ViewRay (VRAYQ) 10-Q 2018 Q2 Quarterly report

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2018

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from                        to    

Commission File Number: 001-37725

ViewRay, Inc.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Delaware	42-1777485
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
2 Thermo Fisher Way Oakwood Village, OH	44146
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (440) 703-3210

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.     Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes  ☒ No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☒
Non-accelerated filer	☐  (Do not check if a smaller reporting company)	Smaller reporting company	☐
Emerging growth company	☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

As of July 27, 2018, the registrant had 75,206,716 shares of common stock, $0.01 par value per share, outstanding.

VIEWRAY, INC.

FORM 10-Q

TABLE OF CONTENTS

		Page
	PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION
	Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements	3
Item 1.	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	4
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets	4
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	6
	Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	7
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	21
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	32
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	32
	PART II – OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	34
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	34
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	37
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	37
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	37
Item 5.	Other Information	37
Item 6.	Exhibits	38
	Signatures	39

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CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, or this Report, contains forward-looking statements, including, without limitation, in the sections captioned “Risk Factors,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and elsewhere. Any and all statements contained in this Report that are not statements of historical fact may be deemed forward-looking statements. Terms such as “may,” “might,” “would,” “should,” “could,” “project,” “estimate,” “pro forma,” “predict,” “potential,” “strategy,” “anticipate,” “attempt,” “develop,” “plan,” “help,” “believe,” “continue,” “intend,” “expect,” “future” and terms of similar import (including the negative of any of the foregoing) may be intended to identify forward-looking statements. However, not all forward-looking statements may contain one or more of these identifying terms. Forward-looking statements in this Report may include, without limitation, statements regarding (i) the plans and objectives of management for future operations, including plans or objectives relating to the development of products, (ii) a projection of income (including income/loss), earnings (including earnings/loss) per share, capital expenditures, dividends, capital structure or other financial items, (iii) our future financial performance, including any such statement contained in a discussion and analysis of financial condition by management or in the results of operations included pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, and (iv) the assumptions underlying or relating to any statement described in points (i), (ii) or (iii) above.

The forward-looking statements are not meant to predict or guarantee actual results, performance, events or circumstances and may not be realized because they are based upon our current projections, plans, objectives, beliefs, expectations, estimates and assumptions and are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties and other influences, many of which we have no control over. Actual results and the timing of certain events and circumstances may differ materially from those described by the forward-looking statements as a result of these risks and uncertainties. Factors that may influence or contribute to the inaccuracy of the forward-looking statements or cause actual results to differ materially from expected or desired results may include, without limitation:

• market acceptance of magnetic resonance imaging (“MRI”) guided radiation therapy;

• the benefits of MR Image-Guided radiation therapy;

• our ability to successfully sell and market MRIdian in our existing and expanded geographies;

• the performance of MRIdian in clinical settings;

• competition from existing technologies or products or new technologies and products that may emerge;

• the pricing and reimbursement of MR Image-Guided radiation therapy;

• the implementation of our business model and strategic plans for our business and MRIdian;

• the scope of protection we are able to establish and maintain for intellectual property rights covering MRIdian;

• our ability to obtain regulatory approval in targeted markets for MRIdian;

• estimates of our future revenue, expenses, capital requirements and our need for additional financing;

• our financial performance;

• our expectations related to the MRIdian linear accelerator technology, or MRIdian Linac;

• developments relating to our competitors and the healthcare industry; and

• other risks and uncertainties, including those listed under the section titled “Risk Factors.”

Any forward-looking statements in this Report reflect our current views with respect to future events or to our future financial performance and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from current expectations include, among other things, those listed under Item 1A, titled “Risk Factors” discussed elsewhere in this Report and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017. Given these uncertainties, you are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. We disclaim any obligation to update the forward-looking statements contained in this Report to reflect any new information or future events or circumstances or otherwise, except as required by law.

This Report also contains estimates, projections and other information concerning our industry, our business, and the markets for certain devices, including data regarding the estimated size of those markets. Information that is based on estimates, forecasts, projections, market research or similar methodologies is inherently subject to uncertainties and actual events or circumstances may differ materially from events and circumstances reflected in this information. Unless otherwise expressly stated, we obtained this industry, business, market and other data from reports, research surveys, studies and similar data prepared by market research firms and other third parties, industry, medical and general publications, government data and similar sources.

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PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

VIEWRAY, INC.

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

(Unaudited)

	June 30, 2018			December 31, 2017
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	66,143		$	57,389
Accounts receivable		13,563			20,326
Inventory		28,570			19,375
Deposits on purchased inventory		7,542			7,043
Deferred cost of revenue		15,683			13,696
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		5,259			4,862
Total current assets		136,760			122,691
Property and equipment, net		13,587			11,564
Restricted cash		1,181			1,143
Intangible assets, net		68			78
Other assets		917			235
TOTAL ASSETS	$	152,513		$	135,711
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	7,574		$	11,014
Accrued liabilities		7,650			7,207
Customer deposits		10,280			17,820
Deferred revenue, current portion		15,540			20,151
Total current liabilities		41,044			56,192
Deferred revenue, net of current portion		4,393			3,238
Long-term debt		44,599			44,504
Warrant liabilities		15,411			22,420
Other long-term liabilities		9,100			7,370
TOTAL LIABILITIES		114,547			133,724
Commitments and contingencies (Note 6)
Stockholders’ equity:
Convertible preferred stock, par value of $0.01 per share; 10,000,000 shares authorized    at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017; no shares issued and outstanding    at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017		—			—
Common stock, par value of $0.01 per share; 300,000,000 shares authorized at    June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017; 75,188,832 and 67,653,974 shares    issued and outstanding at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017		741			666
Additional paid-in capital		386,610			321,174
Accumulated deficit		(349,385	)		(319,853	)
TOTAL STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY		37,966			1,987
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY	$	152,513		$	135,711

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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VIEWRAY, INC.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

(Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Revenue:
Product	$	15,366		$	—		$	40,745		$	—
Service		958			579			1,650			1,687
Distribution rights		119			119			238			238
Total revenue		16,443			698			42,633			1,925
Cost of revenue:
Product		14,654			328			34,365			594
Service		1,720			498			2,629			1,274
Total cost of revenue		16,374			826			36,994			1,868
Gross margin		69			(128	)		5,639			57
Operating expenses:
Research and development		4,389			3,251			8,159			6,165
Selling and marketing		3,394			1,871			6,640			2,943
General and administrative		10,503			7,463			20,349			14,614
Total operating expenses		18,286			12,585			35,148			23,722
Loss from operations		(18,217	)		(12,713	)		(29,509	)		(23,665	)
Interest income		2			1			4			2
Interest expense		(1,918	)		(1,792	)		(3,784	)		(3,529	)
Other (expense) income, net		(1,857	)		6,151			6,485			(9,122	)
Loss before provision for income taxes	$	(21,990	)	$	(8,353	)	$	(26,804	)	$	(36,314	)
Provision for income taxes		—			—			—			—
Net loss and comprehensive loss	$	(21,990	)	$	(8,353	)	$	(26,804	)	$	(36,314	)
Amortization of beneficial conversion feature related to Series A convertible preferred stock	$	—		$	—		$	(2,728	)	$	—
Net loss attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted	$	(21,990	)	$	(8,353	)	$	(29,532	)	$	(36,314	)
Net loss per share, basic and diluted	$	(0.30	)	$	(0.15	)	$	(0.41	)	$	(0.67	)
Weighted-average common shares used to compute net loss per    share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted		74,531,274			57,230,403			71,776,802			54,540,854

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

5

VIEWRAY, INC.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)

	Six Months Ended
	2018			2017
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net loss	$	(26,804	)	$	(36,314	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		1,586			1,004
Stock-based compensation		2,873			1,782
Accretion on asset retirement obligation		20			19
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities		(7,009	)		9,032
Loss on disposal of property and equipment		—			9
Amortization of debt discount and interest accrual		1,770			1,605
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable		6,763			2,380
Inventory		(10,312	)		(7,276	)
Deposits on purchased inventory		(499	)		(2,994	)
Deferred cost of revenue		(2,447	)		(7,254	)
Prepaid expenses and other assets		(1,079	)		(2,096	)
Accounts payable		(3,383	)		1,808
Accrued expenses and other long-term liabilities		679			976
Customer deposits and deferred revenue		(10,996	)		13,436
Net cash used in operating activities		(48,838	)		(23,883	)
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Purchase of property and equipment		(2,280	)		(776	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(2,280	)		(776	)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Proceeds from common stock private placement, gross		—			26,100
Payment of offering costs related to common stock private placement		—			(300	)
Proceeds from at-the-market offering of common stock, gross		278			39,524
Payment of offering costs related to at-the-market offering of common stock		(6	)		(1,129	)
Proceeds from direct registered offering, gross		59,100			—
Payment of offering costs related to direct registered offering		(177	)		—
Proceeds from the exercise of stock options		715			193
Net cash provided by financing activities		59,910			64,388
NET INCREASE IN CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH		8,792			39,729
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH — BEGINNING OF PERIOD		58,532			15,341
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH — END OF PERIOD	$	67,324		$	55,070
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION:
Cash paid for interest	$	2,014		$	1,924
Cash paid for taxes		—		$	1
SUPPLEMENTAL NON-CASH INVESTING AND FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Transfer of property and equipment from inventory and deferred cost of revenue	$	1,577		$	—
Purchase of property and equipment in accounts payable and accrued expenses	$	13		$	248
Offering cost in accounts payable and accrued expenses	$	—		$	6

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

6

VIEWRAY, INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

1.Background and Organization

ViewRay, Inc., or ViewRay or the Company, and its wholly owned subsidiary ViewRay Technologies, Inc., designs, manufactures and markets MRIdian, an MR Image-Guided radiation therapy system to simultaneously image and treat cancer patients.

Since inception, ViewRay Technologies, Inc. has devoted substantially all of its efforts towards research and development, initial selling and marketing activities, raising capital and the manufacturing and shipment of MRIdian systems. In May 2012, ViewRay Technologies, Inc. was granted clearance from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, to sell MRIdian with Cobalt-60. In November 2013, ViewRay Technologies, Inc. received its first clinical acceptance of a MRIdian with Cobalt-60 at a customer site, and the first patient was treated with that system in January 2014. ViewRay Technologies, Inc. has had the right to affix the CE mark to MRIdian with Cobalt-60 in the European Economic Area since November 2014. In September 2016, the Company received the rights to affix the CE mark to MRIdian Linac, and in February 2017, the Company received 510(k) clearance from the FDA to market MRIdian Linac.

The Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the basis of the Company continuing as a going concern for a reasonable period of time. The Company’s principal sources of liquidity are cash flows from public and private offerings of capital stock and available borrowings under its term loan agreement, as well as cash from the sale of its systems and services. These have historically been sufficient to meet working capital needs, capital expenditures, and debt service obligations. During the six months ended June 30, 2018, the Company incurred a net loss of $26.8 million and used cash in operations of $48.8 million. The Company believes that its existing cash balance of $66.1 million as of June 30, 2018, together with anticipated cash receipts from equity financing and sales of MRIdian systems will be sufficient to fund its operations for at least the next 12 months.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, or GAAP, and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC. The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of ViewRay, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiary, ViewRay Technologies, Inc. All inter-company accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

In the opinion of management, all adjustments, including normal recurring adjustments, considered necessary for a fair presentation of the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, have been included. The results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2018 or any future period. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and their notes should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and related notes for the year ended December 31, 2017.

Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted Accounting Standard Codification Topic 606, or ASC 606, Revenues from Contracts with Customers, by using the full retrospective method. The adoption of ASC 606 has no impact on the Company’s prior period financial statements.  Please see the Company’s “Revenue Recognition” policy in the “Significant Accounting Policies” section below for further information and related disclosures.

Significant Accounting Policies

The significant accounting policies used in preparation of these condensed consolidated financial statements are disclosed in the notes to consolidated financial statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017 filed with the SEC on March 12, 2018, and have not changed significantly since that filing, except for the impact of the adoption of the new accounting guidance related to revenue recognition.  

Revenue Recognition

The Company derives revenues primarily from the sale of MRIdian systems and related services as well as support and maintenance services on sold systems. The Company accounts for revenue contracts with customers by applying the requirements of ASC 606, which includes the following steps:

7

• Identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer;

• Identification of the performance obligations in the contract;

• Determination of the transaction price;

• Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and

• Recognition of revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies a performance obligation.

In all sales arrangements, revenues are recognized when control of the promised goods or services are transferred to customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for those goods or services. For sales of MRIdian systems that the Company is required to install at the customer site, product revenue is recognized upon receipt of customer acceptance. For sales of MRIdian systems for which the Company is not responsible for installing, product revenue is recognized when the entire system is delivered and control of the system is transferred to the customer. For sales of the related support and maintenance services, a time-elapsed method is used to measure progress toward complete satisfaction of performance obligations and service revenue is recognized ratably over the service contract term, which is typically 12 months.

