a preferred or recommended fund list, or promoting the Acquiring Funds in certain sales programs that are sponsored by financial intermediaries. To the extent permitted by SEC and Financial Industry Regulatory Authority rules and other applicable laws and regulations, the Adviser and/or its affiliates may pay or allow other promotional incentives or payments to financial intermediaries.
The level of payments made by the Adviser and/or its affiliates to individual financial intermediaries varies in any given year and may be negotiated on the basis of sales of Acquiring Fund shares, the amount of Acquiring Fund assets serviced by the financial intermediary or the quality of the financial intermediary’s relationship with the Adviser and/or its affiliates. These payments may be more or less than the payments received by the financial intermediaries from other mutual funds and may influence a financial intermediary to favor the sales of certain funds or share classes over others. In certain instances, the payments could be significant and may cause a conflict of interest for your financial intermediary. Any such payments will not change the NAV or price of an Acquiring Fund’s shares. Please contact your financial intermediary for information about any payments it may receive in connection with the sale of Acquiring Fund shares or the provision of services to Acquiring Fund shareholders.
In addition to these payments, your financial intermediary may charge you account fees, commissions or transaction fees for buying or redeeming shares of the Acquiring Funds, or other fees for servicing your account. Your financial intermediary should provide a schedule of its fees and services to you upon request.
Other Policies
Excessive Trading Policies and Procedures
The Acquiring Funds are intended for long-term investment purposes only and discourage shareholders from engaging in “market timing” or other types of excessive short-term trading. This frequent trading into and out of an Acquiring Fund may present risks to the Acquiring Fund’s long-term shareholders and could adversely affect shareholder returns. The risks posed by frequent trading include interfering with the efficient implementation of an Acquiring Fund’s investment strategies, triggering the recognition of taxable gains and losses on the sale of Acquiring Fund investments, requiring the Acquiring Fund to maintain higher cash balances to meet redemption requests, and experiencing increased transaction costs.
In addition, because the Acquiring Funds may invest in foreign securities traded primarily on markets that close prior to the time an Acquiring Fund determines its NAV, the risks posed by frequent trading may have a greater potential to dilute the value of Acquiring Fund shares held by long-term shareholders than funds investing exclusively in U.S. securities. In instances where a significant event that affects the value of one or more foreign securities held by an Acquiring Fund takes place after the close of the primary foreign market, but before the time that the Acquiring Fund determines its NAV, certain investors may seek to take advantage of the fact that there will be a delay in the adjustment of the market price for a security caused by this event until the foreign market reopens (sometimes referred to as “price” or “time zone” arbitrage). Shareholders who attempt this type of arbitrage may dilute the value of an Acquiring Fund’s shares if the prices of the Acquiring Fund’s foreign securities do not reflect their fair value. Although the Acquiring Funds have procedures designed to determine the fair value of foreign securities for purposes of calculating their NAV when such an event has occurred, fair value pricing, because it involves judgments which are inherently subjective, may not always eliminate the risk of price arbitrage.
In addition, because the Acquiring Funds may invest in micro-, small- and mid-cap securities, which often trade in lower volumes and may be less liquid, the Acquiring Funds may be more susceptible to the risks posed by frequent trading because frequent transactions in the Acquiring Funds’ shares may have a greater impact on the market prices of these types of securities.
The Acquiring Funds’ service providers will take steps reasonably designed to detect and deter frequent trading by shareholders pursuant to the Acquiring Funds’ policies and procedures described in this Proxy Statement/Prospectus and approved by the Acquiring Trust Board. For purposes of applying these policies, the Acquiring Funds’ service providers may consider the trading history of accounts under common ownership or control. The Acquiring Funds’ policies and procedures include:
| • | Shareholders are restricted from making more than one purchase and redemption “round trip” into or out of an Acquiring Fund over any rolling 90-day period. The Acquiring Funds define a “round trip” as a purchase or exchange into an Acquiring Fund by a shareholder, followed by a subsequent redemption out of the Acquiring Fund, of an amount the Adviser reasonably believes would be harmful or disruptive to the Acquiring Fund. |
| • | Each Acquiring Fund reserves the right to reject any purchase or exchange request by any investor or group of investors for any reason without prior notice, including, in particular, if the Acquiring Fund or the Adviser reasonably believes that the trading activity would be harmful or disruptive to the Acquiring Fund. |
The Acquiring Funds and/or their service providers seek to apply these policies to the best of their abilities uniformly and in a manner they believe is consistent with the interests of the Acquiring Funds’ long-term shareholders. The Acquiring Funds do not knowingly accommodate frequent purchases and redemptions by Acquiring Fund shareholders. Although these policies are designed to deter frequent trading, none of these measures alone nor all of them taken together eliminate the possibility that frequent trading in an Acquiring Fund will occur. Systematic purchases and redemptions are exempt from these policies.
Financial intermediaries (such as investment advisers and broker-dealers) often establish omnibus accounts in the Acquiring Funds for their customers through which transactions are placed. The Acquiring Funds have entered into “information sharing agreements” with these financial intermediaries, which permit the Acquiring Funds to obtain, upon request, information about the trading activity of the intermediary’s customers that invest in the Acquiring Funds. If the Acquiring Funds or their service providers identify omnibus account level trading patterns that have the potential to be detrimental to the Acquiring Funds, the Acquiring Funds or their service providers may, in their sole discretion, request from the financial intermediary information concerning the trading activity of its customers. Based upon a review of that information, if the Acquiring Funds or their service providers determine that the trading activity of any customer may be detrimental to the Acquiring Funds, they may, in their sole discretion, request the financial intermediary to restrict or limit further trading in the Acquiring Funds by that customer. If the Acquiring Funds are not satisfied that the intermediary has taken appropriate action, the Acquiring Funds may terminate the intermediary’s ability to transact in Acquiring Fund shares. When information regarding transactions in the Acquiring Funds’ shares is requested by the Acquiring Funds and such information is in the possession of a person that is itself a financial intermediary to a financial intermediary (an “indirect intermediary”), any financial intermediary with whom the Acquiring Funds have an information sharing agreement is obligated to obtain transaction information from the indirect intermediary or, if directed by the Acquiring Funds, to restrict or prohibit the indirect intermediary from purchasing shares of the Acquiring Funds on behalf of other persons.
The Acquiring Funds and their service providers will use reasonable efforts to work with financial intermediaries to identify excessive short-term trading in omnibus accounts that may be detrimental to the Acquiring Funds. However, there can be no assurance that the monitoring of omnibus account level trading will enable the Acquiring Funds to identify or prevent all such trading by a financial intermediary’s customers. Please contact your financial intermediary for more information.
Customer Identification and Verification
To help the government fight the funding of terrorism and money laundering activities, federal law requires all financial institutions to obtain, verify, and record information that identifies each person who opens an account.
What this means to you: when you open an account, an Acquiring Fund will ask your name, address, date of birth, and other information that will allow the Acquiring Fund to identify you. This information is subject to verification to ensure the identity of all persons opening a mutual fund account.
The Acquiring Funds are required by law to reject your new account application if the required identifying information is not provided.
In certain instances, the Acquiring Funds are required to collect documents to fulfill their legal obligation. Documents provided in connection with your application will be used solely to establish and verify your identity.
Attempts to collect the missing information required on the application will be performed by either contacting you or, if applicable, your broker or financial intermediary. If this information cannot be obtained within a reasonable timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Acquiring Funds, your application will be rejected.
Subject to the Acquiring Funds’ right to reject purchases as described in this Proxy Statement/Prospectus, your investment will be accepted and your order will be processed at the next-determined NAV per share.
The Acquiring Funds reserve the right to close or liquidate your account at the next-determined NAV and remit proceeds to you via check if they are unable to verify your identity. Attempts to verify your identity will be performed within a reasonable timeframe established in the sole discretion of the Acquiring Funds. Further, the Acquiring Funds reserve the right to hold your proceeds until your original check clears the bank, which may take up to 15 days from the date of purchase. In such an instance, you may be subject to a gain or loss on Acquiring Fund shares and will be subject to corresponding tax implications.
Anti-Money Laundering Program
Customer identification and verification is part of the Acquiring Funds' overall obligation to deter money laundering under federal law. The Acquiring Funds have adopted an anti-money laundering compliance program designed to prevent the Acquiring Funds from being used for money laundering or the financing of illegal activities. In this regard, the Acquiring Funds reserve the right to: (i) refuse, cancel or rescind any purchase or exchange order; (ii) freeze any account and/or suspend account services; or (iii) involuntarily close your account in cases of threatening conduct or suspected fraudulent or illegal activity. These actions will be taken when, in the sole discretion of Acquiring Fund management, they are deemed to be in the best interest of an Acquiring Fund or in cases when an Acquiring Fund is requested or compelled to do so by governmental or law enforcement authority. If your account is closed at the request of governmental or law enforcement authority, you may not receive proceeds of the redemption if the Acquiring Fund is required to withhold such proceeds.
Unclaimed Property
Each state has unclaimed property rules that generally provide for escheatment (or transfer) to the state of unclaimed property under various circumstances. Such circumstances include inactivity (e.g., no owner-initiated contact for a certain period), returned mail (e.g., when mail sent to a shareholder is returned by the post office, or “RPO,” as undeliverable), or a combination of both inactivity and returned mail. Once it flags property as unclaimed, the applicable Acquiring Fund will attempt to contact the shareholder, but if that attempt is unsuccessful, the account may be considered abandoned and escheated to the state.
Shareholders that reside in the state of Texas may designate a representative to receive escheatment notifications by completing and submitting a designation form that can be found on the website of the Texas Comptroller. While the designated representative does not have any rights to claim or access the shareholder’s account or assets, the escheatment period will cease if the representative communicates knowledge of the shareholder’s location and confirms that the shareholder has not abandoned his or her property. A completed designation form may be mailed to the Acquiring Funds (if shares are held directly with the Acquiring Funds) or to the shareholder’s financial intermediary (if shares are not held directly with the Acquiring Funds).
More information on unclaimed property and how to maintain an active account is available through your state or by calling 1-877-628-8575.
Dividends and Distributions
Each Acquiring Fund distributes its net investment income and makes distributions of its net realized capital gains, if any, at least annually. If you own Acquiring Fund shares on an Acquiring Fund’s record date, you will be entitled to receive the distribution.
You will receive dividends and distributions in the form of additional Acquiring Fund shares unless you elect to receive payment in cash. To elect cash payment, you must notify an Acquiring Fund in writing prior to the date of the distribution. Your election will be effective for dividends and distributions paid after the Acquiring Fund receives your written notice. To cancel your election, simply send the Acquiring Fund written notice.
Taxes
Please consult your tax advisor regarding your specific questions about U.S. federal, state and local income taxes. Below is a summary of some important tax issues that affect the Acquiring Funds and their shareholders. This summary is based on current tax laws, which may change. This summary does not apply to shares held in an IRA or other tax-qualified plans, which are generally not subject to current tax. Transactions relating to shares held in such accounts may, however, be taxable at some time in the future.
Each Acquiring Fund intends to qualify each year for treatment as a RIC. If it meets certain minimum distribution requirements, a RIC is not subject to tax at the fund level on income and gains from investments that are timely distributed to shareholders. However, an Acquiring Fund’s failure to qualify as a RIC or to meet minimum distribution requirements would result (if certain relief provisions were not available) in fund-level taxation and, consequently, a reduction in income available for distribution to shareholders.
Each Acquiring Fund intends to distribute substantially all of its net investment income and net realized capital gains, if any. The dividends and distributions you receive may be subject to federal, state, and local taxation, depending upon your tax situation. Distributions you receive from each Acquiring Fund may be taxable whether or not you reinvest them. Income distributions, other than distributions of qualified dividend income, and distributions of short-term capital gains are generally taxable at ordinary income tax rates. Distributions reported by the Acquiring Funds as long term capital gains and as qualified dividend income are generally taxable at the rates applicable to long-term capital gains currently set at a maximum tax rate for individuals at 20% (lower rates apply to individuals in lower tax brackets). An Acquiring Fund’s investment strategies may limit its ability to make distributions eligible for treatment as qualified dividend income. Once a year the Acquiring Funds (or their administrative agent) will send you a statement showing the types and total amount of distributions you received during the previous year.
You should note that if you purchase shares just before a distribution, the purchase price would reflect the amount of the upcoming distribution. In this case, you would be taxed on the entire amount of the distribution received, even though, as an economic matter, the distribution simply constitutes a return of your investment. This is known as “buying a dividend” and should be avoided by taxable investors.
Each sale of Acquiring Fund shares may be a taxable event. For tax purposes, an exchange of your Acquiring Fund shares for shares of a different fund is the same as a sale. The gain or loss on the sale of Acquiring Fund shares generally will be treated as a short-term capital gain or loss if you held the shares for 12 months or less or as long-term capital gain or loss if you held the shares for longer. Any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Acquiring Fund shares held for six months or less will be treated as long-term, rather than short-term, to the extent of any long-term capital gain distributions received (or deemed received) by you with respect to the Acquiring Fund shares. All or a portion of any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Acquiring Fund shares will be disallowed if you purchase other substantially identical shares within 30 days before or after the disposition. In such a case, the basis of the newly purchased shares will be adjusted to reflect the disallowed loss.
U.S. individuals with income exceeding $200,000 ($250,000 if married and filing jointly) are subject to a 3.8% tax on their “net investment income,” including interest, dividends, and capital gains (including capital gains realized on the sale of shares of an Acquiring Fund).
The Acquiring Funds (or their administrative agent) must report to the IRS and furnish to Acquiring Fund shareholders cost basis information for Acquiring Fund shares. In addition to reporting the gross proceeds from the sale of Acquiring Fund shares, the Acquiring Funds (or their administrative agent) are also required to report the cost basis information for such shares and indicate whether these shares had a short-term or long-term holding period. For each sale of Acquiring Fund shares, the Acquiring Funds will permit shareholders to elect from among several IRS-accepted cost basis methods, including the average cost basis method. In the absence of an election, the Acquiring Funds will use the average cost basis method as the default cost basis method. The cost basis method elected by the Acquiring Fund shareholder (or the cost basis method applied by default) for each sale of Acquiring Fund shares may not be changed after the settlement date of each such sale of Acquiring Fund shares. Acquiring Fund shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the best IRS-accepted cost basis method for their tax situation and to obtain more information about how cost basis reporting applies to them. Shareholders also should carefully review the cost basis information provided to them and make any additional basis, holding period or other adjustments that are required when reporting these amounts on their federal income tax returns.
To the extent an Acquiring Fund invests in foreign securities, it may be subject to foreign withholding taxes with respect to dividends or interest the Acquiring Fund received from sources in foreign countries. If more than 50% of the total assets of an Acquiring Fund consists of foreign securities, such Acquiring Fund will be eligible to elect to treat some of those taxes as a distribution to shareholders, which would allow shareholders to offset some of their U.S. federal income tax. An Acquiring Fund (or its administrative agent) will notify you if it makes such an election and provide you with the information necessary to reflect foreign taxes paid on your income tax return.
Each Acquiring Fund may gain most of its exposure to the commodities markets through its investment in its Subsidiary, which invests directly in commodities and in commodity-linked derivative instruments. An Acquiring Fund’s investment in its Subsidiary is expected to provide the Acquiring Fund with exposure to the commodities markets within the limitations of the federal tax requirements of Subchapter M of the Code for qualification as a RIC. The “Subpart F” income (defined in Section 951 of the Code to include passive income, including from commodity-linked derivatives) of an Acquiring Fund attributable to its investment in its Subsidiary is “qualifying income” to the Acquiring Fund to the extent that such income is derived with respect to the Acquiring Fund’s business of investing in stock, securities or currencies. Each Acquiring Fund expects its “Subpart F” income attributable to its investment in its Subsidiary to be derived with respect to the Acquiring Fund’s business of investing in stock, securities or currencies and accordingly expects its “Subpart F” income attributable to its investment in its Subsidiary to be treated as “qualifying income.” The Adviser will carefully monitor each Acquiring Fund’s investments in its Subsidiary to ensure that no more than 25% of the Acquiring Fund’s assets are invested in its Subsidiary.
In addition, certain of an Acquiring Fund’s investments, such as Commodity-Related Investments, when made directly, may not produce qualifying income to the Acquiring Fund. To the extent an Acquiring Fund invests in Commodity-Related Investments directly, the Acquiring Fund will seek to restrict its income from such instruments that do not generate qualifying income to a maximum of 10% of its gross income (when combined with its other investments that produce non-qualifying income).
If an Acquiring Fund fails to qualify as a RIC and to avail itself of certain relief provisions, it would be subject to tax at the regular corporate rate without any deduction for distributions to shareholders, and its distributions would generally be taxable as dividends. Please see the SAI for a more detailed discussion, including the availability of certain relief provisions for certain failures by an Acquiring Fund to qualify as a RIC.
The Acquiring Funds may invest in REITs. The Code treats “qualified REIT dividends” (i.e., ordinary REIT dividends other than capital gain dividends and portions of REIT dividends designated as qualified dividend income eligible for capital gain tax rates) as eligible for a 20% deduction by non-corporate taxpayers. This deduction, if allowed in full, equates to a maximum effective tax rate of 29.6% (37% top rate applied to income after 20% deduction). Distributions by an Acquiring Fund to its shareholders that are attributable to qualified REIT dividends received by the Acquiring Fund and which the Acquiring Fund properly reports as “section 199A dividends,” are treated as “qualified REIT dividends” in the hands of non-corporate shareholders. A section 199A dividend is treated as a qualified REIT dividend only if the shareholder receiving such dividend holds the dividend-paying RIC shares for at least 46 days of the 91-day period beginning 45 days before the shares become ex-dividend, and is not under an obligation to make related payments with respect to a position in substantially similar or related property. An Acquiring Fund is permitted to report such part of its dividends as section 199A dividends as are eligible, but is not required to do so.
REITs in which an Acquiring Fund invests often do not provide complete and final tax information to the Acquiring Fund until after the time that the Acquiring Fund issues a tax reporting statement. As a result, an Acquiring Fund may at times find it necessary to reclassify the amount and character of its distributions to you after it issues your tax reporting statement. When such reclassification is necessary, an Acquiring Fund (or its administrative agent) will send you a corrected, final Form 1099-DIV to reflect the reclassified information. If you receive a corrected Form 1099-DIV, use the information on this corrected form, and not the information on the previously issued tax reporting statement, in completing your tax returns.
An Acquiring Fund must meet certain requirements regarding the source of its income and the diversification of its assets, among other requirements, to qualify as a RIC. Certain derivative investment by the Acquiring Funds, such as exchange-traded products and over-the-counter derivatives, may not produce qualifying income. In addition, the determination of the value and the identity of the issuer of such derivative investments are often unclear for purposes of the asset diversification requirement for qualification as a RIC. Each Acquiring Fund intends to carefully monitor such investments to ensure that any non-qualifying income does not exceed permissible limits and to ensure that it is adequately diversified. The Acquiring Funds, however, may not be able to accurately predict the non-qualifying income from these investments and there are no assurances that the IRS will agree with each Acquiring Fund’s determination with respect to certain derivatives.
Because each shareholder’s tax situation is different, you should consult your tax advisor about the tax implications of an investment in the Acquiring Funds.
More information about taxes is in the Acquiring Funds’ SAI.
Additional Information
The Acquiring Trust enters into contractual arrangements with various parties, including, among others, the Acquiring Funds’ investment adviser, custodian, transfer agent, accountants, administrator and distributor, who provide services to the Acquiring Funds. Shareholders are not parties to, or intended (or “third-party”) beneficiaries of, any of those contractual arrangements, and those contractual arrangements are not intended to create in any individual shareholder or group of shareholders any right to enforce the terms of the contractual arrangements against the service providers or to seek any remedy under the contractual arrangements against the service providers, either directly or on behalf of the Acquiring Trust.
This Proxy Statement/Prospectus and the Acquiring Funds’ SAI provide information concerning the Acquiring Trust and the Acquiring Funds that you should consider in determining whether to purchase shares of the Acquiring Funds. The Acquiring Funds may make changes to this information from time to time. Neither this Proxy Statement/Prospectus, the Acquiring Funds’ SAI or any document filed as an exhibit to the Acquiring Trust’s registration statement, is intended to, nor does it, give rise to an agreement or contract between the Acquiring Trust or the Acquiring Funds and any shareholder, or give rise to any contract or other rights in any individual shareholder, group of shareholders or other person other than any rights conferred explicitly by federal or state securities laws that may not be waived.
EXHIBIT B
OWNERSHIP OF THE TARGET FUNDS
Significant Holders
The following table shows the accounts of each Target Fund that own of record 5% or more of the Target Fund as of the Target Fund’s Record Date. Unless otherwise indicated, the Target Trust has no knowledge of beneficial ownership.
FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund |
Name and Address | Class of Shares | % of Class |
NATIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES LLC 499 WASHINGTON BLVD JERSEY CITY, NJ 07310-1995 | Class A | 25.53% |
CHARLES SCHWAB & CO INC 211 MAIN ST SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94105-1905 | Class A | 24.38% |
TD AMERITRADE INC PO BOX 2226 OMAHA, NE 68103-2226 | Class A | 18.90% |
PERSHING LLC P O BOX 2052 JERSEY CITY, NJ 07303-2052 | Class A | 17.36% |
LPL FINANCIAL PO BOX 509046 SAN DIEGO, CA 92150-9046 | Class A | 11.04% |
NATIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES LLC 499 WASHINGTON BLVD JERSEY CITY, NJ 07310-1995 | Class I | 47.12% |
LPL FINANCIAL PO BOX 509046 SAN DIEGO, CA 92150-9046 | Class I | 19.46% |
CHARLES SCHWAB & CO INC 211 MAIN ST SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94105-1905 | Class I | 16.50% |
TD AMERITRADE INC PO BOX 2226 OMAHA, NE 68103-2226 | Class I | 7.59% |
PERSHING LLC P O BOX 2052 JERSEY CITY, NJ 07303-2052 | Class I | 5.57% |
B-1
FS Chiron Real Asset Fund |
Name and Address | Class of Shares | % of Class |
FS REAL ASSET SCV FEEDER I LLC 201 ROUSE BLVD PHILADELPHIA, PA 19112-1902 | Class A | 100.00% |
FS REAL ASSET SCV FEEDER I LLC 201 ROUSE BLVD PHILADELPHIA, PA 19112-1902 | Class I | 99.88% |
B-2
EXHIBIT C
FORM OF AGREEMENT AND PLAN OF REORGANIZATION
THIS AGREEMENT AND PLAN OF REORGANIZATION (“Agreement”) is made as of this [____] day of [____], 2021 by and among (i) FS Series Trust, a Delaware statutory trust (“Target Trust”), severally and not jointly on behalf of three of its series, the FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund, FS Managed Futures Fund and FS Real Asset Fund (each, a “Target Fund,” and together, the “Target Funds”); (ii) The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund III, a Delaware statutory trust (“Acquiring Trust”), severally and not jointly on behalf of three of its series, the FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund, FS Managed Futures Fund and FS Real Asset Fund (each, an “Acquiring Fund,” and together, the “Acquiring Funds”); and (iii) solely for the purposes of Sections 1.2(f), 1.2(g), 4.3, 5.1(f), 9.2 and 11.1, FS Fund Advisor, LLC (“Adviser”), investment adviser of the Target Funds. Other than the Target Funds and the Acquiring Funds, no other series of either the Target Trust or the Acquiring Trust are parties to this Agreement.
WHEREAS, the parties hereto intend for each Acquiring Fund and its corresponding Target Fund (as set forth in Exhibit A hereto) to enter into a transaction pursuant to which: (i) the Acquiring Fund will acquire all of the Assets (as defined in Section 1.2(b)) and assume all of the Liabilities (as defined in Section 1.2(c)) of the corresponding Target Fund in exchange solely for Class A and Class I shares of the Acquiring Fund (“Acquiring Fund Shares”) (the value of which shall be determined as of the Valuation Time (as defined in Section 2.1(e)), and (ii) the Target Fund will distribute such Class A and Class I Acquiring Fund Shares to Class A and Class I shareholders, respectively, of the Target Fund, in connection with the complete liquidation of the Target Fund, all upon the terms and conditions hereinafter set forth in this Agreement (each such transaction, a “Reorganization”);
WHEREAS, each Acquiring Fund is a “shell” series of the Acquiring Trust created for the purpose of acquiring the Assets and assuming the Liabilities of its corresponding Target Fund;
WHEREAS, the Acquiring Trust and the Target Trust each is an open-end management investment company registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Commission”); and
WHEREAS, each Target Fund and each Acquiring Fund intends (i) this Agreement to be, and adopt it as, a plan of reorganization with respect to each Reorganization within the meaning of Section 368(a)(1) of the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) and Section 1.368-2(g) of the U.S. Treasury regulations promulgated under the Code (the “Treasury Regulations”), and (ii) that for United States federal income tax purposes each Reorganization contemplated by this Agreement constitutes a “reorganization” within the meaning of Section 368(a)(1) of the Code.
NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the premises and of the covenants and agreements hereinafter set forth, and intending to be legally bound, the parties hereto covenant and agree as follows:
| 1. | DESCRIPTION OF EACH REORGANIZATION |
1.1 It is the intention of the parties hereto that each Reorganization described herein shall be conducted separately from the other, and a party that is not a party to a Reorganization shall incur no obligations, duties or liabilities with respect to such Reorganization by reason of being a party to this Agreement. If any one Reorganization should fail to be consummated, such failure shall not affect any other Reorganization in any way. Accordingly, the Closing (as defined in Section 3.1) of a Reorganization is not contingent upon the Closing (as defined in Section 3.1) of any other Reorganization.
1.2. The Acquiring Trust and the Target Trust agree to take the following steps with respect to each Reorganization:
(a) The Target Fund shall transfer all of its Assets, as defined in Section 1.2(b), to the Acquiring Fund, and the Acquiring Fund in exchange therefor shall assume all of the Liabilities, as defined in Section 1.2(c), and deliver to the Target Fund the number of full and fractional Class A and Class I Acquiring Fund Shares determined in the manner set forth in Section 2.
(b) The assets of the Target Fund to be transferred to the Acquiring Fund shall consist of all assets, property, and goodwill including, without limitation, all cash, securities, commodities and futures interests, claims (whether absolute or contingent, known or unknown, accrued or unaccrued and including, without limitation, any interest in pending or future legal claims in connection with past or present portfolio holdings, whether in the form of class action claims, opt-out or other direct litigation claims, or regulator or government-established investor recovery fund claims, and any and all resulting recoveries) and dividends or interest receivable that are owned by the Target Fund and any deferred or prepaid expenses shown as an asset on the books of the Target Fund on the Valuation Date (as defined in Section 2.1(f)) (collectively, “Assets”).
(c) The Target Fund will endeavor to discharge all of its liabilities and obligations prior to the Closing Date (as defined in Section 3.1). The Acquiring Fund shall assume all of the liabilities of the Target Fund, whether accrued or contingent, known or unknown, existing at the Valuation Time (as defined in Section 2.1(e)) (collectively, “Liabilities”). For the avoidance of doubt, Liabilities shall include, but are not limited to, any contractual obligation of the Target Fund to reimburse the Adviser for investment advisory fees previously waived or Target Fund expenses previously reimbursed, but only to the extent required under the terms and conditions of the contractual obligations in place between the Adviser and the Target Fund at the time of the waiver and/or reimbursement, notwithstanding the fact that such contractual obligations between the Target Fund and the Adviser may terminate as of the Closing Date.
(d) As soon as reasonably practicable after the Closing (as defined in Section 3.1), the Target Fund will distribute to its Class A and Class I shareholders of record (“Target Fund Shareholders”) the Class A and Class I Acquiring Fund Shares, respectively, received by the Target Fund pursuant to Section 1.2(a) on a pro rata basis, and the Target Fund will as promptly as practicable thereafter completely liquidate and dissolve. Such distribution, with respect to the Target Fund’s shares, and complete liquidation will be accomplished by the transfer of the Acquiring Fund Shares then credited to the account of the Target Fund on the books of the Acquiring Fund to open accounts on the share records of the Acquiring Fund in the names of the Target Fund Shareholders. At the Closing, any outstanding certificates representing shares of the Target Fund will be cancelled. The Acquiring Fund shall not issue certificates representing shares in connection with such exchange, irrespective of whether Target Fund Shareholders hold their Target Fund shares in certificated form.
(e) Ownership of Acquiring Fund Shares will be shown on its books, as such are maintained by the Acquiring Fund’s transfer agent.
(f) All books and records relating to the Target Fund, or copies thereof, including all books and records required to be maintained under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”), and the rules and regulations thereunder, shall be turned over to the Acquiring Fund as soon as practicable after the Closing Date and copies of all such books and records maintained by the Adviser or by the Target Fund’s administrator, custodian, distributor or fund accountant shall be turned over to the Acquiring Fund or its agents as soon as practicable following the Closing Date.
(g) The Adviser, the Target Trust and the Target Fund acknowledge that the Acquiring Trust, the Acquiring Fund and the Acquiring Fund’s investment adviser intend to treat, and do not and will not object to the Acquiring Trust, the Acquiring Fund and the Acquiring Fund’s investment adviser treating, the performance record of the Target Fund as the performance record of the Acquiring Fund for any purpose, including the rules and regulations of the Commission and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”). In this regard, the parties acknowledge that the investment performance history of the Target Fund will be transferred to the Acquiring Fund at the Closing Date. The Adviser, on behalf of the Target Fund, represents and warrants to the Acquiring Fund that the investment performance history of the Target Fund is accurate in all material respects and has been calculated in accordance with applicable law.
2.1. With respect to each Reorganization:
(a) The net value of the Target Fund’s Assets to be acquired by the Acquiring Fund hereunder shall be computed as of the Valuation Time (as defined in Section 2.1(e)) by calculating the value of the Assets, which shall reflect the declaration of any dividends, and subtracting therefrom the amount of the Liabilities, using the valuation procedures established by the Acquiring Trust’s Board of Trustees (“Acquiring Fund Valuation Procedures”).
(b) The number of Class A Acquiring Fund Shares (including fractional shares, if any, rounded to the nearest thousandth) issued by the Acquiring Fund in exchange for the Target Fund’s Assets shall equal the number of Class A shares of the Target Fund outstanding as of the Valuation Time. The number of Class I Acquiring Fund Shares (including fractional shares, if any, rounded to the nearest thousandth) issued by the Acquiring Fund in exchange for the Target Fund’s Assets shall equal the aggregate number of Class I shares of the Target Fund outstanding as of the Valuation Time.
(c) The net asset value per share of the Class A Acquiring Fund Shares issued in connection with the Reorganization shall be determined to the nearest full cent as of the Valuation Time, by dividing the net value of the Target Fund’s Assets (described in Section 2.1(a)) attributable to the Target Fund’s Class A shares by the number of Class A Acquiring Fund Shares issued in connection with the Reorganization (described in Section 2.1(b)). The net asset value per share of the Class I Acquiring Fund Shares issued in connection with the Reorganization shall be determined to the nearest full cent as of the Valuation Time, by dividing the net value of the Target Fund’s Assets (described in Section 2.1(a)) attributable to the Target Fund’s Class I shares by the number of Class I Acquiring Fund Shares issued in connection with the Reorganization (described in Section 2.1(b)).
(d) All computations of value shall be made by the Acquiring Fund’s administrator using the Acquiring Fund Valuation Procedures and shall be subject to review by the Target Fund’s administrator and, if requested by either the Target Trust or the Acquiring Trust, by the independent registered public accountant of the requesting party at the expense of the requesting party. The Target Trust and the Acquiring Trust agree to use commercially reasonable and good faith efforts to cause their respective administrators and investment advisers to work together to resolve before the Closing Date any material differences identified between the valuations of the portfolio assets of the Target Fund determined using the Acquiring Fund’s valuation procedures as compared to the prices of the same portfolio assets determined using the Target Fund’s valuation procedures.
(e) “Valuation Time” shall mean immediately after the close of regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) on the Valuation Date.
(f) “Valuation Date” shall mean the business day immediately preceding the Closing Date.
| 3. | CLOSING AND CLOSING DATE |
3.1. Each Reorganization shall close on [____], 2022 or such other date as the parties may agree (the “Closing Date”). All acts taking place at the closing of each Reorganization (“Closing”) shall be deemed to take place simultaneously as of immediately prior to the opening of regular trading on the NYSE on the Closing Date unless otherwise agreed to by the parties (the “Closing Time”). The Closing of each Reorganization may be held in person, by facsimile, email or such other communication means as the parties may agree.
3.2. With respect to each Reorganization:
(a) The Target Fund’s Assets that are represented by a certificate or other written instrument shall be transferred and delivered by the Target Fund as of the Closing Date to the Acquiring Fund’s custodian (the “Acquiring Custodian”) for the account of the Acquiring Fund duly endorsed in proper form for transfer and in such condition as to constitute good delivery thereof. The Target Trust shall direct the Target Fund’s custodian (the “Target Custodian”) to deliver to the Acquiring Custodian as of the Closing Date by book entry, in accordance with customary practices of the Target Custodian and any securities depository (as defined in Rule 17f-4 under 1940 Act) in which the Assets are deposited, the Target Fund’s Assets so held. The cash to be transferred by the Target Fund shall be delivered to the Acquiring Custodian by wire transfer of federal funds or other appropriate means on the Closing Date. If the Target Fund is unable to make such delivery on the Closing Date in the manner contemplated by this Section for the reason that any of such Assets purchased prior to the Closing Date have not yet been delivered to the Target Fund or its broker, then the Acquiring Fund may, in its sole discretion, waive the delivery requirements of this Section with respect to said undelivered Assets if the Target Fund has, by or on the Closing Date, delivered to the Acquiring Fund or the Acquiring Custodian executed copies of an agreement of assignment and escrow and due bills executed on behalf of said broker or brokers, together with such other documents as may be required by the Acquiring Fund or the Acquiring Custodian, such as brokers’ confirmation slips.
(b) The Target Trust shall direct the Target Custodian to deliver, at the Closing or promptly thereafter, a certificate of an authorized officer stating that, except as permitted by Section 3.2(a), the Assets have been delivered in proper form to the Acquiring Fund no later than the Closing Time on the Closing Date. The Target Fund shall be responsible for paying all necessary taxes in connection with the delivery of the Assets, including, but not limited to, all capital gains taxes and all applicable Federal, state and foreign stock transfer stamps, if any, and shall deliver, at the Closing or promptly thereafter, a certificate of an authorized officer of the Target Trust stating that all such taxes have been paid or provision for payment has been made.
(c) At such time prior to the Closing Date as the parties mutually agree, the Target Fund shall provide (i) instructions and related information to the Acquiring Fund or its transfer agent with respect to the Target Fund Shareholders, including names, addresses, dividend reinvestment elections and tax withholding status of the Target Fund Shareholders as of the date agreed upon (such information to be updated as of the Closing Date, as necessary) and (ii) the information and documentation maintained by the Target Fund or its agents relating to the identification and verification of the Target Fund Shareholders under the USA PATRIOT ACT and other applicable anti-money laundering laws, rules and regulations and such other information as the Acquiring Fund may reasonably request.
(d) The Target Trust shall direct the transfer agent for the Target Fund (the “Target Transfer Agent”) to deliver to the Acquiring Fund at the Closing a certificate of an authorized officer stating that its records, as provided to the Acquiring Trust, contain the names and addresses of the Target Fund Shareholders and the number of outstanding shares owned by each such shareholder immediately prior to the Closing. The Acquiring Fund shall cause to be issued and delivered to the Target Fund a confirmation evidencing the Acquiring Fund Shares to be credited on the Closing Date, or provide other evidence reasonably satisfactory to the Target Trust that such Acquiring Fund Shares have been credited to the Target Fund Shareholders’ accounts on the books of the Acquiring Fund. At the Closing, each party shall deliver to the other such bills of sale, checks, assignments, certificates, if any, receipts or other documents as such other party or its counsel may reasonably request.
(e) In the event that on the Valuation Date or the Closing Date (i) the NYSE or another primary trading market for portfolio securities of the Target Fund (each, an “Exchange”) shall be closed to trading or trading thereupon shall be restricted, or (ii) trading or the reporting of trading on such Exchange or elsewhere shall be disrupted so that, in the judgment of the Board of Trustees of the Acquiring Trust or the Target Trust or the authorized officers of either of such entities, accurate appraisal of the value of the net assets of the Target Fund is impracticable, the Closing Date shall be postponed until the first business day after the day when trading shall have been fully resumed and reporting shall have been restored, or on such later date as agreed to by the Target Fund and Acquiring Fund.
| 4. | REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES |
4.1 The Target Trust, on behalf of itself or, where applicable, each Target Fund, represents and warrants to the Acquiring Trust and each Target Fund’s corresponding Acquiring Fund as follows:
(a) The Target Fund is duly organized as a series of the Target Trust, which is a statutory trust duly formed, validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the State of Delaware with power under its Agreement and Declaration of Trust and by-laws, as each may have been amended from time to time and are currently in effect (“Governing Documents”), to own all of its Assets, to carry on its business as it is now being conducted and to enter into this Agreement and perform its obligations hereunder;
(b) The Target Trust is a registered investment company classified as a management company of the open-end type, and its registration with the Commission as an investment company under the 1940 Act, and the registration of the issued and outstanding shares of the Target Fund under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (“1933 Act”), are in full force and effect;
(c) No consent, approval, authorization, or order of any court or governmental authority or FINRA is required for the consummation by the Target Fund and the Target Trust of the transactions contemplated herein, except such as have been obtained or will be obtained at or prior to the Closing Date under the 1933 Act, the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“1934 Act”), the 1940 Act and state securities laws;
(d) The current prospectus and statement of additional information of the Target Fund and each prospectus and statement of additional information of the Target Fund used at all times between the commencement of operations of the Target Fund and the date of this Agreement conforms or conformed at the time of its use in all material respects to the applicable requirements of the 1933 Act and the 1940 Act and the rules and regulations of the Commission thereunder and does not or did not at the time of its use include any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not materially misleading;
(e) The Target Fund is in compliance in all material respects with the applicable investment policies and restrictions set forth in the Target Fund’s prospectus and statement of additional information;
(f) Except as otherwise disclosed to and accepted by or on behalf of the Acquiring Fund, the Target Fund will on the Closing Date have good title to the Assets and full right, power, and authority to sell, assign, transfer and deliver such Assets free of adverse claims, including any liens or other encumbrances, and upon delivery and payment for such Assets, the Acquiring Fund will acquire good title thereto, free of adverse claims and subject to no restrictions on the full transfer thereof, including, without limitation, such restrictions as might arise under the 1933 Act, provided that, if disclosed in writing to the Acquiring Fund, the Acquiring Fund will acquire Assets that are segregated as collateral for the Target Fund’s derivative positions, if any, including without limitation, as collateral for swap positions and as margin for futures positions, if any, subject to such segregation and liens that apply to such Assets;
(g) The Target Fund is not engaged currently, and the execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement will not result, in (i) a violation of the Target Trust’s Governing Documents or a material violation of any material agreement, indenture, instrument, contract, lease or other undertaking to which the Target Fund or the Target Trust is a party or by which it is bound, or (ii) the acceleration of any material obligation, or the imposition of any material lien, encumbrance, penalty, or additional fee under any agreement, indenture, instrument, contract, lease, judgment or decree to which the Target Fund or the Target Trust is a party or by which it is bound;
(h) Except as otherwise disclosed in writing to and accepted by or on behalf of the Acquiring Trust, no litigation or administrative proceeding or investigation of or before any court, tribunal, arbitrator, governmental body or FINRA is presently pending or, to the Target Trust’s knowledge, threatened against the Target Trust or the Target Fund that, if adversely determined, would materially and adversely affect the Target Trust’s or the Target Fund’s financial condition, the conduct of its business or its ability to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. The Target Trust, without any special investigation or inquiry, knows of no facts that might form the basis for the institution of such litigation, proceedings or investigations, and neither the Target Trust nor the Target Fund is a party to or subject to the provisions of any order, decree or judgment of any court, tribunal, arbitrator, governmental body or FINRA that materially and adversely affects its business or its ability to consummate the transactions herein contemplated;
(i) The financial statements of the Target Fund for the Target Fund’s most recently completed fiscal year have been audited by an independent registered public accounting firm, which is identified in the Target Fund’s prospectus or statement of additional information included in the Target Fund’s registration statement on Form N-1A (respectively, the “Prospectus” and “Statement of Additional Information”). Such statements, as well as the unaudited, semi-annual financial statements for the semi-annual period next succeeding the Target Fund’s most recently completed fiscal year, if any, were prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) consistently applied, and such statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial condition of the Target Fund as of such date(s) in accordance with GAAP, and there are no known contingent liabilities of the Target Fund required to be reflected on a balance sheet (including the notes thereto) in accordance with GAAP as of such date(s) not disclosed therein;
(j) Since the last day of either (i) the fiscal year covered by the Target Fund’s most recent annual report to shareholders, or (ii) the fiscal half-year covered by the Target Fund’s most recent semi-annual report to shareholders, whichever is more recent, there has not been any material adverse change in the Target Fund’s financial condition, assets, liabilities or business, other than changes occurring in the ordinary course of business. For purposes of this paragraph, a decline in net asset value due to declines in market value of securities held by the Target Fund, the redemption of Target Fund shares held by shareholders of the Target Fund or the discharge of the Target Fund’s ordinary course liabilities shall not constitute a material adverse change;
(k) All issued and outstanding shares of the Target Fund are, and on the Closing Date will be, duly authorized and validly issued and outstanding, fully paid and non-assessable by the Target Trust and, in every state where offered or sold, such offers and sales have been in compliance in all material respects with applicable registration and/or notice requirements of the 1933 Act and state and District of Columbia securities laws;
(l) The execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement will have been duly authorized prior to the Closing Date by all necessary action, if any, on the part of the Board of Trustees of the Target Trust, on behalf of the Target Fund, and subject to the approval of the shareholders of the Target Fund and the due authorization, execution and delivery of this Agreement by the other parties hereto, this Agreement will constitute a valid and binding obligation of the Target Fund, enforceable in accordance with its terms, subject, as to enforcement, to bankruptcy, insolvency, fraudulent transfer, reorganization, moratorium and other laws relating to or affecting creditors’ rights and to general equity principles;
(m) With respect to each Reorganization for which a N-14 Registration Statement (as defined in Section 5.1(b)) is determined to be necessary (each, a “N-14 Reorganization”), within a timeframe mutually agreeable to the parties, the Target Fund will provide the Acquiring Fund with such information relating to the Target Fund as is reasonably necessary for the preparation of the N-14 Registration Statement in connection with the meeting of shareholders of the Target Fund to approve this Agreement and such information, as of the date provided through the date of the meeting of shareholders of the Target Fund, will not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading, provided, however, that the representations and warranties in this paragraph shall not apply to statements in or omissions from the N-14 Registration Statement made in reliance upon and in conformity with information that was furnished by the Acquiring Trust for use therein;
(n) The books and records of the Target Fund are true and correct in all material respects and contain no material omissions with respect to information required to be maintained under the laws, rules and regulations applicable to the Target Fund;
(o) Except as otherwise disclosed in writing to and accepted by or on behalf of the Acquiring Fund, the Target Fund has no material contracts or other commitments (other than this Agreement) that will be terminated with liability to it prior to the Closing Date;
(p) The Acquiring Fund Shares to be issued pursuant to the terms of this Agreement are not being acquired by the Target Fund for the purpose of making any distribution thereof, other than in accordance with the terms of this Agreement;
(q) On the Closing Date, all material Returns (as defined below) of the Target Fund required by law to have been filed by such date (including any extensions) shall have been filed and are or will be true, correct and complete in all material respects, and all Taxes (as defined below) shown as due or claimed to be due by any government entity shall have been paid or provision has been made for the payment thereof. To the Target Trust’s knowledge, no such Return is currently under audit by any Federal, state, local or foreign Tax authority; no assessment has been asserted with respect to such Returns; there are no levies, liens or other encumbrances on the Target Fund or its assets resulting from the non-payment of any Taxes; no waivers of the time to assess any such Taxes are outstanding nor are any written requests for such waivers pending; the Target Fund is not liable for taxes of any person other than itself (excluding in its capacity as withholding agent) and is not a party to any tax sharing or allocation agreement; and adequate provision has been made in the Target Fund’s financial statements for all Taxes in respect of all periods ended on or before the date of such financial statements. As used in this Agreement, “Tax” or “Taxes” means any tax, governmental fee or other like assessment or charge of any kind whatsoever (including, but not limited to, withholding on amounts paid to or by any person), together with any interest, penalty, addition to tax or additional amount imposed by any governmental authority (domestic or foreign) responsible for the imposition of any such tax. “Return” means reports, returns, information returns, elections, agreements, declarations, or other documents of any nature or kind (including any attached schedules, supplements and additional or supporting material) filed or required to be filed with respect to Taxes, including any claim for refund, amended return or declaration of estimated Taxes (and including any amendments with respect thereto);
(r) The Target Fund has elected to be a regulated investment company under Subchapter M of the Code and is a fund that is treated as a separate corporation under Section 851(g) of the Code. The Target Fund has qualified for treatment as a regulated investment company for each taxable year since inception that has ended prior to the Closing Date and will have satisfied the requirements of Part I of Subchapter M of the Code to maintain such qualification for the period beginning on the first day of its current taxable year and ending on the Closing Date. The Target Fund is not (and will not be as of the Closing Date) classified as a partnership, and instead is (and will be as of the Closing Date) classified as an association that is subject to tax as a corporation for federal tax purposes, and either has elected the latter classification by filing Form 8832 with the Internal Revenue Service or is a “publicly traded partnership” (as defined in Section 7704(b) of the Code) that is treated as a corporation for federal tax purposes. The Target Fund will qualify as a regulated investment company as of the Closing Date and will have satisfied as of the close of its most recent prior quarter of its current taxable year (or as of the fourth quarter of its prior taxable year if the Closing occurs in the first quarter of the Target Fund’s current taxable year), the diversification requirements of Section 851(b)(3) of the Code. The Target Fund has not taken any action, caused any action to be taken or caused any action to fail to be taken which action or failure could cause the Target Fund to fail to qualify as a regulated investment company under the Code. The consummation of the transactions contemplated by the Agreement will not cause the Target Fund to fail to be qualified as a regulated investment company as of the Closing Date. The Target Fund has no earnings or profits accumulated in any taxable year in which the provisions of Subchapter M of the Code did not apply to it. The Target Fund has been eligible to and has computed its federal income tax under Section 852 of the Code, and has not been, and will not be, liable for any material income or excise tax under Section 852 or 4982 of the Code with respect to any taxable year or calendar year ending before the Closing Date;
(s) The Target Fund has not received written notification from any tax authority that asserts a position contrary to any of the representations in paragraphs (q) or (r) of this Section 4.1;
(t) The Target Fund is not under the jurisdiction of a court in a Title 11 or similar case within the meaning of Section 368(a)(3)(A) of the Code;
(u) The Target Fund has no unamortized or unpaid organizational fees or expenses;
(v) The Target Fund is in compliance in all material respects with applicable Treasury Regulations pertaining to the reporting of dividends and other distributions on and redemptions of its shares of beneficial interest, including but not limited to those related to shareholder cost basis reporting pursuant to Sections 1012, 6045, 6045A and 6045B of the Code and related Treasury Regulations, and has withheld in respect of dividends and other distributions and paid to the proper taxing authorities all taxes required to be withheld, and is not liable for any penalties which could be imposed thereunder;
(w) The Target Fund will not be subject to corporate-level taxation on the sale of any assets currently held by it as a result of the application of Section 337(d) of the Code and the Treasury Regulations thereunder;
(x) The Target Fund has maintained since formation its December 31 fiscal year-end for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and has never changed its December 31 fiscal year-end for U.S. federal income tax purposes, by for example, filing Internal Revenue Service Form 1128 “Application to Adopt, Change, or retain a Tax Year”; and
(y) The tax representation certificate to be delivered by the Target Trust, on behalf of the Target Fund, to Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP at the Closing pursuant to Section 7.1(i) hereof (the “Target Fund Tax Representation Certificate”) will not on the Closing Date contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements therein not misleading.
4.2 The Acquiring Trust, on behalf of itself or, where applicable, each Acquiring Fund, represents and warrants to the Target Trust and to each Acquiring Fund’s corresponding Target Fund as follows:
(a) The Acquiring Fund is duly organized as a series of the Acquiring Trust, which is a statutory trust duly formed, validly existing, and in good standing under the laws of the State of Delaware, with power under its Governing Documents, to own all of its properties and assets and to carry on its business as it is now being, and as it is contemplated to be, conducted, and to enter into this Agreement and perform its obligations hereunder.
(b) The Acquiring Trust is a registered investment company classified as a management company of the open-end type, and its registration with the Commission as an investment company under the 1940 Act is in full force and effect;
(c) Prior to the Closing, the registration of the Acquiring Fund Shares to be issued in the Reorganization under the 1933 Act will be in full force and effect;
(d) No consent, approval, authorization, or order of any court, governmental authority or FINRA is required for the consummation by the Acquiring Fund and the Acquiring Trust of the transactions contemplated herein, except such as have been or will be obtained (at or prior to the Closing Date) under the 1933 Act, the 1934 Act, the 1940 Act and state securities laws;
(e) The prospectuses and statements of additional information of the Acquiring Fund, including supplements thereto, to be used in connection with the Reorganization, if applicable, will conform at the time of their use in all material respects to the applicable requirements of the 1933 Act and the 1940 Act and the rules and regulations of the Commission thereunder and will not include any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not materially misleading;
(f) The Acquiring Fund is not engaged currently, and the execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement will not result, in (i) a violation of the Acquiring Trust’s Governing Documents or a material violation of any material agreement, indenture, instrument, contract, lease or other undertaking to which the Acquiring Fund or the Acquiring Trust is a party or by which it is bound, or (ii) the acceleration of any material obligation, or the imposition of any material lien, encumbrance, penalty, or additional fee under any agreement, indenture, instrument, contract, lease, judgment or decree to which the Acquiring Fund or the Acquiring Trust is a party or by which it is bound;
(g) Except as otherwise disclosed in writing to and accepted by or on behalf of the Target Fund, no litigation or administrative proceeding or investigation of or before any court, tribunal, arbitrator, governmental body or FINRA is presently pending or, to the Acquiring Trust’s knowledge, threatened against the Acquiring Trust or the Acquiring Fund that, if adversely determined, would materially and adversely affect the Acquiring Trust’s or the Acquiring Fund’s financial condition, the conduct of its business or its ability to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. The Acquiring Fund and the Acquiring Trust, without any special investigation or inquiry, know of no facts that might form the basis for the institution of such litigation, proceedings or investigation and neither the Acquiring Trust nor the Acquiring Fund is a party to or subject to the provisions of any order, decree or judgment of any court, tribunal, arbitrator, governmental body or FINRA that materially and adversely affects its business or its ability to consummate the transactions herein contemplated;
(h) By the Closing, the Acquiring Trust’s board of trustees and officers shall have taken all actions as are necessary under the 1933 Act, 1934 Act, 1940 Act and any applicable state securities laws for the Acquiring Fund to commence operations as a registered open-end management investment company, including, without limitation, approving and authorizing the execution of investment advisory contracts in the manner required by the 1940 Act and approving and authorizing the execution of such other contracts as are necessary for the operation of the Acquiring Fund;
(i) No consideration other than the Acquiring Fund Shares, and the Acquiring Fund’s assumption of the Target Fund’s Liabilities, will be issued in exchange for the Target Fund’s assets in the Reorganization;
(j) The execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement will have been duly authorized prior to the Closing Date by all necessary action, if any, on the part of the board of the trustees of the Acquiring Trust, on behalf of the Acquiring Fund, and subject to the approval of shareholders of the Target Fund and the due authorization, execution and delivery of this Agreement by the other parties hereto, this Agreement will constitute a valid and binding obligation of the Acquiring Fund, enforceable in accordance with its terms, subject, as to enforcement, to bankruptcy, insolvency, fraudulent transfer, reorganization, moratorium and other laws relating to or affecting creditors’ rights and to general equity principles;
(k) The Acquiring Fund Shares to be issued and delivered to the Target Fund, for the account of the Target Fund Shareholders, pursuant to the terms of this Agreement, will on the Closing Date have been duly authorized and, when so issued and delivered, will be duly and validly issued, and, upon receipt of the Target Fund’s Assets in accordance with the terms of this Agreement, will be fully paid and non-assessable by the Acquiring Trust and the Acquiring Fund;
(l) The information provided by the Acquiring Fund for use in the N-14 Registration Statement (as defined in Section 5.1(b)) will not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading, on the effective date of such N-14 Registration Statement, provided, however, that the representations and warranties in this paragraph shall not apply to statements in or omissions from the N-14 Registration Statement made in reasonable reliance upon and in conformity with information that was furnished by the Target Fund for use therein; and
(m) The Acquiring Fund (i) will elect to be taxed as a regulated investment company under Subchapter M of the Code, will qualify for the tax treatment afforded regulated investment companies under the Code for its taxable year that includes the Closing Date, and intends to continue to qualify for such treatment for subsequent taxable years, (ii) will be eligible to compute its federal income tax under Section 852 of the Code for the taxable year that includes the Closing Date, and (iii) will be treated as a separate corporation for federal income tax purposes pursuant to Section 851(g) of the Code for the taxable year that includes the Closing Date. The Acquiring Fund has not taken any action, caused any action to be taken, or caused any action to fail to be taken, which action or failure could cause the Acquiring Fund to fail to qualify as a regulated investment company for the taxable year that includes the Closing Date;
(n) The tax representation certificate to be delivered by the Acquiring Trust, on behalf of the Acquiring Fund, to Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP at the Closing pursuant to Section 6.1(g) hereof (the “Acquiring Fund Tax Representation Certificate”) will not on the Closing Date contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements therein not misleading; and
(o) As of the Closing Date, the Acquiring Fund will have no assets (other than any seed capital invested by the Acquiring Fund’s sole initial shareholder) and no liabilities. The Acquiring Fund has not commenced investment operations and will not commence investment operations until after the Closing.
4.3 The Adviser represents and warrants to the Target Trust and the Acquiring Trust as follows:
(a) The Adviser is a limited liability company, duly formed, validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the State of Delaware.
(b) The execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement have been duly authorized by all necessary action on the part of the Adviser, and subject to the due authorization, execution and delivery of this Agreement by the other parties hereto, this Agreement will constitute a valid and binding obligation of the Adviser, enforceable in accordance with its terms, subject as to enforcement, to bankruptcy, insolvency, fraudulent transfer, reorganization, moratorium, and other laws relating to or affecting creditors’ rights and to general equity principles.
(c) The investment objective, principal investment strategies, portfolio management team or teams, as applicable, and investment restrictions of each Acquiring Fund will be the same as those of its corresponding Target Fund following the Reorganization applicable to such Acquiring Fund and Target Fund.
5.1. With respect to each Reorganization:
(a) The Target Fund: (i) will operate its business in the ordinary course and substantially in accordance with past practices between the date hereof and the Closing Date for the Reorganization, it being understood that such ordinary course of business for the Target Fund may include the declaration and payment of customary dividends and distributions, and any other distribution that may be advisable, and (ii) shall use its reasonable best efforts to preserve intact its business organization and material assets and maintain the rights, franchises and business and customer relations necessary to conduct the business operations of the Target Fund in the ordinary course in all material respects. The Acquiring Fund shall not have commenced operations, prepared books of account and related records or financial statements or issued any shares except for those operations commenced, books of accounts and related records or financial statements prepared or shares issued in connection with a private placement to the initial shareholder of the Acquiring Fund to secure any required initial shareholder approvals.
(b) With respect to each N-14 Reorganization, the parties hereto shall cooperate in preparing, and the Acquiring Trust shall file with the Commission, a registration statement on Form N-14 under the 1933 Act which shall properly register the Acquiring Fund Shares to be issued in connection with the Reorganization and include a proxy statement with respect to the votes of the shareholders of the Target Fund to approve the Reorganization and such other matters to which as the parties may agree (the “N-14 Registration Statement”).
(c) (i) With respect to each N-14 Reorganization, the Target Trust will call a meeting of the shareholders of the Target Fund to consider and act upon this Agreement and take all other action necessary to obtain approval of the transactions contemplated herein; and (ii) With respect to each other Reorganization, if any, the Target Trust shall prepare and distribute a written consent of shareholders to the shareholders of the Target Fund providing for the approval of this Agreement, in accordance with the Target Fund’s Governing Documents, and take all other action necessary to obtain approval of the transactions contemplated herein.
(d) The Target Fund will assist the Acquiring Fund in obtaining such information as the Acquiring Fund reasonably requests concerning the beneficial ownership of the Target Fund’s shares.
(e) The Target Trust, on behalf of the Target Fund, will provide the Acquiring Fund with (i) a statement of the respective tax basis and holding period of all investments to be transferred by the Target Fund to the Acquiring Fund, (ii) a copy (which may be in electronic form) of the shareholder ledger accounts including, without limitation, the name, address and taxpayer identification number of each shareholder of record, the number of shares of beneficial interest held by each shareholder, the dividend reinvestment elections applicable to each shareholder, and the backup withholding and nonresident alien withholding certifications, notices or records on file with the Target Fund with respect to each shareholder, including such information as the Acquiring Trust may reasonably request concerning Target Fund shares or Target Fund Shareholders in connection with the Acquiring Fund’s cost basis reporting and related obligations under Sections 1012, 6045, 6045A, and 6045B of the Code and related Treasury regulations for all of the shareholders of record of the Target Fund as of the close of business on the Valuation Date, who are to become shareholders of the Acquiring Fund as a result of the transfer of Assets (the “Target Fund Shareholder Documentation”), certified by its transfer agent or its President or Vice-President to the best of their knowledge and belief, (iii) the tax books and records of the Target Fund, or copies thereof (including but not limited to any income, excise or information returns, as well as any transfer statements (as described in Treas. Reg. § 1.6045A-1 and § 1.6045B-1(a))) for purposes of preparing any returns required by law to be filed for tax periods ending after the Closing Date, and (iv) all FASB ASC 740 (formerly FIN 48) workpapers and supporting statements pertaining to the Target Fund (the “FIN 48 Workpapers”), or copies thereof. The foregoing information will be provided within such timeframes as is mutually agreed by the parties.
