SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES | SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Use of Estimates —The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Cash and Cash Equivalents —All highly liquid investments with maturities at the date of purchase of three months or less are classified as cash equivalents. There are no restrictions on cash and cash equivalents. Investments —All investments with maturities of greater than three months at the date of purchase and maturities of less than one year at the reporting date are classified as short-term investments, while investments with maturities of a year or more at the reporting date are classified as long-term investments. Management has classified the Company’s investments as available-for-sale in the accompanying financial statements. Available-for-sale investments are carried at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss. Realized gains and losses on the sale of all such securities are reported in other income (expense), net and are computed using the specific identification method. Available-for-sale investments are subject to a periodic impairment review. The Company may recognize an impairment charge when a decline in the fair value of investments below the cost basis is determined to be other-than-temporary. In determining whether a decline in market value is other-than-temporary, various factors are considered, including the cause, duration of time and severity of the impairment, any adverse changes in the investees’ financial condition, and the Company’s intent and ability to hold the security for a period of time sufficient to allow for an anticipated recovery in market value. When the Company determines that the decline in the fair value of an investment is below the accounting basis and the decline is other-than-temporary, the carrying value of the security is reduced and a loss is recorded for the amount of such decline. There were no investments deemed to be impaired as of December 31, 2018. The Company’s investments are in commercial paper, corporate debt securities and asset-backed securities. Pursuant to the Company’s investment policy, all purchased securities have a minimum short-term rating of A1 (Moody’s) or P1 (Standard & Poor’s) or equivalent. If there is no short-term rating, a purchased security is required to have a long-term rating no lower than A3/A- or equivalent. Concentration of Credit Risk and Other Risks and Uncertainties —Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to a concentration of credit risk, consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents and short-term and long-term investments. The Company maintains deposits in federally insured financial institutions in excess of federally insured limits. Management believes that these financial institutions are financially sound, and, accordingly, minimal credit risk exists with respect to those financial institutions. The Company is exposed to credit risk in the event of default by the financial institutions holding its cash, cash equivalents and short-term and long-term investments and by the issuers of the securities to the extent recorded in the balance sheet. The Company is dependent on third-party manufacturers to supply products for research and development activities in its programs. In particular, the Company relies and expects to continue to rely on a small number of manufacturers to supply it with its requirements for the active pharmaceutical ingredient and drug product related to these programs. These programs could be adversely affected by a significant interruption in the supply of active pharmaceutical ingredients and formulated drugs . Property and Equipment —Property and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is determined using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets, which is three years. Leasehold improvements are amortized using the straight-line method over the shorter of the lease term or their estimated useful economic lives. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets —Long-lived assets consist of property and equipment. The Company assesses potential impairment losses on long-lived assets used in operations when events and circumstances indicate that assets might be impaired. If such events or changes in circumstances arise, the Company compares the carrying amount of the long-lived assets to the estimated future undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the long-lived assets. If the estimated aggregate undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying amount of the long-lived assets, an impairment charge, calculated as the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets, is recorded. The fair value of the long-lived assets is determined based on the estimated discounted cash flows expected to be generated from the long-lived assets. The Company has no t recognized any impairment losses in the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 . Deferred Offering Costs —The Company capitalizes certain legal, professional accounting and other third-party fees that are directly associated with in-process equity financings as deferred offering costs until such financings are consummated. After consummation of the equity financing, these costs are recorded in stockholders’ equity (deficit) as a reduction of additional paid-in capital generated as a result of the equity financing. Clinical and Manufacturing Accruals —The Company records accruals for estimated costs of research, nonclinical and clinical studies and manufacturing development, which are a significant component of research and development expenses. A substantial portion of the Company’s ongoing research and development activities is conducted by third-party service providers, including clinical research organizations, or CROs, and contract manufacturing organizations, or CMOs. The Company’s contracts with CROs generally include pass-through fees such as regulatory expenses, investigator fees, travel costs and other miscellaneous costs, including shipping and printing fees. The financial terms of these contracts are subject to negotiations, which vary from contract to contract and may result in payment flows that do not match the periods over which materials or services are provided to the Company under such contracts. The Company accrues the costs incurred under agreements with these third parties based on estimates of actual work completed in accordance with the respective agreements. The Company determines the estimated costs through discussions with internal personnel and external service providers as to the progress or stage of completion of the services and the agreed-upon fees to be paid for such services. The Company makes significant judgments and estimates in determining the accrual balance in each reporting period. As actual costs become known, the Company adjusts its accruals. Although the Company does not expect its estimates to be materially different from amounts actually incurred, the Company’s understanding of the status and timing of services performed relative to the actual status and timing of services performed may vary and could result in the Company reporting amounts that are too high or too low in any particular period. The Company’s accrual is dependent, in part, upon the receipt of timely and accurate reporting from information provided as part of its clinical and nonclinical studies and other third-party vendors. Through December 31, 2018 , there have been no material differences from the Company’s accrued estimated expenses to the actual clinical trial and manufacturing expenses. However, variations in the assumptions used to estimate accruals, including, but not limited to the number of