Arrangements with Multiple Performance Obligation

The Company frequently enters into sales arrangements that include multiple performance obligations, which mainly consist of (i) sale of MRIdian systems, which generally includes installation and embedded software, and (ii) product support, which includes extended service and maintenance. For such arrangements, the Company allocates revenue to each performance obligation based on its relative standalone selling price. The standalone selling price, or SSP, is determined based on observable prices at which the Company separately sells the products and services. If an SSP is not directly observable, the Company will estimate the SSP considering market conditions or internally approved pricing guidelines related to the performance obligations.

Product Revenue

Product revenue is derived primarily from the sales of MRIdian system. The system contains both software and non-software components that together deliver essential functionality.

The Company’s customer contracts generally call for on-site assembly of the system components and system integration. Once the system installation is completed, the Company performs a detailed demonstration with the customer showing that the MRIdian system meets the standard product specifications. After successful demonstration, the customer signs a document indicating customer’s acceptance. For sales of MRIdian systems that the Company is required to install at the customer site, revenue recognition occurs when the customer acknowledges that the system operates in accordance with standard product specifications, the customer accepts the installed unit by signing the acceptance document and the control of the system is transferred to the customer.

Certain customer contracts with distributors do not require ViewRay installation at the customer site, and the distributors typically have their own or engage a qualifying third-party certified technician to perform the installation. For sales of MRIdian systems for which the Company is not responsible for installation, revenue recognition occurs when the entire system is delivered, and the control of the system is transferred to the customer.

Service Revenue

Service revenue is derived primarily from maintenance services. The maintenance and support service is a stand-ready obligation which is performed over the term of the arrangement and, as a result, service revenue is recognized ratably over the service period as the customers benefit from the service throughout the service period.

Distribution Rights Revenue

In December 2014, the Company entered into a distribution agreement with Itochu Corporation pursuant to which it appointed Itochu as its exclusive distributor for the promotion, sale and delivery of MRIdian products within Japan.  In consideration of the exclusive distribution rights granted, the Company received $4.0 million, which was recorded as deferred revenue. Starting in August 2016, distribution rights revenue is recognized ratably over the remaining term of the distribution agreement of approximately 8.5 years. A time-elapsed method is used to measure progress because the control is transferred evenly over the remaining contractual period.

The following table presents revenue disaggregated by types and geography (in thousands):

8

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
U.S.	2018		2017		2018		2017
Product	$	6,053	$	—	$	19,588	$	—
Service		502		312		898		1,191
Total U.S. revenue	$	6,555	$	312	$	20,486	$	1,191
Outside of U.S. ("OUS")
Product	$	9,313	$	—	$	21,157	$	—
Service		456		267		752		496
Distribution rights		119		119		238		238
Total OUS revenue	$	9,888	$	386	$	22,147	$	734
Total
Product	$	15,366	$	—	$	40,745	$	—
Service		958		579		1,650		1,687
Distribution rights		119		119		238		238
Total revenue	$	16,443	$	698	$	42,633	$	1,925

Contract Balances

The timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections results in short-term and long-term trade receivables, customer deposit, deferred revenues and deferred cost of revenue on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Trade receivables are recorded at the original invoiced amount, net of an estimated allowance for doubtful accounts. Trade credit is generally extended on a short-term basis. The Company occasionally provides for long-term trade credit for its maintenance services so that the period between when the services are rendered to its customers and when the customers pay for that service is within one year. Thus, the Company’s trade receivables do not bear interest or contain significant financing component. Long-term trade receivables of $400 thousand are reported within other assets in the condensed consolidated balance sheets at June 30, 2018. These amounts are billed in accordance with the terms of the customer contracts to which they relate and are expected to be collected three to four years from the date of invoice as the underlying maintenance services are rendered. The Company had no long-term trade receivables at December 31, 2017.

Trade receivables are periodically evaluated for collectability based on past credit history with customers and their current financial condition. Changes in the estimated collectability of trade receivables are recorded in the results of operations for the period in which the estimate is revised. Trade receivables that are deemed uncollectible are offset against the allowance for doubtful accounts. The Company generally does not require collateral for trade receivables. Based on the specific customers and the current economic conditions, there was no allowance for doubtful accounts recorded at June 30, 2018 or December 31, 2017.

Customer deposits represent payments received in advance of system installation. For domestic and international sales, advance payments received prior to inventory shipments and customer acceptance are recorded as customer deposits. Advance payments are subsequently reclassified to deferred revenue upon inventory shipment when the title and risk of loss of inventory items transfer to customers. All customer deposits, including those that are expected to be a deposit for more than one year, are classified as current liabilities based on consideration of the Company’s normal operating cycle (the time between acquisition of the inventory components and the final cash collection from customers on these inventory components) which is in excess of one year.

Deferred revenue consists of deferred product revenue and deferred service revenue. Deferred product revenue arises from timing differences between the fulfillment of contract obligations and satisfaction of all revenue recognition criteria consistent with the Company’s revenue recognition policy. Deferred service revenue results from the advance billing for services to be delivered over a period of time. Deferred revenues expected to be realized within one year or normal operating cycle are classified as current liabilities.

Deferred cost of revenue consists of cost for inventory items that have been shipped with title and risk of loss transferred to the customer, but the customer acceptance has not been received. Deferred cost of revenue is included as part of current assets as the corresponding deferred product revenue is expected to be realized within one year or normal operating cycle.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, the Company recognized $6.8 million and $17.9 million revenue that was included in the deferred revenue balance at the beginning of each reporting period. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, the Company recognized $673.7 thousand and $735.5 thousand revenue that was included in the deferred revenue balance at the beginning of each reporting period.

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Practical Expedients Election

As part of the Company's adoption of ASC 606, the Company elected to use the practical expedient to expense costs to obtain a contract as incurred when the amortization period would have been one year or less, which mainly includes the Company's internal sales force compensation program.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, FASB, issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) and issued subsequent amendments to the initial guidance in September 2017 within ASU 2017-13, in January 2018 within ASU 2018-01 and in July 2018 within ASU 2018-11 (collectively, Topic 842). Topic 842 supersedes the Accounting Standards Codification 840, Leases, and requires lessees to recognize all leases, with exception of short-term leases, as a lease liability on the balance sheet. Under this ASU, a lease is defined as a lessee’s obligation to make lease payments arising from a lease, measured on a discounted basis, and a right-of-use asset which is an asset that represents the lessee’s right to use, or control the use of, a specified asset during the lease term. The ASU also requires additional disclosure about the amount, timing and uncertainty of cash flow from leases. The new standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods therein. Early adoption is permitted. As disclosed in Note 6, future minimum payments under noncancelable operating leases are approximately $16.7 million. This new standard will require the present value of these leases to be recorded in the condensed consolidated balance sheets as a right of use asset and lease liability. The Company is continuing to evaluate the impact of this guidance on its condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.  

In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-07 Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements toNonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting, which expands the scope of Topic 718 to include share-based payment transactions for acquiring goods and services from nonemployees. ASU 2018-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods therein. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is evaluating the impact of this update on its condensed consolidated financial statements.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASC 606. Under the standard, revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services in an amount that reflects the consideration the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted the requirements of ASC 606 using the full retrospective method. The adoption has no impact on the prior period financial statements, and the related disclosures required by the new standard have been updated in the “Significant Accounting Policies” section above.

On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU No.2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments and ASU No. 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash on a retrospective basis. The adoption of ASU No. 2016-15 did not have a material impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of cash flows and related disclosures. Under ASU 2016-18, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalent amounts are presented along with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the total beginning and ending amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. The Company reflected the impact of ASU No. 2016-18 to the comparative prior period which resulted in an increase in the beginning and ending cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of $1.1 million.

In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-09, Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting, which provides clarified guidance on applying modification accounting to changes in the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award. The Company adopted ASU No. 2017-09 as required on January 1, 2018, and there was no material impact on its condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In the first quarter of 2018, the Company adopted ASU No. 2018-05, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118, which included amendments to expand income tax accounting and disclosure guidance pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118, or SAB 118, issued by the SEC in December 2017. SAB 118 provides guidance on accounting for the income tax effects of the Tax Reform Act. Refer to Note 12, Income Taxes for more information and disclosures related to this amended guidance.

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3. Balance Sheet Components

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment consisted of the following (in thousands):

	June 30, 2018			December 31, 2017
Prototype	$	12,622		$	11,929
Machinery and equipment		10,732			7,831
Leasehold improvements		4,327			4,438
Software		1,228			1,142
Furniture and fixtures		588			558
Property and equipment, gross		29,497			25,898
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization		(15,910	)		(14,334	)
Property and equipment, net	$	13,587		$	11,564

Depreciation and amortization expense related to property and equipment were $923 thousand and $532 thousand during the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively; and $1.6 million and $994 thousand during the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Accrued Liabilities

Accrued liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):

	June 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
Accrued payroll and related benefits	$	4,049	$	3,944
Accrued accounts payable		1,625		2,671
Sales and other tax payable		1,607		149
Accrued legal, accounting and professional fees		313		322
Other		56		121
Total accrued liabilities	$	7,650	$	7,207

Deferred Revenue

Deferred revenue consisted of the following (in thousands):

	June 30, 2018			December 31, 2017
Deferred revenue:
Product	$	11,917		$	18,861
Services		4,908			1,182
Distribution rights		3,108			3,346
Total deferred revenue		19,933			23,389
Less: current portion of deferred revenue		(15,540	)		(20,151	)
Noncurrent portion of deferred revenue	$	4,393		$	3,238

Other Long-Term Liabilities

	June 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
Accrued interest, noncurrent portion	$	7,894	$	6,218
Deferred rent, noncurrent portion		378		167
Other		828		985
Total other-long term liabilities	$	9,100	$	7,370

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4. Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company’s financial instruments that are carried at fair value mainly consist of Level 1 assets and Level 3 liabilities. Level 1 assets include highly liquid bank deposits and money market funds, which were not material at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. Level 3 liabilities that are measured on a recurring basis consist of the 2017 and 2016 Placement Warrants, as described in Note 8. Placement warrant liabilities are valued using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Generally, increases (decreases) in the fair value of the underlying stock and estimated term would result in a directionally similar impact to the fair value of the warrants (see Note 10).

The gains and losses from re-measurement of Level 3 financial liabilities are recorded as part of other income (expense), net in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, the Company recorded a loss of $1.2 million and a gain of $7.0 million, respectively, related to the change in fair value of the 2017 and 2016 Placement Warrants. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, the Company recorded a gain of $6.2 million and a loss of $9.0 million in other income (expense) within the statement of operations, respectively, related to the change in fair value of the 2017 and 2016 Placements Warrants. There have been no transfers between Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 in any periods presented.

The following table sets forth the fair value of the Company’s financial liabilities by level within the fair value hierarchy (in thousands):

	At June 30, 2018
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
2017 Placement Warrants Liability	$	—	$	—	$	8,582	$	8,582
2016 Placement Warrants Liability		—		—		6,829		6,829
Total	$	—	$	—	$	15,411	$	15,411

	At December 31, 2017
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
2017 Placement Warrants Liability	$	—	$	—	$	12,487	$	12,487
2016 Placement Warrants Liability		—		—		9,933		9,933
Total	$	—	$	—	$	22,420	$	22,420

The following table sets forth a summary of the changes in fair value of the Company’s Level 3 financial liabilities (in thousands):

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2017
Fair value, beginning of period	$	22,420		$	2,723
Issuance of 2017 Placement Warrants		—			3,373
Change in fair value of Level 3 financial liabilities		(7,009	)		9,032
Fair value, end of period	$	15,411		$	15,128

5. Debt

CRG Term Loan

In June 2015, ViewRay Technologies, Inc. entered into a Term Loan Agreement, or the CRG Term Loan, with Capital Royalty Partners II L.P., Capital Royalty Partners II – Parallel Fund “A” L.P., Capital Royalty Partners II (Cayman) L.P. and Parallel Investment Opportunities Partners II L.P. or together with their successors by assignment, CRG, for up to $50.0 million of which $30.0 million was made available to the Company upon closing with the remaining $20.0 million available on or before June 26, 2016 at its option upon the occurrence of either: (i) an initial public offering of its common stock on a nationally recognized securities exchange that raises a minimum of $40.0 million in net cash proceeds with a minimum of $120.0 million post-money valuation, or Qualifying IPO, or (ii) achievement of a minimum of $25.0 million gross revenue from the sales of the MRIdian system during any consecutive 12 months before March 31, 2016. The Company drew down the first $30.0 million on the closing date. The CRG Term Loan has a maturity date of June 26, 2020 and bears cash interest at a rate of 12.5% per annum to be paid quarterly during the interest-payment-only period of 3 years. In April 2017, the CRG Term Loan was amended to allow for interest-payment-only until March 31, 2020. During the interest-payment-only period, the Company has the option to elect to pay only 8% of the 12.5% per annum interest in cash, and the remaining 4.5% of the 12.5% per annum interest as compounded interest, or deferred payment in-kind interest, added to the aggregate principal amount of the CRG Term Loan. Principal payment and any deferred payment in-kind interest will be paid quarterly in equal installments following the end of the interest-payment-only period through maturity date.