(f) Subject to the provisions of this Agreement, each party will take, or cause to be taken, all action, and do or cause to be done all things, reasonably necessary, proper or advisable to consummate and make effective the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. In particular, the Target Trust and the Adviser each covenants that it will, as and when reasonably requested by the Acquiring Fund, execute and deliver or cause to be executed and delivered all such assignments and other instruments and will take or cause to be taken such further action as the Acquiring Fund may reasonably deem necessary or desirable in order to vest in and confirm the Acquiring Fund’s title to and possession of all the Target Fund’s Assets and otherwise to carry out the intent and purpose of this Agreement.
(g) Promptly after the Closing, the Target Fund will make one or more liquidating distributions to its shareholders consisting of the Acquiring Fund Shares received at the Closing, as set forth in Section 1.2(d) hereof.
(h) It is the intention of the parties that the Reorganization will qualify as a reorganization with the meaning of Section 368(a)(1) of the Code. None of the parties to the Reorganization shall take any action or cause any action to be taken (including, without limitation the filing of any Return) that is inconsistent with such treatment or results in the failure of such Reorganization to qualify as a reorganization within the meaning of Section 368(a)(1) of the Code. At or before the Closing Date, the parties to this Agreement will take such reasonable action, or cause such action to be taken, as is reasonably necessary to enable Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP to render the tax opinion contemplated in this Agreement.
(i) Any reporting responsibility of the Target Fund, including, but not limited to, the responsibility for filing regulatory reports, Returns relating to tax periods ending on or prior to the Closing Date (whether due before or after the Closing Date), or other documents with the Commission, any state securities commission, and any Federal, state or local tax authorities or any other relevant regulatory authority, is and shall remain the responsibility of the Target Fund, except as otherwise is mutually agreed by the parties.
(j) The Target Trust, on behalf of the Target Fund, shall deliver to the Acquiring Fund copies of: (i) the federal, state and local income tax returns filed by or on behalf of the Target Fund for the prior three (3) taxable years; and (ii) any of the following that have been issued to or for the benefit of or that otherwise affect the Target Fund and which have continuing relevance: (a) rulings, determinations, holdings or opinions issued by any federal, state, local or foreign tax authority and (b) legal opinions.
(k) The Target Trust, on behalf of the Target Fund, agrees that the acquisition of all Assets and assumption of all Liabilities of the Target Fund by the Acquiring Trust, on behalf of the Acquiring Fund, includes any right of action against current and former service providers of the Target Fund, such right to survive for the statute of limitation of any such claim. For the avoidance of all doubt, the Target Trust hereby assigns to the Acquiring Trust all rights, causes of action, and other claims against third parties relating to the Target Fund, whether known or unknown, contingent or non-contingent, inchoate or choate, or otherwise.
(l) The Target Fund shall furnish the Acquiring Fund, in such form as is reasonably satisfactory to the Acquiring Fund, (i) a statement of the earnings and profits and capital loss carryovers of the Target Fund for federal income tax purposes that will be carried over by the Acquiring Fund as a result of Section 381 of the Code, and which will be certified by the Target Trust’s President and Treasurer and (ii) a certificate, signed on its behalf by the President or any Vice President and the Treasurer or any Assistant Treasurer of the Target Trust, as to the adjusted tax basis in the hands of the Target Fund of the securities delivered to the Acquiring Fund pursuant to this Agreement, together with any such other evidence as to such adjusted tax basis as the Acquiring Fund may reasonably request. The foregoing information will be provided within such timeframes as is mutually agreed by the parties.
(m) The Target Trust agrees that the liquidation of the Target Fund will be effected in the manner provided in the Target Trust Governing Documents in accordance with applicable law, and that on and after the Closing Date, the Target Fund shall not conduct any business except in connection with its immediate liquidation.
(n) Neither Target Fund nor Acquiring Fund shall take any action that is inconsistent with the representations set forth herein or, with respect to the Target Fund or Target Trust, in the Target Fund Tax Representation Certificate and, with respect to the Acquiring Fund or Acquiring Trust, in the Acquiring Fund Tax Representation Certificate.
| 6. | CONDITIONS PRECEDENT TO OBLIGATIONS OF EACH TARGET FUND |
6.1. With respect to each Reorganization, the obligations of the Target Trust, on behalf of the Target Fund, to consummate the transactions provided for herein shall be subject, at the Target Fund’s election, to the performance by the Acquiring Trust and the corresponding Acquiring Fund of all of the obligations to be performed by it hereunder on or before the Closing Date, and, in addition thereto, the following conditions:
(a) All representations and warranties of the Acquiring Trust and the Acquiring Fund contained in this Agreement shall be true and correct in all material respects as of the date hereof and, except as they may be affected by the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, as of the Closing Date, with the same force and effect as if made on and as of the Closing Date;
(b) The Acquiring Trust shall have delivered to the Target Trust on the Closing Date a certificate executed in its name by its President or Vice President and Treasurer, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Target Trust and dated as of the Closing Date, to the effect that the representations and warranties of or with respect to the Acquiring Fund made in this Agreement are true and correct in all material respects at and as of the Closing Date, except as they may be affected by the transactions contemplated by this Agreement;
(c) The Acquiring Trust and the Acquiring Fund shall have performed all of the covenants and complied with all of the provisions required by this Agreement to be performed or complied with by the Acquiring Trust and the Acquiring Fund, on or before the Closing Date;
(d) The Target Trust shall have received a favorable opinion of Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, counsel to the Acquiring Trust, dated the Closing Date and in a form satisfactory to the Target Trust, to the following effect:
(i) The Acquiring Trust is duly organized, validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the State of Delaware and has power to own all of its properties and assets and to carry on its business as presently conducted and the Acquiring Fund is a separate series thereof duly constituted in accordance with the applicable provisions of the 1940 Act and the organizational documents of the Acquiring Trust;
(ii) This Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered on behalf of the Acquiring Trust and, assuming the approval of the Agreement by the Target Fund Shareholders and assuming the due authorization, execution and delivery of this Agreement by all other parties, is the valid and binding obligation of the Acquiring Trust enforceable against the Acquiring Trust in accordance with its terms, except as the same may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, fraudulent transfer, reorganization or other similar laws affecting the enforcement of creditors’ rights generally and other equitable principles;
(iii) The Acquiring Fund Shares to be issued for transfer to the Target Fund’s shareholders as provided by this Agreement are duly authorized and upon such transfer and delivery will be validly issued and outstanding and, assuming receipt by the Acquiring Fund of the consideration contemplated hereby, fully paid and nonassessable shares in the Acquiring Fund, and no shareholder of the Acquiring Fund has any preemptive right of subscription or purchase in respect thereof;
(iv) The execution and delivery of this Agreement did not, and the performance by the Acquiring Trust of its obligations hereunder will not, violate the Acquiring Trust’s organizational documents;
(v) The Acquiring Trust is registered with the Commission as an open-end management investment company under the 1940 Act, and, to such counsel’s knowledge, its registration with the Commission is in full force and effect;
(vi) Except as disclosed in writing to the Target Trust, such counsel knows of no material legal proceedings pending against the Acquiring Fund or the Acquiring Trust; and
(vii) To the knowledge of such counsel, no consent, approval, authorization or order of any court or governmental authority is required for the consummation by the Acquiring Trust of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement except such as have been obtained;
(e) In connection with the opinions contemplated by Section 6.1(d), it is understood that counsel may reasonably rely upon the representations made in this Agreement as well as certificates of officers of the Acquiring Trust;
(f) The Board of Trustees of the Acquiring Trust shall have approved this Agreement and the transactions contemplated hereby in accordance with Rule 17a-8 under the 1940 Act. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, neither the Acquiring Trust nor the Target Trust may waive the condition set forth in this Section 6.1(f); and
(g) The Acquiring Trust, on behalf of the Acquiring Fund, shall have delivered to the Target Trust and Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP an Acquiring Fund Tax Representation Certificate, satisfactory to Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, in a form mutually acceptable to the Acquiring Trust and the Target Trust, concerning certain tax-related matters.
| 7. | CONDITIONS PRECEDENT TO OBLIGATIONS OF EACH ACQUIRING FUND |
7.1. With respect to each Reorganization, the obligations of the Acquiring Trust, on behalf of the Acquiring Fund, to consummate the transactions provided for herein shall be subject, at the Acquiring Fund’s election, to the performance by the Target Trust and the corresponding Target Fund of all of the obligations to be performed by it hereunder on or before the Closing Date and, in addition thereto, the following conditions:
(a) All representations and warranties of the Target Trust and the Target Fund contained in this Agreement shall be true and correct in all material respects as of the date hereof and, except as they may be affected by the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, as of the Closing Date, with the same force and effect as if made on and as of the Closing Date;
(b) The Target Trust shall have delivered to the Acquiring Trust on the Closing Date a certificate executed in its name by its President or Vice President and Treasurer, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Acquiring Trust and dated as of the Closing Date, to the effect that the representations and warranties of or with respect to the Target Fund made in this Agreement are true and correct in all material respects at and as of the Closing Date, except as they may be affected by the transactions contemplated by this Agreement;
(c) The Target Trust, on behalf of the Target Fund, shall have delivered to the Acquiring Trust (i) a statement of the Target Fund’s Assets, together with a list of portfolio securities of the Target Fund showing the adjusted tax basis of such securities by lot and the holding periods of such securities, as of the Closing Date, certified by the Treasurer of the Target Trust, (ii) the Target Fund Shareholder Documentation, (iii) the FIN 48 Workpapers, and (iv) to the extent permitted by applicable law, all information pertaining to, or necessary or useful in the calculation or demonstration of, the investment performance of the Target Fund;
(d) The Target Custodian shall have delivered the certificate contemplated by Section 3.2(b) of this Agreement, duly executed by an authorized officer of the Target Custodian;
(e) The Target Trust and the Target Fund shall have performed all of the covenants and complied with all of the provisions required by this Agreement to be performed or complied with by the Target Trust and the Target Fund, on or before the Closing Date;
(f) The Acquiring Trust shall have received a favorable opinion of Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath LLP, counsel to the Target Trust, dated the Closing Date and in a form satisfactory to the Acquiring Trust, to the following effect:
(i) The Target Trust is duly formed, validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the State of Delaware and has power to own all of its properties and assets and to carry on its business as presently conducted and the Target Fund is a separate series thereof duly constituted in accordance with the applicable provisions of the 1940 Act and the organizational documents of the Target Trust;
(ii) This Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered on behalf of the Target Trust and, assuming the approval of the Agreement by the Target Fund Shareholders and assuming the due authorization, execution and delivery of this Agreement by all other parties, is the valid and binding obligation of the Target Trust enforceable against the Target Trust in accordance with its terms, except as the same may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, fraudulent transfer, reorganization or other similar laws affecting the enforcement of creditors’ rights generally and other equitable principles;
(iii) The Target Fund has the power to sell, assign, transfer and deliver the assets to be transferred by it hereunder, and, upon consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby, the Target Fund will have duly transferred such assets to the Acquiring Fund;
(iv) The execution and delivery of this Agreement did not, and the performance by the Target Trust of its obligations hereunder will not, violate the Target Trust’s organizational documents;
(v) The Target Trust is registered with the Commission as an open-end management investment company under the 1940 Act, and, to such counsel’s knowledge, its registration with the Commission is in full force and effect;
(vi) Except as disclosed in writing to the Acquiring Trust, such counsel knows of no material legal proceedings pending against the Target Fund or the Target Trust; and
(vii) To the knowledge of such counsel, no consent, approval, authorization or order of any court or governmental authority is required for the consummation by the Target Trust of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement except such as have been obtained;
(g) In connection with the opinions contemplated by Section 7.1(f), it is understood that counsel may reasonably rely upon the representations made in this Agreement as well as certificates of officers of the Target Trust;
(h) The Board of Trustees of the Target Trust shall have approved this Agreement and the transactions contemplated hereby in accordance with Rule 17a-8 under the 1940 Act. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, neither the Acquiring Trust nor the Target Trust may waive the condition set forth in this Section 7.1(h); and
(i) The Target Trust, on behalf of the Target Fund, shall have delivered to Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP a Target Fund Tax Representation Certificate, satisfactory to Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, in a form mutually acceptable to the Target Trust and the Acquiring Trust, concerning certain tax-related matters.
| 8. | FURTHER CONDITIONS PRECEDENT TO OBLIGATIONS OF EACH ACQUIRING FUND AND EACH TARGET FUND |
With respect to each Reorganization, if any of the conditions set forth below have not been satisfied on or before the Closing Date with respect to the Target Fund or the corresponding Acquiring Fund, the Acquiring Trust or Target Trust, respectively, shall, at its option, not be required to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement:
8.1. The Agreement shall have been approved by the requisite vote of the Target Fund Shareholders in accordance with the provisions of the Target Trust Governing Documents, Delaware law, and the 1940 Act. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, neither the Target Fund nor the Acquiring Fund may waive the condition set forth in this Section 8.1;
8.2. On the Closing Date, no action, suit or other proceeding shall be pending or, to the Target Trust’s or the Acquiring Trust’s knowledge, threatened before any court or governmental agency in which it is sought to restrain or prohibit, or obtain damages or other relief in connection with, this Agreement or the transactions contemplated herein;
8.3. All consents of other parties and all other consents, orders and permits of Federal, state and local regulatory authorities deemed necessary by the Acquiring Fund or the Target Fund to permit consummation, in all material respects, of the transactions contemplated hereby shall have been obtained, except where failure to obtain any such consent, order or permit would not involve a risk of a material adverse effect on the assets or properties of the Acquiring Fund or the Target Fund, provided that either party hereto may for itself waive any of such conditions;
8.4. The N-14 Registration Statement shall have become effective under the 1933 Act and no stop orders suspending the effectiveness thereof shall have been issued and, to the best knowledge of the parties hereto, no investigation or proceeding for that purpose shall have been instituted or be pending, threatened or known to be contemplated under the 1933 Act; and
8.5. The Target Trust and the Acquiring Trust shall have received on or before the Closing Date an opinion of Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP in form and substance reasonably acceptable to the Target Trust and the Acquiring Trust, as to the matters set forth on Schedule 8.5. In rendering such opinion, Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP may request and rely upon such representations and certifications contained in the Acquiring Fund Tax Representation Certificate and the Target Fund Tax Representation Certificate and representations and certifications of others as it may reasonably request, and the officers of the Target Trust and the Acquiring Trust will cooperate to make and certify the accuracy of such representations contained in the Acquiring Fund Tax Representation Certificate and the Target Fund Tax Representation Certificate. The foregoing opinion may contain such assumptions and limitations as shall be in the opinion of such counsel appropriate to render the opinions expressed therein. The foregoing opinion may state that no opinion is expressed as to any other U.S. federal tax issues (except those set forth in the opinion) and all state, local or foreign tax issues of any kind. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, neither the Target Fund nor the Acquiring Fund may waive the condition set forth in this Section 8.5.
9.1. The parties hereto represent and warrant to each other that there are no brokers or finders entitled to receive any payments in connection with the transactions provided for herein.
9.2. The applicable Target Fund and the Adviser will bear those expenses relating to each Reorganization as set forth in this Section 9.2, whether or not the Reorganization is consummated. The costs relating to a Reorganization to be borne by the applicable Target Fund and the Adviser shall include, but are not limited to, (i) costs associated with the preparation, printing and distribution of the N-14 Registration Statement for the Reorganization (including the prospectus/proxy statement contained therein); (ii) expenses of soliciting Target Fund Shareholders and holding any shareholder meeting and adjournments thereof (together, (i) and (ii) are “Proxy Costs”); (iii) legal fees (including those relating to the Reorganization or transfer of ownership of any wholly-owned subsidiary of a Target Fund); (iv) accounting fees; (v) transfer agent and custodian conversion costs; and (vi) expenses of any Target Fund or Acquiring Fund Board meetings (together, (iii), (iv), (v) and (vi) are “Non-Proxy Costs” and together with Proxy Costs, “Reorganization Costs”).
The Adviser shall bear 20% of aggregate Reorganization Costs. Of the remaining 80% of Reorganization Costs, each Target Fund shall bear all of the Proxy Costs applicable to such Target Fund and the Target Fund’s pro rata share of aggregate Non-Proxy Costs based on the net asset value of such Target Fund relative to the aggregate net asset value of all Target Funds. Each Target Fund shall (i) establish a reserve on the Target Fund’s books prior to the Valuation Time (a “Reserve”) in an amount sufficient in the Target Fund’s reasonable judgment to pay all Reorganization Costs for which such Target Fund is obligated to pay under this Section 9.2; and (ii) endeavor in good faith to pay all such Reorganization Costs prior to the Valuation Time. In the event that a Target Fund has not paid all of its Reorganization Costs by the Valuation Time, and no amount remains in the Reserve, the Adviser shall bear all outstanding Reorganization Costs. In the event that a Target Fund has not paid all of its Reorganization Costs by the Valuation Time, and an amount remains in the Reserve at the Valuation Time, any such remaining amount will be established as a reserve on the books of the Acquiring Fund (a “Remaining Reserve”), and the Adviser shall bear all outstanding Reorganization Costs that exceed the Remaining Reserve. For the avoidance of doubt, an Acquiring Fund shall bear Reorganization Costs only if a Remaining Reserve is established and only to the extent of such Remaining Reserve.
The Reorganization Costs shall not include brokerage or other transaction costs, including capital gains taxes and transfer taxes for foreign securities, incurred in connection with the Reorganization, and such costs nevertheless shall be borne solely by the Target Fund. The costs relating to a Reorganization shall not include expenses associated with qualification of Acquiring Fund Shares for sale in the various states, incurred in connection with the Reorganization, and such costs shall be borne by the Acquiring Fund. This Section 9.2 shall survive the termination of this Agreement and the Closing.
| 10. | COOPERATION AND EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION |
With respect to each Reorganization, prior to the Closing and for a reasonable time thereafter, the Target Trust and the Acquiring Trust will provide each other and their respective representatives with such cooperation, assistance and information as is reasonably necessary (i) for the filing of any Tax Return, for the preparation for any audit, and for the prosecution or defense of any claim, suit or proceeding relating to any proposed adjustment, or (ii) for any financial accounting purpose. Each such party or their respective agents will retain until the applicable period for assessment under applicable law (giving effect to any and all extensions or waivers) has expired all returns, schedules and work papers and all material records or other documents relating to Tax matters and financial reporting of tax positions of the Target Fund and the Acquiring Fund for its taxable period first ending after the Closing of the Reorganization and for all prior taxable periods for which the statute of limitation had not run at the time of the Closing, provided that the Target Trust shall not be required to maintain any such documents that it has delivered to the Acquiring Fund.
If applicable, the Acquiring Fund shall receive certificates following the Closing, promptly upon reasonable request, from the principal executive officer and principal financial officer, or persons performing similar functions, of the Target Trust to the effect that such principal executive officer and principal financial officer, or persons performing similar functions, of the Target Trust have concluded that, based on their evaluation of the effectiveness of the Target Trust’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 30a-3(c) under the 1940 Act), to the best of their knowledge, the design and operation of such procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of information provided by the Target Trust to the Acquiring Trust with respect to the Target Fund’s operations prior to the Closing that is required to be disclosed by the Acquiring Trust on Forms N-CSR or any forms adopted by the Commission in replacement of Forms N-CSR.
With respect to each Reorganization:
11.1. The Adviser agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Acquiring Trust and each of its officers and trustees and the Acquiring Fund from and against any and all losses, claims, damages, liabilities or expenses (including, without limitation, the payment of reasonable legal fees and reasonable costs of investigation) to which the Acquiring Trust or any of its trustees or officers or the Acquiring Fund may become subject, insofar as such loss, claim, damage, liability or expense (or actions with respect thereto) arises out of or is based on any breach by the Target Fund, of any of its representations, warranties, covenants or agreements set forth in this Agreement. This indemnification obligation shall survive the termination of this Agreement and the Closing.
11.2. The Acquiring Trust, on behalf of the Acquiring Fund, agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Target Trust and each of its officers and trustees and the Target Fund from and against any and all losses, claims, damages, liabilities or expenses (including, without limitation, the payment of reasonable legal fees and reasonable costs of investigation) to which the Target Trust or any of its trustees or officers or the Target Fund may become subject, insofar as such loss, claim, damage, liability or expense (or actions with respect thereto) arises out of or is based on any breach by the Acquiring Fund, of any of its representations, warranties, covenants or agreements set forth in this Agreement. This indemnification obligation shall survive the termination of this Agreement and the Closing.
| 12. | ENTIRE AGREEMENT; SURVIVAL OF REPRESENTATIONS, WARRANTIES AND COVENANTS |
12.1. Except as described in a separate confidentiality agreement between the Acquiring Trust and the Target Trust, each party agrees that no party has made any representation, warranty or covenant not set forth herein and that this Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties.
12.2. The representations, warranties and covenants contained in this Agreement or in any document delivered pursuant hereto or in connection herewith shall survive the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereunder. The covenants to be performed after the Closing shall survive the Closing.
This Agreement may be terminated and the transactions contemplated hereby may be abandoned (i) by mutual agreement of the Acquiring Trust and the Target Trust; (ii) by either the Acquiring Trust or the Target Trust if one or more other parties shall have materially breached its obligations under this Agreement or made a material misrepresentation herein or in connection herewith; (iii) by the Acquiring Trust if any condition precedent to its obligations set forth herein has not been fulfilled or waived by the Acquiring Trust; (iv) by the Target Trust if any condition precedent to its obligations set forth herein has not been fulfilled or waived by the Target Trust; or (v) by either the Acquiring Trust or the Target Trust if a determination is made by such trust’s board of trustees that the consummation of the transactions contemplated herein are not in the best interest of the Acquiring Trust or the Target Trust, respectively. In the event of any such termination, this Agreement shall become void and there shall be no liability hereunder on the part of any party or their respective directors/trustees or officers, except for (i) any such material breach or intentional misrepresentation or (ii) the parties’ respective obligations under Sections 9 and 11, as to each of which all remedies at law or in equity of the party adversely affected shall survive.
This Agreement may be amended, modified or supplemented in a writing signed by the parties hereto to be bound by such Amendment.
| 15. | HEADINGS; GOVERNING LAW; COUNTERPARTS; ASSIGNMENT; LIMITATION OF LIABILITY; PUBLICITY; SEVERABILITY; EFFECT OF ELECTRONIC DOCUMENTS |
15.1. The Article and Section headings contained in this Agreement are for reference purposes only and shall not affect in any way the meaning or interpretation of this Agreement.
15.2. This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of Delaware and applicable Federal law, without regard to its principles of conflicts of laws.
15.3. This Agreement shall bind and inure to the benefit of the parties hereto and their respective successors and assigns, but no assignment or transfer hereof or of any rights or obligations hereunder shall be made by any party without the written consent of the other parties. Nothing herein expressed or implied is intended or shall be construed to confer upon or give any person, firm or corporation, other than the parties hereto and their respective successors and assigns, any rights or remedies under or by reason of this Agreement.
15.4. This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts, each of which shall be considered an original.
15.5. It is expressly agreed that the obligations of the parties hereunder shall not be binding upon any of their respective directors or trustees, shareholders, nominees, officers, agents, or employees personally, but shall bind only the property of (i) each Target Fund or its corresponding Acquiring Fund, as applicable, as provided in the Target Trust Governing Documents and the Acquiring Trust Governing Documents and (ii) the other parties. The execution and delivery by such officers shall not be deemed to have been made by any of them individually or to impose any liability on any of them personally, but shall bind only the property of such party.
15.6. Any public announcements or similar publicity with respect to this Agreement or the transactions contemplated herein will be made at such time and in such manner as the parties mutually shall agree in writing, provided that nothing herein shall prevent either party from making such public announcements as may be required by applicable law, as determined by the disclosing party on the advice of counsel, in which case the party issuing such statement or communication shall advise the other parties prior to such issuance.
15.7. Whenever possible, each provision and term of this Agreement shall be interpreted in a manner to be effective and valid, but if any provision or term of this Agreement is held to be prohibited by law or invalid, then such provision or term shall be ineffective only in the jurisdiction or jurisdictions so holding and only to the extent of such prohibition or invalidity, without invalidating or affecting in any manner whatsoever the remainder of such provision or term or the remaining provisions or terms of this Agreement.
15.8. A facsimile or electronic (e.g., PDF) signature of an authorized officer of a party hereto on this Agreement and/or any transfer or closing document shall have the same effect as if executed in the original by such officer.
15.9. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, the requirement to deliver a certificate at Closing may be waived by the party to which it is required to be delivered.
Any notice, report, statement or demand required or permitted by any provisions of this Agreement shall be in writing and shall be given by facsimile, personal service or prepaid or certified mail addressed to:
For Target Trust:
FS Series Trust
201 Rouse Boulevard
Philadelphia, PA 19112
Attention: [_____]
For Acquiring Trust:
The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund III
One Freedom Valley Drive
Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456
Attention: Legal Department
For Adviser:
FS Fund Advisor, LLC
201 Rouse Boulevard
Philadelphia, PA 19112
Attention: [_____]
[Signature page follows]
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, each of the parties hereto has caused this Agreement to be executed as set forth below.
FS Series Trust,
severally and not jointly on behalf of its series, the
FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund, FS Managed Futures Fund and FS Real Asset Fund
Name:
Title:
The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund III,
severally and not jointly on behalf of its series, the
FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund, FS Managed Futures Fund and FS Real Asset Fund
Name:
Title:
FS Fund Advisor, LLC,
solely for the purposes of Sections 1.2(f), 1.2(g), 4.3, 5.1(f), 9.2 and 11.1
Name:
Title:
Signature Page to Agreement and Plan of Reorganization
Exhibit A
Target Fund | | Acquiring Fund | |
If a shareholder owns shares of: | Share Class | The shareholder will receive shares of: | Share Class |
FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund | Class A | FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund | Class A |
Class I | Class I |
FS Managed Futures Fund | Class A | FS Managed Futures Fund | Class A |
Class I | Class I |
FS Real Asset Fund | Class A | FS Real Asset Fund | Class A |
Class I | Class I |
Schedule 8.5
Tax Opinions
With respect to each Reorganization for U.S. federal income tax purposes:
| i. | The acquisition by each Acquiring Fund of all of the assets of its corresponding Target Fund, as provided for in the Agreement, solely in exchange for such Acquiring Fund Shares and the assumption by such Acquiring Fund of all of the liabilities of its corresponding Target Fund, followed by the distribution by such Target Fund to its shareholders of such Acquiring Fund Shares in complete liquidation of the Target Fund, will qualify as a reorganization within the meaning of Section 368(a)(1) of the Code, and the Target Fund and its corresponding Acquiring Fund each will be a “party to a reorganization” within the meaning of Section 368(b) of the Code. |
| ii. | No gain or loss will be recognized by a Target Fund upon the transfer of all of its assets to, and the assumption of all of its liabilities by its corresponding Acquiring Fund in exchange solely for such Acquiring Fund Shares pursuant to Section 361(a) and Section 357(a) of the Code, except for (A) gain or loss that may be recognized on the transfer of “section 1256 contracts” as defined in Section 1256(b) of the Code, (B) gain that may be recognized on the transfer of stock in a “passive foreign investment company” as defined in Section 1297(a) of the Code, and (C) any other gain or loss that may be required to be recognized upon the transfer of an asset regardless of whether such transfer would otherwise be a non-recognition transaction under the Code. |
| iii. | No gain or loss will be recognized by a Acquiring Fund upon the receipt by it of all of the assets of its corresponding Target Fund in exchange solely for the assumption of all of the liabilities of such corresponding Target Fund and issuance of the Acquiring Fund Shares pursuant to Section 1032(a) of the Code. |
| iv. | No gain or loss will be recognized by a Target Fund upon the distribution of its corresponding Acquiring Fund Shares by such Target Fund to shareholders of the Target Fund in complete liquidation (in pursuance of the Agreement) of the Target Fund pursuant to Section 361(c)(1) of the Code. |
| v. | The tax basis of the assets of a Target Fund received by its corresponding Acquiring Fund will be the same as the tax basis of such assets in the hands of such Target Fund immediately prior to the transfer of such assets, increased by the amount of gain (or decreased by the amount of loss), if any, recognized by the Target Fund on the transfer pursuant to Section 362(b) of the Code. |
| vi. | The holding periods of the assets of a Target Fund in the hands of its corresponding Acquiring Fund will include the periods during which such assets were held by such Target Fund pursuant to Section 1223(2) of the Code, other than assets with respect to which gain or loss is required to be recognized and except where investment activities of the corresponding Acquiring Fund have the effect of reducing or eliminating the holding period with respect to an asset. |
| vii. | No gain or loss will be recognized by the shareholders of a Target Fund upon the exchange of all of their Target Fund Shares solely for its corresponding Acquiring Fund Shares pursuant to Section 354(a) of the Code. |
| viii. | The aggregate tax basis of Acquiring Fund Shares received by a shareholder of the corresponding Target Fund will be the same as the aggregate tax basis of such Target Fund Shares exchanged therefor pursuant to Section 358(a)(1) of the Code. |
| ix. | The holding period of the Acquiring Fund Shares received by a shareholder of the corresponding Target Fund will include the holding period of such Target Fund Shares exchanged therefor, provided that the shareholder held such Target Fund Shares as a capital asset on the date of the exchange pursuant to Section 1223(1) of the Code. |
| x. | The Acquiring Fund will succeed to and take into account the items of the Target Fund described in Section 381(c) of the Code, subject to the conditions and limitations specified in Sections 381, 382, 383 and 384 of the Code and the Treasury Regulations thereunder. The consummation of the Reorganization will not terminate the taxable year of the Target Fund. The part of the taxable year of the Target Fund before the Reorganization and part of the taxable year of the Acquiring Fund after the Reorganization will constitute a single taxable year of the Acquiring Fund. |
STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
to the
Registration Statement on Form N-14 Filed by:
The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund III
on behalf of its series
FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund
FS Chiron Real Asset Fund
One Freedom Valley Drive
Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456
800-838-0191
Relating to the March 7, 2022 Joint Special Meeting of Shareholders of
FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund
and
FS Chiron Real Asset Fund,
each a series of FS Series Trust
December 20, 2021
This Statement of Additional Information, which is not a prospectus, supplements and should be read in conjunction with the Proxy Statement/Prospectus dated December 20, 2021, relating specifically to the Joint Special Meeting of Shareholders of the FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund and FS Chiron Real Asset Fund to be held on March 7, 2022 (the “Proxy Statement/Prospectus”). Copies of the Proxy Statement/Prospectus may be obtained at no charge by writing to The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund III, One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456, or by calling 1-877-924-4766.
Table of Contents
General Information
Target Funds | Acquiring Funds |
FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund and FS Chiron Real Asset Fund, each a series of FS Series Trust | FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund and FS Chiron Real Asset Fund, each a series of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund III |
This Statement of Additional Information relates to (a) the acquisition of all of the assets and assumption of all of the liabilities of each Target Fund by its corresponding Acquiring Fund in exchange for shares of the Acquiring Fund; (b) the distribution of such shares to the shareholders of the Target Fund; and (c) the liquidation and termination of the Target Fund (each, a “Reorganization,” and together, the “Reorganizations”). Further information is included in the Proxy Statement/Prospectus and in the documents listed below, which are incorporated by reference into this Statement of Additional Information.
Incorporation of Documents by Reference into the Statement of Additional Information
This Statement of Additional Information incorporates by reference the following documents, which have been filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and accompany this Statement of Additional Information:
Because the Acquiring Funds have not yet commenced investment operations, the Acquiring Funds have not published annual or semi-annual reports to shareholders.
Additional Information about the Acquiring Funds
Attached hereto as Exhibit A is Additional Information Regarding the Acquiring Funds.
Supplemental Financial Information
A table showing the fees and expenses of each Target Fund and the fees and expenses of ach corresponding Acquiring Fund on a pro forma basis after giving effect to the applicable Reorganization is included in the sub-section entitled “Additional Information About the Funds - Comparison of Fees and Expenses” of the Proxy Statement/Prospectus.
The Reorganizations will not result in a material change to any Target Fund’s investment portfolio due to the investment restrictions of the corresponding Acquiring Fund. As a result, a schedule of investments of each Target Fund modified to show the effects of the applicable Reorganization is not required and is not included. Notwithstanding the foregoing, changes may be made to each Acquiring Fund’s investment portfolio following the Reorganization.
There are no material differences in the accounting, valuation and tax policies of each Target Fund as compared to those of its corresponding Acquiring Fund, specifically policies regarding security valuation or compliance with Subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.
Each Target Fund will be the accounting survivor of the applicable Reorganization.
Exhibit A: Additional Information Regarding the Acquiring Funds
FS MULTI-STRATEGY ALTERNATIVES FUND
Class A: FSMMX
Class I: FSMSX
FS CHIRON REAL ASSET FUND
Class A: FARLX
Class I: FSRLX
each, a series of
THE ADVISORS’ INNER CIRCLE FUND III
Investment Adviser:
FS FUND ADVISOR LLC
This Exhibit A is intended to provide additional information regarding the activities and operations of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund III (the “Trust”) and the FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund (the “Multi-Strategy Fund”) and the FS Chiron Real Asset Fund (the “Real Asset Fund” and together with the Multi-Strategy Fund, the “Funds” and each, a “Fund”), each of which is a series of the Trust.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
THE TRUST
General. Each Fund is a separate series of the Trust. The Trust is an open-end investment management company established under Delaware law as a Delaware statutory trust under a Declaration of Trust dated December 4, 2013 (the “Declaration of Trust”). The Declaration of Trust permits the Trust to offer separate series (“funds”) of shares of beneficial interest (“shares”). The Trust reserves the right to create and issue shares of additional funds. Each fund is a separate mutual fund, and each share of each fund represents an equal proportionate interest in that fund. All consideration received by the Trust for shares of any fund, and all assets of such fund, belong solely to that fund and would be subject to any liabilities related thereto. Each fund of the Trust pays its (i) operating expenses, including fees of its service providers, expenses of preparing prospectuses, proxy solicitation material and reports to shareholders, costs of custodial services and registering its shares under federal and state securities laws, pricing and insurance expenses, brokerage costs, interest charges, taxes and organization expenses and (ii) pro rata share of the fund’s other expenses, including audit and legal expenses. Expenses attributable to a specific fund shall be payable solely out of the assets of that fund. Expenses not attributable to a specific fund are allocated across all of the funds on the basis of relative net assets. The other funds of the Trust are described in one or more separate statements of additional information.
Description of Multiple Classes of Shares. The Trust is authorized to offer shares of the Funds in Class A shares and Class I shares. The different classes provide for variations in sales charges, distribution and shareholder servicing fees and minimum investment requirements. Investor eligibility is described in the Funds’ Prospectus. The Trust reserves the right to create and issue additional classes of shares. For more information on shareholder servicing expenses, see the “Payments to Financial Intermediaries” section in this SAI.
Voting Rights. Each shareholder of record is entitled to one vote for each share held on the record date for the meeting. Each Fund will vote separately on matters relating solely to it. As a Delaware statutory trust, the Trust is not required, and does not intend, to hold annual meetings of shareholders. Approval of shareholders will be sought, however, for certain changes in the operation of the Trust and for the election of members of the Board of Trustees of the Trust (each, a “Trustee” and collectively, the “Trustees” or the “Board”) under certain circumstances. Under the Declaration of Trust, the Trustees have the power to liquidate each Fund without shareholder approval. While the Trustees have no present intention of exercising this power, they may do so if any Fund fails to reach a viable size within a reasonable amount of time or for such other reasons as may be determined by the Board.
In addition, a Trustee may be removed by the remaining Trustees or by shareholders at a special meeting called upon written request of shareholders owning at least 10% of the outstanding shares of the Trust. In the event that such a meeting is requested, the Trust will provide appropriate assistance and information to the shareholders requesting the meeting.
Any series of the Trust may reorganize or merge with one or more other series of the Trust or of another investment company. Any such reorganization or merger shall be pursuant to the terms and conditions specified in an agreement and plan of reorganization authorized and approved by the Trustees and entered into by the relevant series in connection therewith. In addition, such reorganization or merger may be authorized by vote of a majority of the Trustees then in office and, to the extent permitted by applicable law and the Declaration of Trust, without the approval of shareholders of any series.
HISTORY OF THE FUNDS
The Multi-Strategy Fund will be the successor to the FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund (the “Predecessor Multi-Strategy Fund”) and the Real Asset Fund will be the successor to the FS Chiron Real Asset Fund (the “Predecessor Real Asset Fund” and, together with the Predecessor Multi-Strategy Fund, the “Predecessor Funds”). The Predecessor Funds are managed by FS Fund Advisor (the “Adviser”) prior to their reorganizations into the Funds. The Funds will be managed by the Adviser after the close of such reorganizations. Each Predecessor Fund has substantially similar investment objectives, investment strategies, policies and restrictions as those of its corresponding Fund.
DESCRIPTION OF PERMITTED INVESTMENTS
Each Fund’s investment objective and principal investment strategies are described in the Prospectus. The following information supplements, and should be read in conjunction with, the Prospectus. The following are descriptions of the permitted investments and investment practices of the Funds and the associated risk factors. The Funds may invest in any of the following instruments or engage in any of the following investment practices unless such investment or activity is inconsistent with or is not permitted by a Fund’s stated investment policies, including those stated below, or the Adviser’s internal investment guidelines.
The Multi-Strategy Fund employs a multi-strategy approach under which the Adviser typically allocates the assets of the Fund among a number of (i) asset managers (the “Underlying Managers”) that directly manage a portion of Fund assets in alternative investment strategies, and (ii) Alternative Beta Strategies. The Underlying Managers are sub-advisers to the Multi-Strategy Fund. The strategies employed by the Underlying Managers and the Alternative Beta Strategies are collectively referred to in this SAI as “Alternative Investment Strategies.”
The Multi-Strategy Fund has a primary sub-adviser, Wilshire Associates Incorporated (“Wilshire”), which evaluates and recommends strategies, Underlying Managers, and Alternative Beta Strategies to the Adviser for use by the Fund, and provides risk management, monitoring and reporting to the Adviser regarding the Fund, the Underlying Managers, Alternative Beta Strategies and Alternative Investment Strategies.
Unless indicated otherwise, references to the investment exposure or risks of a Fund should be understood to refer to the Fund’s direct investment exposure, as well as indirect exposure to certain assets that may be obtained through investments in a Subsidiary, investments in Alternative Beta Strategies and investments in other investment companies and other such instruments.
Adjustable Rate Securities
Adjustable rate securities are securities that have interest rates that reset at periodic intervals, usually by reference to an interest rate index or market interest rate. Adjustable rate securities include U.S. government securities and securities of other issuers. Some adjustable rate securities are backed by pools of mortgage loans. Although the rate adjustment feature may act as a buffer to reduce sharp changes in the value of adjustable rate securities, changes in market interest rates or changes in the issuer’s creditworthiness may still affect their value. Because the interest rate is reset only periodically, changes in the interest rates on adjustable rate securities may lag changes in prevailing market interest rates. Also, some adjustable rate securities (or, in the case of securities backed by mortgage loans, the underlying mortgages) are subject to caps or floors that limit the maximum change in interest rate during a specified period or over the life of the security. Because of the rate adjustments, adjustable rate securities are less likely than non-adjustable rate securities of comparable quality and maturity to increase significantly in value when market interest rates fall.
Arbitrage Transactions
Merger Arbitrage. A Fund may engage in merger arbitrage transactions, where the Fund will purchase securities at prices below a manager’s anticipated value of the cash, securities or other consideration to be paid or exchanged for such securities in a proposed merger, exchange offer, tender offer or other similar transaction. Such purchase price may be substantially in excess of the market price of the securities prior to the announcement of the merger, exchange offer, tender offer or other similar transaction. If the proposed merger, exchange offer, tender offer or other similar transaction later appears likely not to be consummated or in fact is not consummated or is delayed, the market price of the security purchased by a Fund may decline sharply and result in losses to the Fund if such securities are sold, transferred or exchanged for securities or cash, the value of which is less than the purchase price. Although a Fund will attempt to identify merger arbitrage opportunities with attractive risk-reward profiles, the losses that can occur in the event of deal break-ups can far exceed the gains to be had if deals close successfully. Mark-to-market losses can occur intra-month even if a particular deal is not breaking-up and such losses may or may not be recouped upon successful consummation of such deal. Further, the consummation of mergers, tender offers and exchange offers can be prevented or delayed by a variety of factors, including: (i) regulatory and antitrust restrictions; (ii) political motivations; (iii) industry weakness; (iv) stock specific events; (v) failed financings; and (vi) general market declines. Also, in certain transactions, a Fund may not hedge against market fluctuations. This can result in losses even if the proposed transaction is consummated. In addition, a security to be issued in a merger or exchange offer may be sold short by a Fund in the expectation that the short position will be covered by delivery of such security when issued. If the merger or exchange offer is not consummated, a Fund may be forced to cover its short position at a higher price than its short sale price, resulting in a loss.
Merger arbitrage strategies also depend for success on the overall volume of merger activity, which has historically been cyclical in nature. During periods when merger activity is low, it may be difficult or impossible to identify opportunities for profit or to identify a sufficient number of such opportunities to provide diversification among potential merger transactions.
Capital Structure Arbitrage. Capital structure arbitrage involves establishing long and short positions in securities (or their derivatives) at different tiers within an issuer’s capital structure in ratios designed to maintain a generally neutral overall exposure to the issuer while exploiting a pricing inefficiency.
Some issuers may also have more than one class of shares or an equivalent vehicle that trades in a different market (e.g., European equities and their American Depositary Receipt counterparts). This strategy profits from the disparity in prices between the various related securities in anticipation that over time all tiers and classes will become more efficiently priced relative to one another.
Convertible Bond Arbitrage. Convertible bond arbitrage is a strategy that seeks to profit from mispricings between a firm’s convertible securities and the underlying equity securities. A common convertible arbitrage approach matches a long position in a convertible security with a short position in the underlying common stock when an investor believes the convertible security is undervalued relative to the value of the underlying equity security. A Fund may seek to hedge the equity exposure of the position by selling short the equity or other related security in a ratio it believes is appropriate for the current convertible bond valuation and may seek to hedge the debt exposure of the position by selling short a related fixed income security. A convertible bond arbitrage strategy is constructed to achieve stable, absolute returns with low correlation to equity or debt market movements.
Arbitrage strategies are subject to the risk of overall market movements. To the extent that a general increase or decline in market values affects the securities involved in an arbitrage position differently, the position may be exposed to loss. At any given time, arbitrageurs can become improperly hedged by accident or in an effort to maximize risk-adjusted returns. This can lead to inadvertent market-related losses.
Asset-Backed and Related Securities
An asset-backed security is a fixed income security that predominantly derives its creditworthiness from cash flows relating to a pool of assets. There are a number of different types of asset-backed and related securities, including mortgage-backed securities, securities backed by other pools of collateral (such as automobile loans, student loans, sub-prime mortgages, and credit-card receivables), collateralized mortgage obligations, and collateralized debt obligations, each of which is described in more detail below. Investments in asset-backed securities are subject to all of the market risks for fixed-income securities described elsewhere in this SAI.
Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities Risk. A Fund may invest in commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”), which represent interests in pools of mortgage loans secured by commercial properties. Mortgage loans on commercial properties often are structured so that a substantial portion of the loan principal is not amortized over the loan term but is payable at maturity (as a “balloon payment”), and repayment of a significant portion of loan principal thus often depends upon the future availability of real estate financing (to refinance the loan) and/or upon the value and saleability of the real estate at the relevant time. Therefore, the unavailability of real estate financing may lead to default on the mortgage loan. Most commercial mortgage loans underlying CMBS are effectively nonrecourse obligations of the applicable borrowers, meaning that there is no recourse against a borrower’s assets other than the specific property encumbered as security. If borrowers are not able or willing to refinance or dispose of the encumbered property to pay the principal and interest owed on such mortgage loans, payments on the related CMBS (particularly subordinated classes of CMBS) will likely be adversely affected. The ultimate extent of the loss, if any, to the classes of CMBS may only be determined after a negotiated discounted settlement, restructuring or sale of the mortgage note, or the foreclosure (or deed-in-lieu of foreclosure) of the mortgage encumbering the property and subsequent liquidation of the property. Foreclosure can be costly and delayed by litigation and/or bankruptcy. Factors such as the property’s location, the legal status of title to the property, its physical condition and financial performance, environmental risks and governmental disclosure requirements with respect to the condition of the property may make a third-party unwilling to purchase the property at a foreclosure sale or to pay a price sufficient to satisfy the obligations with respect to the related CMBS. Revenues from the assets underlying a commercial mortgage loan and related CMBS may be retained by the borrower and/or used to make payments to others, maintain insurance coverage, pay taxes or pay maintenance costs. Such diverted revenues generally are not recoverable without a court-appointed receiver to control cash flow from the collateral. The holder of CMBS does not have a contractual relationship with the borrowers of the underlying commercial mortgage loans and typically has no right directly to enforce compliance by the borrowers with the terms of the loan agreements, nor any rights of set-off against the borrowers, nor will it have the right to object to certain changes to the underlying loan agreements, nor to move directly against the collateral supporting the related loans.
A Fund may invest in subordinated classes of CMBS, which involve greater credit risk, tend to be less liquid and may be more difficult to value than senior classes of CMBS. Adverse publicity and investor perceptions, whether or not based on fundamental analysis, may substantially decrease the liquidity and value of subordinated CMBS, especially in a thinly traded market. Subordinated classes of CMBS may include lower-rated or unrated securities that are considered speculative with respect to the issuer’s continuing ability to pay principal and interest in accordance with their terms.
Mortgage-Backed Securities. Mortgage-backed securities are asset-backed securities backed by pools of residential and commercial mortgages, which may include sub-prime mortgages. Mortgage-backed securities may be issued by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. government (including those whose securities are neither guaranteed nor insured by the U.S. government, such as the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”), the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”), and Federal Home Loan Banks (“FHLB”), foreign governments (or their agencies or instrumentalities), or non-governmental issuers. Interest and principal payments (including prepayments) on the mortgage loans underlying mortgage-backed securities pass through to the holders of the mortgage-backed securities. Prepayments occur when the mortgagor on an individual mortgage loan prepays the remaining principal before the loan’s scheduled maturity date. Unscheduled prepayments of the underlying mortgage loans may result in early payment of the applicable mortgage-backed securities held by a Fund. A Fund may be unable to invest prepayments in an investment that provides as high a yield as the mortgage-backed securities. Consequently, early payment associated with mortgage-backed securities may cause these securities to experience significantly greater price and yield volatility than traditional fixed income securities. Many factors affect the rate of mortgage loan prepayments, including changes in interest rates, general economic conditions, further deterioration of worldwide economic and liquidity conditions, the location of the property underlying the mortgage, the age of the mortgage loan, governmental action, including legal impairment of underlying home loans, changes in demand for products financed by those loans, the inability of borrowers to refinance existing loans (e.g., sub-prime mortgages), and social and demographic conditions. During periods of falling interest rates, the rate of mortgage loan prepayments usually increases, which tends to decrease the life of mortgage-backed securities. During periods of rising interest rates, the rate of mortgage loan prepayments usually decreases, which tends to increase the life of mortgage-backed securities.
Mortgage-backed securities are subject to varying degrees of credit risk, depending on whether they are issued by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. government (including those whose securities are neither guaranteed nor insured by the U.S. government) or by non-governmental issuers. Additionally, credit risk transfer mortgaged-backed securities issued by Fannie Mae (called Connecticut Avenue Securities) and Freddie Mac (called Structured Agency Credit Risk debt notes) carry no guarantee whatsoever from the issuing agency and the risk of default associated with these securities would be borne by a Fund. Securities issued by private organizations may not be readily marketable, and since the deterioration of worldwide economic and liquidity conditions that became acute in 2008, mortgage-backed securities have been subject to greater liquidity risk. The economic recession that commenced in the United States in 2008 introduced a period of heightened levels of default on receivables and loans underlying residential mortgage-backed securities than were historically experienced. A future economic downturn could increase the risk that such assets underlying residential mortgage-backed securities purchased by the Fund will also suffer greater levels of default than were historically experienced. Also, government actions and proposals affecting the terms of underlying home loans, changes in demand for products (e.g., automobiles) financed by those loans, and the inability of borrowers to refinance existing loans (e.g., subprime mortgages), have had, and may continue to have, adverse valuation and liquidity effects on mortgage-backed securities. Although liquidity of mortgage-backed securities has improved, there can be no assurance that in the future the market for mortgage-backed securities will continue to improve and become more liquid. In addition, mortgage-backed securities are subject to the risk of loss of principal if the obligors of the underlying obligations default in their payment obligations, and to certain other risks described in “Other Asset-Backed Securities” below. The risk of defaults associated with mortgage-backed securities is generally higher in the case of mortgage-backed investments that include sub-prime mortgages. Mortgage-backed securities may include Adjustable Rate Securities as such term is defined in “Adjustable Rate Securities” above.
Residential Mortgage-Backed Securities. Residential Mortgage-Backed Securities (“RMBS”) represent interests in pools of residential mortgage loans secured by one to four family residential mortgage loans. Such loans may be prepaid at any time. Prepayments could reduce the yield received on the related issue of RMBS. RMBS are particularly susceptible to prepayment risks, as they generally do not contain prepayment penalties and a reduction in interest rates will increase the prepayments on the RMBS, resulting in a reduction in yield to maturity for holders of such securities.
Residential mortgage loans are obligations of the borrowers thereunder only and are not typically insured or guaranteed by any other person or entity, although such loans may be securitized by government agencies and the securities issued are guaranteed. The rate of defaults and losses on residential mortgage loans will be affected by a number of factors, including general economic conditions and those in the geographic area where the mortgaged property is located, the terms of the mortgage loan, the borrower’s equity in the mortgaged property, and the financial circumstances of the borrower. Certain mortgage loans may be of sub-prime credit quality (i.e., do not meet the customary credit standards of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac). Delinquencies and liquidation proceedings are more likely with sub-prime mortgage loans than with mortgage loans that satisfy customary credit standards. If a residential mortgage loan is in default, foreclosure of such residential mortgage loan may be lengthy and difficult process, and may involve significant expenses. Furthermore, the market for defaulted residential mortgage loans or foreclosed properties may be very limited.
At any one time, a portfolio of RMBS may be backed by residential mortgage loans with disproportionately large aggregate principal amounts secured by properties in only a few states or regions in the United States. As a result, the residential mortgage loans may be more susceptible to geographic risks relating to such areas, such as adverse economic conditions, adverse events affecting industries located in such areas and natural hazards affecting such areas, than would be the case for a pool of mortgage loans having more diverse property locations.
Residential mortgage loans in an issue of RMBS may be subject to various U.S. federal and state laws, public policies and principles of equity that protect consumers which, among other things, may regulate interest rates and other fees, require certain disclosures, require licensing of originators, prohibit discriminatory lending practices, regulate the use of consumer credit information, and regulate debt collection practices. In addition, a number of legislative proposals have been introduced in the United States at both the federal, state, and municipal level that are designed to discourage predatory lending practices. Violation of such laws, public policies, and principles may limit the servicer’s ability to collect all or part of the principal or interest on a residential mortgage loan, entitle the borrower to a refund of amounts previously paid by it, or subject the servicer to damages and administrative enforcement. Any such violation could also result in cash flow delays and losses on the related issue of RMBS.
It is not expected that RMBS will be guaranteed or insured by any U.S. governmental agency or instrumentality or by any other person. Distributions on RMBS will depend solely upon the amount and timing of payments and other collections on the related underlying mortgage loans.
Other Asset-Backed Securities. Similar to mortgage-backed securities, other types of asset-backed securities may be issued by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. government (including those whose securities are neither guaranteed nor insured by the U.S. government), foreign governments (or their agencies or instrumentalities), or non-governmental issuers. These securities include securities backed by pools of automobile loans, educational loans, home equity loans, and credit-card receivables. The underlying pools of assets are securitized through the use of trusts and special purpose entities. These securities may be subject to risks associated with changes in interest rates and prepayment of underlying obligations similar to the risks of investment in mortgage-backed securities described immediately above. Additionally, following the deterioration of worldwide economic and liquidity conditions that became acute in 2008, the markets for asset-backed securities became fractured, and uncertainty about the creditworthiness of those securities (and underlying assets) caused credit spreads (the difference between yields on asset-backed securities and U.S. government securities) to widen dramatically. Concurrently, systemic risks of the type evidenced by the insolvency of Lehman Brothers and subsequent market disruptions reduced the ability of financial institutions to make markets in many fixed income securities. These events reduced liquidity and contributed to substantial declines in the market prices of asset-backed and other fixed income securities. These conditions may occur again. Also, government actions and proposals affecting the terms of underlying home and consumer loans, changes in demand for products (e.g., automobiles) financed by those loans, and the inability of borrowers to refinance existing loans (e.g., subprime mortgages), have had, and may continue to have, adverse valuation and liquidity effects on asset-backed securities. Although liquidity of asset-backed securities has improved, there can be no assurance that in the future the market for asset-backed securities will continue to improve and become more liquid. The risk of investing in asset-backed securities has increased because performance of the various sectors in which the assets underlying asset-backed securities are concentrated (e.g., auto loans, student loans, sub-prime mortgages, and credit-card receivables) has become more highly correlated since the deterioration in worldwide economic and liquidity conditions referred to above.
Payment of interest on asset-backed securities and repayment of principal largely depends on the cash flows generated by the underlying assets backing the securities and, in certain cases, may be supported by letters of credit, surety bonds, or other credit enhancements. The amount of market risk associated with asset-backed securities depends on many factors, including the deal structure (i.e., determination as to the amount of underlying assets or other support needed to produce the cash flow necessary to service interest and make principal payments), the quality of the underlying assets, the level of credit support, if any, provided for the securities, and the credit quality of the credit-support provider, if any. Asset-backed securities involve risk of loss of principal if obligors of the underlying obligations default in payment of the obligations and the defaulted obligations exceed the securities’ credit support. The obligations of issuers (and obligors of underlying assets) also are subject to bankruptcy, insolvency and other laws affecting the rights and remedies of creditors. In addition, the existence of insurance on an asset-backed security does not guarantee that principal and/or interest will be paid because the insurer could default on its obligations. In recent years, a significant number of asset-backed security insurers have defaulted on their obligations.
The market value of an asset-backed security may be affected by the factors described above and other factors, such as the availability of information concerning the pool and its structure, the creditworthiness of the servicing agent for the pool, the originator of the underlying assets, or the entities providing the credit enhancement. The market value of asset-backed securities also can depend on the ability of their servicers to service the underlying collateral and is, therefore, subject to risks associated with servicers’ performance. In some circumstances, a servicer’s or originator’s mishandling of documentation related to the underlying collateral (e.g., failure to properly document a security interest in the underlying collateral) may affect the rights of the security holders in and to the underlying collateral. In addition, the insolvency of entities that generate receivables or that utilize the underlying assets may result in a decline in the value of the underlying assets as well as costs and delays.
Certain types of asset-backed securities present additional risks that are not presented by mortgage-backed securities. In particular, certain types of asset-backed securities may not have the benefit of a security interest in the related assets. For example, many securities backed by credit-card receivables are unsecured. In addition, a Fund may invest in securities backed by pools of corporate or sovereign bonds, bank loans made to corporations, or a combination of these bonds and loans, many of which may be unsecured (commonly referred to as “collateralized debt obligations” or “collateralized loan obligations”) (see “Collateralized Debt Obligations” below). Even when security interests are present, the ability of an issuer of certain types of asset-backed securities to enforce those interests may be more limited than that of an issuer of mortgage-backed securities. For instance, automobile receivables generally are secured, but by automobiles rather than by real property. Most issuers of automobile receivables permit loan servicers to retain possession of the underlying assets. In addition, because of the large number of underlying vehicles involved in a typical issue of asset-backed securities and technical requirements under state law, the trustee for the holders of the automobile receivables may not have a proper security interest in all of the automobiles. Therefore, recoveries on repossessed automobiles may not be available to support payments on these securities. In addition, certain types of asset-backed securities may experience losses on the underlying assets as a result of certain rights provided to consumer debtors under federal and state law. In the case of certain consumer debt, such as credit-card debt, debtors are entitled to the protection of a number of state and federal consumer credit laws, many of which give such debtors the right to set off certain amounts owed on their credit-cards (or other debt), thereby reducing their balances due. For instance, a debtor may be able to offset certain damages for which a court has determined that the creditor is liable to the debtor against amounts owed to the creditor by the debtor on his or her credit-card.
Collateralized Mortgage Obligations; Strips and Residuals. A collateralized mortgage obligation (“CMO”) is a debt obligation backed by a portfolio of mortgages or mortgage-backed securities held under an indenture. The issuer of a CMO generally pays interest and prepaid principal on a monthly basis. These payments are secured by the underlying portfolio, which typically includes mortgage pass-through securities guaranteed by Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae, or the Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”) and their income streams, and which also may include whole mortgage loans and private mortgage bonds.
