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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
PART IV
Table of Contents
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
| | |
ý | | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
| | FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2015 |
OR |
o | | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
| | FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM TO
|
COMMISSION FILE NUMBER: 814-01066
FS Energy and Power Fund II
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
| | |
Delaware | | 46-4783632 |
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | | (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number) |
201 Rouse Boulevard | | |
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | | 19112 |
(Address of principal executive offices) | | (Zip Code) |
Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (215) 495-1150
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
None
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
Common Shares of Beneficial Interest, par value
$0.001 per share
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes o No ý.
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes o No ý.
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý No o.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes o No o.
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of Registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See definition of "accelerated filer," "large accelerated filer" and "smaller reporting company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
| | | | | | |
Large accelerated filer o | | Accelerated filero | | Non-accelerated filerý (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) | | Smaller reporting companyo |
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes o No ý.
There is no established market for the Registrant's common shares of beneficial interest. The registrant will be conducting an ongoing public offering of its common shares of beneficial interest pursuant to a Registration Statement on Form N-2, which shares will be sold at an initial price of $10.60 per share, with discounts available for certain categories of purchasers, or at a price per share, after deducting upfront selling commissions, if any, necessary to ensure that shares are not sold at a price below net asset value per share.
There were 22,222 shares of the Registrant's common shares of beneficial interest outstanding as of February 26, 2016.
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FS ENERGY AND POWER FUND II
FORM 10-K FOR THE FISCAL YEAR
ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2015
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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| | Page |
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PART I | | | | |
ITEM 1. | | BUSINESS | | 1 |
ITEM 1A. | | RISK FACTORS | | 23 |
ITEM 1B. | | UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS | | 54 |
ITEM 2. | | PROPERTIES | | 54 |
ITEM 3. | | LEGAL PROCEEDINGS | | 54 |
ITEM 4. | | MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES | | 54 |
PART II | | | | |
ITEM 5. | | MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES | | 55 |
ITEM 6. | | SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA | | 57 |
ITEM 7. | | MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS | | 58 |
ITEM 7A. | | QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK | | 73 |
ITEM 8. | | FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA | | 75 |
ITEM 9. | | CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE | | 91 |
ITEM 9A. | | CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES | | 91 |
ITEM 9B. | | OTHER INFORMATION | | 92 |
PART III | | | | |
ITEM 10. | | DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE | | 93 |
ITEM 11. | | EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION | | 102 |
ITEM 12. | | SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS | | 103 |
ITEM 13. | | CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE | | 103 |
ITEM 14. | | PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES | | 108 |
PART IV | | | | |
ITEM 15. | | EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES | | 109 |
| | SIGNATURES | | 111 |
Table of Contents
PART I
Many of the amounts and percentages presented in Part I have been rounded for convenience of presentation and all dollar amounts, excluding per share amounts, are presented in thousands unless otherwise noted.
Item 1. Business.
FS Energy and Power Fund II, or the Company, which may also be referred to as "we," "us" or "our," was formed as a Delaware statutory trust under the Delaware Statutory Trust Act on February 6, 2014 and will not formally commence investment operations until we receive gross proceeds in excess of $1,000, or the minimum offering requirement, all of which must be from persons who are not affiliated with us or FSEP II Advisor, LLC, or FSEP II Advisor. We are an externally managed, non-diversified, closed-end management investment company that has elected to be regulated as a business development company, or BDC, under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, or the 1940 Act. As such, we are required to comply with certain regulatory requirements. In addition, we have elected to be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and intend to qualify annually, as a regulated investment company, or RIC, under Subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code. As of December 31, 2015, we had total assets of $200.
We are managed by FSEP II Advisor, a registered investment adviser under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended, or the Advisers Act, which oversees the management of our operations and is responsible for making investment decisions with respect to our portfolio. FSEP II Advisor has engaged GSO Capital Partners LP, or GSO, to act as our investment sub-adviser. GSO will assist FSEP II Advisor in identifying investment opportunities and will make investment recommendations for approval by FSEP II Advisor, according to guidelines set by FSEP II Advisor. GSO, a registered investment adviser under the Advisers Act, oversaw approximately $79.1 billion in assets under management as of December 31, 2015. GSO is the credit platform of The Blackstone Group L.P., or Blackstone, a leading global alternative asset manager and provider of financial advisory services.