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The CRG Term Loan is subject to a prepayment penalty of: 3% on the outstanding balance during the first 12 months following the funding of the Term Loan; 2% on the outstanding balance after year 1 but on or before year 2; 1% on the outstanding balance after year 2 but on or before year 3; and 0% on the outstanding loan if prepaid after year 3 thereafter until maturity. The Term Loan is also subject to a facility fee of 7% based on the sum of the amount drawn and any outstanding payment in-kind interest payable on the maturity date or the date the Term Loan becomes due. All direct financing costs were accounted for as a discount on the CRG Term Loan and will be amortized to interest expense during the life of the loan using the effective interest method. The CRG Term Loan is subject to financial covenants and is collateralized by essentially all assets of the Company and limits its ability with respect to additional indebtedness, investments or dividends, among other things, subject to customary exceptions.

In March 2016, the Company and CRG executed an amendment to the original terms of the CRG Term Loan such that, with regard to the conditions for borrowing the remaining $20.0 million available under the CRG Term Loan, the Company may, at its election, draw down: (i) an amount of either $10.0 million or $15.0 million in up to two advances upon achievement of a minimum of $15.0 million of aggregate product and service revenue during any consecutive 12 month period ending on or before March 31, 2016; and (ii) an additional $5.0 million (or $10.0 million, if the previous draw made was only in an amount of $10.0 million) upon achievement of a minimum of $25.0 million of aggregate product and service revenue during any consecutive 12 month period ending on or before December 31, 2016 and upon execution of the first sales contract of the Company’s second generation product.  The Company achieved the minimum of $15.0 million gross revenue requirement in March 2016, which made the first $15.0 million of the remaining $20.0 million credit facility immediately available for draw down.  In May 2016, the Company drew down the additional $15.0 million available amount.

In April 2017, the Company and CRG executed an amendment to the terms of its CRG Term Loan. Amendments to the CRG Term Loan include availability of the existing $5.0 million tranche at ViewRay’s option through June 30, 2017, the addition of a $15.0 million tranche of borrowing capacity available at ViewRay’s option through September 30, 2017, extension of the interest-only and payment in-kind period, a decrease to the combined 2016 and 2017 revenue covenant and a 1.75% increase to the facility fee. In October 2017, the Company and CRG executed another amendment to the terms of its CRG Term Loan, as amended in March 2016 and April 2017. This amendment extended the availability of the existing $15.0 million borrowing capacity through December 31, 2017. The Company did not draw down any amounts under the $5.0 million or the $15.0 million tranches and they have since expired.

In February 2018, the Company and CRG executed an amendment to the terms of its CRG Term Loan to decrease the amount of the minimum combined 2016 and 2017 revenue covenant.

At June 30, 2018, the Company had $45.0 million in outstanding debt and $5.9 million in deferred payment in-kind interest to CRG and was in compliance with all financial covenants under the CRG Term Loan.     

6. Commitments and Contingencies

Operating Leases

The Company leases office space in Oakwood Village, Ohio and Mountain View, California under noncancelable operating leases. In April 2018, the Company entered into a lease agreement to lease additional office space located in Mountain View, California. The lease expires on the seventh anniversary of the commencement date, and the Company has the option to extend the term of the lease for a period of up to five years. In June 2018, the Company entered into an amendment to the existing Mountain View lease, extending the term of the original lease for a period of 68 months, and the extended lease expires on July 31, 2025.

At June 30, 2018, the future minimum payments for the operating leases are as follows (in thousands):

Year Ending December 31,	FutureMinimum Payments
The remainder of 2018	$	746
2019		2,039
2020		2,321
2021		2,391
2022		2,463
Thereafter		6,709
Total future minimum payments	$	16,669

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Contingencies

The Company is subject to claims and assessments from time to time in the ordinary course of business. The Company records a provision for a liability when it believes that it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. Significant judgment is required to determine both probability and the estimated amount.

In the normal course of business, the Company may become involved in legal proceedings. The Company will accrue a liability for legal proceedings when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. When only a range of possible loss can be established, the most probable amount in the range is accrued. If no amount within this range is a better estimate than any other amount within the range, the minimum amount in the range is accrued. The accrual for a litigation loss contingency might include, for example, estimates of potential damages, outside legal fees and other directly related costs expected to be incurred. At June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company was not involved in any material legal proceedings.

Purchase Commitments

At June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company had no outstanding firm purchase commitments.

7. Distribution Agreement

In December 2014, the Company entered into a distribution agreement with Itochu Corporation, or Itochu, a Japanese entity, pursuant to which the Company appointed Itochu as its exclusive distributor for the sale and delivery of the Company’s MRIdian products within Japan. The exclusive distribution agreement has an initial term of 10 years from December 2014 and contains features customary in these types of distribution agreements. Under this distribution agreement, the Company will supply its products and services to Itochu based upon the Company’s then-current pricing.  In consideration of the exclusive distribution rights granted, Itochu agreed to pay a distribution fee of $4.0 million in three installments: (i) the first installment of $1.0 million was due upon execution of the distribution agreement; (ii) the second installment of $1.0 million was due within 10 business days following submission of the application for regulatory approval of the Company’s product to the Japan regulatory authority; and (iii) the final installment of $2.0 million was due within 10 business days following receipt of approval for the Company’s product from the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. The distribution fee paid by Itochu was refundable if the Company failed to obtain the approval from the Japan regulatory authority before December 31, 2017. The first and second installments of $2.0 million in aggregate were received in December 2014 and December 2015, respectively. In August 2016, the Company received the third and final $2.0 million installment upon the receipt of regulatory approval to market MRIdian in Japan. The entire $4.0 million distribution fee received was reclassified to deferred revenue as it was no longer refundable. In August 2016, the Company started recognizing distribution rights revenue ratably over the remaining term of the exclusive distribution agreement of approximately 8.5 years. A time-elapsed method is used to measure progress because the control is transferred evenly over the remaining contractual period. The distribution rights revenue was $119 thousand for each of the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, and $238 thousand for each of the six months ended June 30, 2018, and 2017.  

8. Equity Financing

Private Placements

In September 2016, the Company completed the final closing of a private placement offering, or the 2016 Private Placement, through which it sold (i) 4,602,506 shares of its common stock and (ii) warrants that provide the warrant holders the right to purchase 1,380,745 shares of common stock, or the 2016 Placement Warrants, and raised total gross proceeds of $13.8 million. The 2016 Placement Warrants have an exercise price of $2.95 per share, are exercisable at any time at the option of the holder and expire seven years from the date of issuance.

In January 2017, the Company completed the final closing of a private placement offering, or the 2017 Private Placement, through which it sold (i) 8,602,589 shares of its common stock and (ii) warrants that provide the warrant holders the right to purchase 1,720,512 shares of common stock, or the 2017 Placement Warrants, and raised total gross proceeds of $26.1 million. The 2017 Placement Warrants have an exercise price of $3.17 per share, became exercisable in July 2017 and expire in January 2024.

Direct Registered Offerings

In October 2017, the Company entered into Securities Purchase Agreements pursuant to which it sold an aggregate of 8,382,643 shares of common stock for total gross proceeds of $49.9 million, or the October 2017 Direct Registered Offering. The October 2017 Direct Registered Offering was closed on October 25, 2017. 

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In February 2018, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement pursuant to which it sold (i) 4,090,000 shares of common stock; (ii) 3,000,581 shares of Series A convertible preferred stock and (iii) warrants to purchase 1,418,116 shares of common stock, or the 2018 Offering Warrants for total gross proceeds of $59.1 million, or the March 2018 Direct Registered Offering. The March 2018 Direct Registered Offering was closed on March 5, 2018. The 2018 Offering Warrants have an exercise price of $8.31 per share, became exercisable upon issuance and expire in March 2025.

At-The-Market Offering of Common Stock

In January 2017, the Company filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 with the SEC, which included a base prospectus covering the offering, issuance and sale of up to a maximum aggregate offering of $75.0 million of the Company’s common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants, purchase contracts and/or units and entered into a sales agreement with FBR Capital Markets & Co., or FBR, under which it may sell up to $25.0 million of its common shares pursuant to an at-the-market offering program in accordance with Rule 415(a)(4) under the Securities Act. FBR acted as sales agent on a best efforts basis and used commercially reasonable efforts to sell on behalf of the Company all of the shares of common stock requested to be sold by the Company, consistent with its normal trading and sales practices, on mutually agreed terms between FBR and the Company. There is no arrangement for funds to be received in any escrow, trust or similar arrangement. In April 2017, the Company agreed to sell up to an additional $25.0 million of the Company’s common stock in accordance with the terms of a sales agreement with FBR and pursuant to an at-the-market offering program in accordance with Rule 415(a)(4) under the Securities Act.

FBR is entitled to compensation of up to 3.0% of the gross sales price per share sold. In connection with the sale of the Company’s common stock on the Company’s behalf, FBR is deemed to be an “underwriter” within the meaning of the Securities Act and the compensation of FBR is deemed to be underwriting commissions or discounts. The Company has also agreed to provide indemnification and contribution to FBR with respect to certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act.

In fiscal year 2017, the Company sold an aggregate of 6,575,062 shares of its common stock at an average market price of $6.10 per share, resulting in aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $40.1 million. During the six months ended June 30, 2018, the Company sold an aggregate of 33,097 shares of its common stock at an average market price of $8.41 per share, resulting in aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $0.3 million.

9. Convertible Preferred Stock

In March 2018, the Company issued 3,000,581 shares of Series A convertible preferred stock to an existing investor through the 2018 Direct Registered Offering at a price of $8.31per share (see Note 8). At the date of the financing, because the effective conversion rate of the preferred stock was less than the market value of the Company’s common stock, a beneficial conversion feature of $2.7 million has been recorded as a discount to the convertible preferred stock and an increase to additional paid in capital. Because the preferred stock was perpetual and convertible at the option of the holder at any time, the Company fully amortized the discount related to the beneficial conversion feature as a deemed dividend which was recognized as an increase to accumulated deficit and net loss attributable to common stockholders. Effective on April 19, 2018, all outstanding shares of Series A convertible preferred stock were converted into shares of common stock at a conversion ratio of 1:1. Further, in May 2018, the Company filed a Certificate of Elimination of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock de-authorizing the 3,000,581 shares of Series A convertible preferred stock. The Company had no outstanding preferred stock as of June 30, 2018.

10. Warrants

Equity Classified Common Stock Warrants

In connection with a debt financing in December 2013, the Company issued warrants to purchase 128,231 shares of its common stock with an exercise price of $5.84 per share. These warrants are exercisable any time at the option of the holder until December 16, 2023. None of these warrants had been exercised and they all remained outstanding at June 30, 2018.

In connection with the merger of the Company and ViewRay Technologies, Inc. in July 2015, or the Merger, in July and August 2015, the Company conducted a private placement offering during which the Company issued warrants, or 2015 Placement Warrants, that provide the warrant holder the right to purchase 198,760 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $5.00 per share. These 2015 Placement Warrants are exercisable at any time at the option of the holder until the five-year anniversary of its date of issuance. In June 2018, the Company issued 1,773 shares of its common stock upon the net exercise of 5,498 shares of 2015 Placements Warrants. The remaining 193,262 shares of 2015 Placement Warrants were outstanding at June 30, 2018.

In connection with the March 2018 Direct Registered Offering, the Company issued warrants to purchase 1,418,116 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $8.31 per share, or the 2018 Offering Warrants. These 2018 Offering Warrants became

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exercisable upon issuance and expire in March 2025. None of the 2018 Offering Warrants had been exercised and they all remained outstanding at June 30, 2018.

As separate classes of securities were issued in a bundled transaction, the gross proceeds from the March 2018 Direct Registered Offering of $59.1 million was allocated to common stock, Series A convertible preferred stock and the 2018 Offering Warrants based on their respective relative fair value upon issuance. The aggregate fair value of the 2018 Offering Warrants of $7.4 million was estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions: expected term of seven years, expected volatility of 62.5%, risk-free interest rate of 2.8% and expected dividend yield of 0%. The allocated proceeds from the 2018 Offering Warrants of $6.6 million was recorded in additional paid-in-capital.

Liability Classified Common Stock Warrants

In connection with the 2016 Private Placement, in August and September 2016, the Company issued warrants, or the 2016 Placement Warrants, that provide the warrant holder the right to purchase 1,380,745 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $2.95 per share.  These 2016 Placement Warrants are exercisable at any time at the option of the holder until the seventh anniversary of their date of issuance. The 2016 Placement Warrants also contain protection whereby warrants will expire immediately prior to the consummation of a Change of Control and holders have the right to receive cash in the amount equal to the Black-Scholes value of warrants. A Change of Control is defined as: (i) a merger or consolidation of the Company with another corporation; (ii) the sale, transfer or other disposal of substantially all of the assets or a majority of the Company’s outstanding shares of capital stock; (iii) a purchase or exchange offer accepted by the holders of a majority of the outstanding voting shares of the Company’s capital stock; or (iv) a “person” or “group,” as defined by Section 13(d) and 14(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, is or will become the beneficial owner, directly or indirectly, of at least a majority of the voting power of the Company’s capital stock. The 2016 Placement Warrants were accounted for as a liability at the date of issuance and are adjusted to fair value at each balance sheet date, with the change in fair value recorded as a component of other income (expense), net in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.  