CMOs are issued in multiple classes, often referred to as “tranches.” Each class has a different maturity and is entitled to a different schedule for payments of principal and interest, including pre-payments. In a typical CMO transaction, the issuer of the CMO bonds uses proceeds from the CMO offering to buy mortgages or mortgage pass-through certificates (the “Collateral”). The issuer then pledges the Collateral to a third party trustee as security for the CMOs. The issuer uses principal and interest payments from the Collateral to pay principal on the CMOs, paying the tranche with the earliest maturity first. Thus, the issuer pays no principal on a tranche until all other tranches with earlier maturities are paid in full. The early retirement of a particular class or series has the same effect as the prepayment of mortgage loans underlying a mortgage-backed pass-through security. CMOs may be less liquid and may exhibit greater price volatility than other types of mortgage- or other asset-backed securities.
A Fund also may invest in CMO residuals, which are issued by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. government or by private lenders of, or investors in, mortgage loans, including savings and loan associations, homebuilders, mortgage banks, commercial banks, and investment banks. A CMO residual represents excess cash flow generated by the Collateral after the issuer of the CMO makes all required principal and interest payments and after the issuer’s management fees and administrative expenses have been paid. Thus, CMO residuals have value only to the extent income from the Collateral exceeds the amount necessary to satisfy the issuer’s debt obligations on all other outstanding CMOs. The amount of residual cash flow resulting from a CMO will depend on, among other things, the characterization of the mortgage assets, the coupon rate of each class of CMO, prevailing interest rates, the amount of administrative expenses, and the pre-payment experience on the mortgage assets.
CMOs also include certificates representing undivided interests in payments of interest-only or principal-only (“IO/PO Strips”) on the underlying mortgages. IO/PO Strips and CMO residuals tend to be more volatile than other types of securities. If the underlying securities are prepaid, holders of IO/PO Strips and CMO residuals may lose a substantial portion or the entire value of their investment. In addition, if a CMO pays interest at an adjustable rate, the cash flows on the related CMO residual will be extremely sensitive to rate adjustments.
Collateralized Debt Obligations. A Fund may invest in collateralized debt obligations (“CDOs”), which include collateralized bond obligations (“CBOs”), collateralized loan obligations (“CLOs”), and other similarly structured securities. CBOs and CLOs are asset-backed securities. A CBO is an obligation of a trust or other special purpose vehicle backed by a pool of fixed income securities. A CLO is an obligation of a trust or other special purpose vehicle typically collateralized by a pool of loans, which may include domestic and foreign senior secured and unsecured loans, and subordinate corporate loans, including loans that may be rated below investment grade, or equivalent unrated loans. For both CBOs and CLOs, the cash flows from the trust are split into two or more portions, called tranches, which vary in risk and yield. The riskier portions are the residual, equity, and subordinate tranches, which bear some or all of the risk of default by the bonds or loans in the trust, and therefore protect the other, more senior tranches from default in all but the most severe circumstances. Since it is partially protected from defaults, a senior tranche from a CBO trust or CLO trust typically has higher ratings and lower yields than its underlying securities, and can be rated investment grade. Despite the protection from the riskier tranches, senior CBO or CLO tranches can experience substantial losses due to actual defaults (including collateral default), the total loss of the riskier tranches due to losses in the collateral, market anticipation of defaults, fraud by the trust, and the illiquidity of CBO or CLO securities.
The risks of an investment in a CDO largely depend on the type of underlying collateral securities and the tranche in which a Fund invests. A Fund may invest in any tranche of a CBO or CLO. Typically, CBOs, CLOs and other CDOs are privately offered and sold, and thus, are not registered under the securities laws. As a result, a Fund may characterize its investments in CDOs as illiquid, unless an active dealer market for a particular CDO allows the CDO to be purchased and sold in Rule 144A transactions. CDOs are subject to the typical risks associated with debt instruments discussed elsewhere in this SAI and the Prospectus, including interest rate risk (which may be exacerbated if the interest rate payable on a structured financing changes based on multiples of changes in interest rates or inversely to changes in interest rates), default risk, prepayment risk, credit risk, liquidity risk, market risk, structural risk, and legal risk. Additional risks of CDOs include: (i) the possibility that distributions from collateral securities will be insufficient to make interest or other payments, (ii) the possibility that the quality of the collateral may decline in value or default, due to factors such as the availability of any credit enhancement, the level and timing of payments and recoveries on and the characteristics of the underlying receivables, loans or other assets that are being securitized, remoteness of those assets from the originator or transferor, the adequacy of and ability to realize upon any related collateral and the capability of the servicer of the securitized assets, (iii) market and liquidity risks affecting the price of a structured finance investment, if required to be sold, at the time of sale, and (iv) if the particular structured product is invested in a security in which a Fund is also invested, this would tend to increase a Fund’s overall exposure to the credit of the issuer of such securities, at least on an absolute, if not on a relative basis. In addition, due to the complex nature of a CDO, an investment in a CDO may not perform as expected. An investment in a CDO also is subject to the risk that the issuer and the investors may interpret the terms of the instrument differently, giving rise to disputes.
Auction Rate Securities
Auction rate securities consist of auction rate municipal securities and auction rate preferred securities sold through an auction process issued by closed-end investment companies, municipalities and governmental agencies. Provided that the auction mechanism is successful, auction rate securities usually permit the holder to sell the securities in an auction at par value at specified intervals. The dividend is reset by “Dutch” auction in which bids are made by broker-dealers and other institutions for a certain amount of securities at a specified minimum yield. The dividend rate set by the auction is the lowest interest or dividend rate that covers all securities offered for sale. While this process is designed to permit auction rate securities to be traded at par value, there is the risk that an auction will fail due to insufficient demand for the securities.
Below Investment Grade Securities
A Fund may invest some or all of their assets in securities or instruments rated below investment grade (that is, rated below Baa3/P-2 by Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. (“Moody’s”) or below BBB-/A-2 by S&P Global’s (“S&P”) for a particular security/commercial paper, or securities unrated by Moody’s or S&P that are determined by a manager to be of comparable quality to securities so rated) at the time of purchase, including securities in the lowest rating categories and comparable unrated securities (“Below Investment Grade Securities”) (commonly referred to as “junk bonds”). In addition, a Fund may hold securities that are downgraded to below-investment-grade status after the time of purchase by a Fund. Many issuers of high yield debt are highly leveraged, and their relatively high debt-to-equity ratios create increased risks that their operations might not generate sufficient cash flow to service their debt obligations. In addition, many issuers of high yield debt may be (i) in poor financial condition, (ii) experiencing poor operating results, (iii) having substantial capital needs or negative net worth or (iv) facing special competitive or product obsolescence problems, and may include companies involved in bankruptcy or other reorganizations or liquidation proceedings. Compared to higher quality fixed income securities, Below Investment Grade Securities offer the potential for higher investment returns but subject holders to greater credit and market risk. The ability of an issuer of Below Investment Grade Securities to meet principal and interest payments is considered speculative. Certain of these securities may not be publicly traded, and therefore it may be difficult to obtain information as to the true condition of the issuers. The market for Below Investment Grade Securities may be more severely affected than other financial markets by economic recession or substantial interest rate increases, changing public perceptions, or legislation that limits the ability of certain categories of financial institutions to invest in Below Investment Grade Securities. In addition, the market may be less liquid for Below Investment Grade Securities than for other types of securities. Reduced liquidity can affect the values of Below Investment Grade Securities, make their valuation and sale more difficult, and result in greater volatility. Because Below Investment Grade Securities are difficult to value and are more likely to be fair valued (see “How the Acquiring Funds Calculate NAV” in the Proxy Statement/Prospectus and “Determination of Net Asset Value” in this SAI), particularly during erratic markets, the values realized on their sale may differ from the values at which they are carried on the books of a Fund. Some Below Investment Grade Securities in which a Fund invests may be in poor standing or in default.
Bitcoin
The FS Chiron Real Asset Fund may gain indirect exposure to bitcoin by investing in bitcoin futures contracts and exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”) that invest in bitcoin and may invest in other cryptocurrency-related investments such as bitcoin trading platforms, bitcoin miners, bitcoin custodians, digital wallet providers, companies that facilitate payments in bitcoin, and companies that provide other technology, equipment or services to companies operating in the bitcoin ecosystem. Bitcoin is a decentralized digital currency that enables instant transfers to anyone, anywhere in the world. Managing transactions in bitcoins occurs via an open source, cryptographic protocol central authority. The Fund will not invest directly in Bitcoin or directly or indirectly in other digital assets. The Bitcoin Network is an online, end-user-to-end-user network that hosts the public transaction ledger, known as the Blockchain, and the source code that comprises the basis for the cryptographic and algorithmic protocols governing the Bitcoin Network. No single entity owns or operates the Bitcoin Network, the infrastructure of which is collectively maintained by a decentralized user base. As the Bitcoin Network is decentralized, it does not rely on either governmental authorities or financial institutions to create, transmit or determine the value of bitcoins. Rather, the value of bitcoins is determined by the supply of and demand for bitcoins in the global bitcoin exchange market for the trading of bitcoins, which consists of transactions on electronic bitcoin exchanges (“Bitcoin Exchanges”). The price of bitcoins is set in transfers by mutual agreement or barter as well as the number of merchants that accept bitcoins. Because bitcoins are digital files that can be transferred without the involvement of intermediaries or third parties, there are little or no transaction costs in direct end-user-to-end-user transactions. Bitcoins can be used to pay for goods and services or can be converted to fiat currencies, such as the U.S. dollar, at rates determined by the Bitcoin Exchanges. Additionally, third party service providers such as Bitcoin Exchanges are also used for transfers but they may charge significant fees for processing transactions.
The SEC has not asserted regulatory authority over Bitcoin or trading or ownership of Bitcoin and has not expressed the view that Bitcoin should be classified or treated as a security for purposes of U.S. federal securities laws. In fact, senior members of the staff of the SEC have expressed the view that Bitcoin is not a security under the federal securities laws. However, the SEC has commented on Bitcoin and Bitcoin-related market developments and has taken action against investment schemes involving Bitcoin. For example, in the SEC’s recent review of proposed rule changes to list and trade shares of certain Bitcoin-related investment vehicles on public markets, they have stated that the Bitcoin markets are not properly regulated. The SEC asserts that this results in the public markets’ inability to enter into surveillance-sharing agreements that help address concerns regarding fraudulent or manipulative acts and practices. If the SEC were to determine that Bitcoin is a security, the Fund and the Adviser would be subject to additional regulatory and compliance requirements under U.S. federal securities laws.
The CFTC treats Bitcoin and other digital currencies as “commodities” under the CEA, thereby asserting jurisdiction over futures, swaps, and other CFTC-regulated derivatives that reference digital currencies. The CFTC has not, to date, taken the view that Bitcoin is a “commodity interest,” which is defined under the CEA to include futures, swaps, and other derivatives based on commodities. Commodity interests are subject to CFTC regulation and thus, if Bitcoin were to be deemed a commodity interest by the CFTC, the Fund and the Adviser would be subject to additional regulatory and compliance requirements under the CEA and CFTC regulations.
Various foreign jurisdictions may, in the near future, adopt laws, regulations or directives that affect the Bitcoin Network, the Bitcoin Exchange Market and their users, particularly Bitcoin Exchanges and service providers that fall within such jurisdictions’ regulatory scope. Such laws, regulations or directives may conflict with those of the United States and may negatively impact the acceptance of Bitcoins by users, merchants and service providers outside the United States and may therefore impede the growth or sustainability of the Bitcoin economy in the EU, China, Japan, Russia and the United States and globally, or otherwise negatively affect the value of Bitcoins.
Additionally, U.S. state and Federal, and foreign regulators and legislatures have taken action against virtual currency businesses or enacted restrictive regimes in response to adverse publicity arising from hacks, consumer harm, or criminal activity stemming from virtual currency activity. The value of Bitcoins could thus be impacted by such adverse publicity.
In the future, the Fund may seek to gain additional indirect exposure to the Bitcoin through other investment vehicles that may not produce qualifying income for the Fund under the Internal Revenue Code, if held directly.
The Fund and its Subsidiaries may invest in other pooled investment vehicles that provide exposure to Bitcoin. The Funds will invest in their Subsidiaries within the limitations of the federal tax laws, rules and regulations that apply to regulated investment companies (“RICs”) under Subchapter M of Subtitle A, Chapter 1, of the Internal Revenue Code. Unlike the Fund, the Subsidiaries do not, and will not, seek to qualify as RICs.
Brady Bonds
Brady bonds are securities created through the restructuring of commercial bank loans to public and private entities under a debt restructuring plan introduced by former U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Nicholas F. Brady (the “Brady Plan”). Brady Plan debt restructurings have been implemented in Mexico, Uruguay, Venezuela, Costa Rica, Argentina, Nigeria, the Philippines, and other emerging market countries.
Brady bonds may be collateralized, are issued in various currencies (but primarily the U.S. dollar), and are actively traded in over-the-counter (“OTC”) secondary markets. U.S. dollar-denominated, collateralized Brady bonds, which may be fixed-rate bonds or floating-rate bonds, are generally collateralized in full as to principal by U.S. Treasury zero coupon bonds having the same maturity as the bonds.
The valuation of a Brady bond typically depends on an evaluation of: (i) any collateralized repayments of principal at final maturity; (ii) any collateralized interest payments; (iii) the uncollateralized interest payments; and (iv) any uncollateralized repayments of principal at maturity (the uncollateralized amounts constitute the “residual risk”). In light of the residual risk of Brady bonds and the history of prior defaults by the issuers of Brady bonds, investments in Brady bonds may be viewed as speculative.
Cash and Other High Quality Investments
A Fund may invest a portion of its assets in cash or cash items pending other investments, for portfolio management purposes or to maintain liquid assets required in connection with some of the Fund’s investments. These cash items and other high quality debt securities may include money market instruments, such as securities issued by the United States Government and its agencies, bankers’ acceptances, commercial paper, bank certificates of deposit, and money market funds. If a custodian holds cash on behalf of a Fund, the Fund may be an unsecured creditor in the event of the insolvency of the custodian. In addition, a Fund will be subject to credit risk with respect to such a custodian, which may be heightened to the extent the Fund takes a temporary defensive position.
Money market mutual funds in which a Fund may invest are subject to Rule 2a-7 of the 1940 Act, and invest in a variety of short-term, high quality, dollar-denominated money market instruments. Money market funds are not designed to offer capital appreciation. Amendments to money market fund regulations could affect a money market fund’s operations and possibly negatively affect its return. Certain money market funds may impose a fee upon the sale of shares or may temporarily suspend the ability of investors to redeem shares if such fund’s liquidity falls below required minimums, which may adversely affect a Fund’s returns or liquidity.
Cash Position
As discussed in the Prospectus, each Fund’s cash position may temporarily increase under various circumstances. Securities that a Fund may invest in as a means of receiving a return on idle cash include domestic or foreign currency denominated commercial paper, certificates of deposit, repurchase agreements, or other short-term debt obligations. These securities may include U.S. and foreign short-term cash instruments. A Fund may also invest in affiliated or non-affiliated money market funds. (See “Investments in Investment Companies or Other Pooled Investments.”)
Commodity-Related Investments
A Fund may invest in a range of markets, including the commodity markets, which include a range of assets with tangible properties, such as oil, natural gas, agricultural products (e.g., wheat, corn, and livestock), precious metals (e.g., gold and silver), industrial metals (e.g., copper), and softs (e.g., cocoa, coffee, and sugar). A Fund may obtain such exposure by investing, directly or through its wholly-owned Subsidiary, in commodity-related derivatives (as defined below).
Commodity prices can be extremely volatile and may be directly or indirectly affected by many factors, including changes in overall market movements, real or perceived inflationary trends, commodity index volatility, changes in interest rates or currency exchange rates, population growth and changing
demographics, and factors affecting a particular industry or commodity, such as drought, floods, or other weather conditions, disease (including pandemic), embargoes or other trade barriers, acts of war or terrorism, competition from substitute products, transportation bottlenecks or shortages, fluctuations in supply and demand, tariffs, and international regulatory, political, and economic developments (e.g., regime changes and changes in economic activity levels). In addition, some commodities are subject to limited pricing flexibility because of supply and demand factors, and others are subject to broad price fluctuations as a result of the volatility of prices for certain raw materials and the instability of supplies of other materials.
Actions of and changes in governments, and political and economic instability, in commodity-producing and commodity-exporting countries may affect the production and marketing of commodities. In addition, commodity-related industries throughout the world are subject to greater political, environmental, and other governmental regulation than many other industries. Changes in government policies and the need for regulatory approvals may adversely affect the products and services of companies in the commodities industries. For example, the exploration, development, and distribution of coal, oil, and gas in the United States are subject to significant federal and state regulation, which may affect rates of return on coal, oil, and gas and the kinds of services that the federal and state governments may offer to companies in those industries. In addition, compliance with environmental and other safety regulations has caused many companies in commodity-related industries to incur production delays and significant costs. Government regulation may also impede the development of new technologies. The effect of future regulations affecting commodity-related industries cannot be predicted.
A Fund may invest in derivatives whose values are based on the value of a commodity, commodity index, or other readily-measurable economic variables dependent upon changes in the value of commodities or the commodities markets (“commodity-related derivatives”). The value of commodity-related derivatives fluctuates based on changes in the values of the underlying commodity, commodity index, futures contract, or other economic variable to which they are related. Additionally, economic leverage will increase the volatility of these instruments as they may increase or decrease in value more quickly than the underlying commodity or other relevant economic variable.
A Fund’s ability to engage in commodity-related investments may be limited by tax considerations. See “Taxes” for more information.
Convertible Securities
A convertible security is a security (a bond or preferred stock) that may be converted at a stated price within a specified period into a specified number of shares of common stock of the same or a different issuer. Some convertible securities are “mandatory,” meaning that they must be converted into common stock of the issuer on or before a certain date. Convertible securities are senior to common stock in a corporation’s capital structure, but are usually subordinated to senior debt obligations of the issuer. Convertible securities provide holders, through their conversion feature, an opportunity to participate in increases in the market price of their underlying securities. The price of a convertible security is influenced by the market price of the underlying security, and tends to increase as the market price rises and decrease as the market price declines.
The value of a convertible security is a function of its “investment value” (determined by its yield in comparison with the yields of other securities of comparable maturity and quality that do not have a conversion privilege) and its “conversion value” (the security’s worth, at market value, if converted into the underlying common stock). The investment value of a convertible security is influenced by changes in interest rates, with investment value declining as interest rates increase and increasing as interest rates decline. The credit standing of the issuer and other factors may also have an effect on the convertible security’s investment value. The conversion value of a convertible security is determined by the market price of the underlying common stock. If the conversion value is low relative to the investment value, as in the case of “broken” or “busted” convertibles, the price of the convertible security is governed principally by its investment value. To the extent the market price of the underlying common stock approaches or exceeds the conversion price, the price of the convertible security will be increasingly influenced by its conversion value. A convertible security generally will sell at a premium
over its conversion value by the extent to which investors place value on the right to acquire the underlying common stock while holding a fixed income security. Generally, the amount of the premium decreases as the convertible security approaches maturity.
A convertible security may be subject to redemption at the option of the issuer at a price established in the convertible security’s governing instrument. If a convertible security held by a Fund is called for redemption, the Fund will be required to permit the issuer to redeem the security, convert it into the underlying common stock or sell it to a third-party.
CPO Exclusion
Each Fund is operated by a person who has claimed an exclusion from the definition of the term “commodity pool operator” under the Commodity Exchange Act (the “CEA”) pursuant to Rule 4.5 under the CEA (the “exclusion”) promulgated by the CFTC. Accordingly, neither the Funds nor the Adviser (with respect to the Funds) is subject to registration or regulation as a “commodity pool operator” under the CEA. The Funds’ ability to invest in certain financial instruments regulated under the CEA (“commodity interests”) (including, but not limited to, futures and swaps on broad-based securities indices and interest rates) is limited by the Adviser’s current intention to operate the Funds in a manner that would permit the Adviser to continue to claim the exclusion under Rule 4.5, which may adversely affect the Funds’ total returns. In the event that the Adviser becomes unable to rely on the exclusion in Rule 4.5 and is required to register with the CFTC as a commodity pool operator with respect to the Funds, the Funds’ expenses may increase, adversely affecting the Funds’ total returns.
Cybersecurity
Each Fund and its service providers may be prone to operational and information security risks resulting from breaches in cyber security. A breach in cyber security refers to both intentional and unintentional events that may cause the Funds to lose proprietary information, suffer data corruption, or lose operational capacity. Breaches in cyber security include, among other behaviors, stealing or corrupting data maintained online or digitally, denial of service attacks on websites, the unauthorized release of confidential information or various other forms of cyber-attacks. Cyber security breaches affecting the Funds or the Adviser, Sub-Advisers, Underlying Managers, Alternative Beta Strategies, custodian, transfer agent, intermediaries and other third-party service providers may adversely impact the Funds. For instance, cyber security breaches may interfere with the processing of shareholder transactions, impact a Fund’s ability to calculate its NAVs, cause the release of private shareholder information or confidential business information, impede trading, subject the Funds to regulatory fines or financial losses and/or cause reputational damage. The Funds may also incur additional costs for cyber security risk management purposes. Similar types of cyber security risks are also present for issuers of securities in which the Funds may invest, which could result in material adverse consequences for such issuers and may cause a Fund’s investment in such companies to lose value. While a Fund and its service providers have established IT and data security programs and have in place business continuity plans and other systems designed to prevent losses and mitigate cyber security risk, there are inherent limitations in such plans and systems, including the possibility that certain risks have not been identified or that cyber-attacks may be highly sophisticated. Furthermore, the Funds have limited ability to prevent or mitigate cyber security incidents affecting third-party service providers, and such third-party service providers may have limited indemnification obligations to the Funds or their investment adviser.
Debt and Other Fixed Income Securities
Debt and other fixed income securities include fixed and floating rate securities of any maturity. Fixed rate securities pay a specified rate of interest or dividends. Floating rate securities pay a rate that is adjusted periodically by reference to a specified index or market rate. Fixed and floating rate securities include securities issued by federal, state, local, and foreign governments and related agencies, and by a wide range of private issuers, and generally are referred to in this SAI as “fixed income securities.” Indexed bonds are a type of fixed income security whose principal value and/or interest rate is adjusted periodically according to a specified instrument, index or other statistic (e.g., another security, inflation index, currency, or commodity). See “Adjustable Rate Securities” and “Indexed Investments.” In addition, a Fund may create “synthetic” bonds which approximate desired risk and return profiles. This may be done where a “non-synthetic” security having the desired risk/return profile either is unavailable (e.g., short-term securities of certain foreign governments) or possesses undesirable characteristics (e.g., interest payments on the security would be subject to foreign withholding or other taxes). See, for example, “Options and Futures — Inflation-Linked Futures” below.
Holders of fixed income securities are exposed to both interest rate and credit risk. Interest rate risk relates to changes in a security’s value as a result of changes in interest rates. In general, the values of fixed income securities increase when interest rates fall and decrease when interest rates rise. This risk will be greater for long-term securities than for short-term securities. Generally, the higher a debt security’s duration, the greater its price sensitivity to changes in interest rates. For example, the value of an investment held by a fund with a duration of five years decreases by approximately 5% for every 1% increase in interest rates, while the value of an investment with a duration of six years increases by approximately 6% with every 1% decrease in interest rates. As a result, in a period of rising interest rates, securities may exhibit additional volatility and may lose value. Steps to curtain or “taper” interest rates and other actions by central banks or regulators (such as intervention in foreign currency markets or currency controls) may have adverse effects on investments, volatility, and illiquidity in debt markets and may, in turn, have a material adverse effect on funds holding fixed income securities. In response to government intervention, economic or market developments, or other factors, fixed income markets may experience periods of high volatility, reduced liquidity, or both. During those periods, a Fund could have unusually high shareholder redemptions, requiring it to generate cash by selling securities when it would otherwise not do so, including at unfavorable prices. Fixed income investments may be difficult to value during such periods.
Credit risk relates to the ability of an issuer to make payments of principal and interest. Obligations of issuers are subject to bankruptcy, insolvency and other laws that affect the rights and remedies of creditors. Fixed income securities denominated in foreign currencies also are subject to the risk of a decline in the value of the denominating currency.
Because interest rates vary, the future income for a Fund from investments in floating rate fixed income securities cannot be predicted with certainty. The future income for a Fund from investments in indexed securities also will be affected by changes in those securities’ indices over time (e.g., changes in inflation rates, currency rates, or commodity prices).
A Fund may invest in a wide range of debt and fixed income instruments, including, but not limited to, Brady bonds, Euro bonds and zero coupon securities, described below. Some of these investments may be treated as having been issued originally at a discount or as having “market discount” or “acquisition discount.” See “Income Dividends, Capital Gains Distributions and Tax Status.” In effect, a Fund may be subject to heightened credit risk as a result of the effective deferral of payments on these instruments. A Fund may potentially not ultimately receive cash equal to the income recognized by the Fund as a result of the obligor’s default. Such instruments may also prove challenging to value in the event that judgments about the collectability of deferred payments must be made.
The fixed-income securities market has been and may continue to be negatively affected by the novel coronavirus pandemic. As with other serious economic disruptions, governmental authorities and regulators are responding to this crisis with significant fiscal and monetary policy changes, including considerably lowering interest rates, which, in some cases could result in negative interest rates. These actions, including their possible unexpected or sudden reversal or potential ineffectiveness, could further increase volatility in securities and other financial markets and reduce market liquidity. To the extent a Fund has a bank deposit or holds a debt instrument with a negative interest rate to maturity, the Fund would generate a negative return on that investment. Similarly, negative rates on investments by money market funds and similar cash management products could lead to losses on investments, including on investments of the Fund’s uninvested cash.
Depositary Receipts
A Fund may invest in American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”), Global Depositary Receipts (“GDRs”) and European Depositary Receipts (“EDRs”) or other similar securities representing ownership of foreign securities (collectively, “Depositary Receipts”). Depositary Receipts generally evidence an ownership interest in a corresponding foreign security on deposit with a financial institution. Transactions in Depositary Receipts usually do not settle in the same currency as the underlying foreign securities are denominated or traded. Generally, ADRs are designed for use in the U.S. securities markets and EDRs are designed for use in European securities markets. GDRs may be traded in any public or private securities market and may represent securities held by institutions located anywhere in the world. GDRs and other types of Depositary Receipts are typically issued by foreign banks or trust companies, although they may be issued by U.S. financial institutions, and evidence ownership interests in a security or pool of securities issued by either a foreign or a domestic corporation.
Because the value of a Depositary Receipt is dependent upon the market price of an underlying foreign security, Depositary Receipts are subject to most of the risks associated with investing in foreign securities directly. Depositary Receipts may be issued as sponsored or unsponsored programs. See “Foreign Investment Risk.” Depositary Receipts also may be subject to liquidity risk.
Derivatives and Derivative Strategies
A Fund’s use of derivative instruments involve risks different from, and possibly greater than, the risks associated with investing in more traditional investments.
Derivatives are subject to a number of risks such as credit risk, leverage risk, liquidity risk, correlation risk and index risk as described below:
Credit Risk — the risk that the counterparty in a derivative transaction will be unable to honor its financial obligation to a Fund, or the risk that the reference entity in a derivative will not be able to honor its financial obligations. In particular, derivatives traded in OTC markets often are not guaranteed by an exchange or clearing corporation and often do not require payment of margin, and to the extent that a Fund has unrealized gains in such instruments or has deposited collateral with its counterparties, a Fund is at risk that its counterparties will become bankrupt or otherwise fail to honor their obligations. A counterparty’s default on its payment obligations to a Fund will cause the value of an investment in the Fund to decrease. The Fund could also be delayed or hindered in its enforcement of rights against an issuer, guarantor, or counterparty.
Currency Risk — the risk that changes in the exchange rate between two currencies will adversely affect the value (in U.S. dollar terms) of an investment dominated in, and/or receiving revenues in, foreign currencies. The liquidity and trading value of foreign currencies could be affected by global economic factors, such as inflation, interest rate levels, and trade balances among countries, as well as the actions of sovereign governments and central banks. Adverse changes in currency exchange rates (relative to the U.S. dollar) may erode or reverse any potential gains from a Fund’s investments in securities denominated in a foreign currency or may widen existing losses.
Leverage Risk — the risk associated with certain types of investments or trading strategies (such as, for example, borrowing money to increase the amount of investments) that relatively small market movements may result in large changes in the value of an investment. Certain transactions in derivatives (such as futures transactions or sales of put options) involve substantial leverage risk and may expose a Fund to potential losses that exceed the amount originally invested by a Fund. When a Fund engages in such a transaction, a Fund will deposit in a segregated account, or earmark on its books and records, liquid assets with a value at least equal to a Fund’s exposure, on a mark-to-market basis, to the transaction (as calculated pursuant to requirements of the SEC). Such segregation will ensure that a Fund has assets available to satisfy its obligations with respect to the transaction, but will not limit a Fund’s exposure to loss.
Liquidity Risk — the risk that certain securities may be difficult or impossible to sell at the time that a Fund would like or at the price that a Fund as seller believes the security is currently worth. There can be no assurances that, at any specific time, either a liquid secondary market will exist for a derivative or a Fund will otherwise be able to sell such instrument at an acceptable price. It may, therefore, not be possible to close a position in a derivative without incurring substantial losses, if at all. The absence of liquidity may also make it more difficult for a Fund to ascertain a market value for such instruments. Although both OTC and exchange-traded derivatives markets may experience a lack of liquidity, certain derivatives traded in OTC markets, including indexed securities, swaps and OTC options, involve substantial liquidity risk. The illiquidity of the derivatives markets may be due to various factors, including congestion, disorderly markets, limitations on deliverable supplies, the participation of speculators, government regulation and intervention, and technical and operational or system failures. In addition, the liquidity of a secondary market in an exchange-traded derivative contract may be adversely affected by “daily price fluctuation limits” established by the exchanges which limit the amount of fluctuation in an exchange-traded contract price during a single trading day. Once the daily limit has been reached in the contract, no trades may be entered into at a price beyond the limit, thus preventing the liquidation of open positions. Prices have in the past moved beyond the daily limit on a number of consecutive trading days. If it is not possible to close an open derivative position entered into by a Fund, the Fund would continue to be required to make daily cash payments of variation margin in the event of adverse price movements. In such a situation, if the Fund has insufficient cash, it may have to sell portfolio securities to meet daily variation margin requirements at a time when it may be disadvantageous to do so.
Correlation Risk — the risk that changes in the value of a derivative will not match the changes in the value of the portfolio holdings that are being hedged or of the particular market or security to which a Fund seeks exposure through the use of the derivative. There are a number of factors which may prevent a derivative instrument from achieving the desired correlation (or inverse correlation) with an underlying asset, rate or index, such as the impact of fees, expenses and transaction costs, the timing of pricing, and disruptions or illiquidity in the markets for such derivative instrument.
Index Risk — If the derivative is linked to the performance of an index, it will be subject to the risks associated with changes in that index. If the index changes, a Fund could receive lower interest payments or experience a reduction in the value of the derivative to below the price that the Fund paid for such derivative. Certain indexed securities, including inverse securities (which move in an opposite direction to the index), may create leverage, to the extent that they increase or decrease in value at a rate that is a multiple of the changes in the applicable index.
Volatility Risk — the risk that a Fund’s use of derivatives may reduce income or gain and/or increase volatility. Volatility is defined as the characteristic of a security, an index or a market to fluctuate significantly in price over a defined time period. A Fund could suffer losses related to its derivative positions as a result of unanticipated market movements, which losses are potentially unlimited.
When a derivative is used as a hedge against a position that a Fund holds, any loss generated by the derivative generally should be substantially offset by gains on the hedged investment, and vice versa. While hedging can reduce or eliminate losses, it can also reduce or eliminate gains. Hedges are sometimes subject to imperfect matching between the derivative and the underlying security, and there can be no assurances that a Fund’s hedging transactions will be effective. A Fund could also suffer losses related to its derivative positions as a result of unanticipated market movements, which losses are potentially unlimited. In addition, some derivatives are more sensitive to interest rate changes and market price fluctuations than other securities. The possible lack of a liquid secondary market for derivatives and the resulting inability of a Fund to sell or otherwise close a derivatives position could expose a Fund to losses and could make derivatives more difficult for the Fund to value accurately.
When engaging in a hedging transaction, a Fund may determine not to seek to establish a perfect correlation between the hedging instruments utilized and the portfolio holdings being hedged. Such an imperfect correlation may prevent a Fund from achieving the intended hedge or expose a Fund to a risk of loss. A Fund may also determine not to hedge against a particular risk because they do not regard the probability of the risk occurring to be sufficiently high as to justify the cost of the hedge or because they do not foresee the occurrence of the risk. It may not be possible for a Fund to hedge against a change or event at attractive prices or at a price sufficient to protect the assets of the Fund from the decline in value of the portfolio positions anticipated as a result of such change. A Fund may also be restricted in its ability to effectively manage the portion of their assets that are segregated or earmarked to cover their obligations. In addition, it may not be possible to hedge at all against certain risks.
If a Fund invests in a derivative instrument it could lose more than the principal amount invested. Moreover, derivatives raise certain tax, legal, regulatory and accounting issues that may not be presented by investments in securities, and there is some risk that certain issues could be resolved in a manner that could adversely impact the performance of a Fund.
A Fund is not required to use derivatives or other portfolio strategies to seek to increase return or to seek to hedge its portfolio and may choose not to do so. Also, suitable derivative transactions may not be available in all circumstances and there can be no assurances that a Fund will engage in these transactions to reduce exposure to other risks when that would be beneficial.
Failure of Futures Commission Merchants and Clearing Organizations. A Fund may deposit funds required to margin open positions in the derivative instruments subject to CEA with a clearing broker registered as a “futures commission merchant” (“FCM”). The CEA requires an FCM to segregate all funds received from customers with respect to any orders for the purchase or sale of U.S. domestic futures contracts and cleared swaps from the FCM’s proprietary assets. Similarly, the CEA requires each FCM to hold in a separate secure account all funds received from customers with respect to any orders for the purchase or sale of foreign futures contracts and segregate any such funds from the funds received with respect to domestic futures contracts. However, all funds and other property received by a clearing broker from its customers are held by the clearing broker on a commingled basis in an omnibus account and may be invested by the clearing broker in certain instruments permitted under the applicable regulation. There is a risk that assets deposited by a Fund with any swaps or futures clearing broker as margin for futures contracts may, in certain circumstances, be used to satisfy losses of other clients of a Fund’s clearing broker. In addition, the assets of a Fund may not be fully protected in the event of the clearing broker’s bankruptcy, as the Fund would be limited to recovering only a pro rata share of all available funds segregated on behalf of the clearing broker’s combined domestic customer accounts.
Similarly, the CEA requires a clearing organization approved by the CFTC as a derivatives clearing organization to segregate all funds and other property received from a clearing member’s clients in connection with domestic futures, swaps and options contracts from any funds held at the clearing organization to support the clearing member’s proprietary trading. Nevertheless, with respect to futures and options contracts, a clearing organization may use assets of a non-defaulting customer held in an omnibus account at the clearing organization to satisfy payment obligations of a defaulting customer of the clearing member to the clearing organization. As a result, in the event of a default or the clearing broker’s other clients or the clearing broker’s failure to extend own funds in connection with any such default, a Fund would not be able to recover the full amount of assets deposited by the clearing broker on its behalf with the clearing organization.
General Limitations on Futures and Options Transactions. Various exchanges and regulatory authorities have undertaken reviews of options and futures trading in light of market volatility. Among the possible actions that have been presented are proposals to adopt new or more stringent daily price fluctuation limits for futures and options transactions and proposals to increase the margin requirements for various types of futures transactions.
Asset Coverage for Futures and Options Positions. A Fund complies with the regulatory requirements of the SEC and the CFTC with respect to coverage of options and futures positions by registered investment companies and, if the guidelines so require, will segregate cash, U.S. government securities, high-grade liquid debt securities and/or other liquid assets permitted by the SEC and CFTC on a Fund’s records in the amount prescribed. Securities segregated on a Fund’s records cannot be sold while the futures or options position is outstanding, unless replaced with other permissible assets, and will be marked-to-market daily.
OTC Trading Risk. The derivative instruments that may be purchased or sold by a Fund may include instruments not traded on an exchange. The risk of nonperformance by the counterparty to an instrument may be greater than, and the ease with which a Fund can dispose of or enter into closing transactions with respect to an instrument may be less than, the risk associated with an exchange traded instrument. In addition, significant disparities may exist between “bid” and “asked” prices for derivative instruments that are not traded on an exchange. The absence of liquidity may make it difficult or impossible for a Fund to sell such instruments promptly at an acceptable price. Derivative instruments not traded on exchanges also are not subject to the same type of government regulation as exchange traded instruments, and many of the protections afforded to participants in a regulated environment may not be available in connection with the transactions. Because derivatives traded in OTC markets generally are not guaranteed by an exchange or clearing corporation and generally do not require payment of margin, to the extent that a Fund has unrealized gains in such instruments or has deposited collateral with its counterparties, the Fund is at risk that its counterparties will become bankrupt or otherwise fail to honor its obligations.
Dodd-Frank Act Risk. Title VII of the Dodd-Frank Act and Title VII thereof (the “Derivatives Title”) imposes a new regulatory structure on derivatives markets, with particular emphasis on swaps and security-based swaps (collectively “swaps”). This new regulatory framework covers a broad range of swap market participants, including banks, non-banks, credit unions, insurance companies, broker-dealers and investment advisers. The SEC, other U.S. regulators, and to a lesser extent the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (the “Regulators”) still are in the process of adopting regulations to implement the Derivatives Title, though certain aspects of the new regulatory structure are substantially complete. Until the Regulators complete their rulemaking efforts, the full extent to which the Derivatives Title and the rules adopted thereunder will impact a Fund is unclear. It is possible that the continued development of this new regulatory structure for swaps may jeopardize certain trades and/or trading strategies that may be employed, or at least make them costlier.
Regulations have required the mandatory central clearing and mandatory exchange trading of particular types of interest rate swaps and index credit default swaps (together, “Covered Swaps”). Together, these regulatory requirements change a Fund’s trading of Covered Swaps. With respect to mandatory central clearing, a Fund is now required to clear its Covered Swaps through a clearing broker, which requires, among other things, posting initial margin and variation margin to a Fund’s clearing broker in order to enter into and maintain positions in Covered Swaps. With respect to mandatory exchange trading, FS, Wilshire, MidOcean Credit Partners or the Underlying Managers could be required to become a participant of a new type of execution platform called a swap execution facility (“SEF”) or could be required to access the SEF through an intermediary (such as an executing broker) in order to be able to trade Covered Swaps for a Fund.
Additionally, the Regulators have implemented regulations that require swap dealers to collect from a Fund initial margin and variation margin for uncleared derivatives transactions. The Regulators also finalized proposed regulations that would impose upon swap dealers new capital requirements. These requirements may make certain types of trades and/or trading strategies costlier or impermissible.
On November 30, 2018, the CFTC published a proposed rule restructuring the regulatory framework applicable to SEFs and requiring more types of cleared swap contracts to be traded on SEFs. If implemented, the proposed rule may increase the cost of entering into certain swap contracts or reduce liquidity in those products. The proposed rule will require SEF registration of many non-U.S. swap facilities, which may have a disproportionate impact on certain cross-border swap contracts.
There may be market dislocations due to uncertainty during the implementation period of any new regulation and it is uncertain how the derivatives market will adjust to new regulations. Until the Regulators complete the rulemaking process for the Derivatives Title, it is unknown the extent to which such risks may materialize.
Legal and Regulatory Risk. At any time after the date hereof, legislation or additional regulations may be enacted that could negatively affect the assets of a Fund. Changing approaches to regulation may have a negative impact on the securities in which a Fund invests. Legislation or regulation may also change the way in which a Fund itself is regulated. There can be no assurances that future legislation, regulation or deregulation will not have a material adverse effect on a Fund or will not impair the ability of a Fund to achieve its investment objective. In addition, as new rules and regulations resulting from the passage of the Dodd-Frank Act are implemented and new international capital and liquidity requirements are introduced under the Basel III Accords, the market may not react as expected.
Whether a Fund achieves its investment objective may depend on, among other things, correct forecasting of market reactions and other legislation.
Distressed or Defaulted Instruments
A Fund may invest in securities, claims and obligations of U.S. and non-U.S. issuers which are experiencing significant financial or business difficulties (including companies involved in bankruptcy or other reorganization and liquidation proceedings). A Fund may purchase distressed securities and instruments of all kinds, subject to tax considerations, including equity and debt instruments and, in particular, loans, loan participations, claims held by trade or other creditors, bonds, notes, non-performing and sub-performing mortgage loans, beneficial interests in liquidating trusts or other similar types of trusts, fee interests and financial interests in real estate, partnership interests and similar financial instruments, executory contracts and participations therein, many of which are not publicly traded and which may involve a substantial degree of risk.
Investments in distressed or defaulted instruments generally are considered speculative and may involve substantial risks not normally associated with investments in healthier companies, including adverse business, financial or economic conditions that can lead to defaulted payments and insolvency proceedings. In particular, defaulted obligations might be repaid, if at all, only after lengthy workout or bankruptcy proceedings, during which the issuer might not make any interest or other payments. The amount of any recovery may be adversely affected by the relative priority of a Fund’s investment in the issuer’s capital structure. The ability to enforce obligations may be adversely affected by actions or omissions of predecessors in interest that give rise to counterclaims or defenses, including causes of action for equitable subordination or debt recharacterization. In addition, such investments, collateral securing such investments, and payments made in respect of such investments may be challenged as fraudulent conveyances or to be subject to avoidance as preferences under certain circumstances. Investments in distressed securities inherently have more credit risk than do investments in similar securities and instruments of non-distressed companies, and the degree of risk associated with any particular distressed securities may be difficult or impossible for a manager to determine within reasonable standards of predictability. The level of analytical sophistication, both financial and legal, necessary for successful investment in distressed securities is unusually high. If a manager’s evaluation of the eventual recovery value of a defaulted instrument should prove incorrect, a Fund may lose a substantial portion or all of its investment or it may be required to accept cash or instruments with a value less than a Fund’s original investment. Investments in financially distressed companies domiciled outside the United States involve additional risks. Bankruptcy law and creditor reorganization processes may differ substantially from those in the United States, resulting in greater uncertainty as to the rights of creditors, the enforceability of such rights, reorganization timing and the classification, seniority and treatment of claims. In certain developing countries, although bankruptcy laws have been enacted, the process for reorganization remains highly uncertain. In addition, investments in distressed or defaulted instruments can present special tax issues for a Fund. See “Income Dividends, Capital Gains Distributions and Tax Status.”
Diversification
Each Fund is classified as “non-diversified” within the meaning of the 1940 Act. Funds are classified as either “diversified” or “non-diversified” under the 1940 Act. Diversification is a way to reduce risk by investing in a broad range of stocks or other securities. To be classified as “diversified” under the 1940 Act, a fund may not, with respect to 75% of its total assets, invest more than 5% of its total assets in any issuer and may not own more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of an issuer. A fund that is classified as “non-diversified” under the 1940 Act is not subject to these restrictions and therefore has the ability to take larger positions in a smaller number of issuers than a fund that is classified as “diversified.” This gives a fund which is classified as non-diversified more flexibility to focus its investments in companies that the managers have identified as the most attractive for the investment objective and strategy of the fund. However, because the appreciation or depreciation of a single security may have a greater effect on the net asset value (“NAV”) of a fund that is classified as non-diversified, its share price can be expected to fluctuate more than a comparable fund which is classified as diversified. This fluctuation, if significant, may affect the performance of a fund.
Euro Bonds
Euro bonds are securities denominated in a currency not native to the country where the bond is issued. Euro bonds may be issued by government or corporate issuers, and are typically underwritten by banks and brokerage firms in numerous countries. While Euro bonds often pay principal and interest in Eurodollars (i.e., U.S. dollars held in banks outside of the United States), some Euro bonds may pay principal and interest in other currencies. Euro bonds are subject to the same risks as other fixed income securities. See “Debt and Other Fixed Income Securities.”
Event-Linked Instruments/Catastrophe Bonds
A Fund may obtain event-linked exposure by investing in “event-linked bonds” or “event-linked swaps” or by implementing “event-linked strategies.” Event-linked exposure results in gains or losses that typically are contingent on, or formulaically related to, defined trigger events. Examples of trigger events include hurricanes, earthquakes, weather-related phenomena or statistics relating to such events. Some event-linked bonds are commonly referred to as “catastrophe bonds.” If a trigger event occurs, the principal amount of the bond is reduced (potentially to zero), and a Fund may lose all or a portion of its entire principal invested in the bond or the entire notional amount on a swap. Event-linked exposure often provides for an extension of maturity to process and audit loss claims where a trigger event has, or possibly has, occurred. An extension of maturity may increase volatility. Event-linked exposure also may expose a Fund to certain unanticipated risks including credit risk, counterparty risk, adverse regulatory or jurisdictional interpretations and adverse tax consequences. Event-linked exposures also may be subject to liquidity risk.
Financial Services Risk
Because Alternative Beta Strategies exposure is obtained through financial institutions and to the extent that a Fund invests a significant portion of its assets in the financial services sector, a Fund will have more exposure to the risks inherent to the financial services sector. Financial services companies may be adversely affected by changes in regulatory framework or interest rates that may negatively affect financial services businesses; exposure of a financial institution to a nondiversified or concentrated loan portfolio; exposure to financial leverage and/or investments or agreements that, under certain circumstances, may lead to losses; and the risk that a market shock or other unexpected market, economic, political, regulatory, or other event might lead to a sudden decline in the values of most or all financial services companies.
Foreign Currency Transactions
Currency exchange rates may fluctuate significantly over short periods of time. They generally are determined by the forces of supply and demand in the currency exchange markets, trade balances, the relative merits of investments in different countries, actual or perceived changes in interest rates, differences in relative values of similar assets in different currencies, long-term opportunities for investment and capital appreciation and other complex factors. Currency exchange rates also can be affected unpredictably as a result of intervention (or the failure to intervene) by the U.S. or foreign governments, central banks, or supranational agencies such as the International Monetary Fund, or by currency or exchange controls or political and economic developments in the U.S. or abroad.
Currencies in which a Fund’s assets are denominated, or in which the Fund has taken a long position, may be devalued against other currencies, resulting in a loss to the Fund. Similarly, currencies in which a Fund has taken a short position may increase in value relative to other currencies, resulting in a loss to the Fund. In addition, some currencies are illiquid (e.g., emerging country currencies), and a Fund may not be able to covert these currencies into U.S. dollars, in which case a manager may decide to purchase U.S. dollars in a parallel market where the exchange rate is materially and adversely different. Exchange rates for many currencies (e.g., emerging country currencies) are particularly affected by exchange control regulations.
A Fund may buy or sell foreign currencies or deal in forward foreign currency contracts, currency futures contracts and related options and options on currencies. A Fund may use such currency instruments for hedging, investment, and/or currency risk management. Currency risk management may include taking overweighted or underweighted currency positions relative to both the securities portfolio of a Fund and the Fund’s performance benchmark or index. A Fund also may purchase forward foreign exchange contracts in conjunction with U.S. dollar-denominated securities in order to create a synthetic foreign currency-denominated security that approximates desired risk and return characteristics when the non-synthetic securities either are not available in foreign markets or possess undesirable characteristics.
Forward foreign currency contracts are contracts between two parties to purchase and sell a specified quantity of a particular currency at a specified price, with delivery and settlement to take place on a specified future date. A forward foreign currency contract can reduce a Fund’s exposure to changes in the value of the currency it will deliver and can increase its exposure to changes in the value of the currency it will receive for the duration of the contract. The effect on the value of a Fund is similar to the effect of selling securities denominated in one currency and purchasing securities denominated in another currency. Contracts to sell a particular foreign currency would limit any potential gain that might be realized by a Fund if the value of the hedged currency increases. In addition, it is not always possible to hedge fully or perfectly against currency fluctuations affecting the value of the securities denominated in foreign currencies because the value of such securities also is likely to fluctuate because of independent factors not related to currency fluctuations. If a forward foreign currency contract is used for hedging, an imperfect correlation between movements in the price of the forward foreign currency contract and the price of the currency or other investment being hedged creates risk.
Forward foreign currency contracts involve a number of the same characteristics and risks as currency futures contracts (discussed below) but there also are several differences. Forward foreign currency contracts are not market traded, and are not necessarily marked to market on a daily basis. They settle only at the pre-determined settlement date. This can result in deviations between forward foreign currency prices and currency futures prices, especially in circumstances where interest rates and currency futures prices are positively correlated. Second, in the absence of exchange trading and involvement of clearing houses, there are no standardized terms for forward currency contracts. Accordingly, the parties are free to establish such settlement times and underlying amounts of a currency as desirable, which may vary from the standardized provisions available through any currency futures contract. Finally, forward foreign currency contracts, as two party obligations for which there is no secondary market, involve counterparty risk not present with currency futures contracts, discussed below.
A Fund also may purchase or sell currency futures contracts and related options. Currency futures contracts are contracts to buy or sell a standard quantity of a particular currency at a specified future date and price. However, currency futures can be and often are closed out prior to delivery and settlement. In addition, a Fund may use options on currency futures contracts, which give their holders the right, but not the obligation, to buy (in the case of a call option) or sell (in the case of a put option) a specified currency futures contract at a fixed price during a specified period. (See “Options and Futures — Futures” for more information on futures contracts and options on futures contracts.)
A Fund also may purchase or sell options on currencies. These give their holders the right, but not the obligation, to buy (in the case of a call option) or sell (in the case of a put option) a specified quantity of a particular currency at a fixed price during a specified period. Options on currencies possess many of the same characteristics as options on securities and generally operate in a similar manner. They may be traded on an exchange or in the OTC markets. Options on currencies traded on U.S. or other exchanges may be subject to position limits, which may limit the ability of a Fund to reduce foreign currency risk using options. (See “Options and Futures — Currency Options” for more information on currency options.)
Indexed Investments
A Fund may invest in various transactions and instruments that are designed to track the performance of an index (including, but not limited to, securities indices and credit default indices). Indexed securities are securities the redemption values and/or coupons of which are indexed to a specific instrument, group of instruments, index, or other statistic. Indexed securities typically, but not always, are debt securities or deposits indicators. For example, the maturity value of gold-indexed securities depends on the price of gold and, therefore, their price tends to rise and fall with gold prices.
While investments that track the performance of an index may increase the number, and thus the diversity, of the underlying assets to which a Fund is exposed, such investments are subject to many of the same risks of investing in the underlying assets that comprise the index discussed elsewhere in this section, as well as certain additional risks that are not typically associated with investments in such underlying assets. An investment that is designed to track the performance of an index may not replicate and maintain exactly the same composition and relative weightings of the assets in the index. Additionally, the liquidity of the market for such investments may be subject to the same conditions affecting liquidity in the underlying assets and markets and could be relatively less liquid in certain circumstances. The performance of indexed securities depends on the performance of the security, security index, inflation index, currency, or other instrument to which they are indexed. Interest rate changes in the U.S. and abroad also may influence performance. Indexed securities also are subject to the credit risks of the issuer, and their values are adversely affected by declines in the issuer’s creditworthiness.
Currency-Indexed Securities. Currency-indexed securities have maturity values or interest rates determined by reference to the values of one or more foreign currencies. Currency-indexed securities also may have maturity values or interest rates that depend on the values of a number of different foreign currencies relative to each other.
Inverse Floating Obligations. Indexed securities in which a Fund may invest include so-called “inverse floating obligations” or “residual interest bonds” on which the interest rates typically decline as the index or reference rates, typically short-term interest rates, increase and increase as index or reference rates decline. An inverse floating obligation may have the effect of investment leverage to the extent that its interest rate varies by a magnitude that exceeds the magnitude of the change in the index or reference rate of interest. Generally, leverage will result in greater price volatility.
Inflation Indexed Bonds. A Fund may invest in inflation indexed bonds. A Fund may also invest in futures contracts on inflation indexed bonds. See “Options and Futures — Inflation Linked Futures” for a discussion of inflation linked futures. Inflation indexed bonds are fixed income securities whose principal value is adjusted periodically according to the rate of inflation. Two structures are common. The U.S. Treasury and some other issuers use a structure that accrues inflation into the principal value of the bond. Most other issuers pay out the Consumer Price Index (“CPI”) accruals as part of a semiannual coupon. Inflation indexed securities issued by the U.S. Treasury (or “TIPS”) have maturities of approximately five, ten or twenty years (thirty year TIPS are no longer offered), although it is possible that securities that have other maturities will be issued in the future. U.S. Treasury securities pay interest on a semi-annual basis equal to a fixed percentage of the inflation-adjusted principal amount.
For example, if a Fund purchased an inflation indexed bond with a par value of $1,000 and a 3% real rate of return coupon (payable 1.5% semi-annually), and the rate of inflation over the first six months was 1%, the mid-year par value of the bond would be $1,010 and the first semi-annual interest payment would be $15.15 ($1,010 times 1.5%). If inflation during the second half of the year resulted in the whole year’s inflation equaling 3%, the end-of-year par value of the bond would be $1,030 and the second semi-annual interest payment would be $15.45 ($1,030 times 1.5%). If the periodic adjustment rate measuring inflation falls, the principal value of inflation indexed bonds will be adjusted downward and, consequently, the interest they pay (calculated with respect to a smaller principal amount) will be reduced. The U.S. government guarantees the repayment of the original bond principal upon maturity (as adjusted for inflation) in the case of a TIPS, even during a period of deflation, although the inflation-adjusted principal received could be less than the inflation-adjusted principal that had accrued to the bond at the time of purchase. However, the current market value of the bonds is not guaranteed and will fluctuate. A Fund also may invest in other inflation-related bonds which may or may not provide a similar guarantee. If a guarantee of principal is not provided, the adjusted principal value of the bond repaid at maturity may be less than the original principal.
The value of inflation indexed bonds normally changes when real interest rates change. Real interest rates, in turn, are tied to the relationship between nominal interest rates (i.e., stated interest rates) and the rate of inflation. Therefore, if the rate of inflation rises at a faster rate than nominal interest rates, real interest rates (i.e., nominal interest rate minus inflation) might decline, leading to an increase in value of inflation indexed bonds. In contrast, if nominal interest rates increase at a faster rate than inflation, real interest rates might rise, leading to a decrease in value of inflation indexed bonds. There can be no assurance, however, that the value of inflation indexed bonds will change in the same proportion as changes in nominal interest rates, and short term increases in inflation may lead to a decline in their value. Although inflation indexed bonds protect their holders from long-term inflationary trends, short-term increases in inflation may result in a decline in value. In addition, inflation indexed bonds do not protect holders from increases in interest rates due to reasons other than inflation (such as changes in currency exchange rates). The periodic adjustment of U.S. inflation indexed bonds is tied to the Consumer Price Index for Urban Consumers (“CPI-U”), which is calculated monthly by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. The CPI-U is a measurement of changes in the cost of living, made up of components such as housing, food, transportation, and energy. Inflation indexed bonds issued by a foreign government are generally adjusted to reflect changes in a comparable inflation index calculated by the foreign government. No assurance can be given that the CPI-U or any foreign inflation index will accurately measure the real rate of inflation in the prices of goods and services. In addition, no assurance can be given that the rate of inflation in a foreign country will correlate to the rate of inflation in the United States. Coupon payments received by a Fund from inflation indexed bonds are included in a Fund’s gross income for the period in which they accrue. In addition, any increase in the principal amount of an inflation indexed bond constitutes taxable ordinary income to a Fund, even though principal is not paid until maturity. In each case, a Fund may be required to distribute the accrued income to its shareholders, even though a Fund may not receive a corresponding amount of cash on a current basis. Thus, a Fund may have to sell other investments to obtain cash to make income distributions (including at a time when it may not be advantageous to do so).
Illiquid Investments
Pursuant to Rule 22e-4 under the 190 Act (the “Liquidity Rule”), the Trust has implemented a liquidity risk management program and related procedures to identify illiquid investments pursuant to the Liquidity Rule. If the limitation on illiquid investments is exceeded, other than by a change in market values, the condition will be reported to the Board of Trustees of the Trust (the “Board of Trustees”) and, when required by the Liquidity Rule, to the SEC.
Pursuant to the Liquidity Rule, a Fund may invest up to 15% of its net assets in illiquid investments (i.e., investments that are not readily marketable). Investments in Rule 144A Securities could have the effect of increasing the level of a Fund’s illiquidity to the extent that qualified institutional buyers become, for a time, uninterested in purchasing such securities. Certain investments previously deemed liquid may become illiquid in any subsequent assessment of the foregoing factors or other changes affecting the security. Foreign securities that may be freely traded on or through the facilities of an offshore exchange or other established offshore securities market are not restricted under a Fund’s liquidity procedures if traded in that market. Such securities will be treated as “restricted” if traded in the United States because foreign securities are not registered for sale under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “1933 Act”). For liquidity determinations with respect to a Fund’s Subsidiary, the Fund will “look through” the Subsidiary to the Subsidiary’s portfolio holdings for purposes of complying with the Fund’s liquidity requirements. If a Fund determines at any time that it owns illiquid investments in excess of 15% of its net assets, it will cease to undertake new commitments to acquire illiquid investments until its holdings are no longer in excess of 15% of its NAV, and, depending on circumstances, may take additional steps to reduce its holdings of illiquid investments. Because illiquid investments may not be readily marketable, the portfolio managers may not be able to dispose of them in a timely manner. As a result, a Fund may be forced to hold illiquid investments while their price depreciates. Depreciation in the price of illiquid investments may cause the NAV of a Fund to decline.
