Stock-based Compensation | 8. Stock-based Compensation In October 2020, the Company’s shareholders approved the Company’s 2020 Incentive Award Plan (“2020 Plan”). The 2020 Plan initially provided for the issuance of up to 7,924,000 shares of common stock and for the grant of incentive stock options or other incentive awards to employees, officers, directors and consultants of the Company. The number of shares of common stock that may be issued under the 2020 Plan is also subject to increase on the first day of each calendar year equal to the lesser of i) 5 % of the aggregate number of shares of common stock outstanding on the final day of the immediately preceding calendar year or ii) such smaller number of shares as is determined by the board of directors. Through December 31, 2022, the shares available under the plan were increased by 8,285,983 shares. In January 2023, the shares of the Company's common stock available under the 2020 Plan were increased by 4,164,381 shares. As of June 30, 2023, 6,636,996 shares of common stock were available for future issuance under the 2020 Plan. The 2020 Plan replaced and is the successor of the Company’s 2013 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (“2013 Plan”). Upon any cancellation of outstanding option awards to purchase up to 5,982,266 shares of common stock under the 2013 Plan, such shares will be made available for grant under the 2020 Plan. Restricted Stock Units During the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, the Company granted 198,900 and 0 restricted stock units with an aggregate grant date fair market value of $ 819 and $ 0 . During the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, the Company granted 2,264,700 and 182,350 restricted stock units to employees and directors under the 2020 Plan with an aggregate grant date fair market value of $ 10,384 and $ 1,302 , respectively. The restricted stock unit awards vest in three annual installments. Below is the activity related to restricted stock units for the six months ended June 30, 2023. Number of Weighted Average Outstanding at January 1, 2023 161,750 $ 7.14 Granted 2,264,700 $ 4.59 Released ( 53,935 ) $ 7.14 Cancelled ( 34,998 ) $ 5.42 Unvested shares at June 30, 2023 2,337,517 $ 4.69 As of June 30, 2023, total unrecognized compensation expense related to restricted stock units was $ 9,508 , which amount is being recognized over a remaining weighted average period of 2.4 years. Performance-based Restricted Stock Units During the six months ended June 30, 2022, the Company granted 742,070 performance-based restricted stock units to employees under the 2020 Plan with an aggregate grant date fair value of $ 5,298 . The performance stock unit awards provide for a performance period from February 1, 2022 through January 31, 2025 to achieve up to six defined performance metrics. The percentage of each award eligible to vest will be determined based on the number of metrics achieved during the performance period and may range from 0 % to 200 %. The Company has not recognized any compensation expense through June 30, 2023, as the minimum performance criteria had not been deemed probable. The vesting of any eligible awards will occur in equal installments on January 31, 2025 and January 31, 2026. During the year ended December 31, 2022, 17,100 performance-based restricted stock units were canceled due to terminations. The following table summarizes the activity related to performance-based restricted stock units for the six months ended June 30, 2023. Number of Weighted Average Outstanding at January 1, 2023 724,970 $ 7.14 Granted — $ — Released — $ — Cancelled — $ — Unvested shares at June 30, 2023 724,970 $ 7.14 Stock Options The following table summarizes stock option activity: Number of Weighted Weighted Aggregate Outstanding at January 1, 2023 13,632,278 $ 18.48 7.7 $ 10,937 Granted 3,641,550 $ 4.53 Exercised — $ — Cancelled ( 382,801 ) $ 21.82 Outstanding at June 30, 2023 16,891,027 $ 15.40 7.6 $ 7,391 Vested and expected to vest at June 30, 2023 16,891,027 $ 15.40 7.6 $ 7,391 Vested and exercisable at June 30, 2023 9,229,185 $ 16.33 6.6 $ 7,201 The Company granted 338,500 and 481,584 options during the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 with an aggregate grant date fair value of $ 923 and $ 2,218 , respectively. The Company granted 3,641,550 and 3,382,417 options during the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 with an aggregate grant date fair value of $ 12,046 and $ 17,029 , respectively. The aggregate intrinsic value of options granted is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the options and the estimated fair value of the Company’s common stock for those options that had exercise prices lower than the fair value of the Company’s common stock. Option grants generally vest over a service period of four years and have a contractual term of ten years . As of June 30, 2023, total unrecognized compensation expense related to stock option awards was $ 77,186 , which amount is being recognized over a remaining weighted average period of 2.5 years. Employee Stock Purchase Plan In October 2020, the Company’s shareholders approved the ESPP, which became effective upon the closing of the Company’s IPO in November 2020. The Company initially reserved a total of 1,187,000 shares of its common stock for issuance under the ESPP. The ESPP provides that the number of shares reserved and available for issuance under the ESPP will be increased on January 1 of each calendar year by 1 % of the number of shares of the Company's common stock issued and outstanding on the immediately preceding December 31 or such lesser amount as specified by the board of directors. Through December 31, 2022, there was no increase in the number of shares reserved for issuance under the ESPP. In January 2023, the number of shares of the Company's common stock available for issuance under the ESPP was increased by 832,876 shares. In April 2022, the Company initiated its first offering period under the ESPP. Each offering period is six months in duration with the purchase date being the last trading day of the offering period. During the six months ended June 30, 2023, the Company issued 57,803 shares for proceeds of $ 165 . Stock-based Compensation Expense Stock-based compensation expense by award type included within the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss was as follows: Three Months Ended Six Months Ended 2023 2022 2023 2022 Stock options $ 11,417 $ 11,774 $ 23,297 $ 23,365 Restricted stock units 903 89 1,503 159 Performance-based stock units — — — — Employee stock purchase plan 33 45 88 45 Total stock-based compensation expense $ 12,353 $ 11,908 $ 24,888 $ 23,569 Stock-based compensation expense is classified as follows: Three Months Ended Six Months Ended 2023 2022 2023 2022 Research and development expense $ 5,545 $ 5,591 $ 11,473 $ 11,020 General and administrative 6,808 6,317 13,415 12,549 Total stock-based compensation expense $ 12,353 $ 11,908 $ 24,888 $ 23,569 |