Our investment policy is to invest, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of our total assets in securities of energy and power, or Energy, companies. This investment policy may not be changed without at least 60 days' prior notice to holders of our common shares of any such change. We consider Energy companies to be those companies that engage in the exploration, development, production, gathering, transportation, processing, storage, refining, distribution, mining, generation or marketing of natural gas, natural gas liquids, crude oil, refined products, coal or power, including those companies that provide equipment or services to companies engaged in any of the foregoing. We intend to concentrate our investments on debt securities in Energy companies that we believe have, or are connected to, a strong infrastructure and/or underlying asset base so as to enhance collateral coverage and downside protection for our investments. We may also make select equity investments in certain Energy companies meeting our investment objectives of current income generation and long-term capital appreciation. Our primary areas of focus will be the upstream, midstream, power, and service and equipment sub-sectors of the Energy industry; however, we broadly define our "Energy Investment Universe" as follows:
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- Upstream—businesses that find, develop and extract energy resources, including natural gas, crude oil and coal, from onshore and offshore reservoirs;
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- Midstream—businesses that gather, process, store and transmit energy resources and their by-products, including businesses that own pipelines, gathering systems, gas processing plants, liquefied natural gas facilities and other energy infrastructure;
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- Downstream—businesses that refine, market and distribute refined energy resources, such as customer-ready natural gas, propane and gasoline, to end-user customers;
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- Power—businesses engaged in the generation, transmission and distribution of power and electricity or in the production of alternative energy; and
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- Service and Equipment—businesses that provide services and/or equipment to aid in the exploration and production of oil and natural gas, including seismic, drilling, completion and
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Our investment objectives are to generate current income and long-term capital appreciation. We will seek to meet our investment objectives by:
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- utilizing the experience and expertise of FSEP II Advisor and GSO in sourcing, evaluating and structuring transactions;
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- employing a conservative investment approach focused on current income and long-term investment performance;
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- focusing primarily on debt investments in a broad array of private Energy companies within the United States;
- •
- making select equity investments in certain Energy companies that have strong growth potential;
- •
- investing primarily in established, stable enterprises with positive cash flow and strong asset and collateral coverage so as to limit the risk of potential principal loss; and
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- maintaining rigorous portfolio monitoring in an attempt to anticipate and pre-empt negative events within our portfolio.
We anticipate that our portfolio will be comprised primarily of income-oriented securities, which refers to debt securities and income-oriented preferred and common equity interests, of privately-held Energy companies within the United States. We intend to weight our portfolio towards senior and subordinated debt. In addition to investments purchased from dealers or other investors in the secondary market, we expect to invest in primary market transactions and directly originated investments, as this will provide us with the ability to tailor investments to best match a project's or company's needs with our investment objectives. Our portfolio may also be comprised of select income-oriented preferred or common equity interests, which refers to equity interests that pay consistent, high-yielding dividends, that we believe will produce both current income and long-term capital appreciation. These income-oriented preferred or common equity interests may include interests in master limited partnerships, or MLPs. MLPs are entities that (i) are structured as limited partnerships or limited liability companies, (ii) are publicly traded, (iii) satisfy certain requirements to be treated as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes and (iv) primarily own and operate midstream and upstream Energy companies. In connection with certain of our future debt investments, we may on occasion receive equity interests such as warrants or options as additional consideration. In addition, a portion of our portfolio may be comprised of minority interests in the form of common or preferred equity or other equity-related securities, such as rights and warrants that may be converted into or exchanged for common stock or other equity or the cash value of common stock or other equity, in our target companies, as well as derivatives, including total return swaps and credit default swaps. Upon satisfying the minimum offering requirement, we will commence investment operations and investors will be subject to certain fees and expenses. Prior to raising sufficient capital, we may make smaller investments than we expect to make once we raise sufficient capital due to liquidity constraints. Once we raise sufficient capital, we expect that our investments will generally range between $5 million and $75 million each, although investments may vary proportionately with the size of our capital base and will ultimately be made at the discretion of FSEP II Advisor, subject to oversight by our board of trustees.
To seek to enhance our returns, we intend to employ leverage as market conditions permit and at the discretion of FSEP II Advisor, but in no event will leverage employed exceed 50% of the value of our assets, as required by the 1940 Act.