Illiquid Investments, Private Placements, Restricted Securities, and IPOs and Other Limited Opportunities
Each Fund may invest in illiquid investments, although such investments in illiquid investments will be limited to a maximum of 15% of each Fund’s net assets.
A manager also may deem certain securities to be illiquid as a result of a manager’s receipt from time to time of material, non-public information about an issuer, which may limit a manager’s ability to trade such securities for the account of any of its clients, including a Fund. In some instances, these trading restrictions could continue in effect for a substantial period of time.
Private Placements and Restricted Investments. Illiquid investments include securities of private issuers, securities traded in unregulated or shallow markets, securities issued by entities deemed to be affiliates of a Fund, and securities that are purchased in private placements and are subject to legal or contractual restrictions on resale. Because relatively few purchasers of these securities may exist, especially in the event of adverse economic and liquidity conditions or adverse changes in the issuer’s financial condition, a Fund may not be able to initiate a transaction or liquidate a position in such investments at a desirable price. Disposing of illiquid investments may involve time-consuming negotiation and legal expenses, and selling them promptly at an acceptable price may be difficult or impossible.
While private placements may offer attractive opportunities not otherwise available in the open market, the securities purchased are usually “restricted securities” or are “not readily marketable.” Restricted securities cannot be sold without being registered under the 1933 Act, unless they are sold pursuant to an exemption from registration (such as Rules 144 or 144A). Securities that are not readily marketable are subject to other legal or contractual restrictions on resale. A Fund may have to bear the expense of registering restricted securities for resale and the risk of substantial delay in effecting registration. If a Fund sells its securities in a registered offering, it may be deemed to be an “underwriter” for purposes of Section 11 of the 1933 Act. In such event, a Fund may be liable to purchasers of the securities under Section 11 if the registration statement prepared by the issuer, or the prospectus forming a part of it, is materially inaccurate or misleading, although a Fund may have a due diligence defense.
At times, the inability to sell illiquid investments can make it more difficult to determine their fair value for purposes of computing a Fund’s net assets. The judgment of a manager normally plays a greater role in valuing these securities than in valuing publicly traded securities.
IPOs and Other Limited Opportunities. A Fund may purchase securities of companies that are offered pursuant to an initial public offering (“IPO”) or other similar limited opportunities. Although companies can be any age or size at the time of their IPO, they are often smaller and have a limited operating history, which involves a greater potential for the value of their securities to be impaired following the IPO. The price of a company’s securities may be highly unstable at the time of its IPO and for a period thereafter due to factors such as market psychology prevailing at the time of the IPO, the absence of a prior public market, the small number of shares available, and limited availability of investor information. Securities purchased in IPOs have a tendency to fluctuate in value significantly shortly after the IPO relative to the price at which they were purchased. These fluctuations could impact the NAV and return earned on a Fund’s shares. Investors in IPOs can be adversely affected by substantial dilution in the value of their shares, by sales of additional shares, and by concentration of control in existing management and principal shareholders. In addition, all of the factors that affect the performance of an economy or equity markets may have a greater impact on the shares of IPO companies. IPO securities tend to involve greater risk due, in part, to public perception and the lack of publicly available information and trading history.
Investments in Investment Companies or Other Pooled Investments
Subject to applicable regulatory requirements, a Fund may invest in shares of both open- and closed-end investment companies (including money market funds, and ETFs). Investing in another investment company exposes a Fund to all the risks of that investment company and, in general, subjects it to a pro rata portion of the other investment company’s fees and expenses. A Fund also may invest in private investment funds, vehicles, or structures.
ETFs are hybrid investment companies that are registered as open-end investment companies or unit investment trusts (“UITs”) but possess some of the characteristics of closed-end funds. ETFs in which a Fund may invest typically hold a portfolio of common stocks that is intended to track the price and dividend performance of a particular index. A Fund may also invest in actively-managed ETFs. Common examples of ETFs include S&P Depositary Receipts (“SPDRs”), Vanguard ETFs, and iShares, which may be purchased from the UIT or investment company issuing the securities or in the secondary market (SPDRs, Vanguard ETFs, and iShares are predominantly listed on the NYSE Arca). The market price for ETF shares may be higher or lower than the ETF’s NAV. The sale and redemption prices of ETF shares purchased from the issuer are based on the issuer’s NAV. Additionally, natural or environmental disasters, widespread disease or other public health issues, war, acts of terrorism or other events could result in increased premiums or discounts to the ETF’s NAV.
Lack of Correlation Risk; Hedging
There can be no assurance that the short positions that a Fund holds will act as an effective hedge against its long positions. Any decrease in negative correlation or increase in positive correlation between the positions a manager anticipated would be offsetting (such as short and long positions in securities or currencies held by a Fund) and could result in significant losses for a Fund. To the extent the Adviser employs a hedging strategy for a Fund, the success of any such hedging strategy will depend, in part, upon a manager’s ability to correctly assess the degree of correlation between the performance of the instruments used in the hedging strategy and the performance of the investments being hedged.
Legal and Regulatory Risk
Legal, tax, and regulatory changes could occur that may adversely affect a Fund. New (or revised) laws or regulations may be imposed by the CFTC, the SEC, the U.S. Federal Reserve or other banking regulators, other governmental regulatory authorities, self-regulatory organizations, or non-U.S. regulatory authorities that supervise the financial markets that could adversely affect a Fund. In particular, these agencies are empowered to promulgate a variety of new rules pursuant to financial reform legislation in the United States and the EU. A Fund also may be adversely affected by changes in the enforcement or interpretation of existing statutes and rules by these governmental regulatory authorities or self-regulatory organizations. In addition, the securities and futures markets are subject to comprehensive statutes, regulations and margin requirements. The CFTC, the SEC, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, other regulators and self-regulatory organizations and exchanges are authorized to take extraordinary actions in the event of market emergencies. The regulation of derivatives transactions and funds that engage in such transactions is an evolving area of law and is subject to modification by government and judicial action. The effect of any future regulatory change on a Fund could be substantial and adverse.
The Adviser may be similarly adversely affected by legal, tax, or regulatory changes and, as a result, may be unable or unwilling to provide advisory services to a Fund or its Subsidiaries. The U.S. government has enacted legislation that provides for new regulation of the derivatives market, including clearing, margin, reporting and registration requirements. The EU and certain other countries are implementing similar requirements, which will affect a Fund when it enters into derivatives transactions with a counterparty organized in that country or otherwise subject to that country’s derivatives regulations. Because these requirements are new and evolving (and some of the rules are not yet final), their ultimate impact remains unclear.
Certain regulators in the U.S. government and the EU have enacted or proposed mandatory minimum margin requirements for uncleared derivatives. Such requirements could increase the amount of margin required to be provided by a Fund in connection with its derivatives transactions and, therefore, make derivatives transactions more expensive. Additionally, transactions in certain types of swaps (including interest rate swaps and credit default swaps on North American and European indices) are now required to be centrally cleared through a clearing house. This new requirement could also increase the amount of margin required to be provided by a Fund in connection with its derivatives transactions and subject the Fund to risk if it enters into a derivatives transaction that is required to be cleared and no clearing member is willing or able to clear the transaction on the Fund’s behalf. Likewise, some types of cleared derivatives are now required to be executed on an exchange or on a swap execution facility, which can create additional costs and risks for a Fund.
New regulations could, among other things, restrict a Fund’s ability to engage in derivatives transactions (for example, by making certain types of derivatives transactions no longer available to a Fund), limit liquidity in the derivatives market, and/or increase the costs of such derivatives transactions, and a Fund may be unable to execute its investment strategy as a result. It is currently unclear how the regulatory changes will affect counterparty risk.
In October 2020, the SEC adopted new regulations governing the use of derivatives by registered investment companies. The Funds will be required to implement and comply with new Rule 18f-4 by the third quarter of 2022. Once implemented, Rule 18f-4 will impose limits on the amount of derivatives a fund can enter into, eliminate the asset segregation framework currently used by funds to comply with Section 18 of the 1940 Act, treat derivatives as senior securities so that a failure to comply with the limits would result in a statutory violation and require funds whose use of derivatives is more than a limited specified exposure to establish and maintain a comprehensive derivatives risk management program and appoint a derivatives risk manager.
The CFTC and certain futures exchanges have established limits, referred to as “position limits,” on the maximum net long or net short positions which any person may hold or control in particular options and futures contracts and have proposed further rules relating to position limits. All positions owned or controlled by the same person or entity, even if in different accounts, may be aggregated for purposes of determining whether the applicable position limits have been exceeded. Thus, even if a Fund does not intend to exceed applicable position limits, it is possible that different clients of the Adviser and its affiliates, as applicable, may be aggregated for this purpose. The trading decisions of the Adviser may have to be modified and positions held by a Fund may have to be liquidated in order to avoid exceeding such limits. The modification of investment decisions or the elimination of open positions, if it occurs, may adversely affect the profitability of a Fund.
The Adviser may, subject to their fiduciary duties and contractual obligations, elect to cause a Fund to (i) refrain from entering into a transaction to purchase that it may otherwise have caused the Fund to enter into; or (ii) sell an instrument that the Fund presently holds, if such transaction or the continued ownership of such instrument would cause the Fund, the Adviser and/or any of their affiliates to make a governmental or regulatory filing. Any such election may cause a Fund to (a) forego an investment opportunity that the Adviser had determined may otherwise generate a profit for the Fund; and/or (b) incur additional expenses, including without limitation, brokerage and/or legal fees.
The SEC has in the past adopted interim rules requiring reporting of all short positions above a certain de minimis threshold and is expected to adopt rules requiring monthly public disclosure in the future. In addition, other non-U.S. jurisdictions where a Fund may trade have adopted reporting requirements. If a Fund’s short positions or its strategy become generally known, it could have a significant effect on a manager’s ability to implement its investment strategy. In particular, it would make it more likely that other investors could cause a “short squeeze” in the securities held short by a Fund forcing the Fund to cover its positions at a loss. Such reporting requirements may also limit a manager’s ability to access management and other personnel at certain companies where a manager seeks to take a short position. In addition, if other investors engage in copycat behavior by taking positions in the same issuers as a Fund, the cost of borrowing securities to sell short could increase drastically and the availability of such securities to a Fund could decrease drastically. Such events could make a Fund unable to execute its investment strategy. In addition, the SEC has imposed certain restrictions on short sales. If the SEC were to adopt additional restrictions regarding short sales, they could restrict a Fund’s ability to engage in short sales in certain circumstances, and a Fund may be unable to execute its investment strategy as a result.
The SEC and regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions may adopt (and in certain cases, have adopted) bans on short sales of certain securities in response to market events. Bans on short selling may make it impossible for a Fund to execute certain investment strategies and may have a material adverse effect on a Fund’s ability to generate returns.
Rules implementing credit risk retention requirements for asset-backed securities require the sponsor of certain securitization vehicles to retain, and to refrain from transferring, selling, conveying to a third party or hedging 5% of the credit risk in assets transferred, sold or conveyed through the issuance of such vehicle, subject to certain exceptions. These requirements may increase the costs to originators, securitizers and, in certain cases, collateral managers of securitization vehicles in which a Fund may invest, which costs could be passed along to such Fund as an investor in such transactions.
There has been extensive rulemaking and regulatory change in connection with the passage of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) that affect the financial industry as a whole. The Dodd-Frank Act has affected and will continue to affect a broad range of market participants with whom a Fund and its Subsidiaries interacts or may interact, including commercial banks, investment banks, other non-bank financial institutions, rating agencies, mortgage brokers, credit unions, insurance companies and broker-dealers. It is difficult to anticipate the impact on the Adviser, the Funds, and the Subsidiaries of such regulatory changes. It may take years to understand the impact of the Dodd-Frank Act and related regulations on the financial industry as a whole, and therefore, such continued uncertainty may make markets more volatile, and it may be more difficult for the Adviser to execute the investment strategies of a Fund.
Libor Risk
“LIBOR” is used extensively in the U.S. and globally as a “benchmark” or “reference rate” for various commercial and financial contracts, including corporate and municipal bonds, bank loans, asset-backed and mortgage-related securities, interest rate swaps and other derivatives. For example, debt securities in which a Fund invests may pay interest at floating rates based on LIBOR or may be subject to interest caps or floors based on LIBOR. In addition, issuers of instruments in which a Fund invests may obtain financing at floating rates based on LIBOR, and a Fund may use leverage or borrowings based on LIBOR.
In July of 2017, the head of the UK Financial Conduct Authority (“FCA”) announced a desire to phase out the use of LIBOR by the end of 2021. The FCA and ICE Benchmark Administrator have since announced that most LIBOR settings will no longer be published after December 31, 2021 and a majority of U.S. dollar LIBOR settings will cease publication after June 30, 2023. It is possible that a subset of LIBOR settings will be published after these dates on a “synthetic” basis, but any such publications would be considered non-representative of the underlying market. The U.S. Federal Reserve, based on the recommendations of the New York Federal Reserve’s Alternative Reference Rate Committee (comprised of major derivative market participants and their regulators), has begun publishing SOFR that is intended to replace U.S. dollar LIBOR. Proposals for alternative reference rates for other currencies have also been announced or have already begun publication. Markets are slowly developing in response to these new reference rates. Uncertainty related to the liquidity impact of the change in rates, and how to appropriately adjust these rates at the time of transition, poses risks for the Funds. The effect of any changes to, or discontinuation of, LIBOR on the Funds will depend on, among other things, (1) existing fallback or termination provisions in individual contracts and (2) whether, how, and when industry participants develop and adopt new reference rates and fallbacks for both legacy and new instruments and contracts. The expected discontinuation of LIBOR could have a significant impact on the financial markets in general and may also present heightened risk to market participants, including public companies, investment advisers, investment companies, and broker-dealers. The risks associated with this discontinuation and transition will be exacerbated if the work necessary to effect an orderly transition to an alternative reference rate is not completed in a timely manner. For example, current information technology systems may be unable to accommodate new instruments and rates with features that differ from LIBOR. Accordingly, it is difficult to predict the full impact of the transition away from LIBOR on the Funds until new reference rates and fallbacks for both legacy and new instruments and contracts are commercially accepted and market practices become settled.
Limited Operating History
Each Fund is newly formed and thus has a limited operating history upon which its performance may be evaluated. While the Adviser may have experience in investment-related activities and in managing private investment funds, the Adviser may have limited experience as manager of a registered investment company. The past performance of other investment funds managed by affiliates of a manager cannot be relied upon as an indicator of a Fund’s potential success, in part because of the unique nature of each Fund’s investment strategy. An investor in a Fund must rely upon the ability of the Adviser in identifying and implementing investments for the Fund. There can be no assurance that the Adviser will be successful in identifying and implementing investment opportunities for a Fund.
Loans (Including Bank Loans), Loan Participations, and Assignments
A Fund may invest in direct debt instruments, which are interests in amounts owed by a corporate, governmental, or other borrower to lenders or lending syndicates (loans, including bank loans, promissory notes, and loan participations), to suppliers of goods or services (trade claims or other receivables), or to other parties. Such instruments may include term loans and revolving loans, may pay interest at a fixed or floating rate and may be senior or subordinated. A Fund may acquire interests in loans either directly (by way of sale or assignment) or indirectly (by way of participation). Purchases of loans and other forms of direct indebtedness, including promissory notes, depend primarily upon the creditworthiness of the borrower for payment of principal and interest, and adverse changes in the creditworthiness of the borrower may affect its ability to pay principal and interest. Direct debt instruments may not be rated by any rating agency. In the event of non-payment of interest or principal, loans that are secured offer a Fund more protection than comparable unsecured loans. However, no assurance can be given that the collateral for a secured loan can be liquidated or that the proceeds will satisfy the borrower’s obligation.
Investment in the indebtedness of borrowers with low creditworthiness involves substantially greater risks, and may be highly speculative. Borrowers that are in bankruptcy or restructuring may never pay off their indebtedness, or may pay only a small fraction of the amount owed. Investments in sovereign debt similarly involve the risk that the governmental entities responsible for repayment of the debt may be unable or unwilling to pay interest and repay principal when due. The bank loans acquired by a Fund may be below investment-grade.
When investing in a loan participation, a Fund typically purchases participation interests in a portion of a lender’s or participant’s interest in a loan but has no direct contractual relationship with the borrower. Participation interests in a portion of a debt obligation typically result in a contractual relationship only with the institution participating in the interest, not with the borrower. A Fund must rely on the seller of the participation interest not only for the enforcement of the Fund’s rights against the borrower but also for the receipt and processing of principal, interest, or other payments due under the loan. This may subject a Fund to greater delays, expenses, and risks than if the Fund could enforce its rights directly against the borrower. In addition, a Fund generally will have no rights of set-off against the borrower, and the Fund may not directly benefit from the collateral supporting the debt obligation in which it has purchased the participation. A participation agreement also may limit the rights of a Fund to vote on changes that may be made to the underlying loan agreement, such as waiving a breach of a covenant. In addition, under the terms of a participation agreement, a Fund may be treated as a creditor of the seller of the participation interest (rather than of the borrower), thus exposing a Fund to the credit risk of the seller in addition to the credit risk of the borrower. Additional risks include inadequate perfection of a loan’s security interest, the possible invalidation or compromise of an investment transaction as a fraudulent conveyance or preference under relevant creditors’ rights laws, the validity and seniority of bank claims and guarantees, environmental liabilities that may arise with respect to collateral securing the obligations, and adverse consequences resulting from participating in such instruments through other institutions with lower credit quality.
Bank loans and participation interests may not be readily marketable and may be subject to restrictions on resale. There can be no assurance that future levels of supply and demand in loan or loan participation trading will provide an adequate degree of liquidity and no assurance that the market will not experience periods of significant illiquidity in the future.
A Fund may also invest in loans through novations. In a novation, a Fund typically assumes all of the rights of a lending institution in a loan, including the right to receive payments of principal, interest, and other amounts directly from the borrower and to enforce its rights as a lender directly against the borrower. Investments in loans through direct assignment of a lender’s interests may involve additional risks to a Fund. For example, if a secured loan is foreclosed, a Fund could become part owner of any collateral, and would bear the costs and liabilities associated with owning and disposing of the collateral. In addition, under legal theories of lender liability, a Fund potentially might be held liable as a co-lender.
A loan is often administered by a bank or other financial institution that acts as agent for all holders. The agent administers the terms of the loan, as specified in the loan agreement. Unless, under the terms of the loan or other indebtedness a Fund has direct recourse against the borrower, it may have to rely on the agent to enforce its rights against the borrower.
A Fund, with respect to its management of investments in certain loans, seeks to remain flexible to purchase and sell other securities in the borrower’s capital structure, by remaining “public.” In such cases, the Adviser may seek to avoid receiving material, non-public information about the borrowers to which a Fund may lend (through assignments, participations or otherwise). A Fund’s decision not to use material, non-public information about borrowers may place it at an information disadvantage relative to other lenders. Also, in instances where lenders are asked to grant amendments, waivers or consents in favor of the borrower, a Fund’s ability to assess the significance of the amendment, waiver or consent or its desirability from a Fund’s point of view may be materially and adversely affected. When the Adviser’s personnel do come into possession of material, non-public information about the issuers of loans that may be held by a Fund or other accounts managed by the Adviser (either intentionally or inadvertently), their ability to trade in other securities of the issuers of these loans for a Fund or other accounts will be limited pursuant to applicable securities laws. Such limitations on a Fund’s ability to trade could have an adverse effect on a Fund. In many instances, these trading restrictions could continue in effect for a substantial period of time. See “Trading Restrictions.”
Direct indebtedness purchased by a Fund may include letters of credit, revolving credit facilities, or other standby financing commitments obligating a Fund to pay additional cash on demand. These commitments may have the effect of requiring a Fund to increase its investment in a borrower at a time when it would not otherwise have done so. Loans and certain other forms of direct indebtedness may not be classified as “securities” under the federal securities laws and, therefore, purchasers of such instruments may not be entitled to the protections against fraud and misrepresentation contained in the federal securities laws. In the potential absence of regulatory protections, a Fund relies on its Adviser’s research in an attempt to avoid situations where fraud or misrepresentation could adversely affect a Fund.
Investments in loans, loan participations and assignments present the possibility that a Fund could be held liable as a co-lender under emerging legal theories of lender liability. Each Fund anticipates that loans, loan participations and assignments could be sold only to a limited number of institutional investors. If there is no active secondary market for a loan, it may be more difficult to sell the interests in such a loan at a price that is acceptable or to even obtain pricing information. In addition, some loans, loan participations and assignments may not be rated by major rating agencies. Loans held by the Funds might not be considered securities for the purposes of the 1933 Act or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and therefore a risk exists that purchasers, such as the Funds may not be entitled to rely on the anti-fraud provisions of those Acts.
Trade Claims. A Fund may purchase trade claims against companies, including companies in bankruptcy or reorganization proceedings. Trade claims generally include claims of suppliers for goods delivered and not paid, claims for unpaid services rendered, claims for contract rejection damages and claims related to litigation. An investment in trade claims is very speculative and carries a high degree of risk. Trade claims may be illiquid instruments which generally do not pay interest and there can be no guarantee that the debtor will ever be able to satisfy the obligation on the trade claim. Additionally, there can be restrictions on the purchase, sale, and/or transferability of trade claims during all or part of a bankruptcy proceeding. The markets in trade claims are not regulated by U.S. federal securities laws or the SEC.
Trade claims are typically unsecured and may be subordinated to other unsecured obligations of a debtor, and generally are subject to defenses of the debtor with respect to the underlying transaction giving rise to the trade claim. Trade claims are subject to risks not generally associated with standardized securities and instruments due to the idiosyncratic nature of the claims purchased. These risks include the risk that the debtor may contest the allowance of the claim due to disputes the debtor has with the original claimant or the inequitable conduct of the original claimant, or due to administrative errors in connection with the transfer of the claim. Recovery on allowed trade claims may also be impaired if the anticipated dividend payable on unsecured claims in the bankruptcy is not realized or if the timing of the bankruptcy distribution is delayed. As a result of the foregoing factors, trade claims are also subject to the risk that if a Fund does receive payment, it may be in an amount less than what the Fund paid for or otherwise expects to receive in respect of the claim.
In addition, because they are not negotiable instruments, trade claims are typically less liquid than negotiable instruments. Given these factors, trade claims often trade at a discount to other pari passu instruments.
Master Limited Partnerships
MLPs are publicly traded partnerships primarily engaged in the transportation, storage, processing, refining, marketing, exploration, production, and mining of minerals and natural resources. Investments in securities (units) of MLPs involve risks that differ from an investment in common stock. Holders of these units have more limited rights to vote on matters affecting the partnership. These units may be subject to cash flow and dilution risks. There are also certain tax risks associated with such an investment. In particular, a Fund’s investment in master limited partnerships can be limited by a Fund’s intention to qualify as a RIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and can limit a Fund’s ability to so qualify. In addition, conflicts of interest may exist between common unit holders, subordinated unit holders and the general partner of a MLP, including a conflict arising as a result of incentive distribution payments. In addition, there are risks related to the general partner’s right to require unit holders to sell their common units at an undesirable time or price.
MLP Subordinated Units. MLP subordinated units are not typically listed on an exchange or publicly traded, and a Fund may acquire outstanding subordinated units from the holders or directly from the issuer in a private investment in public equity (“PIPE”) transaction. The purpose of the convertible subordinated units is to increase the likelihood that during the subordination period there will be available cash to be distributed to common unit holders. Convertible subordinated units generally are not entitled to distributions until holders of common units have received specified minimum quarterly distributions, plus any arrearages, and may receive less in distributions upon liquidation. Convertible subordinated unit holders generally are entitled to a minimum quarterly distribution prior to the payment of incentive distributions to the general partner, but are not entitled to arrearage rights. In the event of liquidation, common units also have preference over subordinated units, but not debt or preferred units, to the remaining assets of the MLP. Therefore, they generally entail greater risk than MLP common units. Most MLP subordinated units are convertible into common units after the passage of a specified period of time or upon the achievement by the MLP of specified financial goals.
General Partner and Managing Member Interests. As part of a Fund’s investment strategy, a Fund may invest in MLPs or other entities that hold a general partner or managing member interest and incentive distribution rights in MLPs (a “GP Investor”). General partner and managing member interests are generally not publicly traded, although they may be owned by publicly traded entities such as a GP Investor. A holder of general partner or managing member interests can be liable in certain circumstances for amounts greater than the amount of the holder’s investment. In addition, while a general partner or managing member’s incentive distribution rights can mean that general partners and managing members have higher distribution growth prospects than their underlying MLPs, these incentive distribution payments would decline at a greater rate than the decline rate in quarterly distributions to common or subordinated unit holders in the event of a reduction in the MLP’s quarterly distribution. A general partner or managing member interest can be redeemed by the MLP if the MLP unit holders choose to remove the general partner, typically by a supermajority vote of the limited partners or members, which typically can be very difficult to accomplish.
MLP Tax Considerations. MLPs are generally intended to be treated as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes. To qualify as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, an MLP must receive at least 90% of its income from qualifying sources such as interest, dividends, real estate rents, gain from the sale or disposition of real property, income and gain from mineral or natural resources activities, income and gain from the transportation or storage of certain fuels, gain from the sale or disposition of a capital asset held for the production of income described in the foregoing and, in certain circumstances, income and gain from commodities or futures, forwards and options with respect to commodities. Mineral or natural resources activities include exploration, development, production, mining, refining, marketing and transportation (including pipelines), of oil and gas, minerals, geothermal energy, fertilizer, timber or industrial source carbon dioxide. Currently, most MLPs operate in the energy, natural resources or real estate sectors.
Due to their partnership structure, MLPs generally do not pay income taxes. Thus, unlike investors in corporate securities, direct MLP investors are generally not subject to double taxation (i.e. corporate level tax and tax on corporate dividends).
The benefit a Fund derives from an investment in MLPs is largely dependent on the MLPs being treated as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes (i.e., having no U.S. federal income tax liability at the entity level). If, as a result of a change in current law or a change in an MLP’s business, an MLP is treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, such MLP would be obligated to pay U.S. federal income tax on its income at the corporate tax rate. If an MLP were classified as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the amount of cash available for distribution would be reduced and distributions received by a Fund would be taxed under U.S. federal income tax laws applicable to corporate distributions (as dividend income, return of capital or capital gain). In addition, taxes, penalties, and interest associated with an audit of a partnership are generally to be assessed and collected at the partnership level.
Accordingly, even if an MLP were to remain classified as a partnership, it could be required to pay additional taxes, interest and penalties as a result of an audit adjustment, and we, as a direct or indirect partner of such MLP, could be required to bear the economic burden of those taxes, interest and penalties even though we, as a RIC, may not otherwise have been required to pay additional corporate-level taxes as a result of the related audit adjustment. Treatment of an MLP as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, or payments required to be made by an MLP as a result of an audit adjustment, would result in a reduction in the after-tax return to a Fund, likely causing a reduction in the value of a Fund’s shares. In addition, if a Fund receives a Schedule K-1 from an MLP after having mailed a Form 1099-DIV to shareholders, and a Fund’s estimates with respect to the applicable MLP are determined to have been materially incorrect, a Fund may be required to mail an amended Form 1099-DIV to Shareholders.
A Fund’s ability to meet its investment objective will depend on the level of taxable income and distributions and dividends it receives from the MLPs and other securities in which a Fund may invest, a factor over which a Fund has no control. As a limited partner in the MLPs in which a Fund seeks to invest, a Fund will, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, be allocated its share of income, gains, losses, deductions and credits from those MLPs, regardless of whether a Fund has received any distributions from such MLPs. Historically, a significant portion of income from MLPs has been offset by tax deductions. As a result, this income has generally been significantly lower than cash distributions paid by MLPs. A Fund will be subject to the RIC distribution requirement on its share of an MLP’s income and gains that is not offset by available tax deductions, losses, and credits of the MLP or a Fund. The percentage of an MLP’s income and gains which is offset by tax deductions, losses, and credits will fluctuate over time for various reasons. A significant slowdown in acquisition activity or capital spending by MLPs held in a Fund’s portfolio could result in a reduction of accelerated depreciation generated by new acquisitions, which may result in an increase in a Fund’s investment company taxable income that it is required to distribute to shareholders to maintain its status as a RIC and to eliminate its liability for U.S. federal income and excise taxes. If a Fund’s income from its investments in MLPs exceeds the cash distributions received from such investments, a Fund may need to obtain cash from other sources in order to satisfy a Fund’s annual distribution requirement. If a Fund is unable to obtain cash from other sources, it may fail to qualify for RIC tax treatment or become subject to corporate-level U.S. federal income or excise taxes on undistributed income. A Fund may also recognize gain in excess of cash proceeds upon the sale of an interest in an MLP. Any such gain may need to be distributed in order to avoid liability for corporate-level U.S. federal income taxes on such gain.
Recently enacted tax legislation generally requires that taxes, penalties, and interest associated with an audit of a partnership be assessed and collected at the partnership level. Accordingly, even if an MLP in which a Fund invests were to remain classified as a partnership, it could be required to pay additional taxes, interest and penalties as a result of an audit adjustment, and a Fund, as a direct or indirect partner of such MLP, could be required to bear the economic burden of those taxes, interest and penalties, which would reduce the value of the shares of a Fund.
Municipal Securities
Municipal obligations are issued by or on behalf of states, territories and possessions of the United States and their political subdivisions, agencies and instrumentalities and the District of Columbia to obtain funds for various public purposes. Municipal obligations are subject to more credit risk than U.S. government securities that are supported by the full faith and credit of the United States. The ability of municipalities to meet their obligations will depend on the availability of tax and other revenues, economic, political and other conditions within the state and municipality, and the underlying fiscal condition of the state and municipality. As with other fixed income securities, municipal securities also expose their holders to market risk because their values typically change as interest rates fluctuate.
The two principal classifications of municipal obligations are “notes” and “bonds.” Municipal notes are generally used to provide for short-term capital needs, such as to finance working capital needs of municipalities or to provide various interim or construction financing, and generally have maturities of one year or less. They are generally payable from specific revenues expected to be received at a future date or are issued in anticipation of long-term financing to be obtained in the market to provide for the repayment of the note.
Short-Term Tax-Exempt Fixed Income Securities. Short-term tax-exempt fixed income securities are securities that are exempt from regular U.S. federal income tax and mature within three years or less from the date of issuance. Short-term tax-exempt fixed income securities are defined to include, without limitation, the following:
Bond Anticipation Notes (“BANs”) are usually general obligations of state and local governmental issuers which are sold to obtain interim financing for projects that will eventually be funded through the sale of long-term debt obligations or bonds. The ability of an issuer to meet its obligations on its BANs is primarily dependent on the issuer’s access to the long-term municipal bond market and the likelihood that the proceeds of such bond sales will be used to pay the principal and interest on the BANs.
Tax Anticipation Notes (“TANs”) are issued by state and local governments to finance the current operations of such governments. Repayment is generally to be derived from specific future tax revenues. TANs are usually general obligations of the issuer. A weakness in an issuer’s capacity to raise taxes due to, among other things, a decline in its tax base or a rise in delinquencies could adversely affect the issuer’s ability to meet its obligations on outstanding TANs.
Revenue Anticipation Notes (“RANs”) are issued by governments or governmental bodies with the expectation that future revenues from a designated source will be used to repay the notes. In general, they also constitute general obligations of the issuer. A decline in the receipt of projected revenues, such as anticipated revenues from another level of government, could adversely affect an issuer’s ability to meet its obligations on outstanding RANs. In addition, the possibility that the revenues would, when received, be used to meet other obligations could affect the ability of the issuer to pay the principal and interest on RANs.
Construction loan notes are issued to provide construction financing for specific projects. Frequently, these notes are redeemed with funds obtained from the Federal Housing Administration.
Bank notes are notes issued by local government bodies and agencies as those described above to commercial banks as evidence of borrowings. The purposes for which the notes are issued are varied but they are frequently issued to meet short-term working capital or capital-project needs. These notes may have risks similar to the risks associated with TANs and RANs.
Tax-Exempt Commercial Paper (“municipal paper”) represents very short-term unsecured, negotiable promissory notes, issued by states, municipalities and their agencies. Payment of principal and interest on issues of municipal paper may be made from various sources, to the extent the funds are available therefrom. Maturities on municipal paper generally will be shorter than the maturities of TANs, BANs or RANs. There is a limited secondary market for issues of municipal paper.
Certain municipal securities may carry variable or floating rates of interest whereby the rate of interest is not fixed but varies with changes in specified market rates or indices, such as a bank prime rate or tax-exempt money market indices.
While the various types of notes described above as a group represent the major portion of the tax-exempt note market, other types of notes are available in the marketplace and a Fund may invest in such other types of notes to the extent permitted under its investment objective, policies and limitations. Such notes may be issued for different purposes and may be secured differently from those mentioned above.
Municipal bonds, which meet longer-term capital needs and generally have maturities of more than one year when issued, have two principal classifications: “general obligation” bonds and “revenue” bonds. Issuers of general obligation bonds, the proceeds of which are used to fund a wide range of public projects including the construction or improvement of schools, highways and roads, water and sewer systems and a variety of other public purposes, include states, counties, cities, towns and regional districts. The basic security behind general obligation bonds is the issuer’s pledge of its full faith, credit, and taxing power for the payment of principal and interest.
Revenue bonds have been issued to fund a wide variety of capital projects including: electric, gas, water and sewer systems; highways, bridges and tunnels; port and airport facilities; colleges and universities; and hospitals. The principal security for a revenue bond is generally the net revenues derived from a particular facility or group of facilities or, in some cases, from the proceeds of a special excise or other specific revenue source. Although the principal security behind these bonds varies widely, many provide additional security in the form of a debt service reserve fund whose monies may also be used to make principal and interest payments on the issuer’s obligations. In addition to a debt service reserve fund, some authorities provide further security in the form of a state’s ability (without obligation) to make up deficiencies in the debt reserve fund. Revenue bonds can be adversely affected by the negative economic viability of the facility or revenue source. Securities purchased for a Fund may include variable/floating rate instruments, variable mode instruments, put bonds, and other obligations that have a specified maturity date but also are payable before maturity after notice by the holder. There are, in addition, a variety of hybrid and special types of municipal obligations as well as numerous differences in the security of municipal obligations both within and between the two principal classifications (i.e., notes and bonds). A Fund may also invest in credit default swaps on municipal securities. See “Swap Contracts and Other Two-Party Contracts — Swap Contracts.”
Natural Disasters and Extreme Weather Conditions
Certain areas of the world have historically been prone to and economically sensitive to environmental events such as, but not limited to, hurricanes, earthquakes, typhoons, flooding, tidal waves, tsunamis, erupting volcanoes, wildfires or droughts, tornadoes, mudslides or other weather-related phenomena. Such disasters, and the resulting physical or economic damage, could have a severe and negative impact on a Fund’s investment portfolio and, in the longer term, could impair the ability of issuers in which a Fund invests to conduct their businesses as they would under normal conditions. Adverse weather conditions may also have a particularly significant negative effect on issuers in the agricultural sector and on insurance companies that insure against the impact of natural disasters.
Non-Cash Income
Certain investments made by a Fund may give rise to taxable income in excess of the cash received by the Fund from those investments. In order to make distributions of its income to its investors, it is possible that a Fund will dispose of certain of its investments, including when it is not otherwise advantageous to do so. See “Taxes” for more information.
Options and Futures
The Funds may use options and futures for various purposes, including for investment purposes and as a means to hedge other investments. The use of options contracts, futures contracts, and options on futures contracts involves risk. Thus, while a Fund may benefit from the use of options, futures, and options on futures, unanticipated changes in interest rates, securities prices, currency exchange rates or other underlying assets or reference rates may adversely affect a Fund’s performance.
Options on Securities and Indices. The Funds may purchase and sell put and call options on equity, fixed income, or other securities or indices in standardized exchange-traded contracts. An option on a security or index is a contract that gives the holder of the option, in return for a premium, the right (but not the obligation) to buy from (in the case of a call) or sell to (in the case of a put) the writer of the option the security underlying the option (or the cash value of the index underlying the option) at a specified price. Upon exercise, the writer of an option on a security has the obligation to deliver the underlying security upon payment of the exercise price or to pay the exercise price upon delivery of the underlying security. Upon exercise, the writer of an option on an index is required to pay the difference between the cash value of the index and the exercise price multiplied by the specified multiplier for the index option.
Purchasing Options on Securities and Indices. Among other reasons, a Fund may purchase a put option to hedge against a decline in the value of a portfolio security. If such a decline occurs, the put option will permit a Fund to sell the security at the higher exercise price or to close out the option at a profit. By using put options in this manner, a Fund will reduce any profit it might otherwise have realized in the underlying security by the amount of the premium paid for the put option and by its transaction costs. In order for a put option purchased by a Fund to be profitable, the market price of the underlying security must decline sufficiently below the exercise price to cover the premium paid by a Fund and transaction costs. Among other reasons, a Fund may purchase call options to hedge against an increase in the price of securities the Fund anticipates purchasing in the future. If such a price increase occurs, a call option will permit a Fund to purchase the securities at the exercise price or to close out the option at a profit. The premium paid for the call option, plus any transaction costs, will reduce the benefit, if any, that a Fund realizes upon exercise of the option and, unless the price of the underlying security rises sufficiently, the option may expire worthless to the Fund. Thus, for a call option purchased by a Fund to be profitable, the market price of the underlying security must rise sufficiently above the exercise price to cover the premium paid by the Fund to the writer and transaction costs. In the case of both call and put options, the purchaser of an option risks losing the premium paid for the option plus related transaction costs if the option expires worthless.
OTC Options. A Fund may also invest in American style (options that may be exercised at any time before the expiration date) and European style (options that may be exercised only on the expiration date) OTC (“OTC”) options. OTC options differ from exchange-traded options in that they are two-party contracts, with price and other terms negotiated between the buyer and seller, and generally do not have as much market liquidity as exchange-traded options. The staff of the SEC has taken the position, generally, that purchased OTC options and the assets used to cover written OTC options are considered illiquid. However, to the extent a Fund invests in OTC options, certain purchased OTC options and assets used to cover written OTC options may be considered liquid (for example, OTC options purchased from a creditworthy counterparty under which a Fund has the contractual right to terminate the option within seven days).
Closing Options Transactions. The holder of an option may terminate its position in a put or call option it has purchased by allowing it to expire or by exercising the option. In addition, a holder of an option may terminate its obligation prior to the option’s expiration by effecting an offsetting closing transaction. In the case of exchange-traded options, a Fund, as a holder of an option, may effect an offsetting closing sale transaction by selling an option of the same series as the option previously purchased. A Fund realizes a loss from a closing sale transaction if the premium received from the sale of the option is less than the premium paid to purchase the option (plus transaction costs). Similarly, if a Fund has written an option, it may effect an offsetting closing purchase transaction by buying an option of the same series as the option previously written. A Fund realizes a loss from a closing purchase transaction if the cost of the closing purchase transaction (option premium plus transaction costs) is greater than the premium received from writing the option. If a Fund desires to sell a security on which it has written a call option, it will effect a closing purchase prior to or concurrently with the sale of the security. There can be no assurance, however, that a closing purchase or sale can be effected when a Fund desires to do so.
An OTC option may be closed only with the counterparty, although either party may engage in an offsetting transaction that puts that party in the same economic position as if it had closed out the option with the counterparty. No guarantee exists that a Fund will be able to effect a closing purchase or an offsetting closing sale with respect to a specific option at any particular time.
Risk Factors in Options Transactions. There are various risks associated with transactions in exchange-traded and OTC options. The value of options will be affected by many factors, including changes in the value of underlying securities or indices, changes in the dividend rates of underlying securities (or in the case of indices, the securities comprising such indices), changes in interest rates, changes in the actual or perceived volatility of the stock market and underlying securities and the remaining time to an option’s expiration. The value of an option also may be adversely affected if the market for the option is reduced or becomes less liquid. In addition, since an American style option allows the holder to exercise its rights any time prior to expiration of the option, the writer of an American style option has no control over the time when it may be required to fulfill its obligations as a writer of the option. This risk is not present when writing a European style option since the holder may only exercise the option on its expiration date.
A Fund’s ability to use options as part of its investment program depends on the liquidity of the markets in those instruments. In addition, there can be no assurance that a liquid market will exist when a Fund seeks to close out an option position. If the Fund was unable to close out an option that it had purchased on a security, it would have to exercise the option in order to realize any profit or the option may expire worthless.
An exchange-traded option may be closed out by means of an offsetting transaction only on a national securities exchange (“Exchange”), which provides a secondary market for an option of the same series. If a liquid secondary market for an exchange-traded option does not exist, a Fund might not be able to effect an offsetting closing transaction for a particular option. Reasons for the absence of a liquid secondary market on an Exchange include the following: (i) insufficient trading interest in some options; (ii) restrictions by an Exchange on opening or closing transactions, or both; (iii) trading halts, suspensions, or other restrictions on particular classes or series of options or underlying securities; (iv) unusual or unforeseen interruptions in normal operations on an Exchange; (v) inability to handle current trading volume; or (vi) discontinuance of options trading (or trading in a particular class or series of options) (although outstanding options on an Exchange that were issued by the Options Clearing Corporation should continue to be exercisable in accordance with their terms). In addition, the hours of trading for options on an Exchange may not conform to the hours during which the securities held by a Fund are traded. To the extent that the options markets close before the markets for the underlying securities, significant price and rate movements can take place in the underlying markets that may not be reflected in the options markets.
The Exchanges generally have established limits on the maximum number of options an investor or group of investors acting in concert may write. The Funds, the Adviser and other clients of the Adviser may constitute such a group. These limits could restrict a Fund’s ability to purchase or sell options on a particular security. An OTC option may be closed only with the counterparty, although either party may engage in an offsetting transaction that puts that party in the same economic position as if it had closed out the option with the counterparty; however, the exposure to counterparty risk may differ. See “Swap Contracts and Other Two-Party Contracts — Risk Factors in Swap Contracts, OTC Options, and Other Two-Party Contracts” for a discussion of counterparty risk and other risks associated with investing in OTC options.
Currency Options. The Funds may purchase and sell options on currencies. Options on currencies possess many of the same characteristics as options on securities and generally operate in a similar manner. (See “Foreign Currency Transactions” for more information on a Fund’s use of currency options.)
Futures. The Funds may invest in futures contracts on, among other things, financial instruments (such as a U.S. government security or other fixed income security), individual equity securities (“single stock futures”), securities indices, interest rates, currencies, inflation indices, and commodities or commodities indices. Futures contracts on securities indices are referred to herein as “Index Futures.” The purchase and sale of futures contracts may be used for speculative purposes.
Certain futures contracts are physically settled (i.e., involve the making and taking of delivery of a specified amount of an underlying security or other asset). For instance, the sale of futures contracts on foreign currencies or financial instruments creates an obligation of the seller to deliver a specified quantity of an underlying foreign currency or financial instrument called for in the contract for a stated price at a specified time. Conversely, the purchase of such futures contracts creates an obligation of the purchaser to pay for and take delivery of the underlying foreign currency or financial instrument called for in the contract for a stated price at a specified time. In some cases, the specific instruments delivered or taken, respectively, on the settlement date are not determined until on or near that date.
That determination is made in accordance with the rules of the exchange on which the sale or purchase was made. Some futures contracts are cash settled (rather than physically settled), which means that the purchase price is subtracted from the current market value of the instrument and the net amount, if positive, is paid to the purchaser by the seller of the futures contract and, if negative, is paid by the purchaser to the seller of the futures contract. In particular, Index Futures are agreements pursuant to which two parties agree to take or make delivery of an amount of cash equal to the difference between the value of a securities index at the close of the last trading day of the contract and the price at which the index contract was originally written. Although the value of a securities index might be a function of the value of certain specified securities, no physical delivery of these securities is made.
The purchase or sale of a futures contract differs from the purchase or sale of a security or option in that no price or premium is paid or received. Instead, an amount of cash, U.S. government securities, or other liquid assets equal in value to a percentage of the face amount of the futures contract must be deposited with the broker. This amount is known as initial margin. The amount of the initial margin is generally set by the market on which the contract is traded (margin requirements on foreign exchanges may be different than those on U.S. exchanges). Subsequent payments to and from the broker, known as variation margin, are made on a daily basis as the price of the underlying futures contract fluctuates, making the long and short positions in the futures contract more or less valuable, a process known as “marking to the market.” Prior to the settlement date of the futures contract, the position may be closed by taking an opposite position. A final determination of variation margin is then made, additional cash is required to be paid to or released by the broker, and the purchaser realizes a loss or gain. In addition, a commission is paid to the broker on each completed purchase and sale.
Although some futures contracts call for making or taking delivery of the underlying securities, currencies, commodities, or other underlying instrument, in most cases, futures contracts are closed before the settlement date without the making or taking of delivery by offsetting purchases or sales of matching futures contracts (i.e., with the same exchange, underlying financial instrument, currency, commodity, or index, and delivery month). If the price of the initial sale exceeds the price of the offsetting purchase, the seller is paid the difference and realizes a gain. Conversely, if the price of the offsetting purchase exceeds the price of the initial sale, the seller realizes a loss. Similarly, a purchase of a futures contract is closed out by selling a corresponding futures contract. If the offsetting sale price exceeds the original purchase price, the purchaser realizes a gain, and, if the original purchase price exceeds the offsetting sale price, the purchaser realizes a loss. Any transaction costs must also be included in these calculations.
In the United States, futures contracts are traded only on commodity exchanges or boards of trade — known as “contract markets” — approved by the CFTC, and must be executed through a futures commission merchant or brokerage firm that is a member of the relevant market. The Funds may also purchase futures contracts on foreign exchanges or similar entities, which are not regulated by the CFTC and may not be subject to the same degree of regulation as the U.S. contract markets. (See “Additional Risks of Options on Securities, Futures Contracts, and Options on Futures Contracts Traded on Foreign Exchanges”).
Index Futures. The Funds may close open positions on an exchange on which Index Futures are traded at any time up to and including the expiration day. In general, all positions that remain open at the close of business on that day must be settled on the next business day (based on the value of the relevant index on the expiration day). Additional or different margin requirements as well as settlement procedures may apply to foreign stock Index Futures.
Interest Rate Futures. The Funds may engage in transactions involving the use of futures on interest rates. These transactions may be in connection with investments in U.S. government securities and other fixed income securities.
Inflation Linked Futures. The Funds may engage in transactions involving inflation linked futures, including CPI futures, which are exchange-traded futures contracts that represent the inflation on a notional value of $1,000,000 for a period of three months, as implied by the CPI. Inflation linked futures may be used by the Funds to hedge the inflation risk in nominal bonds (i.e., non-inflation indexed bonds) thereby creating “synthetic” inflation indexed bonds. The Funds also may combine inflation linked futures with U.S. Treasury futures contracts to create “synthetic” inflation indexed bonds issued by the U.S. Treasury. See “Indexed Investments — Inflation Indexed Bonds” for a discussion of inflation indexed bonds.
Currency Futures. The Funds may buy and sell futures contracts on currencies. (See “Foreign Currency Transactions” for a description of a Fund’s use of currency futures.)
Options on Futures Contracts. Options on futures contracts give the purchaser the right in return for the premium paid to assume a long position (in the case of a call option) or a short position (in the case of a put option) in a futures contract at the option exercise price at any time during the period of the option (in the case of an American style option) or on the expiration date (in the case of European style option). Upon exercise of a call option, the holder acquires a long position in the futures contract and the writer is assigned the opposite short position. In the case of a put option, the holder acquires a short position and the writer is assigned the opposite long position in the futures contract. Accordingly, in the event that an option is exercised, the parties will be subject to all the risks associated with the trading of futures contracts, such as payment of initial and variation margin deposits.
The Funds may use options on futures contracts in lieu of writing or buying options directly on the underlying securities or purchasing and selling the underlying futures contracts. For example, to hedge against a possible decrease in the value of its portfolio securities, a Fund may purchase put options or write call options on futures contracts rather than selling futures contracts. Similarly, a Fund may hedge against a possible increase in the price of securities a Fund expects to purchase by purchasing call options or writing put options on futures contracts rather than purchasing futures contracts. In addition, a Fund may purchase and sell interest rate options on U.S. Treasury or Eurodollar futures to take a long or short position on interest rate fluctuations. Options on futures contracts generally operate in the same manner as options purchased or written directly on the underlying investments. (See “Foreign Currency Transactions” for a description of a Fund’s use of options on currency futures).
A Fund also typically will be required to deposit and maintain margin with respect to put and call options on futures contracts written by it. Such margin deposits may vary depending on the nature of the underlying futures contract (and the related initial margin requirements), the current market value of the option, and other futures positions held by a Fund.
A position in an option on a futures contract may be terminated by the purchaser or seller prior to expiration by effecting a closing purchase or sale transaction, subject to the availability of a liquid secondary market, which is the purchase or sale of an option of the same type (i.e., the same exercise price and expiration date) as the option previously purchased or sold. The difference between the premiums paid and received represents a Fund’s profit or loss on the transaction.
Commodity Futures and Options on Commodity Futures. A Fund may have exposure to futures contracts on various commodities or commodities indices (“commodity futures”) and options on commodity futures. A futures contract on a commodity is an agreement between two parties in which one party agrees to purchase a commodity, such as an energy, agricultural, or metal commodity, from the other party at a later date at a price and quantity agreed upon when the contract is made. Futures contracts on commodities indices operate in a manner similar to Index Futures.
Risk Factors in Futures and Futures Options Transactions. Investment in futures contracts involves risk. A purchase or sale of futures contracts may result in losses in excess of the amount invested in the futures contract. If a futures contract is used for hedging, an imperfect correlation between movements in the price of the futures contract and the price of the security, currency, or other investment being hedged creates risk. Correlation is higher when the investment being hedged underlies the futures contract. Correlation is lower when the investment being hedged is different than the security, currency, or other investment underlying the futures contract, such as when a futures contract on an index of securities or commodities is used to hedge a single security or commodity, a futures contract on one security (e.g., U.S. Treasury bonds) or commodity (e.g., gold) is used to hedge a different security (e.g., a mortgage-backed security) or commodity (e.g., copper), or when a futures contract in one currency is used to hedge a security denominated in another currency. In the case of Index Futures and futures on commodity indices, changes in the price of those futures contracts may not correlate perfectly with price movements in the relevant index due to market distortions. In the event of an imperfect correlation between a futures position and the portfolio position (or anticipated position) intended to be hedged, a Fund may realize a loss on the futures contract at the same time a Fund is realizing a loss on the portfolio position intended to be hedged. To compensate for imperfect correlations, a Fund may purchase or sell futures contracts in a greater amount than the hedged investments if the volatility of the price of the hedged investments is historically greater than the volatility of the futures contracts. Conversely, a Fund may purchase or sell fewer futures contracts if the volatility of the price of the hedged investments is historically less than that of the futures contract. The successful use of transactions in futures and related options for hedging also depends on the direction and extent of exchange rate, interest rate and asset price movements within a given time frame. For example, to the extent equity prices remain stable during the period in which a futures contract or option is held by a Fund investing in equity securities (or such prices move in a direction opposite to that anticipated), a Fund may realize a loss on the futures transaction, which is not fully or partially offset by an increase in the value of its portfolio securities. As a result, a Fund’s total return for such period may be less than if it had not engaged in the hedging transaction.
All participants in the futures market are subject to margin deposit and maintenance requirements. Instead of meeting margin calls, investors may close futures contracts through offsetting transactions, which could distort normal correlations. The margin deposit requirements in the futures market are less onerous than margin requirements in the securities market, allowing for more speculators who may cause temporary price distortions. Trading hours for foreign stock Index Futures may not correspond perfectly to the trading hours of the foreign exchange to which a particular foreign stock Index Future relates. As a result, the lack of continuous arbitrage may cause a disparity between the price of foreign stock Index Futures and the value of the relevant index.
A Fund may purchase futures contracts (or options on them) as an anticipatory hedge against a possible increase in the price of a currency in which securities a Fund anticipates purchasing is denominated. In such instances, the currency may instead decline. If a Fund does not then invest in those securities, the Fund may realize a loss on the futures contract that is not offset by a reduction in the price of the securities purchased.
A Fund’s ability to engage in the futures and options on futures strategies described above depends on the liquidity of the markets in those instruments. Trading interest in various types of futures and options on futures cannot be predicted.
Therefore, no assurance can be given that a Fund will be able to use these instruments at all or that their use will be effective. In addition, there can be no assurance that a liquid market will exist at a time when a Fund seeks to close out a futures or option on a futures contract position, and a Fund would remain obligated to meet margin requirements until the position is closed. The liquidity of a secondary market in a futures contract may be adversely affected by “daily price fluctuation limits” established by commodity exchanges to limit the amount of fluctuation in a futures contract price during a single trading day. Once the daily limit has been reached, no trades of the contract may be entered at a price beyond the limit, thus preventing the liquidation of open futures positions. In the past, prices have exceeded the daily limit on several consecutive trading days. Short (and long) positions in Index Futures or futures on commodities indices may be closed only by purchasing (or selling) a futures contract on the exchange on which the Index Futures or commodity futures, as applicable, are traded.
As discussed above, if a Fund purchases or sells a futures contract, it is only required to deposit initial and variation margin as required by relevant CFTC regulations and the rules of the contract market. A Fund’s net assets will generally fluctuate with the value of the security or other instrument underlying a futures contract as if it were already in a Fund’s portfolio. Futures transactions can have the effect of investment leverage. Furthermore, if a Fund combines short and long positions, in addition to possible declines in the values of its investment securities, a Fund will incur losses if the index underlying the long futures position underperforms the index underlying the short futures position.
In addition, if a Fund’s futures brokers become bankrupt or insolvent, or otherwise default on their obligations to a Fund, the Fund may not receive all amounts owing to it in respect of its trading, despite the futures clearinghouse fully discharging all of its obligations. Furthermore, in the event of the bankruptcy of a futures broker, a Fund could be limited to recovering only a pro rata share of all available funds segregated on behalf of the futures broker’s combined customer accounts, even though certain property specifically traceable to a Fund was held by the futures broker.
A Fund’s ability to engage in futures and options on futures transactions may be limited by tax considerations.
Additional Risk Associated with Commodity Futures Transactions. Several additional risks are associated with transactions in commodity futures contracts:
Storage Costs. The price of a commodity futures contract reflects the storage costs of purchasing the underlying commodity, including the time value of money invested in the commodity. To the extent that the storage costs change, the value of the futures contracts may change correspondingly.
Reinvestment Risk. In the commodity futures markets, producers of an underlying commodity may sell futures contracts to lock in the price of the commodity at delivery. To induce speculators to purchase the other side (the long side) of the contract, the commodity producer generally must sell the contract at a lower price than the expected futures spot price. Conversely, if most purchasers of the underlying commodity purchase futures contracts to hedge against a rise in commodity prices, then speculators will only sell the contract at a higher price than the expected future spot price of the commodity. The changing nature of the hedgers and speculators in the commodity markets will influence whether futures prices are above or below the expected futures spot price. As a result, when a manager reinvests the proceeds from a maturing contract, it may purchase a new futures contract at a higher or lower price than the expected futures spot prices of the maturing contract or choose to pursue other investments.
Additional Economic Factors. The value of the commodities underlying commodity futures contracts may be subject to additional economic and non-economic factors, such as drought, floods or other weather conditions, livestock disease, trade embargoes, competition from substitute products, transportation bottlenecks or shortages, fluctuations in supply and demand, tariffs and international economic, political and regulatory developments.
See also “Commodity-Related Investments” for more discussion of the special risks of investing in commodity futures, options on commodity futures, and related types of derivatives.
Additional Risks of Options on Securities, Futures Contracts, and Options on Futures Contracts Traded on Foreign Exchanges. Options on securities, futures contracts, options on futures contracts, and options on currencies may be traded on foreign exchanges. Such transactions may not be regulated as effectively as similar transactions in the United States (which are regulated by the CFTC) and may be subject to greater risks than trading on domestic exchanges. For example, some foreign exchanges may be principal markets so that no common clearing facility exists and a trader may look only to the broker for performance of the contract. The lack of a common clearing facility creates counterparty risk. If a counterparty defaults, a Fund normally will have contractual remedies against that counterparty, but may be unsuccessful in enforcing those remedies. When seeking to enforce a contractual remedy, a Fund also is subject to the risk that the parties may interpret contractual terms (e.g., the definition of default) differently. Counterparty risk is greater for derivatives with longer maturities where events may intervene to prevent settlement. Counterparty risk is also greater when a Fund has concentrated its derivatives with a single or small group of counterparties as it sometimes does as a result of its use of swaps and other OTC derivatives. To the extent a Fund has significant exposure to a single counterparty, this risk will be particularly pronounced for the Fund. If a dispute occurs, the cost and unpredictability of the legal proceedings required for a Fund to enforce its contractual rights may lead the Fund to decide not to pursue its claims against the counterparty. A Fund thus assumes the risk that it may be unable to obtain payments owed under foreign futures contracts or that those payments may be delayed or made only after a Fund has incurred the costs of litigation. In addition, unless a Fund hedges against fluctuations in the exchange rate between the currencies in which trading is done on foreign exchanges and other currencies, any profits that a Fund might realize in trading could be offset (or worse) by adverse changes in the exchange rate. The value of foreign options and futures may also be adversely affected by other factors unique to foreign investing (see “Foreign Investment Risks”).