As separate classes of securities were issued in a bundled transaction, the gross proceeds from the 2016 Private Placement of $13.8 million was allocated first to the 2016 Placement Warrants based on its fair value upon issuance, and the residual was allocated to the common stock. The fair value upon issuance of $2.7 million for the 2016 Placement Warrants was estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions: expected term of seven years, expected volatility of 61.6%, risk-free interest rate of 1.4% and expected dividend yield of 0%.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, the Company recorded a loss of $0.5 million and a gain of $3.1 million, respectively, related to the change in fair value of the 2016 Placement Warrants. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, the Company recorded a gain of $2.8 million and a loss of $4.0 million, respectively, related to the change in fair value of the 2016 Placement Warrants. The fair value of the 2016 Placement Warrants of $6.8 million and $9.9 million at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, was estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and the following weighted-average assumptions:

	June 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
2016 Placement Warrant:
Expected term (in years)		5.2		5.7
Expected volatility	59.8%		62.1%
Risk-free interest rate	2.7%		2.2%
Expected dividend yield	0%		0%

At June 30, 2018, 1,355,641 shares of the 2016 Placement Warrants had not been exercised and were still outstanding.  

In connection with the 2017 Private Placement, in January 2017, the Company issued warrants, the 2017 Placement Warrants, that provide the warrant holder the right to purchase 1,720,512 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $3.17 per share. These 2017 Placement Warrants became exercisable in July 2017 and expire in January 2024. The 2017 Placement Warrants also contain protection whereby warrants will expire immediately prior to the consummation of a Change of Control and holders have the right to receive cash in an amount equal to the Black-Scholes value of the warrants. A Change of Control in the 2017 Placement Warrants is defined the same way as for the 2016 Placement Warrants described above. The 2017 Placement Warrants were accounted for as a liability at the date of issuance and are adjusted to fair value at each balance sheet date, with the change in fair value recorded as a component of other income (expense), net in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

As separate classes of securities were issued in a bundled transaction, the gross proceeds from the 2017 Private Placement of $26.1 million was allocated first to the 2017 Placement Warrants based on its fair value upon issuance, and the residual was allocated to the common stock. The fair value upon issuance of $3.4 million for the 2017 Placement Warrants was estimated using the Black-Scholes

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option-pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions: expected term of seven years, expected volatility of 62.9%, risk-free interest rate of 2.2% and expected dividend yield of 0%.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, the Company recorded a loss of $0.7 million and a gain of $3.9 million, respectively, related to the change in fair value of the 2017 Placement Warrants. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, the Company recorded a gain of $3.4 million and a loss of $5.0 million, respectively, related to the change in fair value of the 2017 Placement Warrants. The fair value of the 2017 Placement Warrants of $8.6 million and $12.5 million at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, was estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and the following weighted-average assumptions:

	June 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
2017 Placement Warrant:
Expected term (in years)		5.6		6.1
Expected volatility	60.0%		62.3%
Risk-free interest rate	2.8%		2.3%
Expected dividend yield	0%		0%

At June 30, 2018, 1,711,123 shares of the 2017 Placement Warrants had not been exercised and were still outstanding.  

11. Stock-Based Compensation

A summary of the Company’s stock option activity and related information is as follows:

				Options Outstanding
	Shares Available for Grant			Number of Stock Options Outstanding			Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Weighted- Average Remaining ContractualLife (Years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
											(In thousands)
Balance at December 31, 2017		969,783			8,592,747		$	3.69		7.4	$	47,864
Additional options authorized		2,706,158			—
Options granted		(2,003,229	)		2,003,229			7.15
Options exercised		—			(396,939	)		1.80
Options canceled		155,459			(155,459	)		5.41
Balance at June 30, 2018		1,828,171			10,043,578		$	4.43		7.6	$	25,933
Vested and exercisable at June 30, 2018					5,411,367		$	3.08		6.4	$	21,106
Vested and expected to vest at June 30, 2018					9,701,142		$	4.38		7.6	$	25,536

The weighted-average grant date fair value of options granted to employees was $4.18 and $3.13 per share during the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The grant date fair value of options vested was $2.5 million and $1.9 million during the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Aggregate intrinsic value represents the difference between the estimated fair value of the underlying common stock and the exercise price of outstanding, in-the-money options. The aggregate intrinsic value of options exercised was $2.2 million and $1.5 million during the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

At June 30, 2018, total unrecognized compensation cost related to stock-based awards granted to employees, net of estimated forfeitures, was $14.8 million which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3.0 years.

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Determination of Fair Value

The determination of the fair value of stock options on the date of grant using an option-pricing model is affected by the estimated fair value of the Company’s common stock, as well as assumptions regarding a number of complex and subjective variables. The variables used to calculate the fair value of stock options using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model include actual and projected employee stock option exercise behaviors, expected price volatility of the Company’s common stock, the risk-free interest rate and expected dividends. Each of these inputs is subjective and generally requires significant judgment to determine.

Fair Value of Common Stock

Beginning March 31, 2016, the Company’s common stock shares were listed on The NASDAQ Global Market, or NASDAQ.  Fair value of the common stock is the adjusted closing price of the Company’s common stock on the trading date on these stock exchanges.

Expected Term

The expected term represents the period that the Company’s option awards are expected to be outstanding. The Company considers several factors in estimating the expected term of options granted, including the expected lives used by a peer group of companies within the Company’s industry that the Company considers to be comparable to its business and the historical option exercise behavior of its employees, which the Company believes is representative of future behavior.

Expected Volatility

As the Company has a limited trading history for its common stock, the expected stock price volatility for the Company’s common stock was estimated by taking a combination of the average historic price volatility of the Company’s common stock and industry peers based on daily price observations over a period equivalent to the expected term of the stock option grants. Industry peers consist of several public companies in the Company’s industry which were the same as the comparable companies used in the common stock valuation analysis. The Company intends to continue to consistently apply this process using the same or similar public companies until a sufficient amount of historical information regarding the volatility of its own share price becomes available, or unless circumstances change such that the identified companies are no longer similar to the Company, in which case, more suitable companies whose share prices are publicly available would be used in the calculation.

Risk-Free Interest Rate

The risk-free interest rate is based on the zero-coupon U.S. Treasury notes, with maturities similar to the expected term of the options.

Expected Dividend Yield

The Company does not anticipate paying any dividends in the foreseeable future and, therefore, uses an expected dividend yield of zero in the Black-Scholes option-valuation model.

In addition to the Black-Scholes assumptions discussed immediately above, the estimated forfeiture rate also has a significant impact on the related stock-based compensation. The forfeiture rate of stock options is estimated at the time of grant and revised in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. The Company uses historical data to estimate pre-vesting option forfeitures and records stock-based compensation expense only for those awards that are expected to vest.

The fair value of employee stock option was estimated at the date of grant using a Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions:  

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018		2017
Expected term (in years)		6.0		6.0
Expected volatility%	61.2%		67.1%
Risk-free interest rate%	2.8%		2.1%
Expected dividend yield%		0.0%		0.0%

Restricted Stock Units

From time to time, the Company grants Restricted Stock Units, or RSUs, to its board of directors for their services. These RSUs were fully vested upon issuance and will be released and settled upon termination of the board services or the occurrence of a change in control event. The fair value of RSUs is based on the closing market price of the Company’s common stock on the grant date.

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In September 2016 and November 2017, the Company granted 112,578 shares and 43,554 shares of RSUs, to its board members and these RSUs had a grant-date fair value of $3.58 and $8.02 per share, respectively. 18,964 shares of these RSUs with a grant-date fair value of $3.58 per share were released in December 2017 in connection with the resignation of one board member. In connection with the departure of two board members in June 2018, 34,502 shares of RSUs with a grant date fair value of $3.58 per share and 12,467 shares of RSUs with a grant date fair value of $8.02 per share are expected to be released in the third quarter of fiscal 2018.

In November 2017, the Company granted 12,468 shares of RSUs with a grant-date fair value of $8.02 per share to one executive officer upon his termination. These RSUs were fully vested upon issuance and were released in the first quarter of fiscal 2018.

For the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, no RSUs were issued and no stock-based compensation expense related to RSUs was recorded in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

Total stock-based compensation expense recognized in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations is classified as follows (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018		2017		2018		2017
Research and development	$	347	$	216	$	550	$	381
Selling and marketing		194		72		321		123
General and administrative		1,142		725		2,002		1,278
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	1,683	$	1,013	$	2,873	$	1,782

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, there were no stock-based compensation expenses capitalized as a component of inventory or recognized in cost of revenue. Stock-based compensation relating to stock-based awards granted to consultants were insignificant during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.

12. Income Tax

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, or the 2017 Tax Act, was enacted on December 22, 2017. Among various provisions, the 2017 Tax Act reduces the U.S. federal corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%. The Company recognized the income tax effects of the 2017 Tax Act in its 2017 financial statements in accordance with SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 (“SAB 118”), which provides guidance for the application of ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes, in the reporting period in which the 2017 Tax Act was signed into law. As such, the Company’s 2017 financial results reflected the income tax effects of the 2017 Tax Act for which the accounting under ASC Topic 740 was complete and provisional amounts for those specific income tax effects of the 2017 Tax Act for which the accounting under ASC Topic 740 was incomplete, but a reasonable estimate could be determined. Upon completion of our 2017 U.S. income tax return in the current year, we may identify additional remeasurement adjustments to our recorded deferred tax assets. We will continue to assess our provision for income taxes as future guidance is issued, but do not currently anticipate significant revisions will be necessary. Any such revisions will be treated in accordance with the measurement period guidance outlined in SAB 118. For the quarter ended June 30, 2018, we have not made any adjustments to the provisional amounts recorded at December 31, 2017.

Due to the current operating losses, the Company recorded zero income tax expense during the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. During these periods, the Company’s activities were limited to U.S. federal and state tax jurisdictions, as it does not have any foreign operations. The federal and state effective tax rate is approximately 22%.  

Due to the Company’s history of cumulative losses, management concluded that, after considering all the available objective evidence, it is not more likely than not that all of the Company’s net deferred tax assets will be realized. Accordingly, the Company’s deferred tax assets, which includes net operating loss, or NOL, carryforwards and tax credits related primarily to research and development continue to be subject to a valuation allowance as of June 30, 2018. The Company expects to continue to maintain a full valuation allowance until there is sufficient evidence to support recoverability of its deferred tax assets.      

The Company had unrecognized tax benefits of $1.3 million and $1.1 million at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The reversal of the uncertain tax benefits would not affect the effective tax rate to the extent that the Company continues to maintain a full valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets. Unrecognized tax benefits may change during the next 12 months for items that arise in the ordinary course of business.  

Interest and/or penalties related to income tax matters are recognized as a component of income tax expense. At June 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, there were no accrued interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions.  

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13. Net Loss per Share

Since the Company was in a loss position for all periods presented, diluted net loss per common share is the same as basic net loss per common share for all periods presented, because the inclusion of all potential common shares outstanding would have an anti-dilutive effect. The following weighted-average common stock equivalents were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share for the periods presented, because including them would have an anti-dilutive effect:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018		2017		2018		2017
Series A convertible preferred stock (if converted)		593,522		—		746,001		—
Options to purchase common stock		9,714,129		8,006,323		9,157,418		7,561,888
Common stock warrants		4,811,629		3,428,248		4,315,410		3,266,653
Restricted stock units		134,587		110,494		135,878		111,530
Total		15,253,867		11,545,065		14,354,707		10,940,071

14. Related Party Transactions

In December 2004, the Company entered into a licensing agreement with the University of Florida Research Foundation, or UFRF, whereby UFRF granted the Company a worldwide exclusive license to certain of UFRF’s patents in exchange for 33,652 shares of common stock and a 1% royalty, with a minimum $50,000 royalty payment per quarter, from sales of products developed and sold by the Company utilizing the licensed patents.  

In January 2017, the Company entered into a sales consulting agreement with Puissance Capital Management, or PCM, to assist with business development activities in a key market in Asia. PCM is the investment manager of Puissance Cross Board Opportunities LLP, a stockholder in the Company. Theodore T. Wang, Ph.D., a member of the Company’s board of directors, is the managing member of the general partners of PCM. The sales consulting agreement has a term of one year with a total consideration of $1.3 million. This amount has been fully expensed in the first quarter of 2018.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION

AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The interim financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2017, and the related Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, contained in the Annual Report filed with the SEC on March 12, 2018. In addition to historical information, this discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. These forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties, including those under “Risk Factors” in this Quarterly Report that could cause actual results or events to differ materially from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.