patients enrolled, the rate of patient enrollment, the actual services performed, and the amount of manufactured drug substance and/or drug product, and related costs may vary from the Company’s estimates, resulting in adjustments to research and development expense in future periods. Changes in these estimates that result in material changes to the Company’s accruals could materially affect its financial position and results of operations. Lease —The Company leases its office and laboratory facility and the lease is classified as an operating lease. Rent expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease and, accordingly, the Company records the difference between cash rent payments and rent expense recognized as a deferred rent liability. Incentives granted under the Company’s facility lease, including allowances to fund leasehold improvements, are deferred and are recognized as adjustments to rental expense on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Term Loan —The Company accounts for the Loan and Security Agreement, or Term Loan, with Hercules Capital, Inc., or Hercules, as a liability measured at net proceeds less debt discount and is accreted to the face value of the Term Loan over its expected term using the effective interest method. The Company considers whether there are any embedded features in its debt instruments that require bifurcation and separate accounting as derivative financial instruments pursuant to Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging . Convertible Preferred Stock —The Company recorded all shares of convertible preferred stock at their respective fair values, net of issuance costs, on the dates of issuance. In the event of a change of control of the Company, proceeds would have been distributed in accordance with the liquidation preferences set forth in its Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation unless the holders of convertible preferred stock had converted their convertible preferred shares into common shares. Therefore, convertible preferred stock was classified outside of stockholders’ equity (deficit) on the accompanying balance sheets as events triggering the liquidation preferences were not solely within the Company’s control. The Company elected not to adjust the carrying values of the convertible preferred stock to the liquidation preferences of such shares because of the uncertainty of whether or when such an event would occur. Upon the closing of the IPO on July 2, 2018 , the 104,225,638 shares of convertible preferred stock outstanding were automatically converted into 26,187,321 shares of common stock. Warrants —The Company issued freestanding warrants to purchase shares of its Series A convertible preferred stock. Freestanding warrants for shares of the Company’s convertible preferred stock were classified outside of permanent equity, were recorded at fair value and were subject to remeasurement at each balance sheet date until the earlier of the exercise of the warrants or the completion of a liquidation event, including the completion of an initial public offering. Immediately prior to exercise, the warrant liability was remeasured to fair value and, upon exercise, the warrant liability was reclassified to additional paid-in capital, with any change in fair value recognized as a component of other income (expense), net. See Note 3 " Fair Value Measurements and Fair Value of Financial Instruments " to these financial statements for additional details. The Company also issued freestanding warrants to purchase shares of common stock in connection with its Term Loan. The warrants are recorded at fair value using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. See Note 5 " Borrowings " to these financial statements for additional details. Preferred Stock Tranche Obligation —The Company entered into convertible preferred stock financings where, in addition to the initial closing, investors agreed to buy, and the Company agreed to sell, additional shares of that convertible preferred stock at a set price in the event that certain agreed milestones are achieved (a tranched financing). The Company evaluated this tranche obligation and determined that it met the definition of a freestanding instrument, and accordingly, determined the fair value of this obligation and recorded it on the balance sheet with the residual of the proceeds raised being allocated to convertible preferred stock. The preferred stock tranche obligation was revalued each reporting period with changes in the fair value of the obligation recorded as a component of other income (expense), net in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The preferred stock tranche obligation was revalued at settlement and the resultant fair value was then reclassified to convertible preferred stock at that time. Research and Development Expense —Research and development expense is charged to the statements of operations and comprehensive loss in the period in which they are incurred. Research and development expense consists primarily of salaries and related costs, including stock-based compensation expense, for personnel and consultants in our research and development functions; fees paid to clinical consultants, clinical trial sites and vendors, including CROs, costs related to pre-commercialization manufacturing activities including payments to CMOs and other vendors and consultants, costs related to regulatory activities, expenses related to lab supplies and services and depreciation and other allocated facility-related and overhead expenses. Nonrefundable advance payments for goods or services to be received in the future for use in research and development activities are deferred and capitalized. The capitalized amounts are expensed as the related goods are delivered or the services are performed. Stock-Based Compensation —Stock-based compensation expense represents the grant-date fair value of awards recognized on a straight-line basis over the employee's requisite service period (generally the vesting period). The Black-Scholes option-pricing model is used to calculate stock-based compensation expense for stock option awards and shares purchased under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or ESPP. For restricted stock units, or RSUs, the grant-date fair value is the closing price of the Company's common stock on the date of grant as reported on The Nasdaq Global Select Market. Because stock compensation expense is an estimate of awards ultimately expected to vest, it is reduced by an estimate for future forfeitures. Forfeitures are estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from estimates. The Company records the expense attributed to nonemployee services paid with stock option awards based on the estimated fair value of the awards determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The measurement of stock-based compensation for nonemployees was previously subject to remeasurement as the options vested. As of July 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2018-07, Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting , which no longer subjects nonemployee awards to remeasurement. The expense is recognized over the period during which services are received. Income Taxes —The Company accounts for income taxes using the liability method, whereby deferred tax asset and liability account balances are determined based on differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. The Company provides a valuation allowance when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of its deferred tax assets will not be realized. The Company accounts for income tax contingencies using a benefit recognition model. If it considers that a tax position is more likely