Preferred Stocks
Preferred stocks include convertible and non-convertible preferred and preference stocks that are senior to common stock. Preferred stocks are equity securities that are senior to common stock with respect to the right to receive dividends and a fixed share of the proceeds resulting from the issuer’s liquidation. Some preferred stocks also entitle their holders to receive additional liquidation proceeds on the same basis as holders of the issuer’s common stock, and thus represent an ownership interest in the issuer. Depending on the features of the particular security, holders of preferred stock may bear the risks disclosed in the Prospectus or this SAI regarding equity or fixed income securities.
Investment in preferred stocks involves certain risks. Preferred stocks often are subject to legal provisions that allow for redemption in the event of certain tax or legal changes or at the issuer’s call. In the event of redemption, a Fund may not be able to reinvest the proceeds at comparable rates of return. Preferred stocks are subordinated to bonds and other debt securities in an issuer’s capital structure in terms of priority for corporate income and liquidation payments, and therefore will be subject to greater credit risk than those debt securities. Preferred stocks may trade less frequently and in a more limited volume and may be subject to more abrupt or erratic price movements than many other securities, such as common stocks, corporate debt securities and U.S. government securities.
Real Estate Investment Trusts and Other Real Estate-Related Investments
A Fund may invest in pooled real estate investment funds (so-called “real estate investment trusts” or “REITs”) and other real estate-related investments such as securities of companies principally engaged in the real estate industry. In addition to REITs, companies in the real estate industry and real estate-related investments may include, for example, entities that either own properties or make construction or mortgage loans, real estate developers, and companies with substantial real estate holdings. Each of these types of investments is subject to risks similar to those associated with direct ownership of real estate. Factors affecting real estate values include the supply of real property in particular markets, overbuilding, changes in zoning laws, casualty or condemnation losses, delays in completion of construction, changes in real estate values, changes in operations costs and property taxes, levels of occupancy, adequacy of rent to cover operating expenses, possible environmental liabilities, regulatory limitations on rent, fluctuations in rental income, increased competition and other risks related to local and regional market conditions. The value of real-estate related investments also may be affected by changes in interest rates, macroeconomic developments, and social and economic trends. For instance, during periods of declining interest rates, certain mortgage REITs may hold mortgages that the mortgagors elect to prepay, which prepayment may diminish the yield on securities issued by those REITs. Some REITs have relatively small market capitalizations, which can tend to increase the volatility of the market price of their securities.
REITs are pooled investment funds that invest in real estate or real estate-related companies. A Fund may invest in different types of REITs, including equity REITs, which own real estate directly; mortgage REITs, which make construction, development, or long-term mortgage loans; and hybrid REITs, which share characteristics of equity REITs and mortgage REITs. In general, the value of a REIT’s shares changes in light of factors affecting the real estate industry. REITs are also subject to the risk of fluctuations in income from underlying real estate assets, poor performance by the REIT’s manager and the manager’s inability to manage cash flows generated by the REIT’s assets, prepayments and defaults by borrowers, self-liquidation, adverse changes in the tax laws, and, with regard to U.S. REITs, the risk of failing to qualify for favorable tax treatment under the Code, and/or to maintain exempt status under the 1940 Act.
By investing in REITs indirectly through a Fund, investors will bear not only their proportionate share of the expenses of the Fund, but also, indirectly, similar expenses of REITs. In addition, REITs depend generally on their ability to generate cash flow to make distributions to investors. Investments in REITs are subject to risks associated with the direct ownership of real estate.
Recent Market Conditions
Periods of unusually high financial market volatility and restrictive credit conditions, at times limited to a particular sector or geographic area, have occurred in the past and may be expected to recur in the future. Some countries, including the United States, have adopted or have signaled protectionist trade measures, relaxation of the financial industry regulations that followed the financial crisis, and/or reductions to corporate taxes. The scope of these policy changes is still developing, but the equity and debt markets may react strongly to expectations of change, which could increase volatility, particularly if a resulting policy runs counter to the market’s expectations. The outcome of such changes cannot be foreseen at the present time. In addition, geopolitical and other risks, including environmental and public health risks, may add to instability in the world economy and markets generally. As a result of increasingly interconnected global economies and financial markets, the value and liquidity of a Fund’s investments may be negatively affected by events impacting a country or region, regardless of whether the Fund invests in issuers located in or with significant exposure to such country or region.
Recent events are impacting the securities markets. An outbreak of respiratory disease caused by a novel coronavirus was first detected in December 2019 and has spread internationally. The outbreak has resulted in closing borders and quarantines, enhanced health screenings, cancellations, disrupted supply chains and customer activity, and has produced general concern and uncertainty. The impact of this coronavirus, and other epidemics and pandemics that may arise in the future, could affect national and global economies, individual companies and the market in general in a manner that cannot be foreseen at the present time. Health crises caused by the recent outbreak may heighten other pre-existing political, social and economic risks in a country or region. In the event of a pandemic or an outbreak, there can be no assurance that the Funds and their service providers will be able to maintain normal business operations for an extended period of time or will not lose the services of key personnel on a temporary or long-term basis due to illness or other reasons. The full impacts of a pandemic or disease outbreaks are unknown, resulting in a high degree of uncertainty for potentially extended periods of time.
Governmental authorities and regulators throughout the world, such as the U.S. Federal Reserve, have in the past responded to major economic disruptions with changes to fiscal and monetary policy, including but not limited to, direct capital infusions, new monetary programs, and dramatically lower interest rates. Certain of those policy changes are being implemented or considered in response to the coronavirus outbreak. Such policy changes may adversely affect the value, volatility and liquidity of dividend and interest paying securities.
In certain cases, an exchange or market may close or issue trading halts on either specific securities or even the entire market, which may result in a Fund being, among other things, unable to buy or sell certain securities or financial instruments or to accurately price its investments. Although multiple asset classes may be affected by a market disruption, the duration and effects may not be the same for all types of assets. To the extent a Fund may overweight its investments in certain countries, companies, industries or market sectors, such position will increase the Fund’s exposure to risk of loss from adverse developments affecting those countries, companies, industries or sectors. These conditions could result in the Fund’s inability to achieve its investment objectives, cause the postponement of reconstitution or rebalance dates for benchmark indices, adversely affect the prices and liquidity of the securities and other instruments in which the Fund invests, negatively impact the Fund’s performance, and cause losses on your investment in the Fund.
Reinsurance-Related Securities
A Fund may invest in reinsurance-related securities, which include event-linked bonds, shares or notes issued in connection with quota shares (“Quota Share Notes”), shares or notes issued in connection with excess-of-loss, stop-loss, or other non-proportional reinsurance (“Excess of Loss Notes”), shares or notes issued in connection with industry loss warrants (“ILW Notes”) and, to a lesser extent, event-linked swaps, equity securities (publicly or privately offered) and the derivatives of equity securities of companies in the reinsurance and insurance industry. Investments in Quota Share Notes provide exposure to a form of proportional reinsurance in which an investor participates in the premiums and losses of a reinsurer’s portfolio according to a pre-defined percentage. Investments in Excess of Loss Notes provide exposure to a form of reinsurance pursuant to which one party (typically an insurer or reinsurer) purchases protection against losses that exceed a specified threshold up to a set limit. Investments in ILW Notes provide exposure to a transaction through which one party (typically, an insurance company or reinsurance company, or a reinsurance-related asset manager) purchases protection based on the total loss arising from a catastrophic event to the entire insurance industry rather than the losses of any particular insurer. These securities are subject to the same risks discussed herein for event-linked instruments/catastrophe bonds. In addition, because Quota Share Notes, Excess of Loss Notes, and ILW Notes represent an interest, either proportional or non-proportional, in one or more underlying reinsurance contracts, a Fund has limited transparency into the individual underlying contract(s) and, therefore, must rely upon the risk assessment and sound underwriting practices of the issuer. Accordingly, it may be more difficult for the Adviser to fully evaluate the underlying risk profile of a Fund’s investment in Quota Share Notes, Excess of Loss Notes and ILW Notes, which will place a Fund’s assets at greater risk of loss than if the Adviser had more complete information. The lack of transparency may also make the valuation of Quota Share Notes, Excess of Loss Notes and ILW Notes more difficult and potentially result in mispricing that could result in losses to a Fund.
Repurchase Agreements
A Fund may enter into repurchase agreements with banks and broker-dealers. A repurchase agreement is a contract under which the Fund acquires a security (usually an obligation of the government in the jurisdiction where the transaction is initiated or in whose currency the agreement is denominated or a security backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government, such as a U.S. Treasury bill, bond or note) for a relatively short period (usually less than a week) for cash and subject to the commitment of the seller to repurchase the security for an agreed-upon price on a specified date. The repurchase price exceeds the acquisition price and reflects an agreed-upon market rate unrelated to the coupon rate on the purchased security. Repurchase agreements afford a Fund the opportunity to earn a return on temporarily available cash without market risk, although a Fund bears the risk of a seller’s failure to meet its obligation to pay the repurchase price when it is required to do so. Such a default may subject a Fund to expenses, delays, and risks of loss including: (i) possible declines in the value of the underlying security while a Fund seeks to enforce its rights thereto, (ii) possible reduced levels of income and lack of access to income during this period, and (iii) the inability to enforce its rights and the expenses involved in attempted enforcement. Entering into repurchase agreements entails certain risks, which include the risk that the counterparty to the repurchase agreement may not be able to fulfill its obligations, as discussed above, that the parties may disagree as to the meaning or application of contractual terms, or that the instrument may not perform as expected.
Reverse Repurchase Agreements and Dollar Roll Agreements
A Fund may enter into reverse repurchase agreements and dollar roll agreements with banks and brokers to enhance return. Reverse repurchase agreements involve sales by a Fund of portfolio securities concurrently with an agreement by the Fund to repurchase the same securities at a later date at a fixed price. During the reverse repurchase agreement period, a Fund continues to receive principal and interest payments on the securities and also has the opportunity to earn a return on the collateral furnished by the counterparty to secure its obligation to redeliver the securities. Dollar rolls are transactions in which a Fund sells securities for delivery in the current month and simultaneously contracts to repurchase substantially similar (same type and coupon) securities on a specified future date. During the roll period, a Fund foregoes principal and interest paid on the securities. A Fund is compensated by the difference between the current sales price and the forward price for the future purchase (often referred to as the “drop”) as well as by the interest earned on the cash proceeds of the initial sale. If the buyer in a reverse repurchase agreement or dollar roll agreement files for bankruptcy or becomes insolvent, a Fund’s use of proceeds from the sale of its securities may be restricted while the other party or its trustee or receiver determines whether to honor a Fund’s right to repurchase the securities. Furthermore, in that situation a Fund may be unable to recover the securities it sold in connection with a reverse repurchase agreement and as a result would realize a loss equal to the difference between the value of the securities and the payment it received for them. This loss would be greater to the extent the buyer paid less than the value of the securities a Fund sold to it (e.g., a buyer may only be willing to pay $95 for a bond with a market value of $100). A Fund’s use of reverse repurchase agreements also subjects the Fund to interest costs based on the difference between the sale and repurchase price of a security involved in such a transaction. Additionally, reverse repurchase agreements entail the same risks as OTC derivatives. These include the risk that the counterparty to the reverse repurchase agreement may not be able to fulfill its obligations, as discussed above, that the parties may disagree as to the meaning or application of contractual terms, or that the instrument may not perform as expected. See “Additional Information About the Funds — Comparison of Principal Risks of Investing in the Funds — Counterparty Risk” in the Proxy Statement/Prospectus. When a Fund enters into a reverse repurchase agreement or dollar roll agreement, it will earmark or otherwise segregate liquid assets equal to the repurchase obligation or forward commitment, as applicable. Earmarking or otherwise segregating assets may limit a Fund’s ability to pursue other investment opportunities.
Risk of Foreign Investment
General. Investment in foreign issuers or securities principally traded outside the United States may involve special risks due to foreign economic, political and legal developments, including favorable or unfavorable changes in currency exchange rates, exchange control regulations (including currency blockage), expropriation, nationalization or confiscatory taxation of assets, and possible difficulty in obtaining and enforcing judgments against foreign entities. A Fund may be subject to foreign taxation on realized capital gains, dividends or interest payable on foreign securities, on transactions in those securities and on the repatriation of proceeds generated from those securities. Transaction-based charges are generally calculated as a percentage of the transaction amount and are paid upon the sale or transfer of portfolio securities subject to such taxes. Any taxes or other charges paid or incurred by a Fund in respect of its foreign securities will reduce the Funds’ yield. See “Taxes” for more information about these and other special tax considerations applicable to investments in securities of foreign issuers and securities principally traded outside the United States.
In addition, the tax laws of some foreign jurisdictions in which a Fund may invest are unclear and interpretations of such laws can change over time. As a result, in order to comply with guidance related to the accounting and disclosure of uncertain tax positions under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), a Fund may be required to accrue for book purposes certain foreign taxes in respect of its foreign securities or other foreign investments that it may or may not ultimately pay. Such tax accruals will reduce a Fund’s NAV at the time accrued, even though, in some cases, a Fund ultimately will not pay the related tax liabilities. Conversely, a Fund’s NAV will be increased by any tax accruals that are ultimately reversed.
Issuers of foreign securities are subject to different, often less comprehensive, accounting, custody, reporting, and disclosure requirements than U.S. issuers. The securities of some foreign governments, companies, and securities markets are less liquid, and at times more volatile, than comparable U.S. securities and securities markets. Foreign brokerage commissions and related fees also are generally higher than in the United States. A Fund also may be affected by different custody and/or settlement practices or delayed settlements in some foreign markets. The laws of some foreign countries may limit a Fund’s ability to invest in securities of certain issuers located in those countries. Foreign countries may have reporting requirements with respect to the ownership of securities, and those reporting requirements may be subject to interpretation or change without prior notice to investors. No assurance can be given that a Fund will satisfy applicable foreign reporting requirements at all times.
Brexit Risk. A Fund may invest from time to time in European companies and companies that may be affected by the Eurozone economy. In June 2016, citizens of the United Kingdom (“UK”) voted to leave the European Union (“EU”) in a popular referendum, commonly referred to as “Brexit,” which sparked depreciation in the value of the British pound and heightened risk of continued worldwide economic volatility. As a result of the referendum, S&P downgraded the UK’s credit rating from “AAA” to “AA” and the EU’s credit rating from “AA+” to “AA” in the days that followed the vote. Other credit ratings agencies have taken similar actions. The UK sought to withdraw from the EU by invoking article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty in late March 2017 and commenced negotiations on the terms of the withdrawal. Following years of negotiation and multiple deadline extensions, the UK withdrew from the EU on January 31, 2020, and a transition period during which the UK and the EU negotiated terms of departure ended on December 31, 2020. There remains significant uncertainty regarding the consequences of Brexit. The UK’s exit from the EU may may cause significant market volatility and illiquidity, currency fluctuations, deterioration in economic activity, legal uncertainty, a decrease in business confidence, and increased likelihood of a recession in the UK. Further, Brexit may cause other member states to contemplate departing the EU, which would likely perpetuate political and economic instability in the region and cause additional market disruption in global financial markets.
Eurozone and Redenomination Risk. A Fund may invest from time to time in European companies and companies that may be affected by the Eurozone economy. Other economic challenges facing Europe include high levels of public debt, significant rates of unemployment, aging populations, mass migrations from the Middle East and Africa and heavy regulation in certain economic sectors. European governments have taken unprecedented steps to respond to the economic crises and to boost growth in the region, which has increased the risk that regulatory uncertainty could negatively affect a Fund’s investments. In addition ongoing concerns regarding the sovereign debt of various Eurozone countries, including the potential for investors to incur substantial write-downs, reductions in the face value of sovereign debt and/or sovereign defaults, as well as the possibility that one or more countries might leave the EU or the Eurozone create risks that could materially and adversely affect a Fund’s investments. Sovereign debt defaults and EU and/or Eurozone exits could have material adverse effects on a Fund’s investments in European companies, including, but not limited to, the availability of credit to support such companies’ financing needs, uncertainty and disruption in relation to financing, increased currency risk in relation to contracts denominated in Euros and wider economic disruption in markets served by those companies, while austerity and/or other measures introduced in order to limit or contain these issues may themselves lead to economic contraction and resulting adverse effects for a Fund. Legal uncertainty about the funding of Euro-denominated obligations following any breakup or exits from the Eurozone, particularly in the case of investments in companies in affected countries, could also have material adverse effects on a Fund. In addition, securities or other investments that are redenominated may be subject to foreign currency risk, liquidity risk and valuation risk to a greater extent than similar investments currently denominated in Euros. To the extent a currency used for redenomination purposes is not specified in respect of certain Eurozone-related investments, or should the Euro cease to be used entirely, the currency in which such investments are denominated may be unclear, making such investments particularly difficult to value or dispose of. A Fund may incur additional expenses to the extent it is required to seek judicial or other clarification of the denomination or value of such securities.
Emerging Market Countries. The risks described above apply to an even greater extent to investments in emerging market countries. A Fund considers emerging markets to be those markets in any country other than Canada, Luxembourg, the U.S. and the countries comprising the MSCI EAFE Index (currently, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK). The securities markets of emerging market countries are generally smaller, less developed, less liquid, and more volatile than the securities markets of the United States and developed foreign countries, and disclosure and regulatory standards in many respects are less stringent. In addition, the securities markets of emerging market countries are typically subject to a lower level of monitoring and regulation. Government enforcement of existing securities regulations is limited, and any such enforcement may be arbitrary and the results may be difficult to predict. In addition, reporting requirements of emerging market countries with respect to the ownership of securities are more likely to be subject to interpretation or changes without prior notice to investors than more developed countries.
Many emerging market countries have experienced substantial, and in some periods extremely high, rates of inflation for many years. Inflation and rapid fluctuations in inflation rates have had and may continue to have negative effects on such countries’ economies and securities markets.
Economies of emerging market countries generally are heavily dependent on international trade and, accordingly, have been and may continue to be affected adversely by trade barriers, exchange controls, managed adjustments in relative currency values and other protectionist measures imposed or negotiated by the countries with which they trade. Economies of emerging market countries also have been and may continue to be adversely affected by economic conditions in the countries with which they trade. The economies of emerging market countries may be predominantly based on only a few industries or dependent on revenues from particular commodities. In many cases, governments of emerging market countries continue to exercise significant control over their economies, and government actions relative to the economy, as well as economic developments generally, may affect the capacity of creditors in those countries to make payments on their debt obligations, regardless of their financial condition.
Custodial services are often more expensive and other investment-related costs higher in emerging market countries than in developed countries, which could reduce a Fund’s income from investments in securities or debt instruments of emerging country issuers.
Emerging market countries are more likely than developed countries to experience political uncertainty and instability, including the risk of war, terrorism, nationalization, limitations on the removal of funds or other assets, or diplomatic developments that affect U.S. investments in these countries. No assurance can be given that adverse political changes will not cause a Fund to suffer a loss of any or all of its investments (or, in the case of fixed-income securities, interest) in emerging market countries.
Additionally, there may be difficulties in obtaining and/or enforcing legal judgments against non-U.S. companies and non-U.S. persons, including company directors or officers, in foreign jurisdictions. Shareholders of emerging market issuers often have limited rights and few practical remedies in jurisdictions located in emerging markets. Such risks vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and company to company.
Investments in China may involve a high risk of currency fluctuations, currency non-convertibility, interest rate fluctuations and higher rates of inflation as a result of internal social unrest or conflicts with other countries. Increasing trade tensions, particularly regarding trading arrangements between the U.S. and China, may result in additional tariffs or other actions that could have an adverse impact on an investment in the China region, including but not limited to restrictions on investments in certain Chinese companies. Accounting, auditing, financial, and other reporting standards, practices and disclosure requirements in China are different, sometimes in fundamental ways, from those in the U.S. and certain western European countries. For example, there is less regulatory oversight of financial reporting by companies domiciled in China than for companies in the U.S.
Royalty Trusts
A Fund may invest in U.S. and Canadian royalty trusts. The U.S. royalty trusts in which a Fund may invest are likely to be heavily invested in crude oil and natural gas. Potential growth may be sacrificed because revenue is passed on to a royalty trust’s unitholders (such as the Funds), rather than reinvested in the business. Royalty trusts generally do not guarantee minimum distributions or even return of capital. If the assets underlying a royalty trust do not perform as expected, the royalty trust may reduce or even eliminate distributions. The declaration of such distributions generally depends upon various factors, including the operating performance and financial condition of the royalty trust and general economic conditions.
Canadian royalty trusts are generally subject to similar risks as U.S. royalty trusts, as described above. However, unlike U.S. royalty trusts, Canadian royalty trusts may engage in the acquisition, development and production of natural gas and crude oil to replace depleting reserves. They may have employees, issue new shares, borrow money, acquire additional properties, and manage the resources themselves. As a result, Canadian royalty trusts are exposed to commodity risk and production and reserve risk, as well as operating risk.
Under amendments to the Income Tax Act (Canada) passed in 2007 (the “SIFT Rules”), certain trusts (defined as “SIFT trusts”) are taxable on certain income and gains on a basis similar to that which applies to a corporation, with the result that tax efficiencies formerly available in respect of an investment in the trust may cease to be available. A royalty trust may be a SIFT trust. A trust that began public trading before November 1, 2006 did not become subject to the SIFT Rules until the first year of the trust that ended in 2011, or earlier if the trust exceeded “normal growth guidelines” incorporated by reference into the Income Tax Act (Canada). In addition, as a result of the SIFT Rules, some trusts may undertake reorganization transactions, the costs of which may affect the return earned on an investment in the trust. After any such conversion, tax efficiencies that were formerly available in respect of an investment in the trust may cease to be available. Accordingly, the SIFT Rules have had, and may continue to have, an effect on the trading price of investments in royalty trusts, and consequently could impact the value of the Shares of a Fund.
Securities Lending
Under procedures adopted by the Funds’ Board of Trustees, a Fund may seek to earn additional income by lending securities to qualified parties (typically brokers or other financial institutions) who need to borrow securities in order to complete, among other things, certain transactions such as covering short sales, avoiding failures to deliver securities, or completing arbitrage activities. There is the risk of delay in recovering a loaned security or the risk of loss in collateral rights if the borrower fails financially. In addition, FS makes efforts to balance the benefits and risks from granting such loans. A Fund does not have the right to vote on securities while they are being lent; however, a Fund may attempt to call back the loan and vote the proxy if time permits. All loans will be continuously secured by collateral, which may consist of cash, U.S. Government securities, domestic and foreign short-term debt instruments, letters of credit, time deposits, repurchase agreements, money market mutual funds or other money market accounts, or such other collateral as permitted by the SEC. If a Fund is unable to recover a security on loan, the Fund may use the collateral to purchase replacement securities in the market. There is a risk that the value of the collateral could decrease below the cost of the replacement security by the time the replacement investment is made, resulting in a loss to a Fund.
Short Sales
A Fund may seek to hedge investments or realize additional gains through short sales. A Fund may make short sales “against the box,” meaning a Fund may make short sales where the Fund owns, or has the right to acquire at no added cost, securities or currencies identical to those sold short. If a Fund makes a short sale against the box, the Fund will not immediately deliver the securities or currencies sold and will not immediately receive the proceeds from the sale. Once a Fund closes out its short position by delivering the securities or currencies sold short, it will receive the proceeds of the sale. A Fund will incur transaction costs, including interest, in connection with opening, maintaining, and closing short sales against the box.
A Fund may make short sales of securities or currencies it does not own (i.e., short sales that are not against the box), in anticipation of a decline in the market value of that security or currency. To complete such a transaction, a Fund must borrow the security or currency (e.g., shares of an ETF) to make delivery to the buyer. A Fund then is obligated to replace the security or currency borrowed by purchasing it at the market price at or prior to termination of the loan. The price at such time may be more or less than the price at which the security or currency was sold by a Fund, and purchasing such security or currency to close out a short position can itself cause the price of the security or currency to rise further, thereby exacerbating any losses. Until the security or currency is replaced, a Fund is required to repay the lender any dividends or interest which accrue during the period of the loan. To borrow the security or currency, a Fund also may be required to pay a premium, which would increase the cost of the security or currency sold. The net proceeds of the short sale will be retained by the broker, to the extent necessary to meet margin requirements, until the short position is closed out. A Fund also will incur transaction costs in effecting short sales that are not against the box.
A Fund will incur a loss as a result of a short sale if the price of the security or index or currency increases between the date of the short sale and the date on which the Fund replaces the borrowed security or currency. A Fund will realize a gain if the price of the security or currency declines between those dates. The amount of any gain will be decreased, and the amount of any loss increased, by the amount of the premium, dividends or interest a Fund may be required to pay in connection with a short sale. Short sales that are not against the box involve a form of investment leverage, and the amount of a Fund’s loss on such a short sale is theoretically unlimited. Under adverse market conditions, a Fund may have difficulty purchasing securities or currencies to meet its short sale delivery obligations, and may have to sell portfolio securities or currencies to raise the capital necessary to meet its short sale obligations at a time when it would be unfavorable to do so. If a request for return of borrowed securities and/or currencies occurs at a time when other short sellers of the securities and/or currencies are receiving similar requests, a “short squeeze” can occur, and a Fund may be compelled to replace borrowed securities and/or currencies previously sold short with purchases on the open market at the most disadvantageous time, possibly at prices significantly in excess of the proceeds received in originally selling the securities and/or currencies short. In addition, a Fund may have difficulty purchasing securities and/or currencies to meet its delivery obligations in the case of less liquid securities and/or currencies sold short by a Fund such as certain emerging market country securities or securities of companies with smaller market capitalizations. A Fund may also take short positions in securities through various derivative products. These derivative products will typically expose a Fund to economic risks similar to those associated with shorting securities directly.
Structured Notes
Similar to indexed securities, structured notes are derivative debt securities, the interest rate or principal of which is determined by reference to changes in the value of a specific asset, reference rate, or index (the “reference”) or the relative change in two or more references. The interest rate or the principal amount payable upon maturity or redemption may increase or decrease, depending upon changes in the reference. The terms of a structured note may provide that, in certain circumstances, no principal is due at maturity and, therefore, may result in a loss of invested capital. Structured notes may be indexed positively or negatively, so that appreciation of the reference may produce an increase or decrease in the interest rate or value of the principal at maturity. In addition, changes in the interest rate or the value of the principal at maturity may be fixed at a specified multiple of the change in the value of the reference, making the value of the note particularly volatile. Structured notes may entail a greater degree of market risk than other types of debt securities because the investor bears the risk of the reference. Structured notes also may be more volatile, less liquid, and more difficult to price accurately than less complex securities or more traditional debt securities.
Subsidiaries
The FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund and FS Chiron Real Asset Fund may seek to gain exposure to the commodity markets, in whole or in part, through investments in the Fund’s respective Subsidiary. A Subsidiary may invest without limitation in commodity index-linked swaps, commodity futures, commodity swaps, commodity-linked notes and other commodity-linked derivative instruments. A Subsidiary may also invest in fixed-income securities and other investments which may serve as margin or collateral for the Subsidiary’s derivatives positions.
As discussed above, except as otherwise noted in the Prospectus or this SAI, a Subsidiary is subject to the same investment policies and restrictions, and generally follows the same compliance policies and procedures as the Funds.
Swap Contracts and Other Two-Party Contracts
A Fund may use swap contracts (or “swaps”) and other two-party contracts for the same or similar purposes as options and futures.
Swap Contracts. A Fund may directly or indirectly use various different types of swaps, such as swaps on securities and securities indices, total return swaps, interest rate swaps, currency swaps, credit default swaps, variance swaps, commodity swaps, inflation swaps and other types of available swap agreements. Swap contracts are two-party contracts entered into primarily by institutional investors for periods ranging from a few weeks to a number of years. Under a typical swap, one party may agree to pay a fixed rate or a floating rate determined by reference to a specified instrument, rate, or index, multiplied in each case by a specified amount (“notional amount”), while the other party agrees to pay an amount equal to a different floating rate multiplied by the same notional amount. On each payment date, the parties’ obligations are netted, with only the net amount paid by one party to the other.
Swap contracts are privately negotiated in the OTC market or executed in a multilateral or other trade facility platform, such as a registered exchange (“centrally cleared swaps”). Swap contracts may be entered into for hedging or non-hedging purposes and therefore may increase or decrease a Fund’s exposure to the underlying instrument, rate, asset or index. Swaps can take many different forms and are known by a variety of names.
A Fund may enter into swaps on securities, derivatives, commodities, or indices, or baskets of securities derivatives, commodities, or indices. For example, the parties to a swap contract may agree to exchange returns calculated on a notional amount of a security, basket of securities, or securities index (e.g., S&P 500 Index).
Additionally, a Fund may use total return swaps, which typically involve commitments to pay amounts computed in the same manner as interest in exchange for a market-linked return, both based on notional amounts. A Fund may use such swaps to gain investment exposure to the underlying strategy or instrument where direct ownership is either not legally possible or is economically unattractive. For example, a Fund may engage in a total return swap in which the Fund or a Subsidiary would make payments to a counterparty (at either a fixed or variable rate) in exchange for receiving from the counterparty payments that reflect the return of a “basket” of securities, derivatives, or commodity interests representing a particular index sponsored by a third-party investment manager identified by a manager. The total return swap, and fees and expenses relating to the swap, typically would be based on a notional amount. A Fund may use total return swaps, among other financial instruments, to gain exposure to Alternative Beta Strategies.
In addition, a Fund may enter into an interest rate swap in order to protect against declines in the value of fixed income securities held by the Fund. In such an instance, a Fund may agree with a counterparty to pay a fixed rate (multiplied by a notional amount) and the counterparty pay a floating rate multiplied by the same notional amount. If interest rates rise, resulting in a diminution in the value of a Fund’s portfolio, the Fund would receive payments under the swap that would offset, in whole or in part, such diminution in value. A Fund may also enter into swaps to modify its exposure to particular currencies using currency swaps. For instance, a Fund may enter into a currency swap between the U.S. dollar and the Japanese yen in order to increase or decrease its exposure to each such currency.
A Fund may use inflation swaps (including inflation swaps tied to the Consumer Price Index), which involve commitments to pay a regular stream of inflation indexed cash payments in exchange for receiving a stream of nominal interest payments (or vice versa), where both payment streams are based on a notional amount. The nominal interest payments may be based on either a fixed interest rate or variable interest rate, such as LIBOR. Inflation swaps may be used to hedge the inflation risk in nominal bonds (i.e., non-inflation indexed bonds), thereby creating synthetic inflation indexed bonds, or combined with U.S. Treasury futures contracts to create synthetic inflation indexed bonds issued by the U.S. Treasury. See “Indexed Investments — Inflation Indexed Bonds.”
In addition, a Fund may directly or indirectly use credit default swaps to take an active long or short position with respect to the likelihood of default by a corporate or sovereign issuer of fixed income securities (including asset-backed securities). In a credit default swap, one party pays, in effect, an insurance premium through a stream of payments to another party in exchange for the right to receive a specified return in the event of default (or similar events) by one or more third parties on their obligations. For example, in purchasing a credit default swap, a Fund may pay a premium in return for the right to put specified bonds or loans to the counterparty, such as a U.S. or foreign issuer or basket of such issuers, upon issuer default (or similar events) at their par (or other agreed-upon) value. A Fund, as the purchaser in a credit default swap, bears the risk that the investment might expire worthless. It also would be subject to counterparty risk — the risk that the counterparty may fail to satisfy its payment obligations to a Fund in the event of a default (or similar event) (see “Risk Factors in Swap Contracts, OTC Options, and Other Two-Party Contracts”). In addition, as a purchaser in a credit default swap, a Fund’s investment would only generate income in the event of an actual default (or similar event) by the issuer of the underlying obligation. A Fund may also invest in credit default indices, which are indices that reflect the performance of a basket of credit default swaps.
A Fund also may use credit default swaps for investment purposes by selling a credit default swap, in which case the Fund will receive a premium from its counterparty in return for the Fund’s taking on the obligation to pay the par (or other agreed-upon) value to the counterparty upon issuer default (or similar events). As the seller in a credit default swap, a Fund effectively adds economic leverage to its portfolio because, in addition to its total net assets, a Fund is subject to investment exposure on the notional amount of the swap. If no event of default (or similar event) occurs, a Fund would keep the premium received from the counterparty and would have no payment obligations. For credit default swap agreements on asset-backed securities, an event of default may result from various events, which may include an issuer’s failure to pay interest or principal, a breach of a material representation or covenant, an agreement by the holders of an asset-backed security to a maturity extension or a write-down on the collateral underlying the security. For credit default swap agreements on corporate or sovereign issuers, an event of default may result from such events as the issuer’s bankruptcy, failure to pay interest or principal, repudiation/moratorium or restructuring.
A Fund may use variance swap agreements, which involve an agreement by two parties to exchange cash flows based on the measured variance (or square of volatility) of a specified underlying asset. One party agrees to exchange a “fixed rate” or strike price payment for the “floating rate” or realized price variance on the underlying asset with respect to the notional amount. At inception, the strike price chosen is generally fixed at a level such that the fair value of the swap is zero. As a result, no money changes hands at the initiation of the contract. At the expiration date, the amount paid by one party to the other is the difference between the realized price variance of the underlying asset and the strike price multiplied by the notional amount. A receiver of the realized price variance would receive a payment when the realized price variance of the underlying asset is greater than the strike price and would make a payment when that variance is less than the strike price. A payer of the realized price variance would make a payment when the realized price variance of the underlying asset is greater than the strike price and would receive a payment when that variance is less than the strike price. This type of agreement is essentially a forward contract on the future realized price variance of the underlying asset.
A Fund may have indirect exposure to commodity swaps on one or more broad-based commodities indices (e.g., the Dow Jones-UBS Commodity Index), as well as commodity swaps on individual commodities or baskets of commodities. See “Commodity-Related Investments” for more discussion of a Fund’s use of commodity swap contracts and other related types of derivatives.
Contracts for Differences. Contracts for differences are swap arrangements in which the parties agree that their return (or loss) will be based on the relative performance of two different groups or baskets of securities. Often, one or both baskets will be an established securities index. A Fund’s return will be based on changes in value of theoretical long futures positions in the securities comprising one basket (with an aggregate face value equal to the notional amount of the contract for differences) and theoretical short futures positions in the securities comprising the other basket. A Fund also may use actual long and short futures positions and achieve similar market exposure by netting the payment obligations of the two contracts. If the short basket outperforms the long basket, a Fund will realize a loss — even in circumstances when the securities in both the long and short baskets appreciate in value. In addition, a Fund may use contracts for differences that are based on the relative performance of two different groups or baskets of commodities. Often, one or both baskets is a commodities index. Contracts for differences on commodities operate in a similar manner to contracts for differences on securities described above. Contracts for difference may also be structured based on the relative performance of individual securities.
Interest Rate Caps, Floors, and Collars. A Fund may use interest rate caps, floors, and collars for the same or similar purposes as they use interest rate futures contracts and related options and, as a result, will be subject to similar risks. See “Options and Futures — Risk Factors in Options Transactions” and “— Risk Factors in Futures and Futures Options Transactions.” Like interest rate swap contracts, interest rate caps, floors and collars are two-party agreements in which the parties agree to pay or receive interest on a notional principal amount and are generally individually negotiated with a specific counterparty. The purchaser of an interest rate cap receives interest payments from the seller to the extent that the return on a specified index exceeds a specified interest rate. The purchaser of an interest rate floor receives interest payments from the seller to the extent that the return on a specified index falls below a specified interest rate. The purchaser of an interest rate collar receives interest payments from the seller to the extent that the return on a specified index falls outside the range of two specified interest rates.
Swaptions. An option on a swap agreement, also called a “swaption,” is an OTC option that gives the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to enter into a swap on a specified future date in exchange for paying a market-based premium. A receiver swaption gives the owner the right to receive the total return of a specified asset, reference rate, or index (such as a call option on a bond). A payer swaption gives the owner the right to pay the total return of a specified asset, reference rate, or index (such as a put option on a bond). Swaptions also include options that allow one of the counterparties to terminate or extend an existing swap.
Risk Factors in Swap Contracts, OTC Options, and Other Two-Party Contracts. A Fund may only close out a swap, contract for differences, cap, floor, collar, or OTC option (including swaption) with its particular counterparty, and may only transfer a position with the consent of that counterparty. If a counterparty fails to meet its contractual obligations, goes bankrupt, or otherwise experiences a business interruption, a Fund could miss investment opportunities or otherwise hold investments it would prefer to sell, resulting in losses for the Fund. If the counterparty defaults, a Fund will have contractual remedies, but there can be no assurance that the counterparty will be able to meet its contractual obligations or that a Fund will be able to enforce its rights. For example, because the contract for each OTC derivatives transaction is individually negotiated with a specific counterparty, a Fund is subject to the risk that a counterparty may interpret contractual terms (e.g., the definition of default) differently than the Fund. The cost and unpredictability of the legal proceedings required for a Fund to enforce its contractual rights may lead it to decide not to pursue its claims against the counterparty. Counterparty risk is greater with longer maturities where events may intervene to prevent settlement. Counterparty risk is also greater when a Fund has concentrated its derivatives with a single or small group of counterparties as it sometimes does as a result of its use of swaps and other OTC derivatives. To the extent a Fund has significant exposure to a single counterparty, this risk will be particularly pronounced for the Fund. A Fund, therefore, assumes the risk that it may be unable to obtain payments a manager believes are owed under an OTC derivatives contract or that those payments may be delayed or made only after the Fund has incurred the costs of litigation. In addition, counterparty risk is pronounced during unusually adverse market conditions and is particularly acute in environments in which financial services firms are exposed to systemic risks of the type evidenced by the insolvency of Lehman Brothers in 2008 and subsequent market disruptions.
Counterparty risk related to centrally cleared swaps is mitigated due to the protection against defaults provided by the exchange on which these contracts trade. The credit rating of a counterparty may be adversely affected by greater-than-average volatility in the markets, even if the counterparty’s net market exposure is small relative to its capital. Counterparty risk with respect to OTC derivatives may be further complicated by enacted U.S. financial reform legislation. See “Legal and Regulatory Risk” for more information. A Fund’s transactions in these types of derivatives may bear adversely on the Fund’s ability to qualify as a RIC.
Additional Risk Factors in OTC Derivatives Transactions. Participants in OTC derivatives markets typically are not subject to the same level of credit evaluation and regulatory oversight as are members of exchange-based markets and, therefore, OTC derivatives generally expose a Fund to greater counterparty risk than exchange-traded derivatives. Among other trading agreements, a Fund may be party to International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. Master Agreements (“ISDA Agreements”) or other similar types of agreements with select counterparties that generally govern OTC derivative transactions entered into by the Fund. The ISDA Agreements typically include representations and warranties as well as contractual terms related to collateral, events of default, termination events and other provisions. Termination events may include the decline in the net assets of a Fund below a certain level over a specified period of time and entitle a counterparty to elect to terminate early with respect to some or all the transactions under the ISDA Agreement with that counterparty. Such an election by one or more of the counterparties could have a material adverse impact on a Fund’s operations.
Trading Restrictions
In the course of their business activities, there is a risk that the Adviser may receive material non-public information. The Adviser may receive such information directly as a result of its investment advisory activities for the benefit of a Fund or some other account, or indirectly as a result of the Adviser’s relationship with an affiliated entity. In such event, the Adviser may be restricted from trading certain securities regardless of whether the activities leading to the receipt of material non-public information were for the benefit of a Fund or otherwise. Such restrictions may have a material impact on the gains and losses of a Fund.
U.S. Government Securities and Foreign Government Securities
U.S. government securities include securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government or its authorities, agencies, or instrumentalities. Foreign government securities include securities issued or guaranteed by foreign governments (including political subdivisions) or their authorities, agencies, or instrumentalities or by supra-national agencies. Different kinds of U.S. government securities and foreign government securities have different kinds of government support. For example, some U.S. government securities (e.g., U.S. Treasury bonds) are supported by the full faith and credit of the United States. Other U.S. government securities are issued or guaranteed by federal agencies or government-chartered or -sponsored enterprises but are neither guaranteed nor insured by the U.S. government (e.g., debt securities issued by Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae, and FHLBs). No assurance can be given that the U.S. government would provide financial support to these agencies and instrumentalities if not required to do so by law. The maximum potential liability of the issuers of some U.S. government securities may greatly exceed their current resources, including any legal right to support from the U.S. Treasury. U.S. government obligations that are not backed by the full faith and and credit of the U.S. government are subject to greater risks than those that are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government. All U.S. government obligations are subject to interest rate risk.
Supra-national agencies are agencies whose member nations make capital contributions to support the agencies’ activities. Examples include the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (the World Bank), the Asian Development Bank, and the Inter-American Development Bank.
As with other fixed income securities, U.S. government securities and foreign government securities expose their holders to market risk because their values typically change as interest rates fluctuate. For example, the value of U.S. government securities or foreign government securities may fall during times of rising interest rates. Yields on U.S. government securities and foreign government securities tend to be lower than those of corporate securities of comparable maturities.
In addition to investing directly in U.S. government securities and foreign government securities, a Fund may purchase certificates of accrual or similar instruments evidencing undivided ownership interests in interest payments and/or principal payments of U.S. government securities and foreign government securities. A Fund may also invest in Separately Traded Registered Interest and Principal Securities (“STRIPS”), which are interests in separately traded interest and principal component parts of U.S. Treasury obligations that represent future interest payments, principal payments, or both, are direct obligations of the U.S. government, and are transferable through the federal reserve book-entry system. Certificates of accrual and similar instruments may be more volatile than other government securities.
Warrants and Rights
A Fund may purchase or otherwise receive warrants or rights. Warrants and rights generally give the holder the right to receive, upon exercise, a security of the issuer at a stated price. A Fund typically uses warrants and rights in a manner similar to their use of options on securities, as described in “Options and Futures” below. Risks associated with the use of warrants and rights are generally similar to risks associated with the use of options. Unlike most options, however, warrants and rights are issued in specific amounts, and warrants generally have longer terms than options. Warrants and rights are not likely to be as liquid as exchange-traded options backed by a recognized clearing agency. In addition, the terms of warrants or rights may limit a Fund’s ability to exercise the warrants or rights at such time, or in such quantities, as the Fund would otherwise wish.
Non-Standard Warrants. A Fund may use non-standard warrants, including low exercise price warrants or low exercise price options (“LEPOs”) and participatory notes (“P-Notes”), to gain exposure to issuers in certain countries. LEPOs are different from standard warrants in that they do not give their holders the right to receive a security of the issuer upon exercise. Rather, LEPOs pay the holder the difference in price of the underlying security between the date the LEPO was purchased and the date it is sold. P-Notes are a type of equity-linked derivative that generally are traded OTC and constitute general unsecured contractual obligations of the banks or broker-dealers that issue them. Generally, banks and broker-dealers associated with non-U.S.-based brokerage firms buy securities listed on certain foreign exchanges and then issue P-Notes which are designed to replicate the performance of certain issuers and markets. The performance results of P-Notes will not replicate exactly the performance of the issuers or markets that the notes seek to replicate due to transaction costs and other expenses. The return on a P-Note that is linked to a particular underlying security generally is increased to the extent of any dividends paid in connection with the underlying security. However, the holder of a P-Note typically does not receive voting or other rights as it would if it directly owned the underlying security, and P-Notes present similar risks to investing directly in the underlying security. Additionally, LEPOs and P-Notes entail the same risks as other OTC derivatives. These include the risk that the counterparty or issuer of the LEPO or P-Note may not be able to fulfill its obligations, that the holder and counterparty or issuer may disagree as to the meaning or application of contractual terms, or that the instrument may not perform as expected. See “Additional Information About the Funds — Additional Description of the Principal Risks of the Funds — Counterparty Risk” in the Prospectus. Additionally, while LEPOs or P-Notes may be listed on an exchange, there is no guarantee that a liquid market will exist or that the counterparty or issuer of a LEPO or P-Note will be willing to repurchase such instrument when a Fund wishes to sell it.
When-Issued Securities and Firm Commitments
A Fund may enter into firm commitments and similar agreements with banks or broker-dealers for the purchase or sale of securities at an agreed-upon price on a specified future date. For example, with respect to a Fund’s investments in fixed-income securities, a Fund may enter into a firm commitment agreement if a manager anticipates a decline in interest rates and believes it is able to obtain a more advantageous future yield by committing currently to purchase securities to be issued later. A Fund generally does not earn income on the securities it has committed to purchase until after delivery. A Fund may take delivery of the securities or, if deemed advisable as a matter of investment strategy, may sell the securities before the settlement date. When payment is due on when-issued or delayed-delivery securities, a Fund makes payment from then-available cash flow or the sale of securities, or from the sale of the when-issued or delayed-delivery securities themselves (which may have a value greater or less than what a Fund paid for them).
Zero Coupon Securities
A Fund’s investments in “zero coupon” fixed income securities accrue interest income at a fixed rate based on initial purchase price and length to maturity, but the securities do not pay interest in cash on a current basis. A Fund may be required to distribute the accrued income to its shareholders, even though a Fund is not receiving the income in cash on a current basis. Thus, a Fund may have to sell other investments to obtain cash to make income distributions (including at a time when it may not be advantageous to do so). The market value of zero coupon securities is often more volatile than that of non-zero coupon fixed income securities of comparable quality and maturity. Zero coupon securities include IO/PO Strips and STRIPS.
INVESTMENT LIMITATIONS
Fundamental Policies
The following investment limitations are fundamental, which means that a Fund cannot change them without approval by the vote of a majority of the outstanding shares of the Fund. The phrase “majority of the outstanding shares” means the vote of (i) 67% or more of a Fund’s shares present at a meeting, if more than 50% of the outstanding shares of the Fund are present or represented by proxy, or (ii) more than 50% of the Fund’s outstanding shares, whichever is less.
Each Fund may (except as noted below):
| 1. | Borrow money, make loans, or issue senior securities to the fullest extent permitted by the 1940 Act, the rules or regulations thereunder, or applicable orders of the SEC, as such statute, rules, regulations, or orders may be amended from time to time. |
| 2. | Not invest 25% or more of its total assets in a particular industry or group of industries. Securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Government or its agencies or instrumentalities are not considered to represent an industry. |
| 3. | Underwrite securities to the fullest extent permitted by the 1940 Act, the rules or regulations thereunder, or applicable orders of the SEC, as such statute, rules, regulations, or orders may be amended from time to time. |
| 4. | Purchase or sell commodities, commodities contracts, futures contracts and related options, options, forward contracts, or real estate to the fullest extent permitted by the 1940 Act, the rules or regulations thereunder, or applicable orders of the SEC, as such statute, rules, regulations, or orders may be amended from time to time. |
The fundamental investment limitations set forth above restrict the ability of the Funds to engage in certain practices and purchase securities and other instruments other than as permitted by, or consistent with, the 1940 Act. Relevant limitations of the 1940 Act as they presently exist are described below. These limitations are based either on the 1940 Act itself, the rules or regulations thereunder or applicable orders of the SEC. In addition, interpretations and guidance provided by the SEC staff may be taken into account, where deemed appropriate by the Funds, to determine if a certain practice or the purchase of securities or other instruments is permitted by the 1940 Act, the rules or regulations thereunder, or applicable orders of the SEC. As a result, the foregoing fundamental investment policies may be interpreted differently over time as the statute, rules, regulations, or orders (or, if applicable, interpretations) that relate to the meaning and effect of these policies change, and no shareholder vote will be required or sought.
Fundamental Investment Restriction (1). Under the 1940 Act, a Fund may only borrow up to one-third of the value of its total assets less liabilities (other than liabilities representing senior securities). Borrowing by a Fund allows it to leverage its portfolio, which exposes it to certain risks. Leveraging increases the effect of any increase or decrease in the value of portfolio securities on a Fund’s net asset value, and money borrowed will be subject to interest costs (which may include commitment fees and/or the cost of maintaining minimum average balances) which may or may not exceed the return from the securities purchased with borrowed funds. The Funds may use borrowed money for any purpose permitted by the 1940 Act.
The 1940 Act also restricts the ability of any mutual fund to lend. Under the 1940 Act, a Fund may only make loans if expressly permitted to do so by its investment policies, and a Fund may not make loans to persons who control or are under common control with the Fund. Thus, the 1940 Act effectively prohibits a Fund from making loans to certain persons when conflicts of interest or undue influence are most likely present. A Fund may, however, make other loans which, if made, would expose shareholders to additional risks, such as the failure of the other party to repay the loan. The Funds retain the flexibility to make loans to the extent permitted by their investment policies.
The ability of a mutual fund to issue senior securities is circumscribed by complex regulatory constraints under the 1940 Act that restrict, for instance, the amount, timing, and form of senior securities that may be issued. Certain portfolio management techniques, such as reverse repurchase agreements, credit default swaps, total return swaps, futures contracts, dollar rolls, the purchase of securities on margin, short sales, or the writing of puts on portfolio securities, may be considered senior securities unless appropriate steps are taken to segregate a Fund’s assets or otherwise cover its obligations. To the extent a Fund covers its commitment under these transactions, including by the segregation of liquid assets, such instruments will not be considered a “senior security” by the Fund and, therefore, will not be subject to the 300% asset coverage requirement otherwise applicable to borrowings by the Fund. Although this SAI describes certain permitted methods of segregating assets or otherwise “covering” such transactions for these purposes, such descriptions are not complete. A Fund may cover such transactions using other methods currently or in the future permitted under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder, or orders issued by the SEC thereunder. For these purposes, interpretations and guidance provided by the SEC staff may be taken into account when deemed appropriate by the Funds.
Under the 1940 Act, a “senior security” does not include (i) any promissory note or other evidence of indebtedness issued in consideration of any loan, extension, or renewal thereof, made by a bank or other person and privately arranged, and not intended to be publicly distributed or (ii) any promissory note or evidence of indebtedness where such loan is for temporary purposes only and in an amount not exceeding 5% of the value of the total assets of the issuer at the time the loan is made. A loan is presumed to be for temporary purposes if it is repaid within sixty days and is not extended or renewed.
Fundamental Investment Restriction (2). If a Fund were to invest 25% or more of its total assets in a particular industry or group of industries, investors would be exposed to greater risks because the performance of the Fund would be largely dependent on the performance of that industry or industries. For purposes of this fundamental investment policy, investments in other investment companies, investments in a Subsidiary and swaps with Alternative Beta Providers as counterparties are not considered part of any industry or group of industries. In addition, the Funds do not consider futures or swaps clearinghouses or securities clearinghouses, where the Funds have exposure to such clearinghouses in the course of making investments in futures and securities, to be part of any industry.
Anything herein to the contrary notwithstanding, nothing in Fundamental Investment Restriction (2) will limit the ability of a Fund to invest in another investment company, in a Subsidiary or in a swap position with an Alternative Beta Provider. For purposes of determining compliance with Fundamental Investment Restriction (2), a Fund will consider the concentration policies of the underlying investment companies in which it invests.
Fundamental Investment Restriction (3). Under the 1940 Act, underwriting securities involves a Fund purchasing securities directly from an issuer for the purpose of selling (distributing) them or participating in any such activity either directly or indirectly.
Fundamental Investment Restriction (4). This restriction permits investment in commodities, commodities contracts (e.g., futures contracts or related options), options, forward contracts or real estate to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act. Commodities, as opposed to commodity futures, represent the actual underlying bulk goods, such as grains, metals and foodstuffs. Real estate-related instruments include real estate investment trusts, commercial and residential mortgage-backed securities, and real estate financings, and such instruments are generally sensitive to factors such as changes in real estate values and property taxes, interest rates, cash flow of underlying real estate assets, overbuilding, and the management skill and creditworthiness of the issuer.
Unless otherwise indicated, all fundamental and non-fundamental limitations applicable to a Fund’s investments (as stated above and elsewhere in this SAI and the Prospectus) apply only at the time a transaction is entered into, with the exception of limitations on borrowing and illiquid investments. A Fund may, from time to time, take temporary defensive positions that are inconsistent with the Fund’s principal investment strategies in attempting to respond to adverse market, economic, political or other conditions. During these times, a Fund may invest up to 100% of its assets in cash or cash equivalents, shares of money market mutual funds, commercial paper, zero coupon bonds, repurchase agreements, and other securities the Adviser believes to be consistent with the Fund’s best interests. During a period in which a Fund takes a temporary defensive position, the Fund may not achieve its investment objective.
Except with respect to a Fund’s policy concerning borrowing, if a percentage restriction is adhered to at the time of an investment, a later increase or decrease in percentage resulting from changes in values or assets will not constitute a violation of such restriction. With respect to the limitation on borrowing, in the event that a subsequent change in net assets or other circumstances causes a Fund to exceed its limitation, the Fund will take steps to bring the aggregate amount of borrowing back within the limitation within three days thereafter (not including Sundays and holidays).
ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF WHOLLY OWNED SUBSIDIARIES
The assets of the Multi-Strategy Fund and Real Asset Fund may be invested in offshore, wholly-owned and controlled subsidiaries of the respective Fund. The Multi-Strategy Fund and Real Asset Fund each currently has one subsidiary, which is an exempted company with limited liability formed under the laws of the Cayman Islands (the “Subsidiary”). Each Subsidiary is advised by the Adviser and has the same investment objectives as its Fund. Each Subsidiary was formed for the purpose of investing, directly or indirectly through the use of derivatives, in securities and commodity interests. Each Fund looks through its Subsidiary for the purposes of compliance with its investment policies and the applicable provisions of the 1940 Act relating to the capital structure, affiliated transactions and custody. Brown Brothers Harriman & Co. serves as the Subsidiary’s eligible custodian under Section 17 of the 1940 Act.
Fund investments in the Subsidiary are subject to certain risks. The Subsidiary is not registered under the 1940 Act and, unless otherwise noted in the Prospectus and this SAI, is not subject to all of the investor protections of the 1940 Act and other U.S. regulations. The Fund intends to limit its investments in the Subsidiary in order to meet the income and diversification requirements for qualification as a regulated investment company (“RIC”) under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). For example, in order to meet the diversification requirement, the Fund may not invest more than 25% of the value of its total assets in the securities (other than those of the U.S. Government or other RICs) of any one issuer. Therefore, the Fund generally may not invest more than 25% of the value of its total assets in the Subsidiary. Additionally, in order to qualify as a RIC, the Fund must, among other things, derive at least 90% of its gross income from certain specified sources (“qualifying income”). So-called Subpart F income included in the Fund’s gross income by virtue of its investment in the Subsidiary is qualifying income to the extent that the Subsidiary timely distributes to the Fund an amount at least equal to such subpart F income. The Subsidiary intends to make such distribution or distributions. If the Subsidiary were to fail to make such a distribution or distributions, such failure could adversely affect a Fund’s ability to qualify as a RIC. Please see “Income Dividends, Capital Gains Distributions, and Tax Status” for additional information about certain tax aspects of the Fund’s investment in a Subsidiary.
The Cayman Islands does not currently impose any income, corporate or capital gains tax, estate duty, inheritance tax, gift tax or withholding tax on the Subsidiary. Changes in the laws of the United States and/or the Cayman Islands could result in the inability of the Fund and/or the Subsidiary to operate as described in the Prospectus and this SAI and could adversely affect the Fund. Operation of the Subsidiary will be subject to certain Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”) rules and regulations. Changes to such regulations could potentially limit or restrict the ability of the Fund to pursue its investment strategies and/or increase the costs of implementing its strategies through the Subsidiary.
THE INVESTMENT MANAGERS
Investment Adviser
FS Fund Advisor, LLC, an investment adviser registered with the SEC under the 1940 Act, serves as the Funds’ investment adviser. FS is an affiliate of FS Investments, a national sponsor of alternative investment funds designed for the individual investor. FS’ principal office is located at 201 Rouse Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19112. For more information regarding FS, see “Additional Information About the Acquiring Funds — Investment Adviser” in the Proxy Statement/Prospectus.
The Funds pay the Adviser a management fee (the “Management Fee”) at an annual rate based on a Fund’s average daily net assets. The Management Fee is calculated and payable quarterly in arrears at the annual rates of each Fund’s average daily net assets during such period noted in the table below:
Predecessor Fund | Period | Fee |
FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund | Quarterly | 1.25% |
FS Chiron Real Asset Fund | Quarterly | 0.95%* |
| * | Prior to September 1, 2021, the Predecessor Real Asset Fund’s Management Fee was 1.15%. |
The Trust and the Adviser have entered into an investment advisory agreement (the “Advisory Agreement”) with respect to the Funds. After the initial two-year term, the continuance of the Advisory Agreement must be specifically approved at least annually: (i) by the vote of the Trustees or by a vote of the majority of the outstanding voting securities of each Fund; and (ii) by the vote of a majority of the Trustees who are not parties to the Advisory Agreement or “interested persons” of any party thereto, cast at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval. The Advisory Agreement will terminate automatically in the event of its assignment, and is terminable at any time without penalty by the Trustees or by a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund, or, by the Adviser, on not less than thirty (30) days’ written notice to the Trust. As used in the Advisory Agreement, the terms “majority of the outstanding voting securities,” “interested persons” and “assignment” have the same meaning as such terms in the 1940 Act.
The Advisory Agreement provides that the Trust, on behalf of each Fund severally and not jointly, will indemnify and hold harmless the Adviser and certain of the Adviser’s affiliates for certain losses that arise out of the Adviser’s performance or non-performance of its responsibilities under the Advisory Agreement, unless such losses result from the Adviser’s or the Adviser’s affiliates’ willful misfeasance, fraud, bad faith, negligence or reckless disregard of the Adviser’s or its affiliates’ duties under the Advisory Agreement (“Adviser Disabling Conduct”). Any such indemnification will require either a majority of the Independent Trustees or independent legal counsel, in a written opinion, to determine that such indemnification is not prohibited by Adviser Disabling Conduct.