Unless otherwise indicated, references in this section to “ViewRay,” “we,” “us,” “our” and “the Company” refer to ViewRay, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiary, ViewRay Technologies, Inc.

As a result of the merger of the Company and ViewRay Technologies, Inc. in July 2015, or the Merger, and the change in business and operations of the Company, a discussion of the past financial results of the Company is not pertinent, and under applicable accounting principles the historical financial results of ViewRay Technologies, Inc., the accounting acquirer, prior to the Merger are considered the historical financial results of the Company.

The following discussion highlights ViewRay’s results of operations and the principal factors that have affected our financial condition as well as our liquidity and capital resources for the periods described and provides information that management believes is relevant for an assessment and understanding of the statements of financial condition and results of operations presented herein. The following discussion and analysis are based on ViewRay’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements contained in this Quarterly Report, which we have prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. You should read the discussion and analysis together with such condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto.

Company Overview

We design, manufacture and market the ViewRay MRIdian®. The MRIdian combines MRI and external-beam radiation therapy to simultaneously image and treat cancer patients. MRI is a broadly used imaging tool that has the ability to clearly differentiate between types of soft tissue. In contrast, X-ray or computed tomography (CT), the most commonly used imaging technologies in radiation therapy today, are often unable to distinguish soft tissues such as the tumor and critical organs. MRIdian integrates MRI technology, radiation delivery and our proprietary software to locate, target and track soft-tissue tumors, while radiation is delivered. These capabilities allow MRIdian to deliver radiation to the tumor more accurately, while reducing the radiation amount delivered to nearby healthy tissue, as compared to other radiation therapy treatments currently available. We believe this will lead to improved patient outcomes and reduced treatment-related side effects.

There are two generations of the MRIdian: the first generation MRIdian with Cobalt-60 based radiation beams and the second generation MRIdian Linac, with more advanced linear accelerator or ‘linac’ based radiation beams. ViewRay’s MRIdian is a breakthrough that integrates high quality radiation therapy with simultaneous magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).  

Both generations of the MRIdian have received 510(k) marketing clearance from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, and permission to affix the Conformité Européene, or CE mark.  

• We received initial 510(k) marketing clearance from the FDA, for our treatment planning and delivery software in January 2011.

• We received 510(k) marketing clearance for MRIdian, with Cobalt-60 as the radiation source, in May 2012. We received permission to affix the CE mark to MRIdian with Cobalt-60 in November 2014, allowing MRIdian with Cobalt-60 to be sold within the European Economic Area, or EEA.In August 2016, we received regulatory approval from the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare to market MRIdian with Cobalt-60 in Japan. In August 2016, we also received approval from the China Food and Drug Administration to market MRIdian with Cobalt-60 in China.

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• In September 2016, we received the CE mark for the MRIdian Linac (with a linear accelerator as the radiation source) in the EEA. In February 2017, we received 510(k) clearance from the FDA to market MRIdian Linac. In June 2017, we received 510(k) clearance to market RayZR™, our high-resolution beam-shaping multi-leaf collimator, or MLC. We also received MRIdian Linac regulatory approval in Taiwan and Canada in August 2017, and in Israel in November 2017. In March 2018, we received regulatory approval from the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare to market MRIdian Linac in Japan. We are also seeking required MRIdian Linac approvals in other countries such as China.

MRIdian is the first radiation therapy solution that enables simultaneous radiation treatment delivery and real-time MRI imaging of a patient’s internal anatomy.  It generates high-quality images that differentiate between the targeted tumor, surrounding soft tissue and nearby critical organs. MRIdian also records the level of radiation dose that the treatment area has received, enabling physicians to adapt the prescription between treatments, as needed. We believe this improved visualization and accurate dose delivery will enable better treatment, improve patient outcomes and reduce side effects.  Key benefits to users and patients include: improved imaging and patient alignment; the ability to adapt the patient’s radiation treatments to changes while the patient is still on the treatment table, or “on-table adaptive treatment planning”; MRI-based motion management; and an accurate recording of the delivered radiation dose.  Physicians have already used MRIdian to treat a broad spectrum of radiation therapy patients with more than 45 different types of cancer, as well as patients for whom radiation therapy was previously not an option.

At June 30, 2018, we had seven MRIdian with Cobalt-60 systems and ten MRIdian Linac systems at fifteen cancer centers worldwide (eight in the United States and seven outside the United States). One MRIdian with Cobalt-60 system has been delivered and is being installed in 2018 in Japan. Four MRIdian Linacs have been delivered and are expected to be installed in 2018 and 2019.

We currently market MRIdian through a direct sales force in North America and are developing a sales force to assist distributors in the rest of the world. We market MRIdian to a broad range of worldwide customers, including university research and teaching hospitals, community hospitals, private practices, government institutions and freestanding cancer centers. As with the traditional linac market, our sales and revenue cycle vary based on the particular customer and can be lengthy, sometimes lasting up to 18 to 24 months (or more) from initial customer contact to order contract execution. Following execution of a sales contract, it generally takes nine to 12 months for a customer to customize an existing facility or construct a new vault. Upon the commencement of installation at a customer’s facility, it typically takes approximately 90 days for us to install MRIdian and perform on-site testing of the system, including the completion of acceptance test procedures.

We generated total revenue of $16.4 million and $0.7 million, and had net losses of $22.0 million and $8.4 million, during the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. We generated total revenue of $42.6 million and $1.9 million, and net losses of $26.8 million and $36.3 million, during the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Of the total product revenue, $9.3 million and $21.2 million were generated outside the United States for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018. No product revenue was generated during the three and six months ended June 30, 2017.

We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and increasing operating losses for the foreseeable future. We expect our expenses will increase substantially in connection with our ongoing activities, as we:

• add personnel to support our product development and commercialization efforts;

• continue our research and development efforts;

• seek regulatory approval for MRIdian in certain foreign countries; and

• operate as a public company.

Accordingly, we may seek to fund our operations through public or private equity, debt financings or other sources. However, we may be unable to raise additional funds or enter into such other arrangements when needed on favorable terms or at all. Our failure to raise capital or enter into such other arrangements as and when needed would have a negative impact on our financial condition and our ability to develop enhancements to and integrate new technologies into MR Image-Guided radiation therapy systems.

New Orders and Backlog

New orders are defined as the sum of gross product orders, representing MRIdian contract price, recorded during the period. Backlog is the accumulation of all orders for which revenue has not been recognized and which we consider valid. Backlog includes customer deposits or letters of credit, except when the sale is to a customer where a deposit is not deemed necessary or customary. Deposits received are recorded as customer deposit, which is a liability on the balance sheet. Orders may be revised or cancelled according to their terms or upon mutual agreement between the parties. Therefore, it is difficult to predict with certainty the amount of backlog that will ultimately result in revenue. The determination of backlog includes objective and subjective judgment about the likelihood of an order contract becoming revenue. We perform a quarterly review of backlog to verify that outstanding orders in backlog remain valid,

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and based upon this review, orders that are no longer expected to result in revenue are removed from backlog. Among other criteria we use to determine whether a transaction to be in backlog, we must possess both an outstanding and effective written agreement for the delivery of a MRIdian signed by a customer with a minimum customer deposit or a letter of credit requirement, except when the sale is to a customer where a deposit is not deemed necessary or customary (i.e. sale to a government entity, a large hospital, group of hospitals or cancer care group that has sufficient credit, sales via tender awards, or indirect channel sales that have signed contracts with end-customers). We decide whether to remove or add back an order from or to our backlog by evaluating the following criteria: changes in customer or distributor plans or financial conditions; the customer’s or distributor’s continued intent and ability to fulfill the order contract; changes to regulatory requirements; the status of regulatory approval required in the customer’s jurisdiction, if any; and other reasons for potential cancellation of order contracts.

During the six months ended June 30, 2018, we received new orders for MRIdian systems totaling $55.8 million. At June 30, 2018, we had total backlog of $199.7 million.

Components of Statements of Operations

Revenue

Product Revenue. Product revenue consists of revenue recognized from sales of MRIdian systems, as well as optional components, such as additional planning workstations and body coils.

Following execution of a sales contract, it generally takes nine to 12 months for a customer to customize an existing facility or construct a new vault for the purchased system. Upon the commencement of installation at a customer’s facility, it typically takes approximately 90 days to complete the installation and on-site testing of the system, including the completion of acceptance test procedures. On-site training takes approximately one week and can be conducted concurrently with installation and acceptance testing. Sales contracts generally include customer deposits upon execution of the agreement, and in certain cases, additional amounts due at shipment or commencement of installation, and final payment due generally upon customer acceptance.

Revenue recognition for MRIdian systems that we install generally occurs when the customer acknowledges that the system operates in accordance with standard product specifications, the customer accepts the installed unit and the control of the system is transferred to the customer. For sales of MRIdian systems for which we are not responsible for installation, revenue is recognized when the entire system is delivered and the control of the system is transferred to the customer.

Service Revenue. Our contract typically includes service warranty at no additional costs for one to two years. In addition, we offer multi-year, post-installation maintenance and support contracts that provide various levels of service support, which enables our customers to select the level of on-going support services, including parts and labor, which they require. These post-installation contracts are for a period of one to five years and provide services ranging from on-site parts and labor, and preventative maintenance to labor only with a longer response time. We also offer technology upgrades to our MRIdian systems, when and if available, for an additional fee. Service revenue is recognized ratably over the term during which the contracted services are provided.

Distribution Rights Revenue.In December 2014, we entered into a distribution agreement with Itochu Corporation pursuant to which we appointed Itochu as our exclusive distributor for the promotion, sale and delivery of MRIdian products within Japan. In consideration of the exclusive distribution rights granted, we received $4.0 million, which was recorded as deferred revenue and since August 2016, distribution rights revenue has been recognized ratably over the remaining term of the distribution agreement, which expires in December 2024. A time-elapsed method is used to measure progress because the control is transferred evenly over the remaining contractual period.

Cost of Revenue

Product Cost of Revenue.Product cost of revenue primarily consists of the cost of materials, installation and services associated with the manufacturing and installation of MRIdian systems, as well as medical device excise tax and royalty payments to the University of Florida Research Foundation. Product cost of revenue also includes lower of cost or market inventory, or LCM, adjustments if the carrying value of the inventory is greater than its net realizable value. There was no LCM charge for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.

We expect our materials, installation and service costs to decrease as we continue to scale our operations, improve product designs and work with our third-party suppliers to lower costs. We expect to continue to lower costs and increase sales prices as we transition to MRIdian Linac.  

Service Cost of Revenue.Service cost of revenue is comprised primarily of personnel costs, training and travel expenses to service and perform maintenance on installed MRIdian systems. Service cost of revenue also includes the costs of replacement parts under maintenance and support contracts.

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Operating Expenses

Research and Development.Research and development expenses consist primarily of compensation and related costs for personnel, including stock-based compensation, employee benefits and travel. Other significant research and development costs arise from third-party consulting services, laboratory supplies, research materials, medical equipment, computer equipment and licensed technology, and related depreciation and amortization. We expense research and development expenses as incurred. As we continue to invest in improving MRIdian and developing new technologies, we expect our research and development expenses to increase.

Selling and Marketing.Selling and marketing expenses consist primarily of compensation and related costs for our direct sales force, sales management, and marketing and customer support personnel, and include stock-based compensation, employee benefits and travel expenses. Selling and marketing expenses also include costs related to trade shows and marketing programs. We expense selling and marketing costs as incurred. We expect selling and marketing expenses to increase in future periods as we expand our sales force and our marketing and customer support organizations and increase our participation in trade shows and marketing programs.

General and Administrative.Our general and administrative expenses consist primarily of compensation and related costs for our operations, finance, human resources, regulatory, and other administrative personnel, and include stock-based compensation, employee benefits and travel expenses. In addition, general and administrative expenses include third-party consulting, legal, audit, accounting services, quality and regulatory functions and facilities costs, and gain or loss on the disposal of property and equipment. We expect our general and administrative expenses to increase as our business grows and as we invest in the development of MRIdian Linac.

Interest Income

Interest income consists primarily of interest income received on our cash and cash equivalents.

Interest Expense

Interest expense consists primarily of interest and amortization related to our long-term debt facility entered in 2015 from Capital Royalty II L.P., Capital Royalty Partners II—Parallel Fund “A” L.P., Capital Royalty Partners II (Cayman) L.P. and Parallel Investment Opportunities Partners II L.P., or together with their successors by assignment, CRG, and such loan, the CRG Term Loan.

Other Income (Expense), Net

Other income (expense), net consists primarily of changes in the fair value of the 2017 and 2016 Placement Warrants and foreign currency exchange gains and losses.

The outstanding 2017 and 2016 Placement Warrants are re-measured to fair value at each balance sheet date with the corresponding gain or loss from the adjustment recorded as a component of other income (expense), net.  