As a BDC, we will be subject to certain regulatory restrictions in making our investments. For example, BDCs generally are not permitted to co-invest with certain affiliated entities in transactions originated by the BDC or its affiliates in the absence of an exemptive order from the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, SEC. However, BDCs are permitted to, and may, co-invest in transactions where price is the only negotiated point. In an order dated June 4, 2013, the SEC granted exemptive relief to our affiliates, upon which we may rely, and which permits us, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, to co-invest in certain privately negotiated investment transactions with certain affiliates of FSEP II Advisor, including FS Investment Corporation, FS Energy and Power Fund, FS Investment Corporation II, FS Investment Corporation III, FS Investment Corporation IV and any
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future BDCs that are advised by FSEP II Advisor or its affiliated investment advisers, or, collectively, our co-investment affiliates. We believe this relief will enhance our ability to further our investment objectives and strategies. We believe this relief may also increase favorable investment opportunities for us, in part by allowing us to participate in larger investments, together with our co-investment affiliates, than would be available to us if such relief had not been obtained. Because our affiliates did not seek exemptive relief to engage in co-investment transactions with GSO and its affiliates, we will be permitted to co-invest with GSO and its affiliates only in accordance with existing regulatory guidance.
While a BDC may list its shares for trading in the public markets, we have currently elected not to do so. We believe that a non-traded structure is more appropriate during our offering stage due to the long-term nature of the assets in which we intend to invest. This structure allows us to operate with a long-term view, similar to that of other types of private investment funds, instead of managing to quarterly market expectations. While the offering price for our common shares, which will exceed the net asset value per share, is subject to adjustment in accordance with the 1940 Act and our share pricing policy, because our common shares will not be listed on a national securities exchange, our shareholders will not be subject to the daily share price volatility associated with the public markets. However, the net asset value of our common shares may be volatile.
To provide our shareholders with limited liquidity, we intend to conduct quarterly tender offers pursuant to our share repurchase program beginning with the first full calendar quarter following the date that the minimum offering requirement is satisfied. We are not obligated to repurchase common shares and, if we do so, common shares will be repurchased at the net offering price in effect at the time of repurchase. This will be the only method by which our shareholders may obtain liquidity prior to a liquidity event. Therefore, shareholders may not be able to sell their common shares promptly or at a desired price. If shareholders are able to sell their common shares, it is likely they will have to sell them at a significant discount to their purchase price.
We do not currently intend to list our common shares on an exchange and do not expect a public market to develop for them in the foreseeable future. We intend to seek to complete a liquidity event within five to seven years following the completion of our offering stage; however, the offering period may extend for an indefinite period. Accordingly, shareholders should consider that they may not have access to the money they invest for an indefinite period of time until we complete a liquidity event. We will view our offering stage as complete as of the termination date of our most recent public equity offering if we have not conducted a public equity offering in any continuous two-year period. In addition, shares of BDCs listed on a national securities exchange frequently trade at a discount to net asset value. If we determine to pursue a listing of our common shares on a national securities exchange, shareholders, including those who purchase shares at the offering price, may experience a loss on their investment if they sell their shares at a time when our common shares are trading at a discount to net asset value. This risk is separate and distinct from the risk that our net asset value will decrease. There can be no assurance that we will be able to complete a liquidity event.
Capital Contributions by Franklin Square Holdings
In April 2014, pursuant to a private placement, Michael C. Forman and David J. Adelman, the co-founders of Franklin Square Holdings L.P., or Franklin Square Holdings, contributed an aggregate of $200 to purchase approximately 22,222 common shares at $9.00 per share. Messrs. Forman and Adelman have agreed not to tender these common shares for repurchase as long as FSEP II Advisor remains our investment adviser.
About FSEP II Advisor
FSEP II Advisor is a subsidiary of our affiliate, Franklin Square Holdings, a national sponsor of alternative investments designed for the individual investor. FSEP II Advisor is registered as an investment adviser with the SEC under the Advisers Act and is led by substantially the same personnel that form the investment and operations teams of FB Income Advisor, LLC, FS Investment Advisor, LLC, FSIC II Advisor, LLC, FSIC III Advisor, LLC, FSIC IV Advisor, LLC and FS Global Advisor, LLC. FB Income Advisor, LLC, FS Investment Advisor, LLC, FSIC II Advisor, LLC, FSIC III Advisor, LLC and FSIC IV Advisor, LLC are registered investment advisers that manage Franklin Square Holdings' five other affiliated BDCs, FS Investment Corporation, FS Energy and Power Fund, FS Investment Corporation II, FS Investment Corporation III and FS Investment Corporation IV,
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respectively. FS Global Advisor, LLC is a registered investment adviser that manages Franklin Square Holdings' affiliated closed-end management investment company, FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund.