For the year ended December 31, 2018 and the period from May 16, 2017 (commencement of operations) through December 31, 2017, the Adviser accrued $1,044,000 and $267,000 in Management Fees with respect to the Predecessor Multi-Strategy Fund, respectively, which the Adviser contractually agreed to waive for each period. The Predecessor Real Asset Fund commenced operations on December 31, 2018 and no management fees had been charged to such Predecessor Fund under its investment advisory agreement as of December 31, 2018. For the year ended December 31, 2019, the Adviser accrued $1,686,306 in fees with respect to the Predecessor Multi-Strategy Fund, $477,277 of which the Adviser contractually agreed to waive. For the year ended December 31, 2019, the Adviser accrued $36,252 with respect to the Predecessor Real Asset Fund, all of which the Adviser contractually agreed to waive for the period.
For the year ended December 31, 2020, the amount the Adviser accrued in Management Fees and the amount the Adviser waived in such Management Fees for each of the Predecessor Funds is as follows:
Predecessor Fund | Management Fees | Management Fee Waiver |
FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund | $2,157,340 | ----- |
FS Chiron Real Asset Fund | $32,003 | $32,003 |
The Adviser determines the allocations of a Fund’s assets and is ultimately responsible for selecting the strategies, retaining Underlying Managers for FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund with expertise in the selected strategies, Alternative Beta Strategies and Alternative Investment Strategies. Subject to the oversight of the Trustees, the Adviser also manages, supervises, and conducts certain other affairs and business of the Trust, furnishes office space and equipment, provides bookkeeping and certain clerical services, and pays all salaries, fees, and expenses of officers and Trustees of the Trust who are affiliated with the Adviser.
The SEC granted an exemptive order to FS, which permits FS to use a “manager of managers” approach in providing investment advisory services to its Funds. Pursuant to the terms of the order, FS, subject to the supervision and approval of the Funds’ Board of Trustees, is permitted to hire, terminate and replace investment sub-advisers or make material changes to investment sub-advisory agreements without shareholder approval. When hiring a new sub-adviser, FS would, however, furnish shareholders with information that is equivalent to what would be provided in a proxy statement requesting approval of a new sub-adviser. The order also permits FS and the Funds to disclose to shareholders the aggregate sub-advisory fees paid to sub-advisers, without disclosing the precise amount paid to each sub-adviser.
With respect to Multi-Strategy Fund, the Adviser intends to hire and terminate Underlying Managers or sub-advisers in accordance with the terms of such exemptive order that the Adviser has obtained from the SEC. The Fund will furnish shareholders with information about a new Underlying Manager or sub-adviser within 90 days of hiring the Underlying Manager or sub-adviser.
With respect to the Real Asset Fund, FS is not currently using a multi-manager approach in managing such Fund. It may employ such an approach when one of several situations arises. For example, if FS determines that it does not have the expertise in an investment style or sector that it thinks the Fund should track, it may select a sub-adviser that can fulfill this task. Also, if FS or one of the Fund’s sub-advisers reaches capacity on assets managed within the Fund, FS may select another sub-adviser if the Fund needs to add “capacity.” Therefore, even where FS does implement the “manager of managers” approach, the Real Asset Fund may not rely on the approach at any given time.
When and if FS determines to use the multi-manager approach, it will provide detailed information about the sub-adviser to the Board and make recommendations regarding the appropriate allocation of assets to each sub-adviser. The sub-adviser, in turn, will make investment decisions for the assets allocated to it and continuously review, supervise and administer the Fund’s investment programs. It is expected that the “manager of managers” approach, when used from time to time by FS and the Funds, will (i) reduce Fund expenses to the extent that a manager of managers Fund will not have to prepare and solicit proxies each time a sub-advisory agreement is entered into or modified; (ii) promote efficient hiring and termination according to the judgment of the Board and FS; and (iii) relieve shareholders of the very responsibility that they are paying FS to assume, that is, the selection, termination and replacement of sub-advisers.
Primary Sub-Adviser – FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund
FS has engaged Wilshire to act as the FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund’s investment sub-adviser pursuant to the Fund’s Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement (the “Sub-Advisory Agreement”). Wilshire assists FS in identifying investment opportunities and makes investment recommendations for approval by FS. Wilshire, an investment adviser registered with the SEC under the Advisers Act, is a Delaware limited liability company with its principal office located at 1299 Ocean Avenue, 7th Floor, Santa Monica, CA 90401. For more information regarding Wilshire, see “Management of the Fund — Investment Adviser, Primary Sub-Adviser and Advisory Arrangements” in the Prospectus.
Wilshire also provides certain administrative services, including monitoring and reporting to the Advisor regarding the FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund and the Alternative Investment Strategies.
Underlying Managers – FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund
As of the date of this SAI, the Adviser engages the following Underlying Managers to provide investment management services to the FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund:
| • | Chilton Investment Company, LLC |
| • | MidOcean Credit Partners |
| • | Crabel Capital Management, LLC |
Investment Co-Adviser – FS Chiron Real Asset Fund
FS has engaged Chiron to act as the FS Chiron Real Asset Fund’s investment co-adviser pursuant to the Fund’s Investment Co-Advisory Agreement (the “Co-Advisory Agreement”). Chiron, an investment adviser registered with the SEC under the Advisers Act, is a Delaware limited liability company with its principal office located at 10 East 53rd Street, New York, New York 10022. For more information regarding Chiron, see “Management of the Fund — Investment Adviser, Primary Sub-Adviser and Advisory Arrangements” in the Prospectus.
Chiron also provides certain administrative services, including monitoring and reporting to the Advisor regarding the FS Chiron Real Asset Fund.
As compensation for its co-advisory services to the Fund, FS pays Chiron a co-advisory fee that is accrued daily and payable quarterly. The co-advisory fee is calculated at an annual rate of 0.475% of the average daily net assets of the portion of the Fund allocated to Chiron.
PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT
This section includes information about the Funds’ portfolio managers, including information about other accounts they manage, the dollar range of Fund shares they own and how they are compensated.
Compensation. Each portfolio manager’s compensation is comprised primarily of a fixed salary and a discretionary bonus paid by the Adviser, with respect to the FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund, by Wilshire and the Underlying Managers, or each respective entity’s affiliates, and not by the Funds. In general, the amount of the bonus will be based on a combination of factors, none of which is necessarily weighted more than any other factor. These factors may include: the overall performance of the Adviser, and with respect to the FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund, the performance of Wilshire and the Underlying Managers; the profitability to the Adviser, and with respect to the FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund, the profitability of Wilshire and the Underlying Managers, derived from the management of the Funds and the other accounts managed by the Adviser, Wilshire and the Underlying Managers; the absolute performance of the Funds and such other accounts for the preceding year; contributions by the portfolio manager in assisting with managing the assets of the Adviser, and with respect to the FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund, of Wilshire and the Underlying Managers; and execution of managerial responsibilities, client interactions and support of colleagues. The bonus is not based on a precise formula, benchmark or other metric.
Predecessor Fund Shares Owned by the Portfolio Managers. The Funds are required to show the dollar amount range of each portfolio manager’s “beneficial ownership” of shares of the Funds as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal year. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “1934 Act”).
Name | Dollar Range of Predecessor Fund Shares Owned (Predecessor Fund) |
Michael Kelly1 | Over $100,00 (Predecessor Multi-Strategy Fund) |
Scott Burr1 | $10,001 - $50,000 (Predecessor Multi-Strategy Fund) |
Brian Cho2 | None |
Peter Bianco2 | None |
| 1 | Information show is as of December 31, 2020. |
| 2 | Messrs. Cho and Bianco became portfolio managers of the Predecessor Real Asset Fund on September 1, 2021. Information shown is as of September 1, 2021. |
Other Accounts. In addition to the Funds, the portfolio managers may also be responsible for the day-to-day management of certain other accounts, as indicated by the following table. The information below is provided as of December 31, 2020 unless otherwise noted.
Name | Registered Investment Companies | Other Pooled Investment Vehicles | Other Accounts |
Number of Accounts | Total Assets (in Thousands)1 | Number of Accounts | Total Assets (in Thousands) | Number of Accounts | Total Assets (in Thousands) |
Michael Kelly | 2 | $431,993 | 42 | $18,893,768 | 0 | $0 |
Scott Burr | 0 | $0 | 0 | $0 | 0 | $0 |
Brian Cho3 | 2 | $1,224,900 | 12 | $365,400 | 0 | $0 |
Peter Bianco3 | 0 | $0 | 0 | $0 | 0 | $0 |
| 1 | As of December 31, 2020 for accounts with fiscal year end of December 31 and as of January 31, 2021 for accounts with fiscal year end of October 31. |
| 2 | These accounts are subject to a performance-based advisory fee. |
| 3 | Messrs. Cho and Bianco became portfolio managers of the Predecessor Real Asset Fund on September 1, 2021. Information shown is as of June 30, 2021. |
Potential Conflicts of Interest.
The Funds may be subject to a number of actual and potential conflicts of interest. As applicable, references to a “manager” below refer to any one or more of the Adviser, Wilshire and Underlying Managers.
General
The Adviser manages many funds and numerous other accounts, which may include separate accounts and other pooled investment vehicles, such as hedge funds. In addition, as shown in the table above, the Funds’ managers may manage other accounts with investment strategies similar to a Fund, the managers may personally invest in some but not all of these accounts, and certain of these accounts may have a greater effect on their compensation than others. These factors could create conflicts of interest because a manager may have incentives to favor certain accounts over others, resulting in the potential for other accounts outperforming a Fund. A conflict may also exist if a manager identifies a limited investment opportunity that may be appropriate for more than one account, but a Fund is not able to take full advantage of that opportunity due to the need to allocate that opportunity among multiple accounts. In addition, the manager may execute transactions for another account that may adversely affect the value of securities held by a Fund.
Additionally, managing and providing research to multiple accounts can give rise to potential conflicts of interest if the accounts have different objectives, benchmarks, time horizons and fees, as Wilshire, Chiron and certain Underlying Managers must allocate their time and investment ideas across multiple accounts. Therefore, Wilshire, Chiron and the Underlying Managers will have conflicts of interest which could interfere with their management of the FS Multi-Strategy Alternative Fund’s or FS Chiron Real Asset Fund’s assets, as applicable. For example, Wilshire, Chiron and the Underlying Managers (or their affiliates) manage other investment funds and/or accounts and have other clients that are similar to, or overlap with, the investment objective and strategy of the FS Multi-Strategy Alternative Fund or FS Chiron Real Asset Fund, as applicable, creating potential conflicts of interest in investment decisions regarding investments that may be appropriate for the Fund and the Adviser’s, Wilshire’s, Chiron’s or the Underlying Managers’ other clients. These conflicts of interest are exacerbated to the extent that Wilshire’s, Chiron’s or the Underlying Managers’ other clients pay them higher fees or performance-based fees. The portfolio compositions and performance results will differ across the FS Multi-Strategy Alternative Fund and FS Chiron Real Asset Fund, as applicable, and other such funds and/or accounts. In addition, the activities in which Wilshire, Chiron or the Underlying Managers and their affiliates are involved may limit or preclude the flexibility that the FS Multi-Strategy Alternative Fund and FS Chiron Real Asset Fund may otherwise have to participate in certain investments.
Selection of Underlying Managers
The Adviser compensates the Underlying Managers out of the Management Fee it receives from the FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund. This could create an incentive for the Adviser to select Underlying Managers or Sub-Advisers with lower fee rates. Each sub-advisory agreement with the Underlying Managers and Sub-Adviser, and any material change thereto, will be approved by the Board of Trustees, including a majority of Independent Trustees
Allocation of Investment Opportunities
If a model, strategy or investment technique (an “Analytic”) is appropriate for a Fund and one or more other clients of a manager, a manager’s decision on how to allocate an Analytic among a Fund and such other clients (including the relative exposure a Fund and such other clients have to an Analytic) may vary for one or more reasons, including (i) the Analytic may have smaller capacity than can be optimally used for one or more of the manager’s clients; (ii) the Analytic involves asset classes outside the investment mandate of one or more of the manager’s clients; (iii) the Analytic is not appropriate for the investment regulatory restrictions applicable to one or more of the manager’s clients; (iv) the Analytic is hedged by taking smaller or larger exposures (as applicable) to certain style factors, sectors or other directional risks than that targeted by one or more of the manager’s clients; and/or (v) the Analytic involves greater liquidity risk than that targeted by one or more of the manager’s clients. The net result(s) could be that one or more of the manager’s clients, including a Fund, would not have access to certain Analytics that produce higher predicted rates of return, lower volatility or shorter trading horizons than those Analytics utilized (in degree and/or manner) by such clients.
A manager may have a greater financial interest in the performance of other clients than the performance of the Funds. These interests may give rise to conflicts of interest in allocating Analytics among the Funds and such other clients.
A manager may also license an Analytic from an affiliate or third party. A licensor may have complete discretion regarding which of its Analytics (including proprietary strategies and/or models and including newly developed Analytics that may meet the investment objectives of a Fund) its elects to license (and correspondingly withhold from) a manager. An affiliated or third-party licensor may revoke any or all licenses granted to a manager for any reason or no reason at all, including the fact that such a licensor has a greater financial interest in utilizing the full capacity available in an Analytic for itself or its clients.
Financial Interests in Managers
The Adviser and its affiliates do, and Wilshire, Chiron and the Underlying Managers may, have financial interests in investment vehicles and asset managers, which may give rise to conflicts of interest between the Funds and such other investment vehicles. The Adviser and its affiliates, Wilshire, Chiron and the applicable Underlying Managers endeavor to manage these potential conflicts in a fair and equitable manner, subject to legal, regulatory, contractual or other applicable considerations.
FS Investments Policies and Procedures
Specified policies and procedures implemented by the Funds and the Adviser to mitigate potential conflicts of interest and address certain regulatory requirements and contractual restrictions may reduce the synergies across FS Investments’ various businesses that the Funds expect to draw on for purposes of pursuing attractive investment opportunities. Because FS Investments has many different asset management and advisory businesses, it is subject to a number of actual and potential conflicts of interest, greater regulatory oversight, and subject to more legal and contractual restrictions than that to which it would otherwise be subject if it had just one line of business. In addressing these conflicts and regulatory, legal, and contractual requirements across its various businesses, FS Investments has implemented certain policies and procedures that may reduce the positive synergies that the Funds expect to utilize for purposes of finding attractive investments.
THE ADMINISTRATOR
General. SEI Investments Global Funds Services (the “Administrator”), a Delaware statutory trust, has its principal business offices at One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456. SEI Investments Management Corporation (“SIMC”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of SEI Investments Company (“SEI Investments”), is the owner of all beneficial interest in the Administrator. SEI Investments and its subsidiaries and affiliates, including the Administrator, are leading providers of funds evaluation services, trust accounting systems, and brokerage and information services to financial institutions, institutional investors, and money managers. The Administrator and its affiliates also serve as administrator or sub-administrator to other mutual funds.
Administration Agreement with the Trust. The Trust and the Administrator have entered into an administration agreement, dated February 12, 2014, as amended (the “Administration Agreement”). Under the Administration Agreement, the Administrator provides the Trust with administrative services, including regulatory reporting and all necessary office space, equipment, personnel and facilities.
The Administration Agreement provides that the Administrator shall not be liable for any error of judgment or mistake of law or for any loss suffered by the Trust in connection with the matters to which the Administration Agreement relates, except a loss resulting from willful misfeasance, bad faith or gross negligence on the part of the Administrator in the performance of its duties or from reckless disregard by it of its duties and obligations thereunder.
Administration Fees Paid to the Predecessor Funds’ Administrator. For its services under the Administration Agreement, the Administrator is paid a fee, which varies based on the average daily net assets of the Funds, subject to certain minimums.
The Adviser served as administrator to the Predecessor Funds. For the year ended December 31, 2018 and the period from May 16, 2017 (commencement of operations) through December 31, 2017, the Adviser accrued $843,000 and $404,000 in administrative services expenses with respect to the Predecessor Multi-Strategy Fund, respectively. The Predecessor Real Asset Fund commenced operations on December 31, 2018 and no administrative fees were charged to such Fund under its administration agreement as of December 31, 2018. For the year ended December 31, 2019, the Adviser accrued $1,090,009 and $108,612, respectively, in administrative services expenses for the Predecessor Multi-Strategy Fund and Predecessor Real Asset Fund.
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020, the Predecessor Funds paid the following amounts to the Adviser, which served as the Predecessor Funds’ administrator:
Predecessor Fund | Administrative Services Expenses |
FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund | $788,081 |
FS Chiron Real Asset Fund | $113,991 |
The Predecessor Funds’ administrators did not waive any such fees.
THE DISTRIBUTOR
The Trust and SEI Investments Distribution Co. (the “Distributor”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of SEI Investments and an affiliate of the Administrator, are parties to a distribution agreement dated February 12, 2014, as amended (the “Distribution Agreement”), whereby the Distributor acts as a principal underwriter for the Trust’s shares. The principal business address of the Distributor is One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456.
The continuance of the Distribution Agreement must be specifically approved at least annually (i) by the vote of the Trustees or by a vote of the majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Trust and (ii) by the vote of a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested persons” of the Trust and have no direct or indirect financial interest in the operations of the Distribution Agreement or any related agreement, cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval. The Distribution Agreement will terminate automatically in the event of its assignment (as such term is defined in the 1940 Act), and is terminable at any time without penalty by the Board or by a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Trust, or by the Distributor, upon not less than 60 days’ written notice to the other party.
PAYMENTS TO FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES
Distribution Plan. The Trust has adopted a Distribution Plan with respect to the Class A Shares (the “Plan”) in accordance with the provisions of Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act, which regulates circumstances under which an investment company may directly or indirectly bear expenses relating to the distribution of its shares. Continuance of the Plan must be approved annually by a majority of the Trustees and by a majority of the Trustees who are not interested persons (as defined in the 1940 Act) of the Trust and have no direct or indirect financial interest in the Plan or in any agreements related to the Plan (“Qualified Trustees”). The Plan requires that quarterly written reports of amounts spent under the Plan and the purposes of such expenditures be furnished to and reviewed by the Trustees. The Plan may not be amended to increase materially the amount that may be spent thereunder without approval by a majority of the outstanding shares of the Fund. All material amendments of the Plan will require approval by a majority of the Trustees and of the Qualified Trustees.
The Plan provides a method of paying for distribution and shareholder services, which may help the Fund grow or maintain asset levels to provide operational efficiencies and economies of scale, provided by the Distributor or other financial intermediaries that enter into agreements with the Distributor. The Fund may make payments to financial intermediaries, such as banks, savings and loan associations, insurance companies, investment counselors, broker-dealers, mutual fund “supermarkets” and the Distributor’s affiliates and subsidiaries, as compensation for services, reimbursement of expenses incurred in connection with distribution assistance or provision of shareholder services. The Distributor may, at its discretion, retain a portion of such payments to compensate itself for distribution services and distribution related expenses such as the costs of preparation, printing, mailing or otherwise disseminating sales literature, advertising, and prospectuses (other than those furnished to current shareholders of the Fund), promotional and incentive programs, and such other marketing expenses that the Distributor may incur.
Under the Plan, the Distributor or financial intermediaries may receive up to 0.25% of the average daily net assets of the Class A Shares as compensation for distribution and shareholder services. The Plan is characterized as a compensation plan since the distribution fee will be paid to the Distributor without regard to the distribution or shareholder service expenses incurred by the Distributor or the amount of payments made to financial intermediaries. The Trust intends to operate the Plan in accordance with its terms and with Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) rules concerning sales charges.
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020, the Predecessor Funds paid their distributor the following fees pursuant to the Distribution Plan adopted by the Predecessor Funds pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act:
Predecessor Fund | Rule 12b-1 Fees Paid |
FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund | $24,684 |
FS Chiron Real Asset Fund | None |
Payments by the Adviser. In addition to and apart from payments made by the Funds under 12b-1 plans, FS and its affiliates also may make payments out of their own assets to selected broker-dealer firms or other financial intermediaries that sell Class A Shares of the Funds for distribution, marketing, promotional, or related services. Such payments may be based on gross sales, assets under management, or transactional charges, or on a combination of these factors. Payments based primarily on sales create an incentive to make new sales of shares, while payments based on assets create an incentive to retain previously sold shares. Payments based on transactional charges may include the payment or reimbursement of all or a portion of “ticket charges.” Ticket charges are fees charged to salespersons purchasing through a financial intermediary firm in connection with mutual fund purchases, redemptions, or exchanges. The payment or reimbursement of ticket charges creates an incentive for salespersons of an intermediary to sell shares of a Fund over shares of funds for which there is lesser or no payment or reimbursement of any applicable ticket charge. FS and its affiliates consider a number of factors in making payments to financial intermediaries. Criteria may include, but are not limited to, the distribution capabilities of the intermediary, the overall quality of the relationship, expected gross and/or net sales generated by the relationship, redemption and retention rates of assets held through the intermediary, the willingness to cooperate with FS’ marketing efforts, access to sales personnel, and the anticipated profitability of sales through the institutional relationship. These factors and their weightings may differ from one intermediary to another and may change from time to time.
As of December 31, 2020, the broker-dealer firms with which FS or its affiliates have agreements or are currently negotiating agreements to make payments out of their own assets related to the acquisition or retention of shareholders for Class A Shares of the Funds and its broker-dealer subsidiaries are as follows: Charles Schwab & Co., Inc., Pershing LLC, National Financial Services, TD Ameritrade Clearing Inc. and Wells Fargo Clearing Services. These fees may be in addition to fees paid from a Fund’s assets to them or other financial intermediaries. Any additions, modifications, or deletions to the broker-dealer firms identified that have occurred since that date are not reflected.
In addition, for all share classes, FS, the Distributor, or their affiliates may pay, from their own assets, brokerage firms, banks, financial advisors, retirement plan service providers, and other financial intermediaries’ fees for providing other marketing or distribution-related services, as well as recordkeeping, sub-accounting, transaction processing, and other shareholder or administrative services in connection with investments in the funds of the Trust. These fees are in addition to any fees that may be paid from a Fund’s assets to these financial intermediaries. FS or its affiliates may have numerous agreements to make payments to financial institutions which perform recordkeeping or other administrative services with respect to shareholder accounts. Contact your financial intermediary if you wish to determine whether it receives such payments.
FS or its affiliates may also share certain marketing expenses with intermediaries, or pay for, or sponsor informational meetings, seminars, client awareness events, support for marketing materials, sales reporting, or business building programs for such financial intermediaries to raise awareness of a Fund. FS or its affiliates may make payments to participate in intermediary marketing support programs which may provide FS or its affiliates with one or more of the following benefits: attendance at sales conferences, participation in meetings or training sessions, access to or information about intermediary personnel, use of an intermediary’s marketing and communication infrastructure, fund analysis tools, business planning and strategy sessions with intermediary personnel, information on industry- or platform-specific developments, trends and service providers, and other marketing-related services. Such payments may be in addition to, or in lieu of, the payments described above. These payments are intended to promote the sales of the Funds and to reimburse financial intermediaries, directly or indirectly, for the costs that they or their salespersons incur in connection with educational seminars, meetings, and training efforts about the funds of the Trust to enable the intermediaries and their salespersons to make suitable recommendations, provide useful services, and maintain the necessary infrastructure to make the funds of the Trust available to their customers.
The receipt of (or prospect of receiving) payments, reimbursements, and other forms of compensation described above may provide a financial intermediary and its salespersons with an incentive to favor sales of a Fund’s shares over sales of other mutual funds (or non-mutual fund investments) or to favor sales of one class of a Fund’s shares over sales of another, with respect to which the financial intermediary does not receive such payments or receives them in a lower amount. The receipt of these payments may cause certain financial intermediaries to elevate the prominence of a Fund within such financial intermediary’s organization by, for example, placement on a list of preferred or recommended funds and/or the provision of preferential or enhanced opportunities to promote the funds of the Trust in various ways within such financial intermediary’s organization.
From time to time, certain financial intermediaries approach FS to request that FS make contributions to certain charitable organizations. In these cases, FS’ contribution may result in the financial intermediary, or its salespersons, recommending a Fund over other mutual funds (or non-mutual fund investments).
The payment arrangements described above will not change the price an investor pays for Class A Shares nor the amount that a Fund receives to invest on behalf of the investor. You should consider whether such arrangements exist when evaluating any recommendations from an intermediary to purchase or sell Class A Shares and, if applicable, when considering which share class of a Fund is most appropriate for you.
THE TRANSFER AGENT
DST Systems, Inc., 333 West 11th Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64105 (the “Transfer Agent”), serves as the Funds’ transfer agent.
THE CUSTODIAN
Brown Brothers Harriman & Co., 40 Water Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02109-3661 (the “Custodian”), acts as the custodian of the Funds. The Custodian holds cash, securities and other assets of the Funds as required by the 1940 Act.
INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
Ernst & Young LLP, One Commerce Square, 2005 Market Street, Suite 700, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103, serves as the independent registered public accounting firm for the Funds.
LEGAL COUNSEL
Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, 1701 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103-2921, serves as legal counsel to the Trust.
SECURITIES LENDING
Because the Funds are new, as of the date of this SAI, the Funds have not engaged in securities lending activities. The Predecessor Funds did not engage in securities lending activities during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020.
TRUSTEES AND OFFICERS OF THE TRUST
Board Responsibilities. The management and affairs of the Trust and its series, including the Funds described in this SAI, are overseen by the Trustees. The Board has approved contracts, as described above, under which certain companies provide essential management services to the Trust.
Like most mutual funds, the day-to-day business of the Trust, including the management of risk, is performed by third party service providers, such as the Adviser, Chiron, the Sub-Advisers, the Distributor and the Administrator. The Trustees are responsible for overseeing the Trust’s service providers and, thus, have oversight responsibility with respect to risk management performed by those service providers. Risk management seeks to identify and address risks, i.e., events or circumstances that could have material adverse effects on the business, operations, shareholder services, investment performance or reputation of the funds. The funds and their service providers employ a variety of processes, procedures and controls to identify various possible events or circumstances, to lessen the probability of their occurrence and/or to mitigate the effects of such events or circumstances if they do occur. Each service provider is responsible for one or more discrete aspects of the Trust’s business (e.g., the Adviser is responsible for the day-to-day management of each Fund’s portfolio investments) and, consequently, for managing the risks associated with that business. The Board has emphasized to the Funds’ service providers the importance of maintaining vigorous risk management.
The Trustees’ role in risk oversight begins before the inception of a fund, at which time certain of the fund’s service providers present the Board with information concerning the investment objectives, strategies and risks of the fund as well as proposed investment limitations for the fund. Additionally, the fund’s adviser provides the Board with an overview of, among other things, its investment philosophy, brokerage practices and compliance infrastructure. Thereafter, the Board continues its oversight function as various personnel, including the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer, as well as personnel of the adviser and other service providers, such as the fund’s independent accountants, make periodic reports to the Audit Committee or to the Board with respect to various aspects of risk management. The Board and the Audit Committee oversee efforts by management and service providers to manage risks to which the funds may be exposed.
The Board is responsible for overseeing the nature, extent and quality of the services provided to the funds by the adviser and receives information about those services at its regular meetings. In addition, on an annual basis, in connection with its consideration of whether to renew the advisory agreement with the adviser, the Board meets with the adviser to review such services. Among other things, the Board regularly considers the adviser’s adherence to the funds’ investment restrictions and compliance with various fund policies and procedures and with applicable securities regulations. The Board also reviews information about the funds’ investments, including, for example, reports on the adviser’s use of derivatives in managing the funds, if any, as well as reports on the funds’ investments in other investment companies, if any.
The Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer reports regularly to the Board to review and discuss compliance issues and fund and adviser risk assessments. At least annually, the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer provides the Board with a report reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of the Trust’s policies and procedures and those of its service providers, including the adviser. The report addresses the operation of the policies and procedures of the Trust and each service provider since the date of the last report; any material changes to the policies and procedures since the date of the last report; any recommendations for material changes to the policies and procedures; and any material compliance matters since the date of the last report.
The Board receives reports from the funds’ service providers regarding operational risks and risks related to the valuation and liquidity of portfolio securities. The Trust’s Fair Value Pricing Committee makes regular reports to the Board concerning investments for which market quotations are not readily available. Annually, the independent registered public accounting firm reviews with the Audit Committee its audit of the funds’ financial statements, focusing on major areas of risk encountered by the funds and noting any significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in the funds’ internal controls. Additionally, in connection with its oversight function, the Board oversees fund management’s implementation of disclosure controls and procedures, which are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Trust in its periodic reports with the SEC are recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the required time periods. The Board also oversees the Trust’s internal controls over financial reporting, which comprise policies and procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of the Trust’s financial reporting and the preparation of the Trust’s financial statements.
From their review of these reports and discussions with the adviser, the Chief Compliance Officer, the independent registered public accounting firm and other service providers, the Board and the Audit Committee learn in detail about the material risks of the funds, thereby facilitating a dialogue about how management and service providers identify and mitigate those risks.
The Board recognizes that not all risks that may affect the funds can be identified and/or quantified, that it may not be practical or cost-effective to eliminate or mitigate certain risks, that it may be necessary to bear certain risks (such as investment-related risks) to achieve the funds’ goals, and that the processes, procedures and controls employed to address certain risks may be limited in their effectiveness. Moreover, reports received by the Trustees as to risk management matters are typically summaries of the relevant information. Most of the funds’ investment management and business affairs are carried out by or through the funds’ advisers and other service providers, each of which has an independent interest in risk management but whose policies and the methods by which one or more risk management functions are carried out may differ from the funds’ and each other’s in the setting of priorities, the resources available or the effectiveness of relevant controls. As a result of the foregoing and other factors, the Board’s ability to monitor and manage risk, as a practical matter, is subject to limitations.
Members of the Board. There are six members of the Board, five of whom are not interested persons of the Trust, as that term is defined in the 1940 Act (“independent Trustees”). Mr. Doran, an interested person of the Trust, serves as Chairman of the Board. Mr. Hunt, an independent Trustee, serves as the lead independent Trustee. The Trust has determined its leadership structure is appropriate given the specific characteristics and circumstances of the Trust. The Trust made this determination in consideration of, among other things, the fact that the independent Trustees constitute more than three-quarters of the Board, the fact that the chairperson of each Committee of the Board is an independent Trustee, the amount of assets under management in the Trust, and the number of funds (and classes of shares) overseen by the Board. The Board also believes that its leadership structure facilitates the orderly and efficient flow of information to the independent Trustees from fund management.
The Board has two standing committees: the Audit Committee and the Governance Committee. The Audit Committee and the Governance Committee are chaired by an independent Trustee and composed of all of the independent Trustees. In addition, the Board has a lead independent Trustee.
In his role as lead independent Trustee, Mr. Hunt, among other things: (i) presides over Board meetings in the absence of the Chairman of the Board; (ii) presides over executive sessions of the independent Trustees; (iii) along with the Chairman of the Board, oversees the development of agendas for Board meetings; (iv) facilitates communication between the independent Trustees and management, and among the independent Trustees; (v) serves as a key point person for dealings between the independent Trustees and management; and (vi) has such other responsibilities as the Board or independent Trustees determine from time to time.
Set forth below are the names, years of birth, position with the Trust and length of time served, and the principal occupations and other directorships held during at least the last five years of each of the persons currently serving as a Trustee. There is no stated term of office for the Trustees. Nevertheless, an independent Trustee must retire from the Board as of the end of the calendar year in which such independent Trustee first attains the age of seventy-five years; provided, however, that, an independent Trustee may continue to serve for one or more additional one calendar year terms after attaining the age of seventy-five years (each calendar year a “Waiver Term”) if, and only if, prior to the beginning of such Waiver Term: (1) the Governance Committee (a) meets to review the performance of the independent Trustee; (b) finds that the continued service of such independent Trustee is in the best interests of the Trust; and (c) unanimously approves excepting the independent Trustee from the general retirement policy set out above; and (2) a majority of the Trustees approves excepting the independent Trustee from the general retirement policy set out above. Unless otherwise noted, the business address of each Trustee is SEI Investments, One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456.
Name and Year of Birth | Position with Trust and Length of Time Served | Principal Occupations in the Past 5 Years | Other Directorships Held in the Past 5 Years |
Interested Trustee |
William M. Doran (Born: 1940) | Chairman of the Board of Trustees1 (since 2014) | Self-Employed Consultant since 2003. Partner at Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP (law firm) from 1976 to 2003. Counsel to the Trust, SEI Investments, SIMC, the Administrator and the Distributor. Secretary of SEI Investments since 1978. | Current Directorships: Trustee of Gallery Trust, Schroder Series Trust, Schroder Global Series Trust, Delaware Wilshire Private Markets Master Fund, Delaware Wilshire Private Markets Fund, Delaware Wilshire Private Markets Tender Fund, SEI Daily Income Trust, SEI Institutional International Trust, SEI Institutional Investments Trust, SEI Institutional Managed Trust, SEI Asset Allocation Trust, SEI Tax Exempt Trust, Adviser Managed Trust, New Covenant Funds, SEI Insurance Products Trust and SEI Catholic Values Trust. Director of SEI Investments, SEI Investments (Europe), Limited, SEI Investments—Global Funds Services, Limited, SEI Investments Global, Limited, SEI Investments (Asia), Limited, SEI Global Nominee Ltd., SEI Investments – Unit Trust Management (UK) Limited and SEI Investments Co. Director of the Distributor.
Former Directorships: Trustee of O’Connor EQUUS (closed-end investment company) to 2016. Trustee of SEI Liquid Asset Trust to 2016. Trustee of Winton Series Trust to 2017. Trustee of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund, The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds and Winton Diversified Opportunities Fund (closed-end investment company) to 2018. |
Name and Year of Birth | Position with Trust and Length of Time Served | Principal Occupations in the Past 5 Years | Other Directorships Held in the Past 5 Years |
Independent Trustees |
Jon C. Hunt (Born: 1951) | Trustee and Lead Independent Trustee (since 2014) | Retired since 2013. Consultant to Management, Convergent Capital Management, LLC (“CCM”) from 2012 to 2013. Managing Director and Chief Operating Officer, CCM from 1998 to 2012. | Current Directorships: Trustee of City National Rochdale Funds, Gallery Trust, Schroder Series Trust, Schroder Global Series Trust, Delaware Wilshire Private Markets Master Fund, Delaware Wilshire Private Markets Fund and Delaware Wilshire Private Markets Tender Fund. Director of Chiron Capital Allocation Fund Ltd. Former Directorships: Trustee of O’Connor EQUUS (closed-end investment company) to 2016. Member of Independent Committee of Nuveen Commodities Asset Management to 2016. Trustee of Winton Series Trust to 2017. Trustee of Winton Diversified Opportunities Fund (closed-end investment company) to 2018. |
Thomas P. Lemke (Born: 1954) | Trustee (since 2014) | Retired since 2013. Executive Vice President and General Counsel, Legg Mason, Inc. from 2005 to 2013. | Current Directorships: Trustee of Gallery Trust, Schroder Series Trust, Schroder Global Series Trust, Delaware Wilshire Private Markets Master Fund, Delaware Wilshire Private Markets Fund, Delaware Wilshire Private Markets Tender Fund, JP Morgan Active Exchange-Traded Funds (33 Portfolios) and Symmetry Panoramic Trust (8 Portfolios). Director of Chiron Capital Allocation Fund Ltd. Former Directorships: Trustee of Munder Funds to 2014. Trustee of Victory Funds to 2015. Trustee of O’Connor EQUUS (closed-end investment company) to 2016. Trustee of Winton Series Trust and AXA Premier VIP Trust to 2017. Trustee of Winton Diversified Opportunities Fund (closed-end investment company) to 2018. |
Name and Year of Birth | Position with Trust and Length of Time Served | Principal Occupations in the Past 5 Years | Other Directorships Held in the Past 5 Years |
Nichelle Maynard-Elliott (Born: 1968) | Trustee (since 2021) | Independent Director since 2018. Executive Director, M&A at Praxair Inc. from 2011 to 2019. | Current Directorships: Trustee of Gallery Trust, Schroder Series Trust, Schroder Global Series Trust, Delaware Wilshire Private Markets Master Fund, Delaware Wilshire Private Markets Fund, Delaware Wilshire Private Markets Tender Fund. Director of Chiron Capital Allocation Fund Ltd. Director of Element Solutions Inc., Director of Xerox Holdings Corporation, and Director Nominee for Lucid Group, Inc. |
Jay C. Nadel (Born: 1958) | Trustee (since 2016) | Self-Employed Consultant since 2004. Executive Vice President, Bank of New York Broker Dealer from 2002 to 2004. Partner/Managing Director, Weiss Peck & Greer/Robeco from 1986 to 2001. | Current Directorships: Chairman of the Board of Trustees of City National Rochdale Funds. Trustee of Gallery Trust, Schroder Series Trust, Schroder Global Series Trust, Delaware Wilshire Private Markets Master Fund, Delaware Wilshire Private Markets Fund and Delaware Wilshire Private Markets Tender Fund. Director of Chiron Capital Allocation Fund Ltd. Former Directorships: Trustee of Winton Series Trust to 2017. Director of Lapolla Industries, Inc. to 2017. Trustee of Winton Diversified Opportunities Fund (closed-end investment company) to 2018. |
Name and Year of Birth | Position with Trust and Length of Time Served | Principal Occupations in the Past 5 Years | Other Directorships Held in the Past 5 Years |
Randall S. Yanker (Born: 1960) | Trustee (since 2014) | Co-Founder and Senior Partner, Alternative Asset Managers, L.P. since 2004. | Current Directorships: Trustee of Gallery Trust, Schroder Series Trust, Schroder Global Series Trust, Delaware Wilshire Private Markets Master Fund, Delaware Wilshire Private Markets Fund and Delaware Wilshire Private Markets Tender Fund. Independent Non-Executive Director of HFA Holdings Limited. Director of Chiron Capital Allocation Fund Ltd. Former Directorships: Trustee of O’Connor EQUUS (closed-end investment company) to 2016. Trustee of Winton Series Trust to 2017. Trustee of Winton Diversified Opportunities Fund (closed-end investment company) to 2018. |
| 1 | Mr. Doran may be deemed to be an “interested” person of the Funds as that term is defined in the 1940 Act by virtue of his affiliation with the Distributor and/or its affiliates. |
Individual Trustee Qualifications
The Trust has concluded that each of the Trustees should serve on the Board because of their ability to review and understand information about the Funds provided to them by management, to identify and request other information they may deem relevant to the performance of their duties, to question management and other service providers regarding material factors bearing on the management and administration of the Funds, and to exercise their business judgment in a manner that serves the best interests of the Funds’ shareholders. The Trust has concluded that each of the Trustees should serve as a Trustee based on their own experience, qualifications, attributes and skills as described below.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Doran should serve as Trustee because of the experience he gained serving as a Partner in the Investment Management and Securities Industry Practice of a large law firm, his experience in and knowledge of the financial services industry, and the experience he has gained serving on other mutual fund boards.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Hunt should serve as Trustee because of the experience he gained in a variety of leadership roles with different investment management institutions, his experience in and knowledge of the financial services industry, and the experience he has gained as a board member of open-end, closed-end and private funds investing in a broad range of asset classes, including alternative asset classes.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Lemke should serve as Trustee because of the extensive experience he gained in the financial services industry, including experience in various senior management positions with financial services firms and multiple years of service with a regulatory agency, his background in controls, including legal, compliance and risk management, and his service as general counsel for several financial services firms.
The Trust has concluded that Ms. Maynard-Elliott should serve as Trustee because of the experience she gained in a variety of leadership roles at a leading industrial company, the experience she has gained as a board member of several prominent companies, and her legal and financial management expertise.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Nadel should serve as Trustee because of the experience he gained in a variety of leadership roles with an audit firm and various financial services firms, his experience in and knowledge of the financial services industry, and the experience he has gained serving on other mutual fund and operating company boards.
The Trust has concluded that Mr. Yanker should serve as Trustee because of the experience he gained in a variety of leadership roles with the alternative asset management divisions of various financial services firms, his experience in and knowledge of the financial services industry, and the experience he has gained advising institutions on alternative asset management.
In its periodic assessment of the effectiveness of the Board, the Board considers the complementary individual skills and experience of the individual Trustees primarily in the broader context of the Board’s overall composition so that the Board, as a body, possesses the appropriate (and appropriately diverse) skills and experience to oversee the business of the funds.
Board Committees. The Board has established the following standing committees:
| • | Audit Committee. The Board has a standing Audit Committee that is composed of each of the independent Trustees. The Audit Committee operates under a written charter approved by the Board. The principal responsibilities of the Audit Committee include: (i) recommending which firm to engage as each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm and whether to terminate this relationship; (ii) reviewing the independent registered public accounting firm’s compensation, the proposed scope and terms of its engagement, and the firm’s independence; (iii) pre-approving audit and non-audit services provided by each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm to the Trust and certain other affiliated entities; (iv) serving as a channel of communication between the independent registered public accounting firm and the Trustees; (v) reviewing the results of each external audit, including any qualifications in the independent registered public accounting firm’s opinion, any related management letter, management’s responses to recommendations made by the independent registered public accounting firm in connection with the audit, reports submitted to the Committee by the internal auditing department of the Administrator that are material to the Trust as a whole, if any, and management’s responses to any such reports; (vi) reviewing each fund’s audited financial statements and considering any significant disputes between the Trust’s management and the independent registered public accounting firm that arose in connection with the preparation of those financial statements; (vii) considering, in consultation with the independent registered public accounting firm and the Trust’s senior internal accounting executive, if any, the independent registered public accounting firms’ reports on the adequacy of the Trust’s internal financial controls; (viii) reviewing, in consultation with each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm, major changes regarding auditing and accounting principles and practices to be followed when preparing each fund’s financial statements; and (ix) other audit related matters. Ms. Maynard-Elliott and Messrs. Hunt, Lemke, Nadel and Yanker currently serve as members of the Audit Committee. Mr. Nadel serves as the Chairman of the Audit Committee. The Audit Committee meets periodically, as necessary, and met five (5) times during the most recently completed fiscal year. |
| • | Governance Committee. The Board has a standing Governance Committee that is composed of each of the independent Trustees. The Governance Committee operates under a written charter approved by the Board. The principal responsibilities of the Governance Committee include: (i) considering and reviewing Board governance and compensation issues; (ii) conducting a self-assessment of the Board’s operations; (iii) selecting and nominating all persons to serve as independent Trustees and considering proposals of and making recommendations for “interested” Trustee candidates to the Board; and (iv) reviewing shareholder recommendations for nominations to fill vacancies on the Board if such recommendations are submitted in writing and addressed to the Committee at the Trust’s office. Ms. Maynard-Elliott and Messrs. Hunt, Lemke, Nadel and Yanker currently serve as members of the Governance Committee. Mr. Lemke serves as the Chairman of the Governance Committee. The Governance Committee meets periodically, as necessary, and met two (2) times during the most recently completed fiscal year. |
Fair Value Pricing Committee. The Board has also established a standing Fair Value Pricing Committee that is composed of various representatives of the Trust’s service providers, as appointed by the Board. The Fair Value Pricing Committee operates under procedures approved by the Board. The principal responsibility of the Fair Value Pricing Committee is to determine the fair value of securities for which current market quotations are not readily available. The Fair Value Pricing Committee’s determinations are reviewed by the Board.
Fund Shares Owned by Board Members. The following table shows the dollar amount range of each Trustee’s “beneficial ownership” of shares of each of the Funds as of the end of the most recently completed calendar year. Dollar amount ranges disclosed are established by the SEC. “Beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the 1934 Act. The Trustees and officers of the Trust own less than 1% of the outstanding shares of the Trust.
Name | Dollar Range of Fund Shares (Fund)1 | Aggregate Dollar Range of Shares (All Funds in the Family of Investment Companies)1,2 |
Interested Trustee |
William M. Doran | None | None |
Independent Trustees |
Jon C. Hunt | None | None |
Thomas P. Lemke | None | None |
Nichelle Maynard-Elliott3 | None | None |
Jay C. Nadel | None | None |
Randall S. Yanker | None | None |
| 1 | Valuation date is December 31, 2020. |
| 2 | The Funds are the only funds in the family of investment companies. |
| 3 | Joined the Board on June 23, 2021. |
Board Compensation. The Trust paid the following fees to the Trustees during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020.
Name | Aggregate Compensation from the Trust | Pension or Retirement Benefits Accrued as Part of Fund Expenses | Estimated Annual Benefits Upon Retirement | Total Compensation from the Trust and Fund Complex1 |
Interested Trustee |
William M. Doran | $0 | N/A | N/A | $0 for service on one (1) board |
Independent Trustees |
Jon C. Hunt | $91,719 | N/A | N/A | $91,719 for service on one (1) board |
Thomas P. Lemke | $91,719 | N/A | N/A | $91,719 for service on one (1) board |
Nichelle Maynard-Elliott2 | $0 | N/A | N/A | $0 for service on one (1) board |
Jay C. Nadel | $91,719 | N/A | N/A | $91,719 for service on one (1) board |
Randall S. Yanker | $91,719 | N/A | N/A | $91,719 for service on one (1) board |
| 1 | All funds in the Fund Complex are series of the Trust. |
| 2 | Joined the Board on June 23, 2021. |
Trust Officers. Set forth below are the names, years of birth, position with the Trust and length of time served, and the principal occupations for the last five years of each of the persons currently serving as executive officers of the Trust. There is no stated term of office for the officers of the Trust. Unless otherwise noted, the business address of each officer is SEI Investments, One Freedom Valley Drive, Oaks, Pennsylvania 19456. The Chief Compliance Officer is the only officer who receives compensation from the Trust for his services.
Certain officers of the Trust also serve as officers of one or more mutual funds for which SEI Investments or its affiliates act as investment manager, administrator or distributor.
Name and Year of Birth | Position with Trust and Length of Time Served | Principal Occupations in Past 5 Years |
Michael Beattie (Born: 1965) | President (since 2014) | Director of Client Service, SEI Investments, since 2004. |
James Bernstein (Born: 1962) | Vice President (since 2017)
Secretary (since 2020) | Attorney, SEI Investments, since 2017.
Prior Positions: Self-employed consultant, 2017. Associate General Counsel & Vice President, Nationwide Funds Group and Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company, from 2002 to 2016. Assistant General Counsel & Vice President, Market Street Funds and Provident Mutual Insurance Company, from 1999 to 2002. |
John Bourgeois (Born: 1973) | Assistant Treasurer (since 2017) | Fund Accounting Manager, SEI Investments, since 2000. |
Name and Year of Birth | Position with Trust and Length of Time Served | Principal Occupations in Past 5 Years |
Russell Emery (Born: 1962) | Chief Compliance Officer (since 2014) | Chief Compliance Officer of SEI Structured Credit Fund, LP since 2007. Chief Compliance Officer of The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund, The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund II, Bishop Street Funds, The KP Funds, Frost Family of Funds, The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund III, Gallery Trust, Schroder Series Trust, Schroder Global Series Trust, Delaware Wilshire Private Markets Master Fund, Delaware Wilshire Private Markets Fund, Delaware Wilshire Private Markets Tender Fund, SEI Institutional Managed Trust, SEI Asset Allocation Trust, SEI Institutional International Trust, SEI Institutional Investments Trust, SEI Daily Income Trust, SEI Tax Exempt Trust, Adviser Managed Trust, New Covenant Funds, SEI Insurance Products Trust and SEI Catholic Values Trust. Chief Compliance Officer of O’Connor EQUUS (closed-end investment company) to 2016. Chief Compliance Officer of SEI Liquid Asset Trust to 2016. Chief Compliance Officer of Winton Series Trust to 2017. Chief Compliance Officer of Winton Diversified Opportunities Fund (closed-end investment company) to 2018. |
Eric C. Griffith (Born: 1969) | Vice President and Assistant Secretary (since 2020) | Counsel at SEI Investments since 2019. Vice President and Assistant General Counsel, JPMorgan Chase & Co., from 2012 to 2018. |
Matthew M. Maher (Born: 1975) | Vice President and Assistant Secretary (since 2018) | Counsel at SEI Investments since 2018. Attorney, Blank Rome LLP, from 2015 to 2018. Assistant Counsel & Vice President, Bank of New York Mellon, from 2013 to 2014. Attorney, Dilworth Paxson LLP, from 2006 to 2013. |
Andrew Metzger (Born: 1980) | Treasurer, Controller and Chief Financial Officer (since 2021) | Director of Fund Accounting, SEI Investments, since 2020. Senior Director, Embark, from 2019 to 2020. Senior Manager, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, from 2002 to 2019. |
Robert Morrow (Born: 1968) | Vice President (since 2017) | Account Manager, SEI Investments, since 2007. |
Alexander F. Smith (Born: 1977) | Vice President and Assistant Secretary (since 2020) | Counsel at SEI Investments since 2020. Associate Counsel & Manager, Vanguard, 2012 to 2020. Attorney, Stradley Ronon Stevens & Young, LLP, 2008 to 2012. |
Name and Year of Birth | Position with Trust and Length of Time Served | Principal Occupations in Past 5 Years |
Bridget E. Sudall (Born: 1980) | Privacy Officer (since 2015) Anti-Money Laundering Officer (since 2015) | Senior Associate and AML Officer, Morgan Stanley Alternative Investment Partners, from 2011 to 2015. Investor Services Team Lead, Morgan Stanley Alternative Investment Partners, from 2007 to 2011. |
PURCHASING AND REDEEMING SHARES
Purchases and redemptions may be made through the Transfer Agent on any day the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) is open for business. Shares of the Funds are offered and redeemed on a continuous basis. Currently, the Trust is closed for business when the following holidays are observed: New Year’s Day, Martin Luther King Jr. Day, Presidents’ Day, Good Friday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving and Christmas.
It is currently the Trust’s policy to pay all redemptions in cash. The Trust retains the right, however, to alter this policy to provide for redemptions in whole or in part by a distribution in-kind of securities held by the Funds in lieu of cash. Shareholders may incur brokerage charges on the sale of any such securities so received in payment of redemptions.
The Trust reserves the right to suspend the right of redemption and/or to postpone the date of payment upon redemption for more than seven days during times when the NYSE is closed, other than during customary weekends or holidays, for any period on which trading on the NYSE is restricted (as determined by the SEC by rule or regulation), or during the existence of an emergency (as determined by the SEC by rule or regulation) as a result of which the disposal or valuation of the Funds’ securities is not reasonably practicable, or for such other periods as the SEC has by order permitted. The Trust also reserves the right to suspend sales of shares of the Funds for any period during which the NYSE, FS, Wilshire, Chiron, the Underlying Managers, the Administrator, the Transfer Agent and/or the Custodian are not open for business.
Certain accounts or FS affiliates may from time to time own (beneficially or of record) or control a significant percentage of a Fund’s Shares. Redemptions by these accounts of their holdings in a Fund may impact the Fund’s liquidity and NAV. These redemptions may also force a Fund to sell securities, which may negatively impact the Fund’s brokerage costs.
Class A Shares of a Fund can generally be purchased only through institutional channels such as financial intermediaries and retirement platforms. Class I Shares may be purchased directly with a Fund in certain circumstances as provided in the Funds’ Prospectus. Not all financial intermediaries offer all classes. Class A Shares of a Fund may be purchased without upfront sales charges by certain retirement plans and clients of investment advisers, but these clients will typically pay asset-based fees for their investment advisers’ advice, which are on top of a Fund’s expenses. Class A Shares of a Fund may also be purchased without upfront sales charges or transactional charges by persons who invest through mutual fund “supermarket” programs of certain financial intermediaries that typically do not provide investment recommendations or the assistance of an investment professional. Class I Shares are not subject to upfront sales charges. For an analysis of the fees associated with an investment in each share class or other similar funds, please visit www.finra.org/fundanalyzer. Under certain circumstances, a Fund may permit an in-kind purchases.
Certain designated organizations are authorized to receive purchase orders on a Fund’s behalf and those organizations are authorized to designate their agents and affiliates as intermediaries to receive purchase orders. Purchase orders are deemed received by a Fund when authorized organizations, their agents, or affiliates receive the order provided that such designated organizations or their agents or affiliates transmit the order to a Fund within contractually specified periods. A Fund is not responsible for the failure of any designated organization or its agents or affiliates to carry out its obligations to its customers. In order to receive a day’s price, your order for any class of Shares must be received in good order by the close of the regular trading session of the NYSE as described above in “Determination of Net Asset Value.” Your financial intermediary may charge you a separate or additional fee for processing purchases of Shares. Your financial intermediary, plan documents, or the Funds’ Prospectus will provide you with detailed information about investing in the Funds.
Class A Shares
The price you pay for Class A Shares is the public offering price, which is the NAV next determined after a Fund or its agent receives in good order your order plus an initial sales charge, if applicable, based on the amount invested as set forth in the table. A Fund receives the NAV. The sales charge is allocated between your financial intermediary and the Distributor, the Trust’s distributor, except where the Distributor, in its discretion, allocates up to the entire amount to your financial intermediary. A portion of the sales charge, up to 0.75%, may be paid to FS Investment Solutions, LLC (“FS Solutions”) or re-allowed to participating broker-dealers. Sales charges, as expressed as a percentage of offering price, a percentage of your net investment, and as a percentage of the sales charge reallowed to financial intermediaries, are shown in the table. The dollar amount of your initial sales charge is calculated as the difference between the public offering price and the NAV of those shares. Since the offering price is calculated to two decimal places using standard rounding criteria, the number of shares purchased and the dollar amount of your sales charge as a percentage of the offering price and of your net investment may be higher or lower than the amounts set forth in the table depending on whether there was a downward or upward rounding.
The Distributor has entered into a “wholesaling” agreement with FS Solutions, a registered broker-dealer and an affiliate of the Adviser. Pursuant to the terms of the wholesaling agreement, FS Solutions will seek to market and otherwise promote the Funds through various “wholesale” distribution channels, including but not limited to, the independent broker-dealer channel, the registered investment adviser channel and the wirehouse channel. FS Solutions may receive compensation for certain sales, promotional and marketing services provided to the Funds in connection with the distribution of certain classes of the Funds’ shares.
For years ended December 31, 2020, December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the aggregate dollar amount of underwriting commissions paid by the Predecessor Multi-Strategy Fund to its distributor were $56,525, $102,595, and $113,650, respectively.
For the years ended December 31, 2020, December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Predecessor Real Asset Fund did not pay any underwriting commissions to its distributor.
Class I Shares
Class I Shares of a Fund are purchased at the NAV per share as determined at the close of the regular trading session of the NYSE next occurring after a purchase order is received in good order by a Fund or its authorized agent.
DETERMINATION OF NET ASSET VALUE
General Policy. The Funds adhere to Section 2(a)(41), and Rule 2a-4 thereunder, of the 1940 Act with respect to the valuation of portfolio securities. In general, securities for which market quotations are readily available are valued at current market value, and all other securities are valued at fair value in accordance with procedures adopted by the Board. In complying with the 1940 Act, the Trust relies on guidance provided by the SEC and by the SEC staff in various interpretive letters and other guidance.
Equity Securities. Securities listed on a securities exchange, market or automated quotation system for which quotations are readily available (except for securities traded on NASDAQ), including securities traded over the counter, are valued at the last quoted sale price on an exchange or market (foreign or domestic) on which they are traded on the valuation date (or at approximately 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time if such exchange is normally open at that time), or, if there is no such reported sale on the valuation date, at the most recent quoted bid price. For securities traded on NASDAQ, the NASDAQ Official Closing Price will be used. If such prices are not available or determined to not represent the fair value of the security as of the Funds’ pricing time, the security will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board.
Money Market Securities and other Debt Securities. If available, money market securities and other debt securities are priced based upon valuations provided by recognized independent, third-party pricing agents. Such values generally reflect the last reported sales price if the security is actively traded. The third-party pricing agents may also value debt securities by employing methodologies that utilize actual market transactions, broker-supplied valuations, or other methodologies designed to identify the market value for such securities. Such methodologies generally consider such factors as security prices, yields, maturities, call features, ratings and developments relating to specific securities in arriving at valuations. Money market securities and other debt securities with remaining maturities of sixty days or less may be valued at their amortized cost, which approximates market value. If such prices are not available or determined to not represent the fair value of the security as of each Fund’s pricing time, the security will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board.
Foreign Securities. The prices for foreign securities are reported in local currency and converted to U.S. dollars using currency exchange rates. Exchange rates are provided daily by recognized independent pricing agents.
Derivatives and Other Complex Securities. Exchange traded options on securities and indices purchased by the Funds generally are valued at their last trade price or, if there is no last trade price, the last bid price. Exchange traded options on securities and indices written by the Funds generally are valued at their last trade price or, if there is no last trade price, the last asked price. In the case of options traded in the over-the-counter market, if the OTC option is also an exchange traded option, the Funds will follow the rules regarding the valuation of exchange traded options. If the OTC option is not also an exchange traded option, the Funds will value the option at fair value in accordance with procedures adopted by the Board.
Futures and swaps cleared through a central clearing house (“centrally cleared swaps”) are valued at the settlement price established each day by the board of the exchange on which they are traded. The daily settlement prices for financial futures are provided by an independent source. On days when there is excessive volume or market volatility, or the future or centrally cleared swap does not end trading by the time the Funds calculate net asset value, the settlement price may not be available at the time at which each Fund calculates its net asset value. On such days, the best available price (which is typically the last sales price) may be used to value a Fund’s futures or centrally cleared swaps position.
Foreign currency forward contracts are valued at the current day’s interpolated foreign exchange rate, as calculated using the current day’s spot rate, and the thirty, sixty, ninety and one-hundred eighty day forward rates provided by an independent source.