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Results of Operations

The following tables set forth our results of operations for the periods presented:

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
	(in thousands)
Revenue:
Product	$	15,366		$	—		$	40,745		$	—
Service		958			579			1,650			1,687
Distribution rights		119			119			238			238
Total revenue		16,443			698			42,633			1,925
Cost of revenue:
Product		14,654			328			34,365			594
Service		1,720			498			2,629			1,274
Total cost of revenue		16,374			826			36,994			1,868
Gross margin		69			(128	)		5,639			57
Operating expenses:
Research and development		4,389			3,251			8,159			6,165
Selling and marketing		3,394			1,871			6,640			2,943
General and administrative		10,503			7,463			20,349			14,614
Total operating expenses:		18,286			12,585			35,148			23,722
Loss from operations		(18,217	)		(12,713	)		(29,509	)		(23,665	)
Interest income		2			1			4			2
Interest expense		(1,918	)		(1,792	)		(3,784	)		(3,529	)
Other (expense) income, net		(1,857	)		6,151			6,485			(9,122	)
Loss before provision for income taxes		(21,990	)		(8,353	)		(26,804	)		(36,314	)
Provision for income taxes		—			—			—			—
Net loss	$	(21,990	)	$	(8,353	)	$	(26,804	)	$	(36,314	)

Comparison of the Three Months Ended June 30, 2018 and 2017

Revenue

	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2018		2017		Change
	(in thousands)
Product	$	15,366	$	—	$	15,366
Service		958		579		379
Distribution rights		119		119		-
Total revenue	$	16,443	$	698	$	15,745

Total revenue during the three months ended June 30, 2018 increased $15.7 million compared to the three months ended June 30, 2017. The increase was primarily due to a $15.3 million increase in product revenue and a $0.4 million increase in service revenue during the three months ended June 30, 2018 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2017.

Product Revenue. Product revenue increased $15.3 million during the three months ended June 30, 2018 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2017. The increase is due to the revenue recognized during the three months ended June 30, 2018 related to the installation and delivery of three MRIdian Linac systems.

Service Revenue. Service revenue increased $0.4 million during the three months ended June 30, 2018 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2017 due to more installed units to service since June 30, 2017.

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Distribution Rights Revenue. Distribution rights revenue remained flat during the three months ended June 30, 2018 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2017. Since our receipt of Japanese regulatory approval in August 2016, the distribution rights revenue from our exclusive distribution agreement with Itochu has been recognized ratably over its remaining term. Therefore, distribution rights revenue is expected to remain consistent on a quarterly basis.

Cost of Revenue

	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2018		2017		Change
	(in thousands)
Product	$	14,654	$	328	$	14,326
Service		1,720		498		1,222
Total cost of revenue	$	16,374	$	826	$	15,548

Product Cost of Revenue. Product cost of revenue increased $14.3 million during the three months ended June 30, 2018 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2017. The increase was primarily due to the delivery and installation of three MRIdian Linac systems and write down of $2.7 million MRIdian Cobalt related inventory and deposits on purchased inventory during the three months ended June 30, 2018.

Service Cost of Revenue. Service cost of revenue increased by $1.2 million during the three months ended June 30, 2018 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2017 primarily due to more installed units to service for the three months ended June 30, 2018.

Operating Expenses

	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2,017	Change
	(in thousands)
Research and development	$	4,389	$	3,251	$	1,138
Selling and marketing		3,394		1,871		1,523
General and administrative		10,503		7,463		3,040
Total operating expenses	$	18,286	$	12,585	$	5,701

Research and Development. Research and development expenses during the three months ended June 30, 2018 increased by $1.1 million, compared to the three months ended June 30, 2017. The increase was primarily attributable to a $0.6 million increase in personnel expense related to an increase in headcount, a $0.3 million increase in product development cost and a $0.2 million increase in facilities costs.

Selling and Marketing. Sellingand marketing expenses during the three months ended June 30, 2018 increased $1.5 million, compared to the three months ended June 30, 2017. This increase was primarily attributable to a $1.1 million increase in personnel expense related to an increase in headcount and a $0.2 million increase in consulting fees to support our growing sales organization.    

General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses during the three months ended June 30, 2018 increased $3.0 million, compared to the three months ended June 30, 2017. This increase was primarily attributable to a $2.1 million increase in personnel expense related to an increase in headcount, a $0.4 million increase in legal expenses, and a $0.4 million increase in depreciation expenses due to increases in capital expenditures as a result of business expansion.

Interest Expense

	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2017			Change
	(in thousands)
Interest expense	$	(1,918	)	$	(1,792	)	$	(126	)

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Interest expense increased slightly during the three months ended June 30, 2018 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2017, mainly due to the increase in loan balance under the effective interest rate method, including deferred payment in-kind interest to CRG, although the nominal loan balance remained the same during both periods.  

Other (Expense)Income, Net

	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2017		Change
	(in thousands)
Other (expense) income, net	$	(1,857	)	$	6,151	$	(8,008	)

Other (expense) income, net during the three months ended June 30, 2018 consisted primarily of a $1.2 million change in the fair value of warrant liability related to the 2017 and 2016 Placement Warrants, and $0.4 million foreign exchange losses. Other income (expense), net during the three months ended June 30, 2017 consisted primarily of a $6.2 million change in the fair value of warrant liability related to the 2017 and 2016 Placement Warrants.

Comparison of the Six Months Ended June 30, 2018 and 2017

Revenue

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018		2017		Change
	(in thousands)
Product	$	40,745	$	-	$	40,745
Service		1,650		1,687		(37	)
Distribution rights		238		238		-
Total revenue	$	42,633	$	1,925	$	40,708

Total revenue during the six months ended June 30, 2018 increased $40.7 million compared to the six months ended June 30, 2017. The increase was primarily due to a $40.7 million increase in product revenue during the six months ended June 30, 2018 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2017.

Product Revenue. Product revenue during the six months ended June 30, 2018 increased $40.7 million compared to the six months ended June 30, 2017. The increase is due to the revenue recognized related to the delivery and installation of seven MRIdian Linac systems and one system upgrade during the six months ended June 30, 2018 as compared to no deliveries, installations or system upgrades during the six months ended June 30, 2017.

Service Revenue. Service revenue slightly decreased during the six months ended June 30, 2018 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2017. Service revenue is recognized ratably over the service term. The higher revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2017 was mainly attributable to additional billings for service provided in a prior period that were recognized in the first quarter of 2017.

Distribution Rights Revenue. Distribution rights revenue remained flat during the six months ended June 30, 2018 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2017. Since our receipt of Japanese regulatory approval in August 2016, the distribution rights revenue from our exclusive distribution agreement with Itochu has been recognized ratably over its remaining term. Therefore, distribution rights revenue is expected to remain consistent on a quarterly basis.

Cost of Revenue

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018		2017		Change
	(in thousands)
Product	$	34,365	$	594	$	33,771
Service		2,629		1,274		1,355
Total cost of revenue	$	36,994	$	1,868	$	35,126

Product Cost of Revenue. Product cost of revenue increased $33.8 million during the six months ended June 30, 2018 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2017. The increase was primarily due to the delivery and installation of seven MRIdian Linac systems and

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one system upgrade and write down of $2.9 million MRIdian Cobalt related inventory and deposits on purchased inventory during the six months ended June 30, 2018, as compared to no deliveries, installations or system upgrades during the six months ended June 30, 2017.

Service Cost of Revenue. Service cost of revenue increased by $1.4 million during the six months ended June 30, 2018 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2017 primarily due to timing of services and more units installed during the six months ended June 30, 2018.

Operating Expenses

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018		2017		Change
	(in thousands)
Research and development	$	8,159	$	6,165	$	1,994
Selling and marketing		6,640		2,943		3,697
General and administrative		20,349		14,614		5,735
Total operating expenses	$	35,148	$	23,722	$	11,426

Research and Development. Research and development expenses during the six months ended June 30, 2018 increased by $2.0 million, compared to the six months ended June 30, 2017. The increase was primarily attributable to a $1.1 million increase in personnel expense related to an increase in headcount, a $0.4 million increase in facilities costs and a $0.2 million increase in travel expense.

Selling and Marketing. Sellingand marketing expenses during the six months ended June 30, 2018 increased by $3.7 million compared to the six months ended June 30, 2017. This increase was primarily attributable to a $2.9 million increase in personnel expense related to an increase in headcount, a $0.3 million increase in travel expenses and a $0.2 million increase in consulting fees to support our growing sales organization.

General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses during the six months ended June 30, 2018 increased $5.7 million compared to the six months ended June 30, 2017. This increase was primarily attributable to a $4.0 million increase in personnel expense related to an increase in headcount, a $1.1 million increase in legal expense, and a $0.5 million increase in depreciation expenses due to increases in capital expenditures as result of business expansion.

Interest Expense

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2017			Change
	(in thousands)
Interest expense	$	(3,784	)	$	(3,529	)	$	(255	)

Interest expense increased slightly during the six months ended June 30, 2018 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2017, mainly due to the increase in effective interest rate as a result of the amendment to the terms of the CRG Term Loan in April 2017, increase in loan balance under the effective interest rate method, including deferred payment in-kind interest to CRG, although the nominal loan balance remained the same during both periods.  

Other Income (Expense), Net

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018		2017			Change
	(in thousands)
Other income (expense), net	$	6,485	$	(9,122	)	$	15,607

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Other income (expense), net during the six months ended June 30, 2018 consisted primarily of a $7.0 million change in the fair value of warrant liability related to the 2017 and 2016 Placement Warrants, partially offset by $0.4 million in foreign exchange losses. Other income (expense), net during the six months ended June 30, 2017 consisted primarily of a $9.0 million change in the fair value of warrant liability related to the 2017 and 2016 Placement Warrants.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Since our inception in 2004, we have incurred significant net losses and negative cash flows from operations. During the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, we had net losses of $26.8 million and $36.3 million, respectively. At June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, we had an accumulated deficit of $349.4 million and $319.9 million, respectively.

At June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, we had cash and cash equivalents of $66.1 million and $57.4 million, respectively. To date, we have financed our operations principally through offerings of our capital stock, issuances of warrants, issuances of convertible promissory notes, use of term loans and receipts of customer deposits for new orders and payments from customers for systems installed and delivered. We may, from time to time, seek to raise capital through a variety of sources, including the public equity market, private equity financing, and/or public or private debt. In January 2017, we issued common stock and warrants to purchase common stock via the 2017 Private Placement for gross proceeds of $26.1 million. In 2017, we also raised aggregate gross proceeds of $40.1 million through our at-the-market offering program in which we sold 6.6 million shares of our common stock at an average sale price of $6.10 per share. In October 2017, we issued common stock in the October 2017 Direct Registered Offering for gross proceeds of $49.9 million. In March 2018, we issued common stock, Series A convertible preferred stock and warrants to purchase common stock in the March 2018 Direct Registered Offering for gross proceeds of $59.1 million. In May 2018, we also raised aggregate gross proceeds of $0.3 million through our at-the-market offering program under which we sold 33,097 shares of our common stock at an average sale price of $8.41 per share. We expect that our existing cash and cash equivalents, together with anticipated cash receipts from equity financings and sales of MRIdian systems will enable us to conduct our planned operations for at least the next 12 months.  

We could potentially use our available financial resources sooner than we currently expect, and we may incur additional indebtedness to meet future operating needs. Adequate additional funding may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. In addition, although we anticipate being able to obtain additional financing, we may be unable to do so. Our failure to raise capital as and when needed could have significant negative consequences for our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our future capital requirements and the adequacy of available funds will depend on many factors, including those set forth in the section titled “Risk Factors.”

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods presented (in thousands):

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2017
Cash used in operating activities	$	(48,838	)	$	(23,883	)
Cash used in investing activities	$	(2,280	)	$	(776	)
Cash provided by financing activities	$	59,910		$	64,388

Operating Activities

We have historically experienced negative cash outflows as we developed MRIdian with Cobalt-60 systems, MRIdian Linac and expanded our business. Our primary source of cash flow from operating activities is cash receipts from customers including sales of MRIdian systems and, to a lesser extent, up-front payments from customers. Our primary uses of cash from operating activities are amounts due to vendors for purchased components and employee-related expenditures.

During the six months ended June 30, 2018, cash used in operating activities was $48.8 million, as a result of our net loss of $26.8 million, a $21.3 million net change in our operating assets and liabilities, and the aggregate non-cash charges of $0.7 million. The net change in our operating assets and liabilities was primarily a result of a change in inventory and deposits on purchased inventory, deferred cost of revenue, customer deposits and deferred revenue, and accounts payable, which was partially offset by a change in accounts receivable. Inventory and deposits on purchased inventory increased $10.3 million and $0.5 million, in anticipation of upcoming shipments and installations of MRIdian systems. Deferred cost of revenue increased $2.4 million primarily due to the shipment of additional components from MRIdian systems currently being installed. Customer deposits and deferred revenue decreased $11.0 million as a result of revenue recognized for the seven units of MRIdian system sales and one unit of system upgrade partially offset by additional accrual for the units currently being installed in the first six months of 2018. Accounts payable decreased $3.4 million resulting from the timing of payment. The net change in our operating assets and liabilities were partially offset by a $6.8 million decrease in accounts receivable resulting from the timing of collection. Non-cash charges included a $7.0 million gain related to the change in fair value of the 2017 and 2016 Placement Warrants, offset by $2.9 million stock-based compensation expense, $1.8

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million amortization of debt discount and interest accrual related to the CRG Term Loan, and $1.6 million depreciation and amortization expense.

