Significant Accounting Policies and Recently Issued Accounting Standards | NOTE 2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS Revenue Recognition — Revenues primarily consist of room rentals, franchise fees and other hotel revenues. We defer a portion of our revenue from franchisees at the time the franchise agreement is signed and recognize the remainder upon hotel opening. Room revenues are derived from room rentals at our owned hotels. We recognize room revenue on a daily basis based on an agreed-upon daily rate after the guest has stayed at one of our hotels. Customer incentive discounts, cash rebates, and refunds are recognized as a reduction of room revenues. Occupancy, hotel, and sales taxes collected from customers and remitted to the taxing authorities are excluded from revenues in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations. Included in franchise and other fee-based revenues are franchise fee revenues, which primarily consist of revenues from franchisees for application and initial fees, transfer fees, royalty, reservations, and training, as well as fees related to our guest loyalty program (“Returns”). We recognize franchise fee revenue on a gross basis because we (1) are the primary obligor in these arrangements, (2) have latitude in establishing rates, (3) perform the services delivered, (4) have some discretion over supplier selection, and (5) determine the specification of services delivered. The different types of franchise fee revenues are described as follows: • Upon execution of a franchise agreement, a franchisee is required to pay us an initial fee. We recognize the initial fee as revenue when substantial performance of our obligations to the franchisee with respect to the initial fee has been achieved. In most cases, the vast majority of the initial fee is recognized as revenue when each franchise agreement is signed as, after that date, our remaining obligations to the franchisee are limited to (1) pre-opening inspections, for which we defer $2,500, and (2) if mandated by us or agreed to with the franchisee, preopening training and marketing support related to entry into the La Quinta brand, for which we defer $5,000. These amounts represent an estimate of the value provided to the franchisee related to the services provided, and are based on our experience with time, materials, and third-party costs necessary to provide these services. We recognize the remaining deferred initial fee as revenue when the franchised property opens or if the agreement is terminated as the remaining service obligations have been fulfilled. • For franchise agreements entered into prior to April 1, 2013, we collect a monthly royalty fee from franchisees generally equal to 4.0% of their room revenues until the franchisee has operated as a La Quinta hotel for twenty-four consecutive months. For U.S. franchise agreements entered into on or after April 1, 2013, the Company collects a monthly royalty fee equal to 4.5% of gross room revenues until the franchisee has operated as a La Quinta for twenty-four consecutive months. . In these cases, the franchisee has the opportunity to earn the additional 0.5% back via rebate by achieving certain defined customer satisfaction results. Royalty fees are recognized on a gross basis in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations. Any rebates of royalty fees are recognized as a reduction of revenue. Pursuant to the franchise agreements with the owned hotels and franchise agreements entered into with franchisees outside of the U.S. on or after April 1, 2013, the Company generally collects a monthly royalty fee equal to 4.5% of gross room revenues throughout the term and does not offer a rebate. • We receive reservation and technology fees, as well as fees related to Returns, in connection with franchising our La Quinta brand. Such fees are recognized based on a percentage of the franchisee’s eligible hotel room revenues or room count. We also perform certain other services for franchisees such as training and revenue management. Revenue for these services is recognized at the time the services are performed. Other hotel revenues include revenues generated by the incidental support of hotel operations for owned hotels and other rental income. We record rental income from operating leases associated with leasing space for restaurants, billboards, and cell towers. Rental income is recognized on a straight-line basis over the life of the respective lease agreement. Brand marketing fund revenues from franchise properties represent fees collected from third party franchise hotels related to maintaining our Brand Marketing Fund (“BMF”). We maintain the BMF on behalf of all La Quinta branded hotel properties, including our owned hotels, from which marketing and advertising campaign expenses are paid. Each La Quinta branded hotel is charged a percentage of its room revenue from which the expenses of the fund are covered. The corresponding expenditures of the BMF fees collected from franchised hotels are presented as brand marketing fund expenses from franchised hotels in our condensed consolidated statements of operations, resulting in no net impact to operating income (loss) or net income (loss). Lodging operations are particularly sensitive to adverse economic and competitive conditions and trends, which could adversely affect the Company’s business, financial condition, and results of operations. Assets held for sale— Long-lived assets are classified as held for sale when all of the following criteria are met: • Management, having the authority to approve the action, commits to a plan to sell the asset and does not expect significant changes to the plan or that the plan will be withdrawn; • The asset is available for immediate sale in its present condition, and management is actively seeking a buyer; • The asset is being actively marketed, at a price reasonable in relation to the current value; and • The sale of the asset is probable within one year. When we identify a long-lived asset as held for sale, depreciation of the asset is discontinued and the carrying value is reduced, if necessary, to the estimated sales price less costs to sell by recording a charge to current earnings. All assets held for sale are monitored through the date of sale for potential adjustments based on offers we are willing to take under serious consideration and continued review of facts and circumstances. Losses on sales are recorded to the extent that the amounts ultimately received for the sale of assets are