If available, non-centrally cleared swaps, collateralized debt obligations, collateralized loan obligations and bank loans are priced based on valuations provided by an independent third party pricing agent. If a price is not available from an independent third party pricing agent, the security will be valued at fair value as determined in good faith using methods approved by the Board.
Use of Third-Party Independent Pricing Agents and Independent Brokers. Pursuant to contracts with the Administrator, prices for most securities held by the Funds are provided daily by third-party independent pricing agents that are approved by the Board. The valuations provided by third-party independent pricing agents are reviewed daily by the Administrator.
If a security price cannot be obtained from an independent, third-party pricing agent, the Administrator shall seek to obtain a bid price from at least one independent broker.
Fair Value Procedures. Securities for which market prices are not “readily available” or which cannot be valued using the methodologies described above are valued in accordance with Fair Value Procedures established by the Board and implemented through the Fair Value Pricing Committee. The members of the Fair Value Pricing Committee report, as necessary, to the Board regarding portfolio valuation determinations. The Board, from time to time, will review these methods of valuation and will recommend changes which may be necessary to assure that the investments of the Funds are valued at fair value.
Some of the more common reasons that may necessitate a security being valued using Fair Value Procedures include: the security’s trading has been halted or suspended; the security has been de-listed from a national exchange; the security’s primary trading market is temporarily closed at a time when under normal conditions it would be open; the security has not been traded for an extended period of time; the security’s primary pricing source is not able or willing to provide a price; trading of the security is subject to local government-imposed restrictions; or a significant event with respect to a security has occurred after the close of the market or exchange on which the security principally trades and before the time the Funds calculate net asset value. When a security is valued in accordance with the Fair Value Procedures, the Fair Value Pricing Committee will determine the value after taking into consideration relevant information reasonably available to the Fair Value Pricing Committee.
Fair Valuation of Foreign Securities Based on U.S. Market Movements. A third party fair valuation vendor provides a fair value for foreign securities held by the Funds based on certain factors and methodologies (involving, generally, tracking valuation correlations between the U.S. market and each foreign security) applied by the fair valuation vendor in the event that there are movements in the U.S. market that exceed a specific threshold that has been established by the Fair Value Pricing Committee. The Fair Value Pricing Committee has also established a “confidence interval” that is used to determine the level of correlation between the value of a foreign security and movements in the U.S. market that is required for a particular security to be fair valued when the threshold is exceeded. In the event that the threshold established by the Fair Value Pricing Committee is exceeded on a specific day, the Funds value the foreign securities in their portfolios that exceed the applicable “confidence interval” based upon the fair values provided by the fair valuation vendor. In such event, it is not necessary to hold a Fair Value Pricing Committee meeting. In the event that the Adviser believes that the fair values provided by the fair valuation vendor are not reliable, the Adviser can contact the Administrator and request that a meeting of the Fair Value Pricing Committee be held.
TAXES
The following is only a summary of certain additional U.S. federal income tax considerations generally affecting the Funds and their shareholders that is intended to supplement the discussion contained in the Prospectus. No attempt is made to present a detailed explanation of the tax treatment of the Funds or their shareholders, and the discussion here and in the Prospectus is not intended as a substitute for careful tax planning. Shareholders are urged to consult their tax advisors with specific reference to their own tax situations, including their state, local, and foreign tax liabilities.
The following general discussion of certain federal income tax consequences is based on the Code and the regulations issued thereunder as in effect on the date of this SAI. New legislation, as well as administrative changes or court decisions, may significantly change the conclusions expressed herein, and may have a retroactive effect with respect to the transactions contemplated herein.
Qualification as a Regulated Investment Company. Each Fund has elected and intends to qualify each year to be treated as a RIC. By following such a policy, each Fund expects to eliminate or reduce to a nominal amount the federal taxes to which it may be subject. If a Fund qualifies as a RIC, it will generally not be subject to federal income taxes on the net investment income and net realized capital gains that it timely distributes to its shareholders. The Board reserves the right not to maintain the qualification of a Fund as a RIC if it determines such course of action to be beneficial to shareholders.
In order to qualify as a RIC under the Code, each Fund must distribute annually to its shareholders at least 90% of its net investment income (which, includes dividends, taxable interest, and the excess of net short-term capital gains over net long-term capital losses, less operating expenses) and at least 90% of its net tax exempt interest income, for each tax year, if any (the “Distribution Requirement”) and also must meet certain additional requirements. Among these requirements are the following: (i) at least 90% of each Fund’s gross income each taxable year must be derived from dividends, interest, payments with respect to certain securities loans, and gains from the sale or other disposition of stock, securities, or foreign currencies, or other income (including but not limited to gains from options, futures or forward contracts) derived with respect to its business of investing in such stock, securities, or currencies, and net income derived from an interest in a qualified publicly traded partnership (the “Qualifying Income Test”); and (ii) at the close of each quarter of each Fund’s taxable year: (A) at least 50% of the value of each Fund’s total assets must be represented by cash and cash items, U.S. government securities, securities of other RICs and other securities, with such other securities limited, in respect to any one issuer, to an amount not greater than 5% of the value of each Fund’s total assets and that does not represent more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer, including the equity securities of a qualified publicly traded partnership, and (B) not more than 25% of the value of each Fund’s total assets is invested, including through corporations in which the Fund owns a 20% or more voting stock interest, in the securities (other than U.S. government securities or the securities of other RICs) of any one issuer or the securities (other than the securities of another RIC) of two or more issuers that a Fund controls and which are engaged in the same or similar trades or businesses or related trades or businesses, or the securities of one or more qualified publicly traded partnerships (the “Asset Test”).
Although the Funds intend to distribute substantially all of their net investment income and may distribute their capital gains for any taxable year, the Funds will be subject to federal income taxation to the extent any such income or gains are not distributed. Each Fund is treated as a separate corporation for federal income tax purposes.
If a Fund fails to satisfy the Qualifying Income or Asset Tests in any taxable year, such Fund may be eligible for relief provisions if the failures are due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect and if a penalty tax is paid with respect to each failure to satisfy the applicable requirements. Additionally, relief is provided for certain de minimis failures of the diversification requirements where the Fund corrects the failure within a specified period. If a Fund fails to maintain qualification as a RIC for a tax year, and the relief provisions are not available, such Fund will be subject to federal income tax at the regular corporate rate (currently 21%) without any deduction for distributions to shareholders. In such case, its shareholders would be taxed as if they received ordinary dividends, although corporate shareholders could be eligible for the dividends received deduction (subject to certain limitations) and individuals may be able to benefit from the lower tax rates available to qualified dividend income. In addition, a Fund could be required to recognize unrealized gains, pay substantial taxes and interest, and make substantial distributions before requalifying as a RIC.
A Fund may elect to treat part or all of any “qualified late year loss” as if it had been incurred in the succeeding taxable year in determining the Fund’s taxable income, net capital gain, net short-term capital gain, and earnings and profits. The effect of this election is to treat any such “qualified late year loss” as if it had been incurred in the succeeding taxable year in characterizing Fund distributions for any calendar year. A “qualified late year loss” generally includes net capital loss, net long-term capital loss, or net short-term capital loss incurred after October 31 of the current taxable year (commonly referred to as “post-October losses”) and certain other late-year losses.
The treatment of capital loss carryovers for the Funds is similar to the rules that apply to capital loss carryovers of individuals, which provide that such losses are carried over indefinitely. If a Fund has a “net capital loss” (that is, capital losses in excess of capital gains), the excess of the Fund’s net short-term capital losses over its net long-term capital gains is treated as a short-term capital loss arising on the first day of the Fund’s next taxable year, and the excess (if any) of the Fund’s net long-term capital losses over its net short-term capital gains is treated as a long-term capital loss arising on the first day of the Fund’s next taxable year. The carryover of capital losses may be limited under the general loss limitation rules if a Fund experiences an ownership change as defined in the Code.
Federal Excise Tax. Notwithstanding the Distribution Requirement described above, which generally requires a Fund to distribute at least 90% of its annual investment company taxable income and the excess of its exempt interest income (but does not require any minimum distribution of net capital gain), a Fund will be subject to a nondeductible 4% federal excise tax to the extent it fails to distribute, by the end of the calendar year at least 98% of its ordinary income and 98.2% of its capital gain net income (the excess of short- and long-term capital gains over short- and long-term capital losses) for the one-year period ending on October 31 of such year (including any retained amount from the prior calendar year on which a Fund paid no federal income tax). The Funds intend to make sufficient distributions to avoid liability for federal excise tax, but can make no assurances that such tax will be completely eliminated. The Funds may in certain circumstances be required to liquidate Fund investments in order to make sufficient distributions to avoid federal excise tax liability at a time when the Adviser might not otherwise have chosen to do so, and liquidation of investments in such circumstances may affect the ability of the Funds to satisfy the requirement for qualification as RICs.
Distributions to Shareholders. The Funds receive income generally in the form of dividends and interest on investments. This income, plus net short-term capital gains, if any, less expenses incurred in the operation of a Fund, constitutes the Fund’s net investment income from which dividends may be paid to you. Any distributions by a Fund from such income will be taxable to you as ordinary income or at the lower capital gains rates that apply to individuals receiving qualified dividend income, whether you take them in cash or in additional shares.
Distributions by the Funds are currently eligible for the reduced maximum tax rate to individuals of 20% (lower rates apply to individuals in lower tax brackets) to the extent that the Funds receive qualified dividend income on the securities they hold and the Funds report the distributions as qualified dividend income. Qualified dividend income is, in general, dividend income from taxable domestic corporations and certain foreign corporations (e.g., foreign corporations incorporated in a possession of the United States or in certain countries with a comprehensive tax treaty with the United States, or the stock of which is readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States). A dividend will not be treated as qualified dividend income to the extent that: (i) the shareholder has not held the shares on which the dividend was paid for more than 60 days during the 121-day period that begins on the date that is 60 days before the date on which the shares become “ex-dividend” (which is the day on which declared distributions (dividends or capital gains) are deducted from each Fund’s assets before it calculates the NAV) with respect to such dividend, (ii) each Fund has not satisfied similar holding period requirements with respect to the securities it holds that paid the dividends distributed to the shareholder, (iii) the shareholder is under an obligation (whether pursuant to a short sale or otherwise) to make related payments with respect to substantially similar or related property, or (iv) the shareholder elects to treat such dividend as investment income under section 163(d)(4)(B) of the Code. Therefore, if you lend your shares in a Fund, such as pursuant to a securities lending arrangement, you may lose the ability to treat dividends (paid while the shares are held by the borrower) as qualified dividend income. Distributions that the Funds receive from an ETF, an underlying fund taxable as a RIC or from a REIT will be treated as qualified dividend income only to the extent so reported by such ETF, underlying fund or REIT. Certain of the Funds’ investment strategies may limit their ability to make distributions eligible for the reduced rates for qualified dividend income.
Distributions by the Funds of their net short-term capital gains will be taxable as ordinary income. Capital gain distributions consisting of a Fund’s net capital gains will be taxable as long-term capital gains for individual shareholders currently set at a maximum rate of 20% regardless of how long you have held your shares in such Fund.
In the case of corporate shareholders, Fund distributions (other than capital gain distributions) generally qualify for the dividends-received deduction to the extent such distributions are so reported and do not exceed the gross amount of qualifying dividends received by such Fund for the year. Generally, and subject to certain limitations (including certain holding period limitations), a dividend will be treated as a qualifying dividend if it has been received from a domestic corporation. Certain of the Funds’ investment strategies may limit their ability to make distributions eligible for the dividends-received deduction for corporate shareholders.
To the extent that a Fund makes a distribution of income received by such Fund in lieu of dividends (a “substitute payment”) with respect to securities on loan pursuant to a securities lending transaction, such income will not constitute qualified dividend income to individual shareholders and will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction for corporate shareholders.
If a Fund’s distributions exceed its taxable income and capital gains realized during a taxable year, all or a portion of the distributions made in the same taxable year may be recharacterized as a return of capital to shareholders. A return of capital distribution will generally not be taxable, but will reduce each shareholder’s cost basis in a Fund and result in a higher reported capital gain or lower reported capital loss when those shares on which the distribution was received are sold.
A dividend or distribution received shortly after the purchase of shares reduces the NAV of the shares by the amount of the dividend or distribution and, although in effect a return of capital, will be taxable to the shareholder. If the NAV of shares were reduced below the shareholder’s cost by dividends or distributions representing gains realized on sales of securities, such dividends or distributions would be a return of investment though taxable to the shareholder in the same manner as other dividends or distributions.
The Funds (or their administrative agent) will inform you of the amount of your ordinary income dividends, qualified dividend income and capital gain distributions, if any, and will advise you of their tax status for federal income tax purposes shortly after the close of each calendar year. If you have not held Fund shares for a full year, the Funds may report and distribute to you, as ordinary income, qualified dividend income or capital gain, a percentage of income that is not equal to the actual amount of such income earned during the period of your investment in the Funds.
Dividends declared to shareholders of record in October, November or December and actually paid in January of the following year will be treated as having been received by shareholders on December 31 of the calendar year in which declared. Under this rule, therefore, a shareholder may be taxed in one year on dividends or distributions actually received in January of the following year.
Sales, Exchanges or Redemptions. Any gain or loss recognized on a sale, exchange or redemption of shares of a Fund by a shareholder who is not a dealer in securities will generally, for individual shareholders, be treated as a long-term capital gain or loss if the shares have been held for more than twelve months and otherwise will be treated as a short-term capital gain or loss. However, if shares on which a shareholder has received a long-term capital gain distribution are subsequently sold, exchanged or redeemed and such shares have been held for six months or less, any loss recognized will be treated as a long-term capital loss to the extent of the long-term capital gain distribution. In addition, the loss realized on a sale or other disposition of shares will be disallowed to the extent a shareholder repurchases (or enters into a contract to or option to repurchase) shares within a period of 61 days (beginning 30 days before and ending 30 days after the disposition of the shares). This loss disallowance rule will apply to shares received through the reinvestment of dividends during the 61-day period. For tax purposes, an exchange of your Fund shares for shares of a different fund is the same as a sale.
U.S. individuals with income exceeding $200,000 ($250,000 if married and filing jointly) are subject to a 3.8% tax on their “net investment income,” including interest, dividends, and capital gains (including any capital gains realized on the sale or exchange of shares of a Fund).
The Funds (or their administrative agent) must report to the IRS and furnish to Fund shareholders the cost basis information for purchases of Fund shares. In addition to the requirement to report the gross proceeds from the sale of Fund shares, a Fund is also required to report the cost basis information for such shares and indicate whether these shares had a short-term or long-term holding period. For each sale of Fund shares, a Fund will permit shareholders to elect from among several IRS-accepted cost basis methods, including the average basis method. In the absence of an election, a Fund will use the average cost basis method as its default cost basis method. The cost basis method elected by a Fund shareholder (or the cost basis method applied by default) for each sale of Fund shares may not be changed after the settlement date of each such sale of Fund shares. Fund shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the best IRS-accepted cost basis method for their tax situation and to obtain more information about cost basis reporting. Shareholders also should carefully review the cost basis information provided to them and make any additional basis, holding period or other adjustments that are required when reporting these amounts on their federal income tax returns.
Tax Treatment of Complex Securities. The Funds may invest in complex securities and these investments may be subject to numerous special and complex tax rules. These rules could affect a Fund’s ability to qualify as a RIC, affect whether gains and losses recognized by the Funds are treated as ordinary income or capital gain, cause the Funds to recognize income or gain without a corresponding receipt of cash, accelerate the recognition of income to the Funds and/or defer the Funds’ ability to recognize losses, and, in limited cases, subject the Funds to U.S. federal income tax on income from certain of their foreign securities. In turn, these rules may affect the amount, timing or character of the income distributed to you by the Funds and may require the Funds to sell securities at a time when the Adviser might not otherwise have chosen to do so to mitigate the effect of these rules to prevent disqualification of each Fund as a RIC.
Certain derivative investments by the Funds, such as investments in exchange-traded products and over-the-counter derivatives, may not produce qualifying income for purposes of the “Qualifying Income Test” described above, which must be met in order for each Fund to maintain its status as a RIC under the Code. In addition, the determination of the value and the identity of the issuer of such derivative investments are often unclear for purposes of the “Asset Test” described above. Each Fund intends to carefully monitor such investments to ensure that any non-qualifying income does not exceed permissible limits and to ensure that it is adequately diversified under the Asset Test. The Funds, however, may not be able to accurately predict the non-qualifying income from these investments and there are no assurances that the IRS will agree with each Fund’s determination of the “Asset Test” with respect to such derivatives.
Each Fund is required for federal income tax purposes to mark-to-market and recognize as income for each taxable year its net unrealized gains and losses on certain futures and options contracts subject to section 1256 of the Code (“Section 1256 Contracts”) as of the end of the year as well as those actually realized during the year. Gain or loss from Section 1256 Contracts on broad-based indexes required to be marked to market will be 60% long-term and 40% short-term capital gain or loss. Application of this rule may alter the timing and character of distributions to shareholders. A Fund may be required to defer the recognition of losses on Section 1256 Contracts to the extent of any unrecognized gains on offsetting positions held by the Fund. These provisions may also require the Funds to mark-to-market certain types of positions in their portfolios (i.e., treat them as if they were closed out), which may cause a Fund to recognize income without receiving cash with which to make distributions in amounts necessary to satisfy the Distribution Requirement and for avoiding the excise tax discussed above. Accordingly, in order to avoid certain income and excise taxes, a Fund may be required to liquidate its investments at a time when the Adviser might not otherwise have chosen to do so.
With respect to investments in STRIPS, treasury receipts, and other zero coupon securities which are sold at original issue discount and thus do not make periodic cash interest payments, each Fund will be required to include as part of its current income the imputed interest on such obligations even though the Fund has not received any interest payments on such obligations during that period. Because each Fund intends to distribute all of its net investment income to its shareholders, the Funds may have to sell Fund securities to distribute such imputed income which may occur at a time when the Adviser would not have chosen to sell such securities and which may result in taxable gain or loss.
Any market discount recognized on a bond is taxable as ordinary income. A market discount bond is a bond acquired in the secondary market at a price below redemption value or adjusted issue price if issued with original issue discount. Absent an election by a Fund to include the market discount in income as it accrues, gain on the Fund’s disposition of such an obligation will be treated as ordinary income rather than capital gain to the extent of the accrued market discount.
In general, for purposes of the Qualifying Income Test described above, income derived from a partnership will be treated as qualifying income only to the extent such income is attributable to items of income of the partnership that would be qualifying income if realized directly by a Fund. However, 100% of the net income derived from an interest in a “qualified publicly traded partnership” (generally, a partnership (i) interests in which are traded on an established securities market or are readily tradable on a secondary market or the substantial equivalent thereof, (ii) that derives at least 90% of its income from the passive income sources specified in Code section 7704(d), and (iii) that generally derives less than 90% of its income from the same sources as described in the Qualifying Income Test) will be treated as qualifying income. In addition, although in general the passive loss rules of the Code do not apply to RICs, such rules do apply to a RIC with respect to items attributable to an interest in a qualified publicly traded partnership.
The Funds intend to invest in certain MLPs which may be treated as qualified publicly traded partnerships (“QPTPs”). Income from QPTPs is qualifying income for purposes of the Qualifying Income Test, but a Fund’s investment in one or more of such QPTPs is limited under the Asset Test to no more than 25% of the value of the Fund’s assets. The Funds will monitor their investments in such QPTPs in order to ensure compliance with the Qualifying Income and Asset Tests.
Investments in QPTPs may require the Funds to accrue and distribute income not yet received. To generate sufficient cash to make the requisite distributions, a Fund may be required to sell securities in its portfolio (including when it is not advantageous to do so) that it otherwise would have continued to hold. A Fund’s investments in QPTPs may at other times result in the Fund’s receipt of nontaxable cash distributions from a QPTP and if the Fund then distributes these nontaxable distributions to Fund shareholders, it could constitute a return of capital to Fund shareholders for federal income tax purposes. Any cash distributions received by a Fund from a QPTP in excess of the Fund’s tax basis therein generally will be considered to be gain from the sale or exchange of the Fund’s QPTP shares.
MLPs and other partnerships that a Fund may invest in will deliver Schedules K-1 to a Fund to report its share of income, gains, losses, deductions and credits of the MLP or other partnership. These Schedules K-1 may be delayed and may not be received until after the time that a Fund issues its tax reporting statements. As a result, a Fund may at times find it necessary to reclassify the amount and character of its distributions to you after it issues you your tax reporting statement. When such reclassification is necessary, the Funds (or their administrative agent) will send you a corrected, final Form 1099-DIV to reflect the reclassified information. If you receive a corrected Form 1099-DIV, use the information on this corrected form, and not the information on the previously issued tax reporting statement, in completing your tax returns.
“Qualified publicly traded partnership income” within the meaning of Section 199A(e)(5) of the Code is eligible for a 20% deduction by non-corporate taxpayers. Qualified publicly traded partnership income is generally income of a “publicly traded partnership” that is not treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes that is effectively connected with such entity’s trade or business, but does not include certain investment income. A “publicly traded partnership” for purposes of this deduction is not necessarily the same as a “qualified publicly traded partnership,” as defined above. This deduction, if allowed in full, equates to a maximum effective tax rate of 29.6% (37% top rate applied to income after 20% deduction). The Code does not contain a provision permitting a RIC, such as a Fund, to pass the special character of this income through to its shareholders. Currently, direct investors in entities that generate “qualified publicly traded partnership income” will enjoy the lower rate, but investors in RICs that invest in such entities will not. It is uncertain whether future technical corrections or administrative guidance will address this issue to enable a Fund to pass through the special character of “qualified publicly traded partnership income” to shareholders.
A Fund may invest in REITs. Investments in REIT equity securities may require a Fund to accrue and distribute income not yet received. To generate sufficient cash to make the requisite distributions, such Fund may be required to sell securities in its portfolio (including when it is not advantageous to do so) that it otherwise would have continued to hold. The Fund’s investments in REIT equity securities may at other times result in the Fund’s receipt of cash in excess of the REIT’s earnings; if the Fund distributes these amounts, these distributions could constitute a return of capital to the Fund’s shareholders for federal income tax purposes. Dividends paid by a REIT, other than capital gain distributions, will be taxable as ordinary income up to the amount of the REIT’s current and accumulated earnings and profits. Capital gain dividends paid by a REIT to the Fund will be treated as long-term capital gains by the Fund and, in turn, may be distributed by the Fund to its shareholders as a capital gain distribution. Dividends received by the Fund from a REIT generally will not constitute qualified dividend income or qualify for the dividends-received deduction. If a REIT is operated in a manner such that it fails to qualify as a REIT, an investment in the REIT would become subject to double taxation, meaning the taxable income of the REIT would be subject to federal income tax at the regular corporate rate without any deduction for dividends paid to shareholders and the dividends would be taxable to shareholders as ordinary income (or possibly as qualified dividend income) to the extent of the REIT’s current and accumulated earnings and profits.
“Qualified REIT dividends” (i.e., ordinary REIT dividends other than capital gain dividends and portions of REIT dividends designated as qualified dividend income eligible for capital gain tax rates) are eligible for a 20% deduction by non-corporate taxpayers. This deduction, if allowed in full, equates to a maximum effective tax rate of 29.6% (37% top rate applied to income after 20% deduction). Distributions by a Fund to its shareholders that are attributable to qualified REIT dividends received by the Fund and which the Fund properly reports as “section 199A dividends,” are treated as “qualified REIT dividends” in the hands of non-corporate shareholders. A section 199A dividend is treated as a qualified REIT dividend only if the shareholder receiving such dividend holds the dividend-paying RIC shares for at least 46 days of the 91-day period beginning 45 days before the shares become ex-dividend, and is not under an obligation to make related payments with respect to a position in substantially similar or related property. A Fund is permitted to report such part of its dividends as section 199A dividends as are eligible, but is not required to do so.
REITs in which a Fund invests often do not provide complete and final tax information to the Funds until after the time that the Funds issue a tax reporting statement. As a result, a Fund may at times find it necessary to reclassify the amount and character of its distributions to you after it issues your tax reporting statement. When such reclassification is necessary, a Fund (or its administrative agent) will send you a corrected, final Form 1099-DIV to reflect the reclassified information. If you receive a corrected Form 1099-DIV, use the information on this corrected form, and not the information on the previously issued tax reporting statement, in completing your tax returns.
If a Fund owns shares in certain foreign investment entities, referred to as “passive foreign investment companies” or “PFICs,” the Fund will generally be subject to one of the following special tax regimes: (i) the Fund may be liable for U.S. federal income tax, and an additional interest charge, on a portion of any “excess distribution” from such foreign entity or any gain from the disposition of such shares, even if the entire distribution or gain is paid out by the Fund as a dividend to its shareholders; (ii) if the Fund were able and elected to treat a PFIC as a “qualified electing fund” or “QEF,” the Fund would be required each year to include in income, and distribute to shareholders in accordance with the distribution requirements set forth above, the Fund’s pro rata share of the ordinary earnings and net capital gains of the PFIC, whether or not such earnings or gains are distributed to the Fund; or (iii) the Fund may be entitled to mark-to-market annually shares of the PFIC, whether or not any distributions are made to the Fund, and in such event would be required to distribute to shareholders any such mark-to-market gains in accordance with the distribution requirements set forth above. Such Fund intends to make the appropriate tax elections, if possible, and take any additional steps that are necessary to mitigate the effect of these rules. Amounts included in income each year by a Fund arising from a QEF election will be “qualifying income” under the Qualifying Income Test (as described above) even if not distributed to the Fund, if the Fund derives such income from its business of investing in stock, securities or currencies.
Each of the FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund and FS Chiron Real Asset Fund may gain most of its exposure to the commodities markets through its investment in its Subsidiary, which invests directly in commodities and in equity-linked securities and commodity-linked derivative instruments. A Fund’s investment in its Subsidiary is expected to provide the Fund with exposure to the commodities markets within the limitations of the federal tax requirements of Subchapter M of the Code for qualification as a RIC. The “Subpart F” income (defined in Section 951 of the Code to include passive income, including from commodity-linked derivatives) of a Fund attributable to its investment in its Subsidiary is “qualifying income” to the Fund to the extent that such income is derived with respect to the Fund’s business of investing in stock, securities or currencies. A Fund expects its “Subpart F” income attributable to its investment in its Subsidiary to be derived with respect to the Fund’s business of investing in stock, securities or currencies and accordingly expects its “Subpart F” income attributable to its investment in the Subsidiary to be treated as “qualifying income.” The Adviser will carefully monitor each Fund’s investments in its Subsidiary to ensure that no more than 25% of a Fund’s assets are invested in the Subsidiary.
In addition, certain of the FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund’s and FS Chiron Real Asset Fund’s investments, such as commodity-related investments, when made directly, may not produce qualifying income to the Funds. To the extent a Fund invests in commodity-related investments directly, the Fund will seek to restrict its income from such instruments that do not generate qualifying income to a maximum of 10% of its gross income (when combined with its other investments that produce non-qualifying income).
Many significant aspects of the U.S. federal income tax treatment of investments in bitcoin are uncertain and the FS Chiron Real Asset Fund’s indirect exposure to bitcoin may produce income that is not treated as qualifying income for purposes of the 90% Test applicable to the Fund.
Controlled Foreign Corporation. A U.S. person that owns (directly, indirectly or constructively) 10% or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock or 10% or more of the total value of shares of all classes of stock of a foreign corporation is a “U.S. Shareholder” for purposes of Subpart F of the Code. A foreign corporation is a “controlled foreign corporation” within the meaning of Section 957 of the Code (a “CFC”) if, on any day of its taxable year, more than 50% of the voting power or value of its stock is owned (directly, indirectly or constructively) by “U.S. Shareholders.” If a Fund is a “U.S. Shareholder” of a CFC, the Fund will be required to include in its gross income for United States federal income tax purposes the CFCs “subpart F income” (described below), whether or not such income is distributed by the CFC. “Subpart F income” generally includes interest, original issue discount, dividends, net gains from the disposition of stocks or securities, receipts with respect to securities loans and net payments received with respect to equity swaps and similar derivatives. “Subpart F income” also includes the excess of gains over losses from transactions (including futures, forward and similar transactions) in any commodities. A Fund’s recognition of “subpart F income” will increase the Fund’s tax basis in the CFC. Distributions by a CFC to a Fund will be tax-free, to the extent of its previously undistributed “subpart F income,” and will correspondingly reduce the Fund’s tax basis in the CFC. “Subpart F income” is generally treated as ordinary income, regardless of the character of the CFC’s underlying income.
In general, each “U.S. Shareholder” is required to file IRS Form 5471 with its U.S. federal income tax (or information) returns providing information about its ownership of the CFC. In addition, a “U.S. Shareholder” may in certain circumstances be required to report a disposition of shares in the CFC by attaching IRS Form 5471 to its U.S. federal income tax (or information) return that it would normally file for the taxable year in which the disposition occurs. In general, these filing requirements will apply to investors of a Fund if the investor is a U.S. person who owns directly, indirectly or constructively (within the meaning of Sections 958(a) and (b) of the Code) 10% or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of voting stock or 10% or more of the total value of shares of all classes of stock of a foreign corporation that is a CFC for an uninterrupted period of thirty (30) days or more during any tax year of the foreign corporation, and who owned that stock on the last day of that year. It is expected that each Subsidiary will be treated as a CFC, and that each of the FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund and FS Chiron Real Asset Fund will be treated as a “U.S. Shareholder” in its Subsidiary.
Certain Foreign Currency Tax Issues. A Fund’s transactions in foreign currencies and forward foreign currency contracts will generally be subject to special provisions of the Code that, among other things, may affect the character of gains and losses realized by the Fund (i.e., may affect whether gains or losses are ordinary or capital), accelerate recognition of income to the Fund and defer losses. These rules could therefore affect the character, amount and timing of distributions to shareholders. These provisions also may require a Fund to mark-to-market certain types of positions in its portfolio (i.e., treat them as if they were closed out) which may cause the Fund to recognize income without receiving cash with which to make distributions in amounts necessary to satisfy the Distribution Requirements and for avoiding the excise tax described above. The Funds intend to monitor their transactions, intend to make the appropriate tax elections, and intend to make the appropriate entries in their books and records when they acquire any foreign currency or forward foreign currency contract in order to mitigate the effect of these rules so as to prevent disqualification of a Fund as a RIC and minimize the imposition of income and excise taxes.
The U.S. Treasury Department has authority to issue regulations that would exclude foreign currency gains from the Qualifying Income Test described above if such gains are not directly related to the Fund’s business of investing in stock or securities (or options and futures with respect to stock or securities). Accordingly, regulations may be issued in the future that could treat some or all of the Fund’s non-U.S. currency gains as non-qualifying income, thereby potentially jeopardizing the Fund’s status as a RIC for all years to which the regulations are applicable.
Foreign Taxes. Dividends and interest received by a Fund may be subject to income, withholding or other taxes imposed by foreign countries and U.S. possessions that would reduce the yield on the Fund’s stocks or securities. Tax conventions between certain countries and the United States may reduce or eliminate these taxes. Foreign countries generally do not impose taxes on capital gains with respect to investments by foreign investors.
If more than 50% of the value of a Fund’s total assets at the close of its taxable year consists of stocks or securities of foreign corporations, the Fund will be eligible to and intends to file an election with the IRS that may enable shareholders, in effect, to receive either the benefit of a foreign tax credit, or a deduction from such taxes, with respect to any foreign and U.S. possessions income taxes paid by the Fund, subject to certain limitations. Pursuant to the election, such Fund will treat those taxes as dividends paid to its shareholders. Each such shareholder will be required to include a proportionate share of those taxes in gross income as income received from a foreign source and must treat the amount so included as if the shareholder had paid the foreign tax directly. The shareholder may then either deduct the taxes deemed paid by him or her in computing his or her taxable income or, alternatively, use the foregoing information in calculating any foreign tax credit they may be entitled to use against the shareholders’ federal income tax. If a Fund makes the election, such Fund (or its administrative agent) will report annually to its shareholders the respective amounts per share of the Fund’s income from sources within, and taxes paid to, foreign countries and U.S. possessions. If a Fund does not hold sufficient foreign securities to meet the above threshold, then shareholders will not be entitled to claim a credit or further deduction with respect to foreign taxes paid by the Fund.
A shareholder’s ability to claim a foreign tax credit or deduction in respect of foreign taxes paid by a Fund may be subject to certain limitations imposed by the Code, which may result in a shareholder not receiving a full credit or deduction (if any) for the amount of such taxes. In particular, shareholders must hold their Fund shares (without protection from risk of loss) on the ex-dividend date and for at least 15 additional days during the 30-day period surrounding the ex-dividend date to be eligible to claim a foreign tax credit with respect to a given dividend. Shareholders who do not itemize on their federal income tax returns may claim a credit (but no deduction) for such foreign taxes. Even if a Fund were eligible to make such an election for a given year, it may determine not to do so. Shareholders that are not subject to U.S. federal income tax, and those who invest in a Fund through tax-advantaged accounts (including those who invest through individual retirement accounts or other tax-advantaged retirement plans), generally will receive no benefit from any tax credit or deduction passed through by the Funds.
Foreign tax credits, if any, received by a Fund as a result of an investment in another RIC (including an ETF which is taxable as a RIC) will not be passed through to you unless the Fund qualifies as a “qualified fund-of-funds” under the Code. If a Fund is a “qualified fund-of-funds” it will be eligible to file an election with the IRS that will enable the Fund to pass along these foreign tax credits to its shareholders. A Fund will be treated as a “qualified fund-of-funds” under the Code if at least 50% of the value of the Fund’s total assets (at the close of each quarter of the Fund’s taxable year) is represented by interests in other RICs.
Tax-Exempt Shareholders. Certain tax-exempt shareholders, including qualified pension plans, individual retirement accounts, salary deferral arrangements, 401(k)s, and other tax-exempt entities, generally are exempt from federal income taxation except with respect to their unrelated business taxable income (“UBTI”). Tax-exempt entities are not permitted to offset losses from one trade or business against the income or gain of another trade or business. Certain net losses incurred prior to January 1, 2018 are permitted to offset gain and income created by an unrelated trade or business, if otherwise available. Under current law, the Funds generally serve to block UBTI from being realized by their tax-exempt shareholders. However, notwithstanding the foregoing, the tax-exempt shareholder could realize UBTI by virtue of an investment in a Fund where, for example: (i) the Fund invests in residual interests of Real Estate Mortgage Investment Conduits (“REMICs”), (ii) the Fund invests in a REIT that is a taxable mortgage pool (“TMP”) or that has a subsidiary that is a TMP or that invests in the residual interest of a REMIC, or (iii) shares in the Fund constitute debt-financed property in the hands of the tax-exempt shareholder within the meaning of section 514(b) of the Code. Charitable remainder trusts are subject to special rules and should consult their tax advisor. The IRS has issued guidance with respect to these issues and prospective shareholders, especially charitable remainder trusts, are strongly encouraged to consult their tax advisors regarding these issues.
A Fund's shares held in a tax-qualified retirement account will generally not be subject to federal taxation on income and capital gains distributions from the Fund until a shareholder begins receiving payments from their retirement account. Because each shareholder’s tax situation is different, shareholders should consult their tax advisor about the tax implications of an investment in the Funds.
Backup Withholding. A Fund will be required in certain cases to withhold at a 24% withholding rate and remit to the U.S. Treasury the amount withheld on amounts payable to any shareholder who: (i) has provided the Fund either an incorrect tax identification number or no number at all; (ii) is subject to backup withholding by the IRS for failure to properly report payments of interest or dividends; (iii) has failed to certify to the Fund that such shareholder is not subject to backup withholding; or (iv) has failed to certify to the Fund that the shareholder is a U.S. person (including a resident alien).
Non-U.S. Investors. Any non-U.S. investors in the Funds may be subject to U.S. withholding and estate tax and are encouraged to consult their tax advisors prior to investing in the Funds.
Foreign shareholders (i.e., nonresident alien individuals and foreign corporations, partnerships, trusts and estates) are generally subject to U.S. withholding tax at the rate of 30% (or a lower tax treaty rate) on distributions derived from taxable ordinary income. A Fund may, under certain circumstances, report all or a portion of a dividend as an “interest-related dividend” or a “short-term capital gain dividend,” which would generally be exempt from this 30% U.S. withholding tax, provided certain other requirements are met. Short-term capital gain dividends received by a nonresident alien individual who is present in the U.S. for a period or periods aggregating 183 days or more during the taxable year are not exempt from this 30% withholding tax. Gains realized by foreign shareholders from the sale or other disposition of shares of a Fund generally are not subject to U.S. taxation, unless the recipient is an individual who is physically present in the U.S. for 183 days or more per year. Foreign shareholders who fail to provide an applicable IRS form may be subject to backup withholding on certain payments from a Fund. Backup withholding will not be applied to payments that are subject to the 30% (or lower applicable treaty rate) withholding tax described in this paragraph. Different tax consequences may result if the foreign shareholder is engaged in a trade or business within the United States. In addition, the tax consequences to a foreign shareholder entitled to claim the benefits of a tax treaty may be different than those described above.
Under legislation generally known as “FATCA” (the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act), the Funds are required to withhold 30% of certain ordinary dividends they pay to shareholders that fail to meet prescribed information reporting or certification requirements. In general, no such withholding will be required with respect to a U.S. person or non-U.S. person that timely provides the certifications required by a Fund or its agent on a valid IRS Form W-9 or applicable series of IRS Form W-8, respectively. Shareholders potentially subject to withholding include foreign financial institutions (“FFIs”), such as non-U.S. investment funds, and non-financial foreign entities (“NFFEs”). To avoid withholding under FATCA, an FFI generally must enter into an information sharing agreement with the IRS in which it agrees to report certain identifying information (including name, address, and taxpayer identification number) with respect to its U.S. account holders (which, in the case of an entity shareholder, may include its direct and indirect U.S. owners), and an NFFE generally must identify and provide other required information to the Funds or other withholding agent regarding its U.S. owners, if any. Such non-U.S. shareholders also may fall into certain exempt, excepted or deemed compliant categories as established by regulations and other guidance. A non-U.S. shareholder resident or doing business in a country that has entered into an intergovernmental agreement with the U.S. to implement FATCA will be exempt from FATCA withholding provided that the shareholder and the applicable foreign government comply with the terms of the agreement.
A non-U.S. entity that invests in a Fund will need to provide the Fund with documentation properly certifying the entity’s status under FATCA in order to avoid FATCA withholding. Non-U.S. investors in the Funds should consult their tax advisors in this regard.
Tax Shelter Reporting Regulations. Under U.S. Treasury regulations, generally, if a shareholder recognizes a loss of $2 million or more for an individual shareholder or $10 million or more for a corporate shareholder, the shareholder must file with the IRS a disclosure statement on Form 8886. Direct shareholders of portfolio securities are in many cases excepted from this reporting requirement, but under current guidance, shareholders of a RIC such as a Fund are not excepted. Future guidance may extend the current exception from this reporting requirement to shareholders of most or all RICs. The fact that a loss is reportable under these regulations does not affect the legal determination of whether the taxpayer’s treatment of the loss is proper. Shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the applicability of these regulations in light of their individual circumstances.
State Taxes. Depending upon state and local law, distributions by a Fund to its shareholders and the ownership of such shares may be subject to state and local taxes. Rules of state and local taxation of dividend and capital gains distributions from RICs often differ from the rules for federal income taxation described above. It is expected that a Fund will not be liable for any excise, income or franchise tax in Delaware if it qualifies as a RIC for federal income tax purposes.
Many states grant tax-free status to dividends paid to you from interest earned on direct obligations of the U.S. government, subject in some states to minimum investment requirements that must be met by a Fund. Investment in Ginnie Mae or Fannie Mae securities, banker’s acceptances, commercial paper, and repurchase agreements collateralized by U.S. government securities do not generally qualify for such tax-free treatment. The rules on exclusion of this income are different for corporate shareholders. Shareholders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding state and local taxes applicable to an investment in a Fund.
FUND TRANSACTIONS
FS
FS has a policy of seeking to obtain the “best execution” of all portfolio transactions (the best net prices under the circumstances based upon a number of factors including and subject to the factors discussed below) provided that FS may occasionally pay higher commissions for research services as described below. A Fund may trade foreign securities in foreign countries because the best available market for these securities is often on foreign exchanges. In transactions on foreign stock exchanges, brokers’ commissions are frequently fixed and are often higher than in the United States, where commissions are negotiated.
FS considers a number of factors in seeking best execution in selecting brokers and dealers and in negotiating commissions on agency transactions. Those factors include, but are not limited to: FS’ knowledge of currently available negotiated commission rates or prices of securities currently available and other current transaction costs; the nature of the security being traded; the size and type of the transaction; the nature and character of the markets for the security to be purchased or sold; the desired timing of the trade; the activity existing and expected in the market for the particular security; confidentiality, including trade anonymity; liquidity; the quality of the execution, clearance, and settlement services; financial stability of the broker or dealer; the existence of actual or apparent operational problems of any broker or dealer; rebates of commissions by a broker to a Fund or to a third party service provider to a Fund to pay Fund expenses; and the value of research products or services provided by brokers. In recognition of the value of the foregoing factors, and as permitted by Section 28(e) of the Exchange Act, FS may place portfolio transactions with a broker or dealer with whom it has negotiated a commission that is in excess of the commission another broker or dealer would have charged for effecting that transaction if FS determines in good faith that such amount of commission was reasonable in light of the value of the brokerage and research services provided by such broker or dealer viewed in terms of either that particular transaction or of the overall responsibilities of FS. To constitute eligible “research services,” such services must qualify as “advice,” “analyses,” or “reports.” To determine that a service constitutes a research service, FS must conclude that it reflects the “expression of reasoning or knowledge” relating to the value of securities, advisability of effecting transactions in securities or analyses, or reports concerning issuers, securities, economic factors, investment strategies, or the performance of accounts. To constitute eligible “brokerage services,” such services must effect securities transactions and functions incidental thereto, and include clearance, settlement, and the related custody services. Additionally, brokerage services have been interpreted to include services relating to the execution of securities transactions. Research received from brokers or dealers is supplemental to FS’ own research efforts. Because FS receives a benefit from research it receives from broker-dealers, FS may have an incentive to continue to use those broker-dealers to effect transactions. FS does not consider a broker-dealer’s sale of Fund shares when choosing a broker-dealer to effect transactions.
FS may also use step-out transactions in order to receive research products and related services. In a step-out transaction, FS directs trades to a broker-dealer with the instruction that the broker-dealer execute the transaction, but “step-out” all or a portion of the transaction or commission in favor of another broker-dealer that provides such products and/or services. The second broker-dealer may clear and settle and receive commissions for the stepped-in portion. In a new issue designation, FS directs purchase orders to a broker-dealer that is a selling group member or underwriter of an equity or fixed-income new issue offering. FS directs that broker-dealer to designate a portion of the broker-dealer’s commission on the new issue purchase to a second broker-dealer(s) that provides such products and/or services. Given FS’ receipt of such products and services in connection with step-out transactions and new issue designations, FS has an incentive to continue to engage in such transactions; however, FS only intends to use step-out transactions and new issue designations when it believes that doing so would not hinder best execution efforts.
When a Fund purchases or sells a security in the over-the-counter market, the transaction takes place directly with a principal market-maker, without the use of a broker, except in those circumstances where, in the opinion of FS, better prices and executions will be achieved through the use of a broker.
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020, Chilton as a sub-advisor to the Predecessor Multi-Strategy Fund, paid the following commissions on brokerage transactions directed to brokers pursuant to an agreement or understanding whereby the broker provides research services to Chilton:
Predecessor Fund | Total Dollar Amount of Brokerage Commissions for Research Services | Total Dollar Amount of Transactions Involving Brokerage Commissions for Research Services |
FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund | $90,624 | $93,616,571 |
For the years ended December 31, 2020, December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the aggregate dollar amount of brokerage commissions paid by the Predecessor Multi-Strategy Fund was $197,375 $171,596, and $41,188, respectively.
The Predecessor Real Asset Fund did not pay any brokerage commissions for the years ended December 31, 2020, December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.
Brokerage commissions paid by a Fund may vary significantly from year to year because of portfolio turnover rates, shareholder, broker-dealer, or other financial intermediary purchase/redemption activity, varying market conditions, changes to investment strategies or processes, and other factors.
Underlying Managers
The sub-advisory agreements between the FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund and the Underlying Managers provide that each Underlying Manager places orders for the purchase and sale of securities that are held in the Fund or the Subsidiary’s portfolio. In executing portfolio transactions and selecting brokers or dealers, each Underlying Manager is contractually obligated to use reasonable best efforts to seek to obtain best execution in accordance with its respective best execution policy. In executing transactions, each Underlying Manager may consider, without limitation, the financial responsibility, research and investment information, and other services provided by broker-dealers who may effect or be a party to any such transaction or to other transactions to which other clients of the Underlying Manager may be a party. The fees of the Underlying Managers are not reduced by reason of their receipt of brokerage and research services. Generally, an Underlying Manager does not provide any services to the FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund or its Subsidiary except portfolio investment management and related record-keeping services. The research services provided by brokers through which an Underlying Manager executes transactions on behalf of the FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund may be used by the Underlying Manager in servicing all of its accounts and not all of these services will necessarily be used by the Underlying Manager in connection with the Fund.
When an Underlying Manager deems the purchase or sale of a security to be in the best interest of the FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund as well as other clients of the Underlying Manager, the Underlying Manager may aggregate the securities to be purchased or sold with other orders for other clients in order to obtain best execution, subject to applicable law and the Underlying Manager’s internal policies. In such event, allocation of the securities so purchased or sold, as well as of the fees and expenses incurred in the transaction, will be made by the Underlying Manager in the manner it considers to be equitable and consistent with its fiduciary obligations to the FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund and to such other clients over time.
Co-Adviser
The co-advisory agreement among the FS Chiron Real Asset Fund, Chiron and the Trust provides that Chiron places orders for the purchase and sale of securities that are held in the Fund or the Subsidiary’s portfolio. In executing portfolio transactions and selecting brokers or dealers, Chiron is contractually obligated to use reasonable best efforts to seek to obtain best execution in accordance with its respective best execution policy. In executing transactions, Chiron may consider, without limitation, the financial responsibility, research and investment information, and other services provided by broker-dealers who may effect or be a party to any such transaction or to other transactions to which other clients of Chiron may be a party. The fees of Chiron are not reduced by reason of their receipt of brokerage and research services. Generally, Chiron does not provide any services to the FS Chiron Real Asset Fund or its Subsidiary except portfolio investment management and related record-keeping services. The research services provided by brokers through which Chiron executes transactions on behalf of the FS Chiron Real Asset Fund may be used by Chiron in servicing all of its accounts and not all of these services will necessarily be used by Chiron in connection with the Fund.
When Chiron deems the purchase or sale of a security to be in the best interest of the FS Chiron Real Asset Fund as well as other clients of Chiron, Chiron may aggregate the securities to be purchased or sold with other orders for other clients in order to obtain best execution, subject to applicable law and Chiron’s internal policies. In such event, allocation of the securities so purchased or sold, as well as of the fees and expenses incurred in the transaction, will be made by Chiron in the manner it considers to be equitable and consistent with its fiduciary obligations to the FS Chiron Real Asset Fund and to such other clients over time.
Brokerage with Fund Affiliates. The Funds may execute brokerage or other agency transactions through registered broker-dealer affiliates of either the Funds, the Adviser or the Sub-Adviser for a commission in conformity with the 1940 Act and rules promulgated by the SEC. The 1940 Act requires that commissions paid to the affiliate by the Funds for exchange transactions not exceed “usual and customary” brokerage commissions. The rules define “usual and customary” commissions to include amounts which are “reasonable and fair compared to the commission, fee or other remuneration received or to be received by other brokers in connection with comparable transactions involving similar securities being purchased or sold on a securities exchange during a comparable period of time.” The Trustees, including those who are not “interested persons” of the Funds, have adopted procedures for evaluating the reasonableness of commissions paid to affiliates and review these procedures periodically.
For the fiscal years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, the Predecessor Funds did not pay any brokerage commissions on portfolio transactions effected by affiliated brokers.
Securities of “Regular Broker-Dealers.” The Funds are required to identify any securities of their “regular brokers and dealers” (as such term is defined in the 1940 Act) that each Fund held during its most recent fiscal year.
During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020, the Predecessor Funds did not hold securities of their "regular brokers and dealers."
Portfolio Turnover Rates. Portfolio turnover is calculated by dividing the lesser of total purchases or sales of portfolio securities for the fiscal year by the monthly average value of portfolio securities owned during the fiscal year. Excluded from both the numerator and denominator are amounts relating to securities whose maturities at the time of acquisition were one year or less. Instruments excluded from the calculation of portfolio turnover generally would include the futures contracts in which the Funds may invest since such contracts generally have remaining maturities of less than one year. The Funds may at times hold investments in other short-term instruments, such as repurchase agreements, which are excluded for purposes of computing portfolio turnover.
For the fiscal years ended December 31, 2019 and 2020, the portfolio turnover rates for the Predecessor Multi-Strategy Fund were as follows:
Fund | Portfolio Turnover Rates |
2019 | 2020 |
Predecessor Multi-Strategy Fund | 178% | 244% |
PORTFOLIO HOLDINGS
The Board has approved policies and procedures that govern the timing and circumstances regarding the disclosure of Fund portfolio holdings information to shareholders and third parties. These policies and procedures are designed to ensure that disclosure of information regarding the Funds’ portfolio securities is in the best interests of the Funds’ shareholders, and include procedures to address conflicts between the interests of the Funds’ shareholders, on the one hand, and those of the Adviser, Wilshire, Chiron, principal underwriter or any affiliated person of the Funds, the Adviser, Wilshire, Chiron or the principal underwriter, on the other. Pursuant to such procedures, the Board has authorized the Adviser’s Chief Compliance Officer (the “Authorized Person”) to authorize the release of the Funds’ portfolio holdings, as necessary, in conformity with the foregoing principles. The Authorized Person, either directly or through reports by the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer, reports quarterly to the Board regarding the operation and administration of such policies and procedures.
Pursuant to applicable law, the Funds are required to disclose their complete portfolio holdings quarterly, within 60 days of the end of each fiscal quarter (currently, each March 31, June 30, September 30 and December 31). Each Fund discloses a complete schedule of investments in its Semi-Annual and Annual Reports which are distributed to Fund shareholders. Each Fund’s complete schedule of investments following the first and third fiscal quarters will be available in quarterly holdings reports filed with the SEC as exhibits to Form N-PORT, and each Fund’s complete schedule of investments following the second and fourth fiscal quarters will be available in shareholder reports filed with the SEC on Form N-CSR.
Complete schedules of investments filed with the SEC on Form N-CSR and as exhibits to Form N-PORT are not distributed to Fund shareholders but are available, free of charge, on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.
A complete list of a Fund’s portfolio holdings as of the close of each calendar quarter will be made publicly available on the 15th day of the following calendar quarter, or such other date as the Trust may determine for a Fund on the Funds’ website. A complete list of portfolio holdings is also included in the reports the Trust files with the SEC after the end of each quarter. A Fund may disclose its top ten holdings or an incomplete list of its holdings, provided that the top ten holdings or other incomplete list has been made publicly available on the Funds’ website at least one day prior to disclosure of such information or has been included in an SEC filing that is required to include the information. A discussion of one or more portfolio holdings also may be made available, provided that the substance of such discussion has been made publicly available on a Fund’s website at least one day prior to disclosure of such information or is otherwise publicly available. Any such list of holdings or discussion of one or more portfolio holdings will remain available on the Funds’ website at least until the date on which a Fund files a report with the SEC that includes a list of portfolio holdings and is for the period that includes the date as of which such information is current.
In addition to information provided to shareholders and the general public, portfolio holdings information may be disclosed as frequently as daily to certain service providers, such as the Funds’ Adviser, Sub-Adviser, Administrator, Custodian, Transfer Agent, financial printer, pricing vendors, liquidity analytics vendors, class action reclaim vendors and foreign tax reclaim vendors and other vendors that provide the Adviser or Sub-Adviser with various middle office, back office, client reporting and portfolio analytics services in connection with its services to the Funds. From time to time rating and ranking organizations, such as S&P, Lipper and Morningstar, Inc., may request non-public portfolio holdings information in connection with rating the Funds. Similarly, institutional investors, financial planners, pension plan sponsors and/or their consultants or other third-parties may request portfolio holdings information in order to assess the risks of the Funds’ portfolios along with related performance attribution statistics. The lag time for such disclosures will vary. The Funds believe that these third parties have legitimate objectives in requesting such portfolio holdings information.
The Funds’ policies and procedures provide that the Authorized Person may authorize disclosure of non-public portfolio holdings information to such parties at differing times and/or with different lag times. Prior to making any disclosure to a third party, the Authorized Person must determine that such disclosure serves a reasonable business purpose, is in the best interests of a Fund’s shareholders and that to the extent conflicts between the interests of the Fund’s shareholders and those of the Adviser, the Sub-Adviser, principal underwriter, or any affiliated person of the Fund exist, such conflicts are addressed. Portfolio holdings information may be disclosed no more frequently than monthly to ratings agencies, consultants and other qualified financial professionals or individuals. The disclosures will not be made sooner than three days after the date of the information. The Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer will regularly review these arrangements and will make periodic reports to the Board regarding disclosure pursuant to such arrangements.
With the exception of disclosures to rating and ranking organizations as described above, the Funds require any third party receiving non-public holdings information to enter into a confidentiality agreement with the Adviser. The confidentiality agreement provides, among other things, that non-public portfolio holdings information will be kept confidential and that the recipient has a duty not to trade on the non-public information and will use such information solely to analyze and rank the Funds, or to perform due diligence and asset allocation analysis or for such other legitimate business purpose, depending on the recipient of the information.
The Trust’s policies and procedures prohibit any compensation or other consideration from being paid to or received by any party in connection with the disclosure of portfolio holdings information, including the Funds, the Adviser, Wilshire, Chiron and the Underlying Managers and their affiliates or recipients of the Funds’ portfolio holdings information.
The Adviser, Wilshire, Chiron and the Underlying Managers may manage other accounts that are not subject to these policies and procedures with investment objectives and strategies that are substantially similar to those of a Fund. Because the portfolio holdings of such accounts may be substantially similar, and in some cases nearly identical, to those of a Fund, an investor in such an account may be able to infer the portfolio holdings of a Fund from the portfolio holdings of the account.
DESCRIPTION OF SHARES
The Declaration of Trust authorizes the issuance of an unlimited number of funds and shares of each fund, each of which represents an equal proportionate interest in that fund with each other share. Shares are entitled upon liquidation to a pro rata share in the net assets of the fund. Shareholders have no preemptive rights. The Declaration of Trust provides that the Trustees may create additional series or classes of shares. All consideration received by the Trust for shares of any additional fund and all assets in which such consideration is invested would belong to that fund and would be subject to the liabilities related thereto. Share certificates representing shares will not be issued. The Funds’ shares, when issued, are fully paid and non-assessable.
LIMITATION OF TRUSTEES’ LIABILITY
The Declaration of Trust provides that a Trustee shall be liable only for his or her own willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of the office of Trustee, and shall not be liable for errors of judgment or mistakes of fact or law. The Trustees shall not be responsible or liable in any event for any neglect or wrongdoing of any officer, agent, employee, investment adviser or principal underwriter of the Trust, nor shall any Trustee be responsible for the act or omission of any other Trustee. The Declaration of Trust also provides that the Trust shall indemnify each person who is, or has been, a Trustee, officer, employee or agent of the Trust, and any person who is serving or has served at the Trust’s request as a Trustee, officer, employee or agent of another organization in which the Trust has any interest as a shareholder, creditor or otherwise to the extent and in the manner provided in the By-Laws. However, nothing in the Declaration of Trust shall protect or indemnify a Trustee against any liability for his or her willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of the office of Trustee. Nothing contained in this section attempts to disclaim a Trustee’s individual liability in any manner inconsistent with the federal securities laws.
PROXY VOTING
The Board has delegated the responsibility for decisions regarding proxy voting for securities held by the Funds to the Adviser. The proxy voting policies and procedures of the Adviser are set forth below. The guidelines are reviewed periodically by the Adviser and, accordingly, are subject to change.
Solely with respect to FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund, the Adviser has delegated proxy voting responsibility to the Fund’s Underlying Managers, and solely with respect to the FS Chiron Real Asset Fund, FS has delegated proxy voting responsibility to Chiron with respect to the portion of the Fund’s portfolio that is allocated to Chiron from time to time. As investment advisers registered under the Advisers Act, each of the Underlying Managers and Chiron have a fiduciary duty to act solely in the best interests of their clients. As part of this duty, each Underlying Manager and Chiron recognizes that it must vote client securities in a timely manner free of conflicts of interest and in the best interests of its clients.
These policies and procedures for voting proxies for the investment advisory clients of the Adviser, Chiron and the Underlying Managers are intended to comply with Section 206 of, and Rule 206(4)-6 promulgated under, the Advisers Act. The Adviser, Chiron and the Underlying Managers will vote proxies relating to securities in the best interest of its clients’ shareholders. It will review on a case-by-case basis each proposal submitted for a Shareholder vote to determine its impact on the portfolio securities held by its clients. Although the Adviser, Chiron and each Underlying Manager will generally vote against proposals that may have a negative impact on its clients’ portfolio securities, it may vote for such a proposal if there exist compelling long-term reasons to do so.