During the six months ended June 30, 2017, cash used in operating activities was $23.9 million as a result of our net loss of $36.3 million and a $1.0 million net change in our operating assets and liabilities, partially offset by aggregate non-cash charges of $13.5 million. The net change in our operating assets and liabilities was primarily a result of an increase in deferred cost of revenue, an increase in inventory, an increase in deposits on purchased inventory, and an increase in prepaid expenses and other assets, partially offset by an increase in customer deposits and deferred revenue, an increase in accounts payable, and a decrease in accounts receivable. Deferred cost of revenue increased $7.3 million due to the shipment of additional components for MRIdian systems currently being installed. Inventory and deposits on purchased inventory increased $7.3 million and $3.0 million, respectively, in anticipation of upcoming shipments and installations of MRIdian systems. Prepaid expenses and other assets increased $2.1 million, primarily attributable to deferred sales commission on new sales contracts. The net change in our operating assets and liabilities were partially offset by a $13.4 million increase in customer deposits and deferred revenue due to deposits received from new sales contracts and the commencement of installation for two customers in the first six months of 2017. The $1.8 million increase in accounts payable and the $2.4 million decrease in accounts receivable resulted from the timing of payment and collection. Non-cash charges included a $9.0 million change in the fair value of warrant liability related to the 2017 and 2016 Placement Warrants, $1.6 million of amortization of debt discount and interest accrual related to the CRG Term Loan, $1.8 million of stock-based compensation and $1.0 million of depreciation and amortization expense.

Investing Activities

Cash used in investing activities during the six months ended June 30, 2018 and June 30, 2017 of $2.3 and $0.8 million, respectively, resulted from capital expenditures to purchase property and equipment.  

Financing Activities

During the six months ended June 30, 2018, financing activities provided $59.9 million in cash, consisting of $59.1 million gross proceeds from the March 2018 Direct Registered Offering, $0.3 million gross proceeds from our at-the-market offering program and $0.7 million in proceeds from the exercise of stock options, partially offset by offering costs of $0.2 million from the March 2018 Direct Registered Offering.

During the six months ended June 30, 2017, financing activities provided $64.4 million in cash from $26.1 million gross proceeds from the 2017 Private Placement, $39.5 million gross proceeds from our at-the-market offering program and $0.2 million from the exercise of stock options, partially offset by offering costs of $1.1 million for our at-the-market offering program and offering costs of $0.3 million for our 2017 and 2016 Private Placements.

CRG Term Loan

In June 2015, we entered into the CRG Term Loan for up to $50.0 million, of which $30.0 million was made available to us upon closing with the remaining $20.0 million to be available on or before June 26, 2016 upon meeting certain milestones. We drew down the first $30.0 million on the closing date in June 2015.  In March 2016, the CRG Term Loan was amended with regard to the conditions for borrowing the remaining $20.0 million available under the CRG Term Loan. We achieved one milestone at March 31, 2016 and borrowed an additional $15.0 million in May 2016. In April 2017, we executed an amendment to the CRG Term Loan, which included an extension to the availability of the existing $5.0 million tranche at our option through June 30, 2017, added a $15.0 million tranche of borrowing capacity available at our option through September 30, 2017, extended the interest-only and payment in-kind period, decreased the combined 2016 and 2017 revenue covenant and included a 1.75% increase to the facility fee. In October 2017, we executed another amendment to the CRG Term Loan, extending the availability of the existing $15.0 million borrowing capacity through December 31, 2017. We did not draw down any amount under the $5.0 million or the $15.0 million tranches and they have since expired. In February 2018, the CRG Term Loan was amended to decrease the amount of the minimum combined 2016 and 2017 revenue covenant effective December 31, 2017. The CRG Term Loan is subject to financial covenants and is collateralized by essentially all our assets and limits our ability with respect to additional indebtedness, investments or dividends, among other things, subject to customary exceptions.

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At June 30, 2018, we had $45.0 million in outstanding debt to CRG, which is repayable through June 26, 2020. The CRG Term Loan bears cash interest at a rate of 12.5% per annum and has an interest-payment-only period through March 31, 2020. We were in compliance with all financial covenants under the CRG Term Loan at June 30, 2018. Additional details regarding the CRG Term Loan are included in the section entitled “Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – Note 5 – Debt” in the condensed consolidated financial statements.

2017 Private Placement

In January 2017, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement pursuant to which we sold an aggregate of 10,323,101 shares of common stock which consists of 8,602,589 shares of common stock and warrants to purchase 1,720,512 shares of common stock, or the 2017 Placement Warrants, for total gross proceeds of $26.1 million, or the 2017 Private Placement. We completed the closing of the 2017 Private Placement on January 18, 2017. The 2017 Placement Warrants have a per share exercise price of $3.17 per share, are exercisable after six months and expire seven years from the date of issuance.

At-The-Market Offering of Common Stock

In January 2017, we filed a registration statement with the SEC which covers the offering, issuance and sale by the registrant of up to a maximum aggregate offering price of $75.0 million of our common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants, purchase contracts and/or units; and we entered into a sales agreement with FBR Capital Markets & Co., or FBR, under which we may sell up to $25.0 million of our common shares pursuant to an at-the-market offering program in accordance with Rule 415(a)(4) under the Securities Act. FBR acted as sales agent on a best efforts basis and used commercially reasonable efforts to sell on our behalf all of the shares of common stock requested to be sold by us, consistent with its normal trading and sales practices, on mutually agreed terms between FBR and us. There is no arrangement for funds to be received in any escrow, trust or similar arrangement. In April 2017, we agreed to sell up to an additional $25.0 million of our common stock in accordance with the terms of a sales agreement with FBR and pursuant to an at-the-market offering program in accordance with Rule 415(a)(4) under the Securities Act.

FBR is entitled to compensation of up to 3.0% of the gross sales price per share sold. In connection with the sale of our common stock on our behalf, FBR is deemed to be an “underwriter” within the meaning of the Securities Act and the compensation of FBR is deemed to be underwriting commissions or discounts. We have also agreed to provide indemnification and contribution to FBR with respect to certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act.

During fiscal year 2017, we sold an aggregate of approximately 6.6 million shares of our common stock at an average market price of $6.10 per share under the at-the-market offering program, resulting in aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $40.1 million. During the six months ended June 30, 2018, we sold 33,097 shares of our common stock at an average market price of $8.41 under the at-the-market offering program, resulting in aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $0.3 million.

October 2017 Direct Registered Offering

In October 2017, we entered into Securities Purchase Agreements pursuant to which we sold an aggregate of 8,382,643 shares of common stock for total gross proceeds of $49.9 million, or the October 2017 Direct Registered Offering. We completed the closing of the October 2017 Direct Registered Offering on October 25, 2017. 

March 2018 Direct Registered Offering

In February 2018, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement pursuant to which we sold: (i) 4,090,000 shares of our common stock; (ii) 3,000,581 shares of our Series A convertible preferred stock; and (iii) warrants to purchase 1,418,116 shares of common stock, or the 2018 Offering Warrants for total gross proceeds of $59.1 million, or the March 2018 Direct Registered Offering. We completed the closing of the March 2018 Direct Registered Offering on March 5, 2018. The 2018 Offering Warrants have an exercise price of $8.31 per share, became exercisable upon issuance and expire in March 2025.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements as of June 30, 2018 or December 31, 2017. Additionally, there were no material changes to our contractual obligations described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 12, 2018, except for the change to operating lease obligation due to new and amended operating leases. See the section entitled “Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – Note 6 – Commitments and Contingencies” in the condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these condensed consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses and related disclosures. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Our estimates are based on historical experience and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Our actual results could differ from these estimates.

With the exception of the change in revenue recognition policy as a result of the adoption of ASC 606 (see the section entitled Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in the condensed consolidated financial statements), there have been no significant changes to our accounting policies during the six months ended June 30, 2018, as compared to the critical accounting policies described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 12, 2018. We believe that the accounting policies discussed in that Annual Report are critical to understanding our historical and future performance, as these policies relate to the more significant areas involving management’s judgments and estimates.

JOBS Act Accounting Election

We are an “emerging growth company” within the meaning of the JOBS Act. Section 107 of the JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards. Thus, an emerging growth company can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have irrevocably elected not to avail ourselves of this extended transition period and, as a result, we will adopt new or revised accounting standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of such standards is required for other public companies that are not emerging growth companies.

Recently Issued and Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

We review new accounting standards to determine the expected financial impact, if any, that the adoption of each new standard will have. For the recently issued and adopted accounting standards that we believe may have an impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements, see the section entitled “Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We are exposed to market risk in the ordinary course of our business. Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact our financial position due to adverse changes in financial market prices and rates. Our market risk exposure is primarily a result of fluctuations in interest rates. We do not hold or issue financial instruments for trading purposes.

Interest Rate Risk

Borrowings under our long-term debt agreements have fixed interest rates which are collateralized by substantially all of our assets. Because of the fixed interest rate, a hypothetical 100 basis points change in interest rates would have no impact on our borrowing or results of operations.

Foreign Currency Risk

The majority of our international sales contracts are denominated in U.S. dollars. However, we pay certain of our suppliers in a foreign currency under the terms of their supply agreements, and we may pay other suppliers in foreign currency in the future. We do not currently engage in any hedging transactions. Our results of operations and cash flows are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates and may be adversely affected in the future due to changes in foreign exchange rates.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our chief executive officer, or CEO, and chief financial officer, or CFO, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or Exchange Act), as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Based on that evaluation, our CEO and CFO have concluded that as of June 30, 2018, our disclosure controls and procedures are designed at a reasonable assurance level and are effective to provide reasonable assurance that information we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), and that such required information is accumulated and

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communicated to our management, including our CEO and CFO, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

Changes in Internal Control

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in management’s evaluation pursuant to Rules 13a-15(d) or 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act during the second quarter of 2018 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls and Procedures

In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.

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PART II—OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we may become involved in various lawsuits and legal proceedings which arise in the ordinary course of business. However, litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties, and one or more unfavorable outcomes in any claim or litigation against us could have a material adverse effect for the period in which they are resolved and, on our business generally.  In addition, regardless of their merits or their ultimate outcomes, lawsuits and legal proceedings are costly, divert management attention and may materially adversely affect our reputation, even if resolved in our favor.  

The information under the caption “Commitments and Contingencies” in Note 6 of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

In addition to the other information set forth in this Quarterly Report, you should carefully consider the factors discuss in Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for our fiscal year ended December 31, 2017. If any of the risks discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K or any of the following risks are realized, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially and adversely affected. The risks described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K and the risks described below are not the only risks facing the Company.

Risks Related to Administrative, Organizational and Commercial Operations and Growth

The loss of or our inability to attract and retain key personnel, including highly skilled executives, scientists and salespeople, could negatively impact our business.

The loss or incapacity of existing members of our executive management team could negatively impact our operations if we experience difficulties in hiring qualified successors. Our executive officers have employment agreements; however, the existence of an employment agreement does not guarantee the retention of the executive officer for any period of time.

Our commercial, manufacturing and research and development programs and operations depend on our ability to attract and retain highly skilled engineers, scientists and salespeople. We may not be able to attract or retain qualified personnel in the future due to the competition for qualified personnel among medical device businesses, particularly in California and Ohio. We also face competition from universities and public and private research institutions in recruiting and retaining highly qualified scientific personnel. Recruiting and retention difficulties can limit our ability to support our commercial, manufacturing and research and development programs. All of our employees are at-will, which means that either we or the employee may terminate his or her employment at any time.

We face risks associated with our international business.

In addition to our marketing and sales of MRIdian in the United States, we also market MRIdian in other regions, with contracts signed with customers and distributors in those regions. Our international business operations are subject to a variety of risks, including:

• difficulties in staffing and managing foreign and geographically dispersed operations;

• effective compliance with various U.S. and international laws, including export control laws and the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, or the FCPA, and anti-money laundering laws;

• differing regulatory requirements for obtaining clearances or approvals to market MRIdian and future product enhancements for MRIdian including but not limited to, MRIdian Linac;

• changes in uncertainties relating to foreign rules and regulations that may impact our ability to sell MRIdian, perform services or repatriate profits to the United States;

• tariffs, export or import restrictions, restrictions on remittances abroad, imposition of duties or taxes that limit our ability to move MRIdian out of these countries or interfere with the import of essential materials into these countries;

• limitations on our ability to enter into cost-effective arrangements with distributors of MRIdian, or at all;

• fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates;

• imposition of limitations on production, sale or export of MRI-guided radiation therapy systems in foreign countries;

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• imposition of limitations on or increase of withholding and other taxes on remittances and other payments by foreign subsidiaries or joint ventures;

• differing multiple payor reimbursement regimes, government payors or patient self-pay systems;

• imposition of differing labor laws and standards;

• economic, political or social instability in foreign countries and regions;

• an inability, or reduced ability, to protect our intellectual property, including any effect of compulsory licensing imposed by government action; and

• availability of government subsidies or other incentives that benefit competitors in their local markets that are not available to us.

