Stock-Based Compensation | 8 . Stock-Based Compensation The Company has granted non-qualified and incentive stock options, restricted stock units and restricted stock awards under its incentive plans. As of March 31, 2020, there were 2,626,279 shares of common stock authorized and available for issuance pursuant to awards granted under the Grubhub Inc. 2015 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the “2015 Plan”) . Stock-based Compensation Expense The total stock-based compensation expense related to all stock-based awards was $20.2 million and $16.5 million during the three months ended March 31, 2020 As of March 31, 2020, $236.1 million of total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3.0 years. Excess tax benefits (deficiencies) reflect the total realized value of the Company’s tax deductions from individual stock option exercise transactions and the vesting of restricted stock units in excess (deficient) of the deferred tax assets that were previously recorded. During the three months ended March 31, 2020 and the Company recognized tax deficiencies from stock-based compensation of $2.5 million and excess tax benefits of $2.3 million, respectively , within income tax benefit in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and within cash flows from operating activities in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows. The Company capitalized stock-based compensation expense as website and software development costs of $4.8 million and $3.2 Stock Options The Company granted 224,509 and 301,873 stock options under the 2015 Plan during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The fair value of each stock option award was estimated based on the assumptions below as of the grant date using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model. Expected volatility is based on the historical and implied volatilities of the Company’s own common stock The Company uses historical data to estimate option exercises and employee terminations within the valuation model. Separate groups of employees that have similar historical exercise behavior are considered separately for valuation purposes. The risk-free rate for the period within the contractual life of the option is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant The assumptions used to determine the fair value of the stock options granted during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 were as follows: Three Months Ended March 31, 2020 2019 Weighted-average fair value options granted $ 19.67 $ 31.27 Average risk-free interest rate 1.44 % 2.44 % Expected stock price volatility 48.3 % 48.1 % Dividend yield None None Expected stock option life (years) 4.00 4.00 Stock option awards as of December 31, 2019 and March 31, 2020, and changes during the ended , were as follows Options Weighted-Average Exercise Price Aggregate Intrinsic Value (thousands) Weighted-Average Exercise Term (years) Outstanding at December 31, 2019 2,750,275 $ 38.74 $ 50,737 6.28 Granted 224,509 50.56 Forfeited (1,805 ) 26.20 Exercised (64,551 ) 21.90 Outstanding at March 31, 2020 2,908,428 40.03 33,258 6.33 Vested and expected to vest at March 31, 2020 2,820,034 39.35 33,088 6.25 Exercisable at March 31, 2020 2,099,401 $ 31.50 $ 31,679 5.48 The aggregate intrinsic value in the table above represents the total pre-tax intrinsic value (the difference between the fair value of the common stock and the exercise price, multiplied by the number of in-the-money options) that would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their in-the-money options on each date. This amount will change in future periods based on the fair value of the Company’s stock and the number of options outstanding. The aggregate intrinsic value of awards exercised was $2.0 million and $6.1 million during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 , respectively . The Company recorded compensation expense for stock options of $3.2 million and $4.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 Restricted Stock Units Non-vested restricted stock units as of December 31, 2019 March 31, 2020 three months March 31, 2020 Restricted Stock Units Shares Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value Outstanding at December 31, 2019 3,096,025 $ 70.62 Granted 1,869,059 50.63 Forfeited (132,597 ) 72.23 Vested (429,974 ) 71.79 Outstanding at March 31, 2020 4,402,513 $ 61.97 C ompensation expense related to restricted stock units was $17.0 million and $12.5 million during the three months ended March 31, 2020 March 31, 2020 2019 March 31, 2020 |