The proxy voting decisions of the Adviser, Chiron and each Underlying Manager are made by the senior officers who are responsible for monitoring each of its clients’ investments. To ensure that its vote is not the product of a conflict of interest, it will require that: (a) anyone involved in the decision-making process disclose to its chief compliance officer any potential conflict that he or she is aware of and any contact that he or she has had with any interested party regarding a proxy vote; and (b) employees involved in the decision making process or vote administration are prohibited from revealing how the Adviser, Chiron and such Underlying Manager intends to vote on a proposal in order to reduce any attempted influence from interested parties.
The Trust is required to disclose annually the Funds’ complete proxy voting record during the most recent 12-month period ended June 30 on Form N-PX. This voting record is available: (i) without charge, upon request, by calling 800-838-0191; and (ii) on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.
CODES OF ETHICS
The Board, on behalf of the Trust, has adopted a Code of Ethics pursuant to Rule 17j-1 under the 1940 Act. In addition, the Adviser, Wilshire, Chiron, the Underlying Managers, the Administrator and the Distributor have adopted Codes of Ethics pursuant to Rule 17j-1. These Codes of Ethics apply to the personal investing activities of trustees, officers and certain employees (“Access Persons”). Rule 17j-1 and the Codes of Ethics are designed to prevent unlawful practices in connection with the purchase or sale of securities by Access Persons. Under each Code of Ethics, Access Persons are permitted to invest in securities, but are required to report their personal securities transactions for monitoring purposes. In addition, certain Access Persons are required to obtain approval before investing in initial public offerings or private placements or are prohibited from making such investments. Copies of these Codes of Ethics are on file with the SEC, and are available to the public.
MASTER/FEEDER OPTION
The Trust may in the future seek to achieve a Fund’s objective by investing all of that Fund’s assets in another investment company having the same investment objective and substantially the same investment policies and restrictions as those applicable to that Fund. Unless otherwise required by law, this policy may be implemented by the Board without shareholder approval.
PRINCIPAL SHAREHOLDERS AND CONTROL PERSONS
Please refer to Appendix B of the Proxy Statement/Prospectus for the principal shareholders and control persons of the Funds.
APPENDIX A
DESCRIPTION OF RATINGS
Description of Ratings
The following descriptions of securities ratings have been published by Moody’s Investors Services, Inc. (“Moody’s”), Standard & Poor’s Rating Group (“S&P”), and Fitch Ratings (“Fitch”), respectively.
DESCRIPTION OF MOODY’S GLOBAL RATINGS
Ratings assigned on Moody’s global long-term and short-term rating scales are forward-looking opinions of the relative credit risks of financial obligations issued by non-financial corporates, financial institutions, structured finance vehicles, project finance vehicles, and public sector entities. Long-term ratings are assigned to issuers or obligations with an original maturity of one year or more and reflect both on the likelihood of a default or impairment on contractual financial obligations and the expected financial loss suffered in the event of default or impairment. Short-term ratings are assigned to obligations with an original maturity of thirteen months or less and reflect both on the likelihood of a default or impairment on contractual financial obligations and the expected financial loss suffered in the event of default or impairment.
Description of Moody’s Global Long-Term Ratings
Aaa Obligations rated Aaa are judged to be of the highest quality, subject to the lowest level of credit risk.
Aa Obligations rated Aa are judged to be of high quality and are subject to very low credit risk.
A Obligations rated A are judged to be upper-medium grade and are subject to low credit risk.
Baa Obligations rated Baa are judged to be medium-grade and subject to moderate credit risk and as such may possess certain speculative characteristics.
Ba Obligations rated Ba are judged to be speculative and are subject to substantial credit risk.
B Obligations rated B are considered speculative and are subject to high credit risk.
Caa Obligations rated Caa are judged to be speculative of poor standing and are subject to very high credit risk.
Ca Obligations rated Ca are highly speculative and are likely in, or very near, default, with some prospect of recovery of principal and interest.
C Obligations rated C are the lowest rated and are typically in default, with little prospect for recovery of principal or interest.
Note: Moody’s appends numerical modifiers 1, 2, and 3 to each generic rating classification from Aa through Caa. The modifier 1 indicates that the obligation ranks in the higher end of its generic rating category; the modifier 2 indicates a mid-range ranking; and the modifier 3 indicates a ranking in the lower end of that generic rating category.
Hybrid Indicator (hyb)
The hybrid indicator (hyb) is appended to all ratings of hybrid securities issued by banks, insurers, finance companies, and securities firms. By their terms, hybrid securities allow for the omission of scheduled dividends, interest, or principal payments, which can potentially result in impairment if such an omission occurs. Hybrid securities may also be subject to contractually allowable write-downs of principal that could result in impairment. Together with the hybrid indicator, the long-term obligation rating assigned to a hybrid security is an expression of the relative credit risk associated with that security.
Description of Moody’s Global Short-Term Ratings
P-1 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-1 have a superior ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
P-2 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-2 have a strong ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
P-3 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-3 have an acceptable ability to repay short-term obligations.
NP Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Not Prime do not fall within any of the Prime rating categories.
Description of Moody’s U.S. Municipal Short-Term Obligation Ratings
The Municipal Investment Grade (“MIG”) scale is used to rate U.S. municipal bond anticipation notes of up to five years maturity. Municipal notes rated on the MIG scale may be secured by either pledged revenues or proceeds of a take-out financing received prior to note maturity. MIG ratings expire at the maturity of the obligation, and the issuer’s long-term rating is only one consideration in assigning the MIG rating. MIG ratings are divided into three levels—MIG 1 through MIG 3—while speculative grade short-term obligations are designated SG.
Moody’s U.S. municipal short-term obligation ratings are as follows:
MIG 1 This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by established cash flows, highly reliable liquidity support, or demonstrated broad-based access to the market for refinancing.
MIG 2 This designation denotes strong credit quality. Margins of protection are ample, although not as large as in the preceding group.
MIG 3 This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Liquidity and cash-flow protection may be narrow, and market access for refinancing is likely to be less well-established.
SG This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Debt instruments in this category may lack sufficient margins of protection.
Description of Moody’s Demand Obligation Ratings
In the case of variable rate demand obligations (“VRDOs”), a two-component rating is assigned: a long or short-term debt rating and a demand obligation rating. The first element represents Moody’s evaluation of risk associated with scheduled principal and interest payments. The second element represents Moody’s evaluation of risk associated with the ability to receive purchase price upon demand (“demand feature”). The second element uses a rating from a variation of the MIG scale called the Variable Municipal Investment Grade (“VMIG”) scale.
Moody’s demand obligation ratings are as follows:
VMIG 1 This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by the superior short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
VMIG 2 This designation denotes strong credit quality. Good protection is afforded by the strong short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
VMIG 3 This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Adequate protection is afforded by the satisfactory short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
SG This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Demand features rated in this category may be supported by a liquidity provider that does not have an investment grade short-term rating or may lack the structural and/or legal protections necessary to ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
Description of S&P’s Issue Credit Ratings
An S&P issue credit rating is a forward-looking opinion about the creditworthiness of an obligor with respect to a specific financial obligation, a specific class of financial obligations, or a specific financial program (including ratings on medium-term note programs and commercial paper programs). It takes into consideration the creditworthiness of guarantors, insurers, or other forms of credit enhancement on the obligation and takes into account the currency in which the obligation is denominated. The opinion reflects S&P’s view of the obligor’s capacity and willingness to meet its financial commitments as they come due, and this opinion may assess terms, such as collateral security and subordination, which could affect ultimate payment in the event of default.
Issue credit ratings can be either long-term or short-term. Short-term ratings are generally assigned to those obligations considered short-term in the relevant market. Short-term ratings are also used to indicate the creditworthiness of an obligor with respect to put features on long-term obligations. Medium-term notes are assigned long-term ratings.
Issue credit ratings are based, in varying degrees, on S&P’s analysis of the following considerations:
| • | The likelihood of payment—the capacity and willingness of the obligor to meet its financial commitments on a financial obligation in accordance with the terms of the obligation; |
| • | The nature of and provisions of the financial obligation; and the promise S&P imputes; and |
| • | The protection afforded by, and relative position of, the financial obligation in the event of bankruptcy, reorganization, or other arrangement under the laws of bankruptcy and other laws affecting creditors’ rights. |
An issue rating is an assessment of default risk but may incorporate an assessment of relative seniority or ultimate recovery in the event of default. Junior obligations are typically rated lower than senior obligations, to reflect lower priority in bankruptcy, as noted above. (Such differentiation may apply when an entity has both senior and subordinated obligations, secured and unsecured obligations, or operating company and holding company obligations.)
NR indicates that a rating has not been assigned or is no longer assigned.
Description of S&P’s Long-Term Issue Credit Ratings*
AAA An obligation rated ‘AAA’ has the highest rating assigned by S&P. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is extremely strong.
AA An obligation rated ‘AA’ differs from the highest-rated obligations only to a small degree. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is very strong.
A An obligation rated ‘A’ is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher-rated categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is still strong.
BBB An obligation rated ‘BBB’ exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to weaken the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
BB; B; CCC; CC; and C Obligations rated ‘BB’, ‘B’, ‘CCC’, ‘CC’, and ‘C’ are regarded as having significant speculative characteristics. ‘BB’ indicates the least degree of speculation and ‘C’ the highest. While such obligations will likely have some quality and protective characteristics, these may be outweighed by large uncertainties or major exposure to adverse conditions.
BB An obligation rated ‘BB’ is less vulnerable to nonpayment than other speculative issues. However, it faces major ongoing uncertainties or exposure to adverse business, financial, or economic conditions that could lead to the obligor's inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
B An obligation rated ‘B’ is more vulnerable to nonpayment than obligations rated ‘BB’, but the obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation. Adverse business, financial, or economic conditions will likely impair the obligor's capacity or willingness to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
CCC An obligation rated ‘CCC’ is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitments on the obligation. In the event of adverse business, financial, or economic conditions, the obligor is not likely to have the capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
CC An obligation rated ‘CC’ is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment. The ‘CC’ rating is used when a default has not yet occurred but S&P expects default to be a virtual certainty, regardless of the anticipated time to default.
C An obligation rated ‘C’ is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment, and the obligation is expected to have lower relative seniority or lower ultimate recovery compared with obligations that are rated higher.
D An obligation rated ‘D’ is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the ‘D’ rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless S&P believes that such payments will be made within five business days in the absence of a stated grace period or within the earlier of the stated grace period or 30 calendar days. The ‘D’ rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligation's rating is lowered to ‘D’ if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.
| * | Ratings from ‘AA’ to ‘CCC’ may be modified by the addition of a plus (+) or minus (-) sign to show relative standing within the rating categories. |
Description of S&P’s Short-Term Issue Credit Ratings
A-1 A short-term obligation rated ‘A-1’ is rated in the highest category by S&P. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is strong. Within this category, certain obligations are designated with a plus sign (+). This indicates that the obligor's capacity to meet its financial commitments on these obligations is extremely strong.
A-2 A short-term obligation rated ‘A-2’ is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher rating categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is satisfactory.
A-3 A short-term obligation rated ‘A-3’ exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to weaken an obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
B A short-term obligation rated ‘B’ is regarded as vulnerable and has significant speculative characteristics. The obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments; however, it faces major ongoing uncertainties that could lead to the obligor's inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments.
C A short-term obligation rated ‘C’ is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
D A short-term obligation rated ‘D’ is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the ‘D’ rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless S&P believes that such payments will be made within any stated grace period. However, any stated grace period longer than five business days will be treated as five business days. The ‘D’ rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of a similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligation's rating is lowered to ‘D’ if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.
Description of S&P’s Municipal Short-Term Note Ratings
An S&P U.S. municipal note rating reflects S&P’s opinion about the liquidity factors and market access risks unique to the notes. Notes due in three years or less will likely receive a note rating. Notes with an original maturity of more than three years will most likely receive a long-term debt rating. In determining which type of rating, if any, to assign, S&P’s analysis will review the following considerations:
| • | Amortization schedule—the larger the final maturity relative to other maturities, the more likely it will be treated as a note; and |
| • | Source of payment—the more dependent the issue is on the market for its refinancing, the more likely it will be treated as a note. |
S&P’s municipal short-term note ratings are as follows:
SP-1 Strong capacity to pay principal and interest. An issue determined to possess a very strong capacity to pay debt service is given a plus (+) designation.
SP-2 Satisfactory capacity to pay principal and interest, with some vulnerability to adverse financial and economic changes over the term of the notes.
SP-3 Speculative capacity to pay principal and interest.
D ‘D’ is assigned upon failure to pay the note when due, completion of a distressed exchange offer, or the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions.
Description of Fitch’s Credit Ratings
Fitch’s credit ratings relating to issuers are an opinion on the relative ability of an entity to meet financial commitments, such as interest, preferred dividends, repayment of principal, insurance claims or counterparty obligations. Credit ratings relating to securities and obligations of an issuer can include a recovery expectation. Credit ratings are used by investors as indications of the likelihood of receiving the money owed to them in accordance with the terms on which they invested.
The terms “investment grade” and “speculative grade” have established themselves over time as shorthand to describe the categories ‘AAA’ to ‘BBB’ (investment grade) and ‘BB’ to ‘D’ (speculative grade). The terms investment grade and speculative grade are market conventions, and do not imply any recommendation or endorsement of a specific security for investment purposes. Investment grade categories indicate relatively low to moderate credit risk, while ratings in the speculative categories either signal a higher level of credit risk or that a default has already occurred.
For the convenience of investors, Fitch may also include issues relating to a rated issuer that are not and have not been rated on its webpage. Such issues are denoted ‘NR.’
Fitch’s credit ratings do not directly address any risk other than credit risk. In particular, ratings do not deal with the risk of a market value loss on a rated security due to changes in interest rates, liquidity and other market considerations. However, in terms of payment obligation on the rated liability, market risk may be considered to the extent that it influences the ability of an issuer to pay upon a commitment. Ratings nonetheless do not reflect market risk to the extent that they influence the size or other conditionality of the obligation to pay upon a commitment (for example, in the case of index-linked bonds).
In the default components of ratings assigned to individual obligations or instruments, the agency typically rates to the likelihood of non-payment or default in accordance with the terms of that instrument’s documentation. In limited cases, Fitch may include additional considerations (i.e. rate to a higher or lower standard than that implied in the obligation’s documentation).
Note: The modifiers “+” or “-” may be appended to a rating to denote relative status within major rating categories. Such suffixes are not added to the ‘AAA’ ratings and ratings below the ‘CCC’ category. For the short-term rating category of ‘F1’, a ‘+’ may be appended.
Description of Fitch’s Long-Term Corporate Finance Obligations Ratings
AAA Highest credit quality. ‘AAA’ ratings denote the lowest expectation of credit risk. They are assigned only in cases of exceptionally strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is highly unlikely to be adversely affected by foreseeable events.
AA Very high credit quality. ‘AA’ ratings denote expectations of very low credit risk. They indicate very strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is not significantly vulnerable to foreseeable events.
A High credit quality. ‘A’ ratings denote expectations of low credit risk. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered strong. This capacity may, nevertheless, be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic conditions than is the case for higher ratings.
BBB Good credit quality. ‘BBB’ ratings indicate that expectations of credit risk are currently low. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered adequate, but adverse business or economic conditions are more likely to impair this capacity.
BB Speculative. ‘BB’ ratings indicate an elevated vulnerability to credit risk, particularly in the event of adverse changes in business or economic conditions over time; however, business or financial alternatives may be available to allow financial commitments to be met.
B Highly speculative. ‘B’ ratings indicate that material credit risk is present.
CCC Substantial credit risk. ‘CCC’ ratings indicate that substantial credit risk is present.
CC Very high levels of credit risk. ‘CC’ ratings indicate very high levels of credit risk.
C Exceptionally high levels of credit risk. ‘C’ ratings indicate exceptionally high levels of credit risk.
Ratings in the categories of ‘CCC’, ‘CC’ and ‘C’ can also relate to obligations or issuers that are in default. In this case, the rating does not opine on default risk but reflects the recovery expectation only.
Defaulted obligations typically are not assigned ‘RD’ or ‘D’ ratings, but are instead rated in the ‘CCC’ to ‘C’ rating categories, depending on their recovery prospects and other relevant characteristics. This approach better aligns obligations that have comparable overall expected loss but varying vulnerability to default and loss.
Description of Fitch’s Short-Term Ratings
A short-term issuer or obligation rating is based in all cases on the short-term vulnerability to default of the rated entity and relates to the capacity to meet financial obligations in accordance with the documentation governing the relevant obligation. Short-term deposit ratings may be adjusted for loss severity. Short-Term Ratings are assigned to obligations whose initial maturity is viewed as “short term” based on market convention. Typically, this means up to 13 months for corporate, sovereign, and structured obligations, and up to 36 months for obligations in U.S. public finance markets.
Fitch’s short-term ratings are as follows:
F1 Highest short-term credit quality. Indicates the strongest intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments; may have an added “+” to denote any exceptionally strong credit feature.
F2 Good short-term credit quality. Good intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments.
F3 Fair short-term credit quality. The intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments is adequate.
B Speculative short-term credit quality. Minimal capacity for timely payment of financial commitments, plus heightened vulnerability to near term adverse changes in financial and economic conditions.
C High short-term default risk. Default is a real possibility.
RD Restricted default. Indicates an entity that has defaulted on one or more of its financial commitments, although it continues to meet other financial obligations. Typically applicable to entity ratings only.
D Default. Indicates a broad-based default event for an entity, or the default of a short-term obligation.
PART C: OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 15. INDEMNIFICATION:
A Trustee, when acting in such capacity, shall not be personally liable to any Person, other than the Trust or a Shareholder to the extent provided in Article VII of the Trust’s Agreement and Declaration of Trust, for any act, omission or obligation of the Trust, of such Trustee, or of any other Trustee. A Trustee shall be liable to the Trust and to any Shareholder solely for his or her own willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of the office of Trustee, and shall not be liable for errors of judgment or mistakes of fact or law. The Trustees shall not be responsible or liable in any event for any neglect or wrong-doing of any officer, agent, employee, investment adviser or principal underwriter of the Trust, nor shall any Trustee be responsible for the act or omission of any other Trustee. The Trust shall indemnify each Person who is, or has been, a Trustee, officer, employee or agent of the Trust and any Person who is serving or has served at the Trust’s request as a trustee, officer, employee or agent of another organization in which the Trust has any interest as a shareholder, creditor or otherwise to the extent and in the manner provided in the Trust’s By-Laws.
All persons extending credit to, contracting with or having any claim against the Trust or the Trustees shall look only to the assets of the appropriate Series, or, if the Trustees have yet to establish Series, of the Trust for payment under such credit, contract or claim; and neither the Trustees nor the Shareholders, nor any of the Trust’s officers, employees or agents, whether past, present or future, shall be personally liable therefor.
Every note, bond, contract, instrument, certificate or undertaking and every other act or thing whatsoever executed or done by or on behalf of the Trust or Trustees by any of them in connection with the Trust shall conclusively be deemed to have been executed or done only in or with respect to his or their capacity as Trustee or Trustees, and such Trustee or Trustees shall not be personally liable thereon. At the Trustees’ discretion, any note, bond, contract, instrument, certificate or undertaking made or issued by the Trustees or by any officer or officers may give notice that the Certificate of Trust is on file in the Office of the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware and that a limitation on the liability of each Series exists and such note, bond, contract, instrument, certificate or undertaking may, if the Trustees so determine, recite that the same was executed or made on behalf of the Trust or by a Trustee or Trustees in such capacity and not individually or by an officer or officers in such capacity and not individually and that the obligations of such instrument are not binding upon any of them or the Shareholders individually but are binding only on the assets and property of the Trust or a Series thereof, and may contain such further recital as such Person or Persons may deem appropriate. The omission of any such notice or recital shall in no way operate to bind any Trustees, officers or Shareholders individually.
Insofar as indemnification for liability arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “1933 Act”) may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the 1933 Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer, or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the Registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the 1933 Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.
ITEM 16. EXHIBITS:
(1)(a) The Advisors’ Inner Circle Fund III’s (the “Registrant”) Certificate of Trust, dated December 4, 2013, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (a)(1) of the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-13-000669 on December 13, 2013.
(1)(b) Registrant’s Agreement and Declaration of Trust, dated December 4, 2013, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (a)(2) of the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-13-000669 on December 13, 2013.
(1)(c) Amendment No. 1 to the Registrant’s Agreement and Declaration of Trust, dated September 10, 2020, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (a)(3) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 260 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-20-021223 on November 2, 2020.
(2)(a) Registrant’s Amended and Restated By-Laws, dated September 18, 2014, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (b) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 73 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-16-001760 on September 28, 2016.
(2)(b) Amendment No. 1, dated June 25, 2020, to the Registrant’s Amended and Restated By-Laws is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (b)(2) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 242 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-20-014043 on July 20, 2020.
(3) Not Applicable.
(4) Form of Agreement and Plan of Reorganization is attached as Exhibit C to the Proxy Statement/Prospectus contained in this Registration Statement.
(5)(a) See Article III and Article V of the Registrant’s Agreement and Declaration of Trust, which has been incorporated by reference into Exhibit (1)(b) of this Registration Statement.
(5)(b) See Article 2 of the Registrant’s Amended and Restated By-Laws, which have been incorporated by reference in Exhibit (2)(a) of this Registration Statement.
(6)(a)(i) Investment Advisory Agreement, dated September 15, 2017, between the Registrant and MetLife Investment Management, LLC (“MetLife”), relating to the MetLife Core Plus Fund and MetLife Multi-Sector Fixed Income Fund (together, the “MetLife Funds”), is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(1)(iv) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 120 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-18-000054 on January 26, 2018.
(6)(a)(ii) Amendment, dated July 1, 2019, to the Investment Advisory Agreement, dated September 15, 2017, between the Registrant and MetLife, relating to the MetLife Funds, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(1)(iii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 204 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-19-016580 on September 13, 2019.
(6)(a)(iii) Investment Advisory Agreement, dated February 26, 2015, between the Registrant and Knights of Columbus Asset Advisors LLC (“Knights of Columbus Asset Advisors”), relating to the Knights of Columbus Core Bond Fund, Knights of Columbus Limited Duration Fund, Knights of Columbus Large Cap Growth Fund, Knights of Columbus Large Cap Value Fund, Knights of Columbus Small Cap Fund and Knights of Columbus International Equity Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(1)(v) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 24 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-15-000079 on February 26, 2015.
(6)(a)(iv) Amended Schedule A, dated September 4, 2019, to the Investment Advisory Agreement, dated February 26, 2015, between the Registrant and Knights of Columbus Asset Advisors, relating to the Knights of Columbus Core Bond Fund, Knights of Columbus Limited Duration Fund, Knights of Columbus Large Cap Growth Fund, Knights of Columbus Large Cap Value Fund, Knights of Columbus Small Cap Fund, Knights of Columbus International Equity Fund, Knights of Columbus Long/Short Equity Fund, Knights of Columbus U.S. All Cap Index Fund and Knights of Columbus Real Estate Fund (the “Knights of Columbus Funds”), is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(1)(v) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 208 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-19-017246 on September 27, 2019.
(6)(a)(v) Investment Advisory Agreement, dated February 28, 2020, between the Registrant and Chiron Investment Management, LLC (“Chiron”), relating to the FS Chiron SMid Opportunities Fund (formerly, Chiron SMid Opportunities Fund) and FS Chiron Capital Allocation Fund (formerly, Chiron Capital Allocation Fund) (the “FS Chiron Funds”), is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(1)(vi) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 235 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-20-008819 on April 29, 2020.
(6)(a)(vi) Investment Advisory Agreement, dated October 30, 2015, between the Registrant and PineBridge Investments LLC (“PineBridge”), relating to the PineBridge Dynamic Asset Allocation Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(1)(viii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 64 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-15-000935 on December 23, 2015.
(6)(a)(vii) Investment Advisory Agreement, dated April 30, 2020, between the Registrant and RWC Asset Advisors (US) LLC (“RWC”), relating to the RWC Global Emerging Equity Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(1)(viii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 283 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-21-006410 on March 12, 2021.
(6)(a)(viii) Investment Advisory Agreement, dated December 15, 2016, between the Registrant and GQG Partners LLC (“GQG Partners”), relating to the GQG Partners Emerging Markets Equity Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(1)(xi) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 83 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-16-001937 on December 28, 2016.
(6)(a)(ix) Amended Schedule A, dated March 31, 2020, to the Investment Advisory Agreement, dated December 15, 2016, between the Registrant and GQG Partners, relating to the GQG Partners Emerging Markets Equity Fund, GQG Partners US Select Quality Equity Fund and GQG Partners Global Quality Equity Fund, (together, the “GQG Equity Funds”), is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(1)(xi) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 235 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-20-008819 on April 29, 2020.
(6)(a)(x) Investment Advisory Agreement, dated June 28, 2021, between the Registrant and GQG Partners, relating to the GQG Partners International Quality Dividend Income Fund, GQG Partners US Quality Dividend Income Fund, and GQG Partners Global Quality Dividend Income Fund (together, the “GQG Dividend Income Funds”), is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(1)(xi) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 296 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-21-013690 on June 30, 2021.
(6)(a)(xi) Investment Advisory Agreement, dated March 31, 2020, between the Registrant and Ninety One North America, Inc. (“Ninety One”), relating to the Ninety One Global Franchise Fund and Ninety One Emerging Markets Equity Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(1)(xii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 235 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-20-008819 on April 29, 2020.
(6)(a)(xii) Amended Schedule A, dated August 30, 2021, to the Investment Advisory Agreement, dated March 31, 2020, between the Registrant and Ninety One, relating to the Ninety One Global Franchise Fund, Ninety One Emerging Markets Equity Fund, Ninety One Global Environment Fund and Ninety One International Franchise Fund (together, the “Ninety One Funds”), is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(1)(xii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 304 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-21-017973 on August 30, 2021.
(6)(a)(xiii) Investment Advisory Agreement, dated May 18, 2018, between the Registrant and Penn Mutual Asset Management, LLC (“PMAM”), relating to the Penn Mutual AM Strategic Income Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(1)(xvii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 130 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-18-007885 on May 22, 2018.
(6)(a)(xiv) Amended Schedule A, dated July 29, 2020, to the Investment Advisory Agreement, dated May 18, 2018, between the Registrant and Penn Mutual Asset Management, LLC (“PMAM”), relating to the Penn Mutual AM Strategic Income Fund and the Penn Mutual AM 1847 Income Fund (together, the “Penn Mutual Funds”), is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(1)(xv) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 243 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-20-014613 on July 29, 2020.
(6)(a)(xv) Investment Advisory Agreement, dated September 21, 2018, between the Registrant and KBI Global Investors (North America) Ltd (“KBI”), relating to the KBI Global Investors Aquarius Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(1)(xix) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 148 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-18-013996 on September 26, 2018.
(6)(a)(xvi) Investment Advisory Agreement, dated November 16, 2018, between the Registrant and Mesirow Financial Investment Management, Inc. (“MFIM”), relating to the Mesirow Financial Enhanced Core Plus Fund, Mesirow Financial High Yield Fund and Mesirow Financial Small Cap Value Sustainability Fund (together, the “Mesirow Financial Funds”), is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(1)(xx) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 159 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-18-017044 on November 27, 2018.
(6)(a)(xvii) Amended Schedule A, dated July 10, 2019, to the Investment Advisory Agreement, dated November 16, 2018, between the Registrant and MFIM, relating to the Mesirow Financial Funds, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(1)(xxi) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 196 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-19-013145 on July 30, 2019.
(6)(a)(xviii) Third Amended and Restated Investment Advisory Agreement, dated December 13, 2019, between the Registrant and Aperture Investors, LLC (“Aperture”), relating to the Aperture New World Opportunities Fund, Aperture Endeavour Equity Fund and Aperture Discover Equity Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(1)(xx) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 225 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-19-022972 on December 23, 2019.
(6)(a)(xix) Schedule D, dated July 14, 2020, to the Third Amended and Restated Investment Advisory Agreement, dated December 13, 2019, between the Registrant and Aperture, relating to the Aperture International Equity Fund (together with the Aperture New World Opportunities Fund, Aperture Endeavour Equity Fund and Aperture Discover Equity Fund, the “Aperture Funds”), is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(1)(xx) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 249 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-20-017803 on August 31, 2020.
(6)(a)(xx) Investment Advisory Agreement, dated January 3, 2019, between the Registrant and Nicholas Investment Partners, L.P. (“Nicholas”), relating to the Nicholas Partners Small Cap Growth Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(1)(xxii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 171 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-19-000717 on January 16, 2019.
(6)(a)(xxi) Amended and Restated Investment Advisory Agreement, dated December 10, 2020, between the Registrant and Rayliant Asset Management (“Rayliant”), relating to the Rayliant Quantamental China Equity Fund and Rayliant Quantamental China Equity ETF (together, the “Rayliant Funds”), is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(1)(xxii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 270 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-20-025276 on December 30, 2020.
(6)(a)(xxii) Investment Advisory Agreement, dated September 30, 2020 between the Registrant and Chevy Chase Trust Company (“CCT”), relating to the CCT Thematic Equity Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(1)(xxvi) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 260 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-20-021223 on November 2, 2020.
(6)(a)(xxiii) Investment Advisory Agreement, dated October 30, 2020 between the Registrant and Reflection Asset Management, LLC (“Reflection”), relating to the Democratic Large Cap Core ETF (formerly, DEMZ Political Contributions ETF), is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(1)(xxvii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 260 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-20-021223 on November 2, 2020.
(6)(a)(xxiv) Investment Advisory Agreement, dated December 15, 2020, between the Registrant and SouthernSun Asset Management, LLC (“SouthernSun”), relating to the SouthernSun Small Cap Fund and SouthernSun U.S. Equity Fund (together, the “SouthernSun Funds”), is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(1)(xxiv) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 279 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-21-001613 on January 28, 2021.
(6)(a)(xxv) Investment Advisory Agreement, dated December 9, 2020, between the Registrant and Brookmont Capital Management, LLC (“Brookmont”), relating to the First Foundation Fixed Income Fund and First Foundation Total Return Fund (together, the “First Foundation Funds”), is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(1)(xxvi) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 276 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-21-000893 on January 15, 2021.
(6)(a)(xxvi) Investment Advisory Agreement, dated November 24, 2020, between the Registrant and Chiron Capital Allocation Fund Ltd., relating to the FS Chiron Capital Allocation Fund (formerly, Chiron Capital Allocation Fund), is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(1)(xxvi) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 282 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-21-005124 on February 26, 2021.
(6)(a)(xxvii) Investment Advisory Agreement, dated December 15, 2020, between the Registrant and Legal & General Investment Management America, Inc. (“LGIMA”), relating to the Legal & General Retirement Income 2040 Fund, Legal & General Global Developed Equity Index Fund, Legal & General Cash Flow Matched Bond Fund, Legal & General Long Duration U.S. Credit Fund and Legal & General U.S. Credit Fund (together, the “LGIMA Funds”), is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(1)(xxix) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 268 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-20-024759 on December 18, 2020.
(6)(a)(xxviii) Investment Advisory Agreement, dated March 29, 2021, between the Registrant and Democracy Investment Management LLC (“Democracy”), relating to the Democracy International Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(1)(xxviii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 284 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-21-007404 on March 30, 2021.
(6)(a)(xxix) Investment Advisory Agreement, dated April 20, 2021, between the Registrant and ARGA Investment Management, LP (“ARGA”), relating to the ARGA Emerging Markets Value Fund and ARGA International Value Fund (together, the “ARGA Funds”), is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(1)(xxx) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 288 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-21-009257 on April 30, 2021.
(6)(b)(i) Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement, dated September 10, 2019, between Knights of Columbus Asset Advisors and L2 Asset Management, LLC (“L2”), is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(2)(iii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 208 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-19-017246 on September 27, 2019.
(6)(b)(ii) Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement, dated July 24, 2019, between Knights of Columbus Asset Advisors and Ranger Global Real Estate Advisors, LLC (“Ranger”), is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(2)(iv) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 208 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-19-017246 on September 27, 2019.
(6)(b)(iii) Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement, dated October 30, 2020, between Reflection and Exchange Traded Concepts, LLC (“ETC”), is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(2)(v) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 260 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-20-021223 on November 2, 2020.
(6)(b)(iv) Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement, dated January 8, 2021, between Brookmont and First Foundation Advisors (“First Foundation”), is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(2)(iv) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 276 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-21-000893 on January 15, 2021.
(6)(b)(v) Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement, dated March 29, 2021, between Democracy and Vident Investment Advisory, LLC (“Vident”), is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(2)(v) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 284 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-21-007404 on March 30, 2021.
(6)(c)(i) Expense Limitation Agreement, dated September 15, 2017, between the Registrant and MetLife, relating to the MetLife Funds, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(3)(iv) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 123 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-18-003034 on February 28, 2018.
(6)(c)(ii) Amended and Restated Expense Limitation Agreement, dated December 31, 2019, between the Registrant and Knights of Columbus Asset Advisors, relating to the Knights of Columbus Funds, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(3)(iii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 235 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-20-008819 on April 29, 2020.
(6)(c)(iii) Amended Schedule A, dated July 20, 2020, to the Amended and Restated Expense Limitation Agreement, dated December 31, 2019, between the Registrant and Knights of Columbus Asset Advisors, relating to the Knights of Columbus Funds, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(3)(iv) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 249 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-20-017803 on August 31, 2020.
(6)(c)(iv) Expense Limitation Agreement, dated October 30, 2015, between the Registrant and Chiron, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(3)(vii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 61 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-15-000852 on November 23, 2015.
(6)(c)(v) Amended and Restated Schedule A, dated July 16, 2021, to the Expense Limitation Agreement, dated October 30, 2015, between the Registrant and Chiron, relating to the FS Chiron SMid Opportunities Fund (formerly, Chiron SMid Opportunities Fund), is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(3)(v) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 299 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-21-014463 on July 16, 2021.
(6)(c)(vi) Expense Limitation Agreement, dated December 23, 2015, between the Registrant and PineBridge, relating to the PineBridge Dynamic Asset Allocation Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(3)(viii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 64 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-15-000935 on December 23, 2015.
(6)(c)(vii) Amended Schedule A, dated April 26, 2019, to the Expense Limitation Agreement, dated December 23, 2015, between the Registrant and PineBridge, relating to the PineBridge Dynamic Asset Allocation Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(3)(ix) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 184 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-19-007386 on April 30, 2019.
(6)(c)(viii) Expense Limitation Agreement, dated November 1, 2016, between the Registrant and RWC, relating to the RWC Global Emerging Equity Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(3)(x) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 83 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-16-001937 on December 28, 2016.
(6)(c)(ix) Expense Limitation Agreement, dated December 15, 2016, between the Registrant and GQG Partners, relating to the GQG Partners Emerging Markets Equity Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(3)(xii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 83 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-16-001937 on December 28, 2016.
(6)(c)(x) Amended Schedule A, dated September 30, 2020, to the Expense Limitation Agreement, dated December 15, 2016, between the Registrant and GQG Partners, relating to the GQG Equity Funds, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(3)(xi) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 262 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-20-023523 on November 25, 2020.
(6)(c)(xi) Expense Limitation Agreement, dated June 28, 2021, between the Registrant and GQG Partners, relating to the GQG Dividend Income Funds, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(3)(xiii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 296 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-21-013690 on June 30, 2021.
(6)(c)(xii) Expense Limitation Agreement, dated August 30, 2021, between the Registrant and Ninety One, relating to the Ninety One Funds, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(3)(xii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 304 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-21-017973 on August 30, 2021.
(6)(c)(xiii) Expense Limitation Agreement, dated May 18, 2018, between the Registrant and PMAM, relating to the Penn Mutual AM Strategic Income Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(3)(xx) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 130 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-18-007885 on May 22, 2018.
(6)(c)(xiv) Amended Schedule A, dated July 29, 2020 to the Expense Limitation Agreement, dated December 31, 2019, between the Registrant and PMAM, relating to the Penn Mutual Funds, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(3)(xvi) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 243 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-20-014613 on July 29, 2020.
(6)(c)(xv) Expense Limitation Agreement, dated September 21, 2018, between the Registrant and KBI, relating to the KBI Global Investors Aquarius Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(3)(xxiii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 148 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-18-013996 on September 26, 2018.
(6)(c)(xvi) Expense Limitation Agreement, dated November 16, 2018, between the Registrant and MFIM, relating to the Mesirow Financial Funds, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(3)(xxii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 159 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-18-017044 on November 27, 2018.
(6)(c)(xvii) Amended Schedule A, dated July 10, 2019, to the Expense Limitation Agreement, dated November 16, 2018, between the Registrant and MFIM relating to the Mesirow Financial Funds, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(3)(xxii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 196 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-19-013145 on July 30, 2019.
(6)(c)(xviii) Expense Limitation Agreement, dated December 26, 2018, between the Registrant and Aperture, relating to the Aperture New World Opportunities Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(3)(xxiii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 167 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-18-018671 on December 28, 2018.
(6)(c)(xix) Amended Schedule A, dated December 13, 2019, to the Expense Limitation Agreement, dated December 26, 2018, between the Registrant and Aperture, relating to the Aperture New World Opportunities Fund, Aperture Endeavour Equity Fund and Aperture Discover Equity Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(3)(xx) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 225 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-19-022972 on December 23, 2019.
(6)(c)(xx) Expense Limitation Agreement, dated January 3, 2019, between the Registrant and Nicholas, relating to the Nicholas Partners Small Cap Growth Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(3)(xxiv) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 171 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-19-000717 on January 16, 2019.
(6)(c)(xxi) Expense Limitation Agreement, dated December 10, 2020, between the Registrant and Rayliant, related to the Rayliant Funds, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(3)(xxiii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 270 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-20-025276 on December 30, 2020.
(6)(c)(xxii) Expense Limitation Agreement, dated September 30, 2020, between the Registrant and CCT, related to the CCT Thematic Equity Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(3)(xxvi) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 260 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-20-021223 on November 2, 2020.
(6)(c)(xxiii) Expense Limitation Agreement, dated December 15, 2020, between the Registrant and SouthernSun, related to the SouthernSun Funds, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(3)(xxv) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 279 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-21-001613 on January 28, 2021.
(6)(c)(xxiv) Expense Limitation Agreement, dated December 9, 2020, between the Registrant and Brookmont, related to the First Foundation Funds, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(3)(xxvi) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 276 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-21-000893 on January 15, 2021.
(6)(c)(xxv) Expense Limitation Agreement, dated December 15, 2020, between the Registrant and LGIMA, related to the LGIMA Funds, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(3)(xxvii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 268 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-20-024759 on December 18, 2020.
(6)(c)(xxvi) Expense Limitation Agreement, dated April 20, 2021, between the Registrant and ARGA, relating to the ARGA Funds, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(3)(xxx) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 288 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-21-009257 on April 30, 2021.
(6)(c)(xxvii) Fee Waiver and Expense Reimbursement Agreement, dated March 30, 2021, between the Registrant and Democracy, relating to the Democracy International Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (d)(3)(xxx) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 285 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-21-007952 on April 12, 2021.
(7)(a) Distribution Agreement, dated February 12, 2014, between the Registrant and SEI Investments Distribution Co. (“SIDCO”), is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (e) of the Registrant’s Pre-Effective Amendment No. 2 (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-14-000199 on March 18, 2014.
(7)(b) Amendment No. 1, dated December 7, 2017, to the Distribution Agreement, dated February 12, 2014, between the Registrant and SIDCO, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (e)(1)(ii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 120 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-18-000054 on January 26, 2018.
(7)(c) Distribution Services Agreement, dated December 23, 2020, between Rayliant and SIDCO, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (e)(1)(ii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 270 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-20-025276 on December 30, 2020.
(7)(d) Distribution Services Agreement, dated March 30, 2021, between Democracy and SIDCO, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (e)(1)(iv) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 285 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-21-007952 on April 12, 2021.
(7)(e) Form of Authorized Participant Agreement is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (e)(2) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 270 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-20-025276 on December 30, 2020.
(8) Not Applicable.
(9)(a) Custodian Agreement, dated November 25, 2014, between the Registrant and Brown Brothers Harriman & Co. is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (g)(3) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 45 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-15-000464 on July 14, 2015.
(9)(b) Amendment, dated June 1, 2021, to the Custodian Agreement, dated November 25, 2014, between the Registrant and Brown Brothers Harriman & Co., is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (g)(2)(ii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 296 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-21-013690 on June 30, 2021.
(9)(c) Amendment, dated August 31, 2021, to the Custodian Agreement, dated November 25, 2014, between the Registrant and Brown Brothers Harriman & Co., is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (9)(e) to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-14 (File No. 333-259932), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-21-019475 on September 30, 2021.
(9)(d) Joinder, dated December 16, 2020, to the Custodian Agreement, dated November 25, 2014, between the Registrant and Brown Brothers Harriman & Co. is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (g)(2)(iii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 282 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-21-005124 on February 26, 2021.
(9)(e) Custodian Agreement, dated November 16, 2018, between the Registrant and State Street Bank and Trust Company, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (g)(3)(i) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 171 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-19-000717 on January 16, 2019.
(9)(f) Amended Appendix A, dated August 12, 2020, to the Custodian Agreement, dated November 16, 2018, between the Registrant and State Street Bank and Trust Company, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (g)(3)(iv) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 260 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-20-021223 on November 2, 2020.
(9)(g) Custodian and Transfer Agent Agreement, dated October 20, 2020, between the Registrant and Brown Brothers Harriman & Co. is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (g)(4) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 260 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-20-021223 on November 2, 2020.
(9)(h) Amended Exhibit A, dated February 2, 2021, to the Custodian and Transfer Agent Agreement dated October 20, 2020, between the Registrant and Brown Brothers Harriman & Co., is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (g)(4)(ii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 285 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-21-007952 on April 12, 2021.
(10)(a)(i) Amended and Restated Distribution Plan, dated March 3, 2015, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (m)(1) of the Registrant’s Post-Effective Amendment No. 45 (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-15-000464 on July 14, 2015.
(10)(a)(ii) Amended Schedule A, dated June 24, 2021 to the Amended and Restated Distribution Plan, dated March 3, 2015, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (m)(2) of the Registrant’s Post-Effective Amendment No. 304 (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-21-017973 on August 30, 2021.
(10)(a)(iii) ETF Distribution Plan, dated October 15, 2020, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (m)(5) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 270 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-20-025276 on December 30, 2020.
(10)(a)(iv) Amended Schedule A, dated March 18, 2021, to the ETF Distribution Plan, dated October 15, 2020, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (m)(6) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 284 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-21-007404 on March 30, 2021.
(10)(b)(i) Registrant’s Amended and Restated Rule 18f-3 Multiple Class Plan, dated February 12, 2014, including Schedules and Certificates of Class Designation thereto, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (n) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 12 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-14-000655 on October 7, 2014.
(10)(b)(ii) Amended and Restated Schedule D and Certificates of Class Designation to the Registrant’s Amended and Restated Rule 18f-3 Plan, dated February 12, 2014, relating to the Knights of Columbus Funds, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (n)(3) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 208 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-19-017246 on September 27, 2019.
(10)(b)(iii) Schedule F and Certificates of Class Designation to the Registrant’s Amended and Restated Rule 18f-3 Plan, dated February 12, 2014, relating to the PineBridge Dynamic Asset Allocation Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (n)(4) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 64 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-15-000935 on December 23, 2015.
(10)(b)(iv) Schedule H and Certificates of Class Designation to the Registrant’s Amended and Restated Rule 18f-3 Plan, dated February 12, 2014, relating to the RWC Global Emerging Equity Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (n)(5) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 76 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-16-001783 on October 21, 2016.
(10)(b)(v) Amended and Restated Schedule I and Certificates of Class Designation to the Registrant’s Amended and Restated Rule 18f-3 Plan, dated February 12, 2014, relating to the GQG Partners Emerging Markets Equity Fund, GQG Partners US Select Quality Equity Fund, GQG Partners Global Quality Equity Fund, GQG Partners International Quality Dividend Income Fund, GQG Partners US Quality Dividend Income Fund and GQG Partners Global Quality Dividend Income Fund (together, the “GQG Funds”), is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (n)(6) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 296 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-21-013690 on June 30, 2021.
(10)(b)(vi) Schedule M and Certificates of Class Designation to the Registrant’s Amended and Restated Rule 18f-3 Plan, dated February 12, 2014, relating to the KBI Global Investors Aquarius Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (n)(10) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 148 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-18-013996 on September 26, 2018.
(10)(b)(vii) Amended and Restated Schedule L and Certificates of Class Designation to the Registrant’s Amended and Restated Rule 18f-3 Plan, dated February 12, 2014, relating to the Ninety One Funds, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (n)(7) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 304 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-21-017973 on August 30, 2021.
(10)(b)(viii) Schedule N and Certificates of Class Designation to the Registrant’s Amended and Restated Rule 18f-3 Plan, dated February 12, 2014, relating to the Mesirow Financial Funds, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (n)(12) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 159 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-18-017044 on November 27, 2018.
(10)(b)(ix) Schedule O and Certificates of Class Designation to the Registrant’s Amended and Restated Rule 18f-3 Plan, dated February 12, 2014, relating to the Nicholas Partners Small Cap Growth Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (n)(13) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 171 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-19-000717 on January 16, 2019.
(10)(b)(x) Amended and Restated Schedule Q and Certificates of Class Designation to the Registrant’s Amended and Restated Rule 18f-3 Plan, dated February 12, 2014, relating to the Aperture New World Opportunities Fund, Aperture Endeavour Equity Fund, Aperture Discover Equity Fund and Aperture International Equity Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (n)(13) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 249 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-20-017803 on August 31, 2020.
(10)(b)(xi) Schedule S and Certificates of Class Designation to the Registrant’s Amended and Restated Rule 18f-3 Plan, dated February 12, 2014, relating to the Rayliant Quantamental China Equity Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (n)(15) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 249 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-20-017803 on August 31, 2020.
(10)(b)(xii) Schedule T and Certificates of Class Designation to the Registrant’s Amended and Restated Rule 18f-3 Plan, dated February 12, 2014, relating to the LGIMA Funds, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (n)(15) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 268 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-20-024759 on December 18, 2020.
(10)(b)(xiii) Schedule U and Certificates of Class Designation to the Registrant’s Amended and Restated Rule 18f-3 Plan, dated February 12, 2014, relating to the SouthernSun Funds, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (n)(15) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 279 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-21-001613 on January 28, 2021.
(10)(b)(xiv) Schedule V and Certificates of Class Designation to the Registrant’s Amended and Restated Rule 18f-3 Plan, dated February 12, 2014, relating to the First Foundation Funds, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (n)(17) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 276 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-21-000893 on January 15, 2021.
(10)(b)(xv) Schedule W and Certificates of Class Designation to the Registrant’s Amended and Restated Rule 18f-3 Plan, dated February 12, 2014, relating to the ARGA Funds, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (n)(18) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 287 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-21-008251 on April 20, 2021.
(10)(b)(xvi) Schedule X and Certificates of Class Designation to the Registrant’s Amended and Restated Rule 18f-3 Plan, dated February 12, 2014, relating to the FS Chiron Funds, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (n)(18) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 299 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-21-014463 on July 16, 2021.
(11) Opinion and Consent of Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP regarding the legality of the securities being registered is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (11) to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-14 (File No. 333-259932), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-21-019475 on September 30, 2021.
(12) Form of Opinion of Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP regarding tax matters is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (12) to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-14 (File No. 333-259932), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-21-019475 on September 30, 2021.
(13)(a) Amended and Restated Administration Agreement, dated November 16, 2018, between the Registrant and SEI Investments Global Funds Services (“SEI GFS”), is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (h)(1)(i) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 160 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-18-017157 on November 28, 2018.
(13)(b)(i) Agency Agreement, dated March 12, 2014, between the Registrant and DST Systems, Inc., is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (h)(4) of the Registrant’s Pre-Effective Amendment No. 2 (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-14-000199 on March 18, 2014.
(13)(b)(ii) Amendment No. 1, dated April 30, 2018, to the Agency Agreement, dated March 12, 2014, between the Registrant and DST Systems, Inc., is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (h)(2)(i)(a) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 160 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-18-017157 on November 28, 2018.
(13)(b)(iii) Amendment, dated June 19, 2018, to the Agency Agreement, dated March 12, 2014, between the Registrant and DST Systems, Inc., is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (h)(2)(i)(b) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 160 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-18-017157 on November 28, 2018.
(13)(b)(iv) Amendment, dated June 26, 2018, to the Agency Agreement, dated March 12, 2014, between the Registrant and DST Systems, Inc., is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (h)(2)(i)(c) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 160 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-18-017157 on November 28, 2018.
(13)(b)(v) Advisor Complex Schedule relating to the MetLife Funds, dated December 18, 2014, to the Agency Agreement, dated March 12, 2014, between the Registrant and DST Systems, Inc., is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (h)(2)(i)(d) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 53 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-15-000574 on August 26, 2015.
(13)(b)(vi) Advisor Complex Schedule relating to the Knights of Columbus Funds, dated January 21, 2015, to the Agency Agreement, dated March 12, 2014, between the Registrant and DST Systems, Inc., is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (h)(2)(i)(e) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 88 to the Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 001135428-17-000150 on February 28, 2017.
(13)(b)(vii) Advisor Complex Schedule relating to the RWC Global Emerging Equity Fund, dated December 30, 2016, to the Agency Agreement, dated March 12, 2014, between the Registrant and DST Systems, Inc., is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (h)(2)(i)(g) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 85 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-17-000062 on January 27, 2017.
(13)(b)(viii) Advisor Complex Schedule relating to the GQG Funds, dated December 28, 2016, to the Agency Agreement, dated March 12, 2014, between the Registrant and DST Systems, Inc., is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (h)(2)(i)(h) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 85 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-17-000062 on January 27, 2017.
(13)(b)(ix) Advisor Complex Schedule relating to the Ninety One Funds, dated December 11, 2017, to the Agency Agreement, dated March 12, 2014, between the Registrant and DST Systems, Inc., is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (h)(2)(i)(h) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 123 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-18-003034 on February 28, 2018.
(13)(b)(x) Advisor Complex Schedule relating to the Penn Mutual Funds, dated July 2, 2018, to the Agency Agreement, dated March 12, 2014, between the Registrant and DST Systems, Inc., is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (h)(2)(i)(l) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 243 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-20-014613 on July 29, 2020.
(13)(b)(xi) Advisor Complex Schedule relating to the Mesirow Financial Funds, dated December 3, 2018, to the Agency Agreement, dated March 12, 2014, between the Registrant and DST Systems, Inc., is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (h)(2)(i)(m) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 171 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-19-000717 on January 16, 2019.
(13)(b)(xii) Advisor Complex Schedule relating to the Aperture Funds, dated March 18, 2019, to the Agency Agreement, dated March 12, 2014, between the Registrant and DST Systems, Inc., is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (h)(2)(i)(m) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 204 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-19-016580 on September 13, 2019.
(13)(b)(xiii) Advisor Complex Schedule relating to the Nicholas Partners Small Cap Growth Fund, dated January 16, 2019, to the Agency Agreement, dated March 12, 2014, between the Registrant and DST Systems, Inc., is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (h)(2)(i)(o) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 183 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-19-007372 on April 30, 2019.
(13)(b)(xiv) Advisor Complex Schedule relating to the LGIMA Funds, dated May 27, 2021, to the Agency Agreement, dated March 12, 2014, between the Registrant and DST Systems, Inc., is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (13)(b)(xiv) to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-14 (File No. 333-259932), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-21-019475 on September 30, 2021.
(13)(b)(xv) Advisor Complex Schedule relating to the First Foundation Funds, dated January 11, 2021, to the Agency Agreement, dated March 12, 2014, between the Registrant and DST Systems, Inc., is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (h)(2)(i)(r) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 282 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-21-005124 on February 26, 2021.
(13)(b)(xvi) Advisor Complex Schedule relating to the FS Chiron Funds, dated May 25, 2021, to the Agency Agreement, dated March 12, 2014, between the Registrant and DST Systems, Inc., is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (h)(2)(i)(q) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 299 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-21-014463 on July 16, 2021.
(13)(c)(i) Amended and Restated Transfer Agency Services Agreement, dated December 21, 2020, between the Registrant, Chiron Capital Allocation Fund Ltd. and Atlantic Shareholder Services, LLC, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (h)(2)(ii)(a) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 282 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-21-005124 on February 26, 2021.
(13)(c)(ii) Amendment No. 1, dated February 12, 2021, to the Amended and Restated Transfer Agency Services Agreement, dated December 21, 2020, between the Registrant, Chiron Capital Allocation Fund Ltd. and Atlantic Shareholder Services, LLC, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (h)(2)(ii)(b) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 282 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-21-005124 on February 26, 2021.
(13)(d)(i) Amended and Restated Shareholder Services Plan, dated December 10, 2015, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (h)(3) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 68 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001135428-16-001068 on February 26, 2016.
(13)(d)(ii) Amended Exhibit A, dated June 24, 2021, to the Amended and Restated Shareholder Services Plan, dated December 10, 2015, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (h)(3)(ii) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 296 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-21-013690 on June 30, 2021.
(13)(e) License Agreement, dated December 5, 2019, between the Registrant and Knights of Columbus Asset Advisors, relating to the Knights of Columbus U.S. All Cap Index Fund, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (h)(4) of Post-Effective Amendment No. 231 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-192858), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-20-004731 on February 28, 2020.
(14)(a) Consent of Ernst & Young LLP is filed herewith.
(14)(b) Consent of Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (14)(b) to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-14 (File No. 333-259932), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-21-019475 on September 30, 2021.
(15) Not Applicable.
(16)(a) Powers of Attorney for Messrs. Michael Beattie, Andrew Metzger, William M. Doran, Jon C. Hunt, Randall S. Yanker, Thomas P. Lemke and Jay C. Nadel and Ms. Nichelle Maynard-Elliott are incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (16)(a) to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-14 (File No. 333-259932), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-21-019475 on September 30, 2021.
(16)(b) Resolution adopted by the Board of Trustees of the Registrant on September 23, 2021 is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (16)(b) to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-14 (File No. 333-259932), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-21-019475 on September 30, 2021.
(17)(a) Form of Proxy Cards are incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (17)(a) to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form N-14 (File No. 333-259932), filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-21-019475 on September 30, 2021.
(17)(b) Prospectus dated April 30, 2021, as supplemented, for FS Series Trust (the “Target Trust”), with respect to the FS Multi-Strategy Alternatives Fund, FS Long/Short Equity Fund and FS Chiron Real Asset Fund (the “Target Funds”) (the “Target Fund Prospectus”), and the Statement of Additional Information dated April 30, 2021 for the Target Trust, with respect to the Target Funds (the “Target Fund SAI”), are incorporated herein by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 17 to the Target Trust’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-214851) filed with the SEC via EDGAR on May 12, 2021, Accession No. 0001193125-21-159182.
(17)(c) The audited financial statements and related report of the independent public accounting firm included in the Target Trust’s Annual Report to Shareholders for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020, with respect to the Target Funds, are incorporated herein by reference to the Annual Certified Shareholder Report on Form N-CSR (File No. 811-23216) filed with the SEC via EDGAR on March 9, 2021, Accession. No. 0001104659-21-033884.
(17)(d) The unaudited financial statements included in the Target Trust’s Semi-Annual Report to Shareholders for the fiscal period ended June 30, 2021, with respect to the Target Funds, are incorporated herein by reference to the Semi-Annual Certified Shareholder Report on Form N-CSRS (File No. 811-23216) filed with the SEC via EDGAR on September 2, 2021, Accession No. 0001104659-21-112370.
ITEM 17. UNDERTAKINGS:
(1) The undersigned Registrant agrees that prior to any public reoffering of the securities registered through the use of a prospectus which is a part of this registration statement by any person or party who is deemed to be an underwriter within the meaning of Rule 145(c) of the 1933 Act, the reoffering prospectus will contain the information called for by the applicable registration form for the reofferings by persons who may be deemed underwriters, in addition to the information called for by the other items of the applicable form.
(2) The undersigned Registrant agrees that every prospectus that is filed under paragraph (1) above will be filed as a part of an amendment to the registration statement and will not be used until the amendment is effective, and that, in determining any liability under the 1933 Act, each post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration statement for the securities offered therein, and the offering of the securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering of them.
(3) The undersigned Registrant agrees to file, by post-effective amendment, an opinion of counsel supporting the tax consequences of the Reorganization within a reasonably prompt time after receipt of such opinion.
SIGNATURES
As required by the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, this registration statement has been signed on behalf of the Registrant, in the City of Oaks, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania on the 20th day of December, 2021.
| THE ADVISORS’ INNER CIRCLE FUND III | |
| | | |
| By: | * | |
| | Michael Beattie | |
| | President | |
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, this registration statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the date(s) indicated.
* | | Trustee | | December 20, 2021 |
William M. Doran | | | | |
| | | | |
* | | Trustee | | December 20, 2021 |
Jon C. Hunt | | | | |
| | | | |
* | | Trustee | | December 20, 2021 |
Thomas P. Lemke | | | | |
| | | | |
* | | Trustee | | December 20, 2021 |
Nichelle Maynard-Elliott | | | | |
| | | | |
* | | Trustee | | December 20, 2021 |
Jay C. Nadel | | | | |
| | | | |
* | | Trustee | | December 20, 2021 |
Randall S. Yanker | | | | |
| | | | |
* | | President | | December 20, 2021 |
Michael Beattie | | | | |
| | | | |
* | | Treasurer, Controller & | | December 20, 2021 |
Andrew Metzger | | Chief Financial Officer | | |
* By: | /s/ James Bernstein | |
| James Bernstein | |
| Attorney-in-Fact | |
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