We expect that we will begin expanding into more target markets; however, we cannot assure you that our expansion plans will be realized, or if realized, be successful. We expect each market to have particular regulatory and funding hurdles to overcome and future developments in these markets, including the uncertainty relating to governmental policies and regulations, could harm our business. If we expend significant time and resources on expansion plans that fail or are delayed, our reputation, business and financial condition may be harmed. In addition, the Trump administration has recently imposed tariffs on certain U.S. imports, and the European Union and other countries have responded with retaliatory tariffs on certain U.S. exports. We cannot predict what effects these and potential additional tariffs will have on our business, including in the context of escalating trade tensions. However, such tariffs and other trade restrictions could increase our cost of doing business, reduce our gross margins or otherwise harm our business, financial condition or results of operations.

International tariffs, including potential tariffs applied to our MRIdian systems sold into China, could materially and adversely affect our business operations and financial condition.

Our global business could be negatively affected by trade barriers and other governmental protectionist measures, any of which can be imposed suddenly and unpredictably.  For example, in March 2018, representatives of the Trump administration announced that the U.S. government would take certain actions based on findings of an investigation into Chinese trade practices under Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974. In retaliation, the Chinese government issued a list of additional U.S. origin goods that could be subject to an increased tariff when imported for sale into China, including medical or surgical x-ray equipment, which would include MRIdian systems. The outcome of final actions under Section 301 and related developments is uncertain. The imposition of tariffs on MRIdian systems imported into China or elsewhere could require us to raise prices, which may negatively impact the demand for our products in the affected market and/or reduce our gross margins. In addition, any of our competitors that are based outside the United States or that are otherwise not subject to tariffs that affect us might gain a competitive advantage as a result. Given the uncertainty regarding the scope and duration of trade actions by China, the U.S. and other countries, the impact of these trade actions or any other trade barriers, tariffs or similar measures on our business operations or financial condition remains uncertain.

Risks Related to Regulatory Matters

Modifications to MRIdian and our future products may require new 510(k) clearances or PMA approvals, or may require us to cease marketing or recall the modified products until clearances are obtained.

In the United States, we have obtained 510(k) premarket clearance from the FDA to market MRIdian for the provision of stereotactic radiosurgery and precision radiotherapy for lesions, tumors and conditions anywhere in the body where radiation treatment is indicated. Any modification to a 510(k)-cleared device that could significantly affect its safety or effectiveness, or that would constitute a major change in its intended use, design or manufacture, requires a new 510(k) clearance or, possibly, approval of a PMA.

In February 2017, we received a 510(k) premarket clearance from the FDA to market the MRIdian system that contains MRIdian Linac. As we make other changes or enhancements to our MRIdian system, we will need to determine whether additional FDA clearance is required or not. However, the FDA may not agree with our decisions regarding whether new clearances or approvals are necessary. We have made modifications to MRIdian in the past and have determined based on our review of the applicable FDA regulations and guidance that in certain instances new 510(k) clearances or PMA approvals were not required. We may make similar modifications or add additional features in the future that we believe do not require a new 510(k) clearance or approval of a PMA. If the FDA disagrees with our determination and requires us to submit new 510(k) notifications or PMA applications for modifications to our previously cleared products for which we have concluded that new clearances or approvals are unnecessary, we may be required to cease marketing or to recall the modified product until we obtain clearance or approval, and we may be subject to significant regulatory fines or penalties.

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Furthermore, the FDA’s ongoing review of the 510(k) clearance process may make it more difficult for us to make modifications to our previously cleared products, either by imposing more strict requirements on when a new 510(k) notification for a modification to a previously cleared product must be submitted, or applying more onerous review criteria to such submissions. More recently, the FDA

issued guidance (“Deciding When to Submit a 510(k) for a Change to an Existing Device” and “Deciding When to Submit a 510(k) for a Software Change to an Existing Device”) on October 25, 2017 to assist industry in determining when a change to a previously 510(k)-cleared product requires a new premarket notification to be submitted to the FDA. These guidance documents replaced the 1997 guidance on the same topic.  These new guidance documents could impose additional regulatory requirements upon us that could: increase the costs of compliance; restrict our ability to maintain our current clearances; and delay our ability to obtain 510(k) clearances. We cannot guarantee whether the FDA’s approach in future guidance will result in substantive changes to existing policy and practice regarding the assessment of whether a new 510(k) is required for changes or modifications to existing devices. The FDA continues to review its 510(k) clearance process, which could result in additional changes to regulatory requirements or guidance documents, which could increase the costs of compliance or restrict our ability to maintain current clearances.

Our MRIdian systems may cause or contribute to adverse medical events that we are required to report to regulatory bodies outside of the U.S. and to the FDA, and if we fail to do so, we would be subject to sanctions that could harm our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations. The discovery of serious safety issues with our MRIdian systems, or a recall of our MRIdian systems either voluntarily or at the direction of the FDA or another governmental authority, could have a negative impact on us.

We are subject to the FDA’s medical device reporting regulations and similar foreign regulations, which require us to report to the FDA when we receive or become aware of information that reasonably suggests that MRIdian may have caused or contributed to a death or serious injury or malfunctioned in a way that, if the malfunction were to recur, it could cause or contribute to a death or serious injury. The timing of our obligation to report is triggered by the date we become aware of the adverse event as well as the nature of the event. We may fail to report adverse events of which we become aware within the prescribed timeframe. We may also fail to recognize that we have become aware of a reportable adverse event, especially if it is not reported to us as an adverse event or if it is an adverse event that is unexpected or removed in time from the use of MRIdian. If we fail to comply with our reporting obligations, the FDA could take action, including warning letters, untitled letters, administrative actions, criminal prosecution, imposition of civil monetary penalties, revocation of our device clearance, seizure of MRIdian or delay in clearance of future products.

The FDA and foreign regulatory bodies have the authority to require the recall of commercialized products in the event of material deficiencies or defects in design or manufacture of a product or in the event that a product poses an unacceptable risk to health. The FDA’s authority to require a recall must be based on a finding that there is reasonable probability that the device could cause serious injury or death. We may also choose to voluntarily recall a product if any material deficiency is found. A government-mandated or voluntary recall by us could occur as a result of an unacceptable risk to health, component failures, malfunctions, manufacturing defects, labeling or design deficiencies, packaging defects, repeated misuse or other deficiencies or failures to comply with applicable regulations. We cannot assure you that similar or more significant product defects or other errors will not occur in the future. Recalls involving MRIdian could be particularly harmful to our business, financial condition and results of operations because it is currently our only product.

Companies are required to maintain certain records of recalls and corrections, even if they are not reportable to the FDA or other regulatory bodies. We may initiate voluntary withdrawals or corrections for MRIdian in the future that we determine do not require notification of the FDA or other regulators in the US and around the world. If the FDA disagrees with our determinations, it could require us to report those actions as recalls and we may be subject to enforcement action. A future recall announcement could harm our reputation with customers, potentially lead to product liability claims against us and negatively affect our sales.

Legislative or regulatory reforms in the United States or the EU may make it more difficult and more costly for us to obtain regulatory clearances or approvals for MRIdian or to produce, market or distribute MRIdian after clearance or approval is obtained.

From time to time, legislation is drafted and introduced in Congress that could significantly change the statutory provisions governing the regulation of medical devices or the reimbursement thereof. In addition, the FDA or Nuclear Regulatory Commission, or NRC, regulations and guidance are often revised or reinterpreted by the FDA or NRC in ways that may significantly affect our business and our MRIdian systems. For example, in response to industry and healthcare provider concerns regarding the predictability, consistency and rigor of the 510(k) clearance process, the FDA initiated an evaluation, and in January 2011, announced several proposed actions intended to reform the clearance process. In addition, as part of FDASIA, Congress reauthorized the Medical Device User Fee Amendments with various FDA performance goal commitments and enacted several “Medical Device Regulatory Improvements” and miscellaneous reforms, which are further intended to clarify and improve medical device regulation both pre- and post-clearance or approval. Any new statutes, regulations or revisions or reinterpretations of existing regulations may impose additional costs or lengthen review times of any future products or make it more difficult to manufacture, market or distribute MRIdian or future products. More recently, the FDA issued guidance (“Deciding When to Submit a 510(k) for a Change to an Existing Device” and

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“Deciding When to Submit a 510(k) for a Software Change to an Existing Device”) on October 25, 2017 to assist industry in determining when a change to a previously 510(k)-cleared product requires a new premarket notification to be submitted to the FDA. These guidance documents replaced the 1997 guidance on the same topic.  These new guidance documents could impose additional regulatory requirements upon us that could: increase the costs of compliance; restrict our ability to maintain our current clearances; and delay our ability to obtain 510(k) clearances. We cannot determine what effect changes in regulations, statutes, legal interpretation or policies, when and if promulgated, enacted or adopted may have on our business in the future. Such changes could, among other things, require:

• additional testing prior to obtaining clearance or approval;

• changes to manufacturing methods;

• recall, replacement or discontinuance of MRIdian or future products; or

• additional record keeping.

Any of these changes could require substantial time and cost and could harm our business and our financial results.

On April 5, 2017, the European Parliament passed the Medical Devices Regulation, which repealed and replaced the Medical Devices Directive. Unlike directives, which must be implemented into the national laws of the EEA member States, the regulations would be directly applicable, i.e., without the need for adoption of EEA member State laws implementing them, in all EEA member States and are intended to eliminate current differences in the regulation of medical devices among EEA member States. The Medical Devices Regulation, among other things, is intended to establish a uniform, transparent, predictable and sustainable regulatory framework across the EEA for medical devices and ensure a high level of safety and health while supporting innovation.

The Medical Devices Regulation will, however, only become applicable three years after publication. Once applicable, the new regulations will among other things:

• strengthen the rules on placing devices on the market and reinforce surveillance once they are available;

• establish explicit provisions on manufacturers' responsibilities for the follow-up of the quality, performance and safety of devices placed on the market;

• improve the traceability of medical devices throughout the supply chain to the end-user or patient through a unique identification number;

• set up a central database to provide patients, healthcare professionals and the public with comprehensive information on products available in the EU;

• strengthened rules for the assessment of certain high-risk devices, which may have to undergo an additional check by experts before they are placed on the market.

These modifications may have an impact on the way we conduct our business in the EEA.

*    *    *

The risks above do not necessarily comprise all of those associated with an investment in the Company. This Quarterly Report contains forward-looking statements that involve unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause the actual results, financial condition, performance or achievements of the Company to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements.  Factors that might cause such a difference include, but are not limited to, those set out above.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

Not applicable.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.

Not applicable.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information.

Not applicable.

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Item 6. Exhibits.

Exhibit		Incorporated by Reference			Filed
Number	Description	Form	Exhibit	Date Filed	Herewith
2.1	Agreement and Plan of Merger and Reorganization, dated as of July 23, 2015, by and among ViewRay Inc., Acquisition Sub and ViewRay Technologies, Inc.	S-1/A	2.1	12/16/15
3.1	Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation.	S-1/A	3.1	12/16/15
3.2	Amended and Restated Bylaws of ViewRay, Inc.	8-K	3.2	5/10/18
4.1	Certificate of Elimination of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock of ViewRay, Inc.	8-K	3.1	5/10/18
10.1	Vanni Business Park Industrial Lease by and between Vanni Business Park, LLC and ViewRay, Inc. dated April 11, 2018.				X
10.2	Second Amendment to Office Lease by and between BXP Research Park LP and ViewRay, Inc. dated June 1, 2018.				X
10.3	Separation Agreement, dated July 22, 2018, by and between ViewRay Inc. and Chris A. Raanes				X
10.4	Separation Agreement, dated July 22, 2018, by and between ViewRay Inc. and Doug Keare				X
10.5	Employment Agreement, dated July 22, 2018, by and between ViewRay Inc. and Scott Drake				X
10.6	Employment Agreement, dated July 22, 2018, by and between ViewRay Inc. and Shahriar Matin				X
31.1	Certification of Principal Executive Officer Required under Securities Exchange Act Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a).				X
31.2	Certification of Principal Financial Officer under Securities Exchange Act Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a).				X
32.1	Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350 and Securities Exchange Act Rule 13a-14(b).				X
101	Interactive Data Files of Financial Statements and Notes.				X
101.INS	Instant Document				X
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Schema Document				X
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document				X
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Definition Linkbase Document				X
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase Document				X
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document				X

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.

VIEWRAY, INC.

Dated: August 7, 2018	By:	/s/ Scott Drake
	Name:	Scott Drake
	Title:	Chief Executive Officer
		(Principal Executive Officer)

Dated: August 7, 2018	By:	/s/ Ajay Bansal
	Name:	Ajay Bansal
	Title:	Chief Financial Officer
��		(Principal Financial Officer)

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