In addition to managing our investments, the managers, officers and other personnel of FSEP II Advisor also currently manage the following entities through affiliated investment advisers:
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Name | | Entity | | Investment Focus | | Gross Assets(1) | |
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FS Energy and Power Fund | | BDC | | Primarily invests in debt and income-oriented equity securities of private U.S. companies in the energy and power industry. | | $ | 3,835,670 | |
FS Investment Corporation | | BDC | | Primarily invests in senior secured loans, second lien secured loans and, to a lesser extent, subordinated loans of private U.S. companies. | | $ | 4,264,904 | |
FS Investment Corporation II | | BDC | | Primarily invests in senior secured loans, second lien secured loans and, to a lesser extent, subordinated loans of private U.S. companies. | | $ | 5,032,346 | |
FS Investment Corporation III | | BDC | | Primarily invests in senior secured loans, second lien secured loans and, to a lesser extent, subordinated loans of private U.S. companies. | | $ | 2,528,898 | |
FS Investment Corporation IV(2) | | BDC | | Primarily invests in senior secured loans, second lien secured loans and, to a lesser extent, subordinated loans of private U.S. companies. | | $ | 200 | |
FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund(3) | | Closed-end management investment company | | Primarily invests in secured and unsecured floating and fixed rate loans, bonds and other types of credit instruments. | | $ | 1,374,753 | |
- (1)
- As of September 30, 2015, except as otherwise noted below.
- (2)
- FS Investment Corporation IV formally commenced investment operations on January 6, 2016, upon meeting its minimum offering requirement of raising gross proceeds of at least $1.0 million in its continuous public offering from persons who were not affiliated with FS Investment Corporation IV or its investment adviser, FSIC IV Advisor, LLC. Gross assets shown as of December 31, 2015.
- (3)
- Two funds affiliated with FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund, FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund—A and FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund—D, or together, the FSGCOF Offered Funds, which have the same investment objectives and strategies as FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund, currently offer common shares of beneficial interest to the public and invest substantially all of the net proceeds of their respective offerings in FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund. Gross assets as of June 30, 2015.
Our chairman, president and chief executive officer, Michael C. Forman, has led FSEP II Advisor since its inception. In 2007, he co-founded Franklin Square Holdings with the goal of delivering alternative investment solutions, advised by what Franklin Square Holdings believes to be best-in-class institutional asset managers, to individual investors nationwide. In addition to leading FSEP II Advisor, Mr. Forman currently serves as chairman, president and chief executive officer of FB Income Advisor, LLC, FS Investment Advisor, LLC, FS Energy and Power Fund, FSIC II Advisor, LLC, FS Investment Corporation II, FSIC III Advisor, LLC, FS Investment Corporation III, FSIC IV Advisor, LLC, FS Investment Corporation IV, FS Global Advisor, LLC, FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund and the FSGCOF Offered Funds. Mr. Forman also currently serves as chairman and chief executive officer of FS Investment Corporation.
FSEP II Advisor's senior management team has significant experience in private lending and private equity investing, and has developed an expertise in using all levels of a firm's capital structure to produce income-generating investments, while focusing on risk management. The team also has extensive knowledge of the managerial, operational and regulatory requirements of publicly registered alternative asset entities, such as BDCs. We believe that the active and ongoing participation by Franklin Square Holdings and its affiliates in the credit markets, and the depth of experience and disciplined investment approach of FSEP II Advisor's management team, will allow FSEP II Advisor to successfully execute our investment strategies.
All investment decisions will require the unanimous approval of FSEP II Advisor's investment committee, which is currently comprised of Mr. Forman, Gerald F. Stahlecker, Zachary Klehr and Sean Coleman. Our board of trustees, including a majority of independent trustees, will oversee and monitor our investment performance and, beginning with the second anniversary of the effective date of the investment advisory and administrative services agreement, will annually review the investment advisory and administrative services agreement and the investment sub-advisory agreement to determine, among other things, whether the fees payable under such agreements are reasonable in light of the services provided.
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About GSO
From time to time, FSEP II Advisor may enter into sub-advisory relationships with registered investment advisers that possess skills that FSEP II Advisor believes will aid it in achieving our investment objectives. FSEP II Advisor has engaged GSO to act as our investment sub-adviser. GSO will assist FSEP II Advisor in identifying investment opportunities and will make investment recommendations for approval by FSEP II Advisor, according to guidelines set by FSEP II Advisor. GSO also serves as the investment sub-adviser to FS Energy and Power Fund and FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund. In addition, GSO's wholly-owned subsidiary, GDFM, serves as the investment sub-adviser to FS Investment Corporation, FS Investment Corporation II, FS Investment Corporation III and FS Investment Corporation IV. GSO is a Delaware limited partnership with principal offices located at 345 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10154.