than not to be sustained upon audit, based solely on the technical merits of the position, it recognizes the benefit. The Company measures the benefit by determining the amount that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon settlement, presuming that the tax position is examined by the appropriate taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. The Company’s policy is to recognize interest and penalties related to the underpayment of income taxes as a component of income tax expense or benefit. To date, there have been no interest or penalties charged in relation to the unrecognized tax benefits. Comprehensive Loss —Comprehensive loss includes net loss and certain changes in stockholders’ equity (deficit) that are excluded from net loss, primarily unrealized losses on the Company’s available-for-sale securities. Net Loss per Share —Basic net loss per share is calculated by dividing the net loss by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period, without consideration for common stock equivalents. Diluted net loss per share is the same as basic net loss per share, since the effects of potentially dilutive securities are antidilutive given the net loss for each period presented. Segment Reporting —The Company manages its operations as a single operating segment for the purposes of assessing performance and making operating decisions. All of the Company's assets are maintained in the United States. Reverse Stock Split —On June 14, 2018 the Company’s board of directors approved a 1-for-3.98 reverse split of shares of the Company's common stock. The par values and the authorized shares of the common stock and convertible preferred stock were not adjusted as a result of the reverse stock split, nor were the outstanding shares of convertible preferred stock. All issued and outstanding common stock and related per share amounts contained in the accompanying financial statements have been retroactively adjusted to reflect this reverse stock split for all periods presented. The reverse stock split was effected on June 15, 2018. Recent Accounting Pronouncements Adopted Standards In May 2017, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, issued Accounting Standards Update, or ASU, No. 2017-09, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718) : Scope of Modification Accounting . This ASU specifies the modification accounting applicable to any entity which changes the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award. The Company elected to prospectively adopt this ASU beginning January 1, 2018. The adoption of this ASU did not have a material impact on the Company's financial statements. In July 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-11, Earnings Per Share (Topic 260); Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (Topic 480); Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815), (Part I) Accounting for Certain Financial Instruments with Down Round Features, (Part II) Replacement of the Indefinite Deferral for Mandatorily Redeemable Financial Instruments of Certain Nonpublic Entities and Certain Mandatorily Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests with a Scope Exception . The guidance in ASU No. 2017-11 allows for the exclusion of a down round feature, when evaluating whether or not an instrument or embedded feature requires derivative classification. The Company early adopted this guidance beginning January 1, 2018. The adoption of this standard had no material impact on the Company’s financial statements. In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-07, Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting (Topic 718) , which amends ASC Topic 718, “Compensation—Stock Compensation”. The ASU simplifies the accounting for share-based payments granted to nonemployees for goods and services. Under the ASU, most of the guidance on such payments to nonemployees would be aligned with the requirements for share-based payments granted to employees. The Company early adopted this guidance effective July 1, 2018. Upon adoption of this standard, share-based awards issued to nonemployees are measured at the grant date and are not subject to remeasurement. The Company has elected to continue to use the contractual term as the estimated expected term. The adoption of ASU No. 2018-07 did not have a material impact on the Company's financial statements and is expected to reduce the volatility in stock-based compensation expense for nonemployees recognized from period to period. Standards Not Yet Effective In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) , which for operating leases requires the lessee to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability, initially measured at the present value of the lease payments, on its balance sheet. The guidance requires a lessee to recognize single lease costs, calculated so that the cost of the lease is allocated over the lease term, on a generally straight-line basis. The new standard also requires expanded disclosures regarding leasing arrangements. The Company leases certain facilities for some of its operations, which represents a majority of its operating leases it has entered into as a lessee. The Company expects the implementation of ASC Topic 842 to have an impact on its financial statements and related disclosures as it had aggregate future minimum lease payments of approximately $2.7 million as of December 31, 2018 . The new standard becomes effective for the Company beginning January 1, 2019. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements , which provides an alternative modified retrospective transition method. Under this method, the cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings is recognized on the date of adoption and it allows entities not to apply the new leases standard, including its disclosure requirements, in the comparative periods presented in their financial statements in the year of adoption. The Company intends to elect this transition method at the adoption date of January 1, 2019, and as a result, will record a right-of-use asset and a corresponding lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases with terms longer than 12 months. The Company expects to elect the practical expedients upon transition that will retain the lease classification and initial direct costs for any leases that existed prior to the adoption of the new guidance. The Company is continuing to evaluate the effect that this guidance will have on its financial statements and related disclosures. In September 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement , which amends ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement . The FASB issued final guidance that eliminates, adds and modifies certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurements as part of its disclosure framework project. Under the ASU, entities will no longer be required to disclose the amount of transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Public companies will be required to disclose changes in unrealized gains and losses for the period included in other comprehensive income for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements held at the end of the reporting period and the range and weighted average used to develop significant unobservable inputs for Level 3 fair value measurements. ASU No. 2018-13 is effective for public business entities for annual reporting periods, and interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption will be permitted in any interim or annual period. The Company plans to adopt this guidance on January 1, 2020. The new guidance only affects disclosures in the notes to the financial statements and will not affect the Company's financial statements. |