less than the adjusted book values of the assets. Gains on sales are recognized at the time the assets are sold, provided there is reasonable assurance the sales price will be collected and any future activities to be performed by the Company relating to the assets sold are expected to be insignificant. Derivative Instruments — We use derivative instruments as part of our overall strategy to manage our exposure to market risks associated with fluctuations in interest rates. We regularly monitor the financial stability and credit standing of the counterparties to our derivative instruments. We do not enter into derivative financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes. We record all derivatives at fair value. On the date the derivative contract is entered, we designate the derivative as one of the following: a hedge of a forecasted transaction or the variability of cash flows to be paid (“cash flow hedge”), a hedge of the fair value of a recognized asset or liability (“fair value hedge”), or an undesignated hedge instrument. Changes in the fair value of a derivative that is qualified, designated and highly effective as a cash flow hedge or net investment hedge are recorded in the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) until they are reclassified into earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. Changes in the fair value of a derivative that is qualified, designated and highly effective as a fair value hedge, along with the gain or loss on the hedged asset or liability that is attributable to the hedged risk, are recorded in current period earnings. Changes in the fair value of undesignated derivative instruments and the ineffective portion of designated derivative instruments are reported in current period earnings. Cash flows from designated derivative financial instruments are classified within the same category as the item being hedged in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows. If we determine that we qualify for and will designate a derivative as a hedging instrument at the designation date, we formally document all relationships between hedging activities, including the risk management objective and strategy for undertaking various hedge transactions. This process includes matching all derivatives that are designated as cash flow hedges to specific forecasted transactions, linking all derivatives designated as fair value hedges to specific assets and liabilities in our condensed consolidated balance sheets, and determining the foreign currency exposure of net investment of the foreign operation for a net investment hedge. On a quarterly basis, we assess the effectiveness of our designated hedges in offsetting the variability in the cash flows or fair values of the hedged assets or obligations via use of a statistical regression approach. Additionally, we measure ineffectiveness using the hypothetical derivative method. This method compares the cumulative change in fair value of each hedging instrument to the cumulative change in fair value of a hypothetical hedging instrument, which has terms that identically match the critical terms of the respective hedged transactions. Thus, the hypothetical hedging instrument is presumed to perfectly offset the hedged cash flows. Ineffectiveness results when the cumulative change in the fair value of the hedging instrument exceeds the cumulative change in the fair value of the hypothetical hedging instrument. We discontinue hedge accounting prospectively when the derivative is not highly effective as a hedge, the underlying hedged transaction is no longer probable, or the hedging instrument expires, is sold, terminated or exercised. Equity Based Compensation — We recognize the cost of services received in an equity based payment transaction with an employee as services are received and record either a corresponding increase in equity or a liability, depending on whether the instruments granted satisfy the equity or liability classification criteria. The measurement objective for these equity awards is the estimated fair value at the grant date of the equity instruments that we are obligated to issue when employees have rendered the requisite service and satisfied any other conditions necessary to earn the right to benefit from the instruments. The compensation cost for an award classified as an equity instrument is recognized ratably over the requisite service period. The requisite service period is the period during which an employee is required to provide service for an award to vest. We recognize forfeitures as they occur. Compensation cost for awards with performance conditions is recognized over the requisite service period if it is probable that the performance condition will be satisfied. If such performance conditions are not considered probable until they occur, no compensation expense for these awards is recognized. Income Taxes —We account for income taxes using the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to the differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities from a change in tax rates is recognized in earnings during the period in which the new rate is enacted. For financial reporting purposes, income tax expense or benefit is based on reported financial accounting income and income taxes related to our taxable subsidiaries. We evaluate the probability of realizing the future benefits of deferred tax assets and provide a valuation allowance for the portion of any deferred tax assets where the likelihood of realizing an income tax benefit in the future does not meet the more-likely-than-not criteria for recognition. We recognize the financial statement benefit of a tax position only after determining that the relevant tax authority would more likely than not sustain the position following an audit. For tax positions meeting the more-likely-than-not threshold, the amount recognized in the financial statements is the largest benefit that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with the relevant tax authority. We accrue interest and, if applicable, penalties for any uncertain tax positions. Our policy is to classify interest and penalties as a component of income tax expense. The Company has open tax years dating back to 2010. Newly Issued Accounting Standards In January 2017, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business, which provides guidance for evaluating whether certain transactions are to be accounted for as an acquisition (or disposal) of either a business or an asset. This standard is applied on a prospective basis. Early adoption is permitted for transactions occurring subsequent to the issuance of ASU 2017-01 and not reported in the financial statements. The guidance is effective for the interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, on a prospective basis, and earlier adoption is permitted for transactions occurring subsequent to the issuance of ASU 2017-01 and not reported in the financial statements. We are currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on our consolidated financial position, results of operations and related disclosures. In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which changes the methodology for measuring credit losses on financial instruments and the timing of when such losses are recorded. The guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2018. We are currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on our consolidated financial position, results of operations and related disclosures. Historically credit losses have not been material to the Company. We do not expect the implementation of this to have a material impact on our financial position and results of operations. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). The new guidance on revenue from contracts with customers will supersede most current revenue recognition guidance, including industry-specific guidance. The guidance is effective for the interim and annual periods beginning on or after December 15, 2017; early adoption is permitted for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016. The underlying principle is that an entity will recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers at an amount that the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. The Company has formed a project team to evaluate and implement the standard and currently believes the most significant areas of impact of this ASU will be i) the deferral of initial fees paid by franchisees over their contract life; and ii) the deferral of costs to acquire a customer. We are continuing our assessment, which may identify other impacts of the adoption of ASU 2014-09. The guidance also requires enhanced disclosures regarding the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from an entity’s contracts with customers. The guidance permits the use of either a retrospective or cumulative effect transition method. The Company currently anticipates utilizing the full retrospective method of adoption allowed by the standard, in order to provide for comparative results in all periods presented, and plans to adopt the standard as of January 1, 2018. Newly Adopted Accounting Standards In January 2017, the FASB ASU In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-16, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory. The new guidance requires that entities recognize the income tax consequences of an intra-entity transfer of an asset other than inventory when the transfer occurs. The guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods. Early adoption is permitted but should be in the first interim period. The new guidance should also be applied on a modified retrospective basis through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the period of adoption. We adopted this standard on January 1, 2017 and it did not have a material effect on our financial statements. In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments: A Consensus of the FASB Emerging Issues Task Force. The amendments provide guidance on eight specific cash flow classification issues: debt prepayment or debt extinguishment costs, settlement of zero-coupon debt instruments or other debt instruments with coupon interest rates that are insignificant in relation to the effective interest rate of the borrowing, contingent consideration payments made after a business combination, proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims, proceeds from the settlement of corporate and bank-owned life insurance policies, distributions received from equity method investees, beneficial interests in securitization transactions and separately identifiable cash flows and application of the predominance principle. The amendments in this update are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017 and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. If an entity early adopts the amendments in an interim period, any adjustments should be reflected as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes that interim period. An entity that elects early adoption must adopt all of the amendments in the same period. We adopted this standard on January 1, 2017 on a retrospective basis. For the three months ended March 31, 2016, we reclassified $0.4 million from insurance proceeds on casualty disasters in cash flows from investing activities to the change in accounts receivable in cash flows from operating activities on the consolidated statement of cash flows. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting, which simplifies several aspects related to the accounting for share-based payment transactions. Per ASU 2016-09: (1) all excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies should be recognized as income tax expense or benefit in the income statement, rather than in additional paid-in capital under current guidance; (2) excess tax benefits should be classified along with other income tax cash flows as an operating activity on the statement of cash flows, rather than as a separate cash inflow from financing activities and cash outflow from operating activities under current guidance; (3) cash paid by an employer when directly withholding shares for tax-withholding purposes should be classified as a financing activity; and (4) an entity can make an entity-wide accounting policy election to either estimate the number of awards that are expected to vest, as under current guidance, or account for forfeitures when they occur. ASU 2016-09 is effective for annual periods, and interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2016. Early adoption is permitted. We adopted this standard on January 1, 2017 and it did not have a material effect on our financial statements. From time to time, new accounting standards are issued by FASB or other standards setting bodies, which we adopt as of the specified effective date. Unless otherwise discussed, we believe the impact of recently issued standards that are not yet effective will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements upon adoption. |