GSO is the credit platform of Blackstone, a leading global alternative asset manager. As of December 31, 2015, GSO and its affiliates, excluding Blackstone, managed approximately $79.1 billion of assets across multiple strategies and investment types within the leveraged finance marketplace, including leveraged loans, high-yield bonds, distressed, mezzanine and private equity. GSO has extensive experience investing in Energy companies. From 2005 through 2015, funds managed by GSO have invested over $16.0 billion in Energy companies. As investment sub-adviser, GSO will utilize its experience in Energy investing and will make recommendations to FSEP II Advisor in a manner that is consistent with its existing investment and monitoring processes.
Blackstone is a leading global alternative asset manager and provider of financial advisory services. It is one of the largest independent managers of private capital in the world, with assets under management of approximately $336.4 billion as of December 31, 2015. Blackstone's alternative asset management businesses include the management of private equity funds, real estate funds, funds of hedge funds, credit-oriented funds, collateralized loan obligation vehicles, separately managed accounts and publicly traded closed- end mutual funds. Blackstone is a publicly traded limited partnership that has common units which trade on the New York Stock Exchange, LLC under the ticker symbol "BX." Information about Blackstone and its various affiliates, including certain ownership, governance and financial information, is disclosed in Blackstone's periodic filings with the SEC, which can be obtained from Blackstone's website athttp://ir.blackstone.com or the SEC's website atwww.sec.gov. Information contained on Blackstone's website and in Blackstone's filings with the SEC is not incorporated by reference into this annual report on Form 10-K and shareholders should not consider that information to be part of this annual report on Form 10-K.
Market Opportunity
We believe that there are and will continue to be attractive investment opportunities in income-oriented securities of privately-held energy companies within the United States that have the potential to provide attractive risk-adjusted returns compared to other types of investments.
In the face of volatile commodity markets, the U.S. Energy Information Administration ("EIA") estimates that global energy consumption grew by 1.4 million barrels per day ("MMbpd") in 2015, averaging approximately 94 MMbpd. Globally, the demand for petroleum and other liquids continues to grow, and the EIA expects consumption to increase by 2.7 MMbpd through 2017. As demand for energy continues to grow, so does the investment required to supply the world's energy needs. It is estimated that meeting the world's growing need for energy will require more than $68 trillion in cumulative investment from 2015 to 2040. We believe the energy market continues to be underserved in terms of funding, and view today's market as providing an opportune time for long-term investment in the private debt of U.S. middle market energy companies.
Continued depressed commodity prices combined with reduced secondary market liquidity has resulted in higher yields and lower prices for energy debt investments. From August 31, 2014 to December 31, 2015, the average yield to 3-year maturity of broadly syndicated energy loans increased from 6.1% to 21.0%, the highest since 2009, and the average yield-to-worst of high yield energy bonds increased from 5.6% to 16.0%, the highest since 2008. As of December 31, 2015, the average price of a senior secured energy loan decreased to 57.8 on 100.0 of par value, the lowest price in the 23-year history of the Credit Suisse Leveraged Loan Index. We believe that the debt securities of many of these energy companies are undervalued relative to our fundamental analysis and that the recent broad decline in energy credit prices has not taken into account company-by-company differences in
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geography, cost structures and liquidity profiles. For example, certain companies have the ability to reduce costs through technological advances and many have options available to them to enhance liquidity in the event commodity prices remain depressed for a prolonged period of time.
While we are cognizant that the market warrants a cautious approach, we believe our credit expertise will allow us to take advantage of the dislocation in the market and identify attractive investment opportunities. It is our view that by focusing our investments in the senior secured debt of energy companies including those with ample liquidity, low cost structures, strong balance sheets and high-quality reserves we can generate attractive risk-adjusted returns over the long-term, while protecting our downside in varying commodity price environments.
We also believe that commodity price volatility has and will continue to disrupt the flow of capital from banks and other traditional credit providers to energy companies. We expect that private energy companies in particular, which represent approximately 98% of all U.S. energy companies, will experience the most significant reduction in credit availability from traditional sources. This can create further opportunities for investors that have the skill, size, expertise and ability to structure and originate their own transactions. We believe we will be able to source directly originated investments and anchor new issue transactions that should benefit from stronger covenants and improved pricing versus what was previously available in the marketplace.
It is expected that the U.S. energy industry will have a continued need for substantial capital investment for energy companies across all sub-sectors. Many upstream companies require large, annual capital expenditures to develop new reserves and replace lost production as existing oil and natural gas wells decline. Midstream assets throughout the United States are aging and are not ideally located for new areas of development, requiring that additional infrastructure be built to ensure this new supply reaches market. Further, we believe these investment opportunities could increase due to potential environmental regulations that are expected to impact fossil-fuel power generation, particularly coal generation, which itself comprises more than a third of the current U.S. power market. We believe that this large and varied asset class maintains attractive and distinct investment characteristics, including established hard asset values, high barriers to entry and attractive long-term growth profiles, which will allow us to provide superior risk-adjusted returns for our investors.
Characteristics of and Risks Related to Investments in Private Companies
We intend to invest primarily in income-oriented securities of privately-held Energy companies within the United States. Investments in private companies pose significantly greater risks than investments in public companies. First, private companies have reduced access to the capital markets, resulting in diminished capital resources and ability to withstand financial distress. As a result, these companies, which may present greater credit risk than public companies, may be unable to meet the obligations under their debt and equity securities that we anticipate holding. Second, the investments themselves may often be illiquid. The securities of most of the companies in which we intend to invest are not publicly traded or actively traded on the secondary market and are, instead, traded on a privately negotiated over-the-counter secondary market for institutional investors. In addition, we expect that most of our directly originated investments generally will not be traded on any secondary market and a trading market for such investments may not develop. The securities in which we may invest may also be subject to legal and other restrictions on resale. As such, we may have difficulty exiting an investment promptly or at a desired price prior to maturity or outside of a normal amortization schedule. These investments may also be difficult to value because little public information generally exists about private companies, requiring an experienced due diligence team to analyze and value the potential portfolio company. Finally, these companies often may not have third-party debt ratings or audited financial statements. We must therefore rely on the ability of FSEP II Advisor and/or GSO to obtain adequate information through their due diligence efforts to evaluate the creditworthiness of, and risks involved in investing in, these companies, and to determine the optimal time to exit an investment. These companies and their financial information will also generally not be subject to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and other rules and regulations that govern public companies that are designed to protect investors.
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Investment Strategies
Our investment policy is to invest, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of our total assets in securities of Energy companies. This investment policy may not be changed without at least 60 days' prior notice to holders of our common shares of any such change. In accordance with the best interests of our shareholders, FSEP II Advisor will monitor our targeted investment mix as economic conditions evolve.
When identifying prospective portfolio companies, we intend to focus primarily on the attributes set forth below, which we believe will help us generate higher total returns with an acceptable level of risk. While these criteria provide general guidelines for our investment decisions, we caution investors that, if we believe the benefits of investing are sufficiently strong, not all of these criteria necessarily will be met by each prospective portfolio company in which we choose to invest. These attributes are:
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- Deeply-rooted asset value. We will seek to invest in companies that have significant asset value rather than speculative investments that rely solely on rising energy commodity prices, exploratory drilling success or factors beyond the control of a portfolio company. We intend to focus on Energy companies that have strong potential for enhancing asset value through factors within their control. Examples of these types of factors include operating cost reductions and revenue increases driven by improved operations of previously under-performing or under-exploited assets. Such investments are expected to have significant collateral coverage and downside protection irrespective of the broader economy.
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- Leading, defensible market positions. We will seek to invest in companies that have developed what we believe to be strong positions within their sub-sector and exhibit the potential to maintain sufficient cash flows and profitability to service our debt in a range of economic environments. We will seek companies that can protect their competitive advantages through scale, scope, customer loyalty, product pricing or product quality versus their competitors, thereby minimizing business risk and protecting profitability.
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- Proven management teams. We intend to focus on companies that have what we believe to be experienced management teams with an established track record of success. We will typically require our portfolio companies to have proper incentives in place, which may include non-cash and performance-based compensation, to align management's goals with ours.
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- Commodity price management. We will seek to invest in companies that appropriately manage their commodity price exposure through the use of hedging with highly rated counterparties, contracts such as power purchase agreements or tolling agreements and other instruments that seek to minimize the company's exposure to significant commodity price swings.
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- Potentially targeted allocation among various issuers and sub-sectors. We will seek to allocate our portfolio broadly among issuers and sub-sectors within the Energy Investment Universe, thereby attempting to reduce the risk of a downturn in any one company or sub-sector having a disproportionate adverse impact on the value of our portfolio.
- •
- Potentially viable exit strategy. While we will attempt to invest in securities that may be sold in a privately negotiated over-the-counter market, providing us a means by which we may exit our positions, we expect that a large portion of our portfolio may not be sold on this secondary market. For any investments that are not able to be sold within this market, we intend to focus primarily on investing in companies whose business models and growth prospects offer attractive exit possibilities, including repayment of our investments, an initial public offering of equity securities, a merger, a sale or a recapitalization, in each case with the potential for capital gains.
In addition, in an order dated June 4, 2013, the SEC granted exemptive relief that, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, expands our ability to co-invest in certain privately negotiated investment transactions with our co-investment affiliates, which we believe may enhance our ability to further our investment objectives and strategies.
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Potential Competitive Strengths
We believe that we offer investors the following potential competitive strengths:
We believe that the breadth and depth of the experience of FSEP II Advisor's senior management team, together with the wider resources of GSO's investment team, which is dedicated to sourcing, structuring, executing, monitoring and harvesting a broad range of private investments, will provide us with a significant competitive advantage in sourcing and analyzing what we believe to be attractive investment opportunities worldwide.
Our potential long-term investment horizon will give us great flexibility, which we believe will allow us to maximize returns on our investments. Unlike most private equity and venture capital funds, we will not be required to return capital to our shareholders once we exit a portfolio investment. Such funds typically can only be invested once and must be returned to investors after a specific time period. These provisions often force private equity and venture capital funds to seek liquidity events, including initial public offerings, mergers or recapitalizations, more quickly than they otherwise might, potentially resulting in a lower return to investors. We believe that freedom from such capital return requirements, which will allow us to invest using a longer-term focus, will provide us with the opportunity to increase total returns on invested capital, compared to other private company investment vehicles.
FSEP II Advisor will seek to leverage GSO's significant access to transaction flow. GSO seeks to generate investment opportunities through syndicate and club deals (generally, investments made by a small group of investment firms), through relationships with investment banks, which may be exclusive to GSO, and, subject to regulatory constraints as discussed under "Regulation" and the allocation policies of GSO and its affiliates, as applicable, also through GSO's direct origination channels. GSO also relies on its relationships with private equity sponsors, investment banks and commercial banks to source investment opportunities. These include significant contacts to participants in the credit and leveraged finance marketplace, which it can draw upon in sourcing investment opportunities for us. With respect to syndicate and club deals, GSO has built a network of relationships with commercial and investment banks, finance companies and other investment funds as a result of the long track record of its investment professionals in the leveraged finance marketplace. With respect to GSO's origination channel, FSEP II Advisor will seek to leverage the global presence of GSO and its long-standing personal contacts within the Energy industry to generate access to a substantial amount of directly originated transactions with what we believe to be attractive investment characteristics. We believe that the broad network of GSO will provide a significant pipeline of investment opportunities for us. GSO also has a significant trading platform, which we believe will allow us access to the secondary market for investment opportunities.
Disciplined, income-oriented investment philosophy
FSEP II Advisor and GSO intend to employ a conservative investment approach focused on current income and long-term investment performance. This investment approach involves a multi-stage selection process for each investment opportunity, as well as ongoing monitoring of each investment made, with particular emphasis on early detection of deteriorating credit conditions at portfolio companies which would result in adverse portfolio developments. This strategy is designed to maximize current income and minimize the risk of capital loss while maintaining the potential for long-term capital appreciation.
FSEP II Advisor and GSO believe that their broad expertise and experience investing at all levels of a company's capital structure will enable us to manage risk while affording us the opportunity for significant returns on our investments. We will attempt to capitalize on this expertise in an effort to produce and maintain an investment portfolio that will perform in a broad range of economic conditions. In addition, we will seek to leverage this broad-ranging capability to enable us to provide
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Energy companies with financing that most closely aligns with their particular capital needs. We believe that such flexibility is valuable to Energy companies and will provide us with a competitive advantage over other capital providers that are more limited in the securities in which they invest.
Operating and Regulatory Structure
Our investment activities will be managed by FSEP II Advisor and supervised by our board of trustees, a majority of whom are independent. Under the investment advisory and administrative services agreement, we have agreed to pay FSEP II Advisor an annual base management fee based on the average weekly value of our gross assets and an incentive fee based on our performance. See "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Contractual Obligations" for a description of the fees to which FSEP II Advisor will be entitled.
From time to time, FSEP II Advisor may enter into sub-advisory relationships with registered investment advisers that possess skills or attributes that FSEP II Advisor believes will aid it in achieving our investment objectives. FSEP II Advisor has engaged GSO to act as our investment sub-adviser. GSO will assist FSEP II Advisor in identifying investment opportunities and will make investment recommendations for approval by FSEP II Advisor according to guidelines set by FSEP II Advisor. FSEP II Advisor oversees our day-to-day operations, including the provision of general ledger accounting, fund accounting, legal services, investor relations and other administrative services. FSEP II Advisor also performs, or oversees the performance of, our corporate operations and required administrative services, which includes being responsible for the financial records that we are required to maintain and preparing reports for our shareholders and reports filed with the SEC. In addition, FSEP II Advisor will assist us in calculating our net asset value, overseeing the preparation and filing of tax returns and the printing and dissemination of reports to our shareholders, and generally overseeing the payment of our expenses and the performance of administrative and professional services rendered to us by others.
We will reimburse FSEP II Advisor for expenses necessary to perform services related to our administration and operations, including FSEP II Advisor's allocable portion of the compensation and related expenses of certain personnel of Franklin Square Holdings providing administrative services to us on behalf of FSEP II Advisor. The amount of this reimbursement will be the lesser of (1) FSEP II Advisor's actual costs incurred in providing such services and (2) the amount that we estimate we would be required to pay alternative service providers for comparable services in the same geographic location. FSEP II Advisor will be required to allocate the cost of such services to us based on factors such as assets, revenues, time allocations and/or other reasonable metrics. Our board of trustees will review the methodology employed in determining how the expenses are allocated to us and the proposed allocation of administrative expenses among us and certain affiliates of FSEP II Advisor. Our board of trustees will then assess the reasonableness of such reimbursements for expenses allocated to us based on the breadth, depth and quality of such services as compared to the estimated cost to us of obtaining similar services from third-party service providers known to be available. In addition, our board of trustees will consider whether any single third-party service provider would be capable of providing all such services at comparable cost and quality. Finally, our board of trustees, among other things, will compare the total amount paid to FSEP II Advisor for such services as a percentage of our net assets to the same ratio as reported by other comparable BDCs. We will not reimburse FSEP II Advisor for any services for which it will receive a separate fee, or for rent, depreciation, utilities, capital equipment or other administrative items allocated to a controlling person of FSEP II Advisor.
We have also contracted with State Street Bank and Trust Company, or State Street, to provide various accounting and administrative services, including, but not limited to, preparing preliminary financial information for review by FSEP II Advisor, preparing and monitoring expense budgets, maintaining accounting and corporate books and records, processing trade information provided by us and performing testing with respect to RIC compliance.
As a BDC, we will be required to comply with certain regulatory requirements. Also, while we will be permitted to finance investments using debt, our ability to use debt will be limited in certain significant respects pursuant to the 1940 Act. Within the limits of existing regulation, we will adjust our use of debt, according to market conditions, to the level we believe will allow us to generate maximum risk-adjusted returns. See "—Regulation." We have elected to be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and intend to qualify annually, as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code.
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Investment Types
We do not currently hold any investments in our portfolio. We expect that our portfolio will be comprised primarily of income-oriented securities, which refers to debt securities and income-oriented preferred and common equity interests, of privately-held Energy companies within the United States. We intend to weight our portfolio towards senior and subordinated debt. In addition to investments purchased from dealers or other investors in the secondary market, we expect to invest in primary market transactions and directly originated investments as this will provide us with the ability to tailor investments to best match a project's or company's needs with our investment objectives. Our portfolio may also be comprised of select income-oriented preferred or common equity interests, which refers to equity interests that pay consistent, high-yielding dividends, that we believe will produce both current income and long-term capital appreciation. These income-oriented preferred or common equity interests may include interests in MLPs. In connection with certain of our future debt investments, we may on occasion receive equity interests such as warrants or options as additional consideration.
Senior debt is situated at the top of the capital structure. Because this debt has priority in payment, it carries the least risk among all investments in a firm. Generally, senior debt in which we may invest is expected to have a maturity period of three to seven years, offer some form of amortization, and have first priority security interests in the assets of the borrower. Senior debt is comprised of first lien and second lien debt positions. Second lien debt is granted a second priority security interest in the assets of the borrower, which means that any realization of collateral will generally be applied to pay first lien debt in full before second lien debt positions are paid and the value of the collateral may not be sufficient to repay in full both first lien secured debt and second lien secured debt. Generally, in normalized markets, we expect that the variable interest rate on our first lien debt typically will range between 4.0% and 9.0% over a standard benchmark, such as the prime rate or the London Interbank Offered Rate, or LIBOR. In normalized markets, we expect that the variable interest rate on second lien debt will range between 6.0% and 10.0% over a standard benchmark. In addition, we may receive additional returns from any warrants we may receive in connection with these investments.
In addition to senior debt, we may also invest a portion of our assets in subordinated debt. Subordinated debt usually ranks junior in priority of payment to first lien and second lien secured loans and is often unsecured, but is situated above preferred equity and common equity in the capital structure. In return for their junior status compared to first lien and second lien secured loans, subordinated debt typically offers higher returns through both higher interest rates and possible equity ownership in the form of warrants, enabling the lender to participate in the capital appreciation of the borrower. These warrants typically require only a nominal cost to exercise. We intend to generally target subordinated debt with interest-only payments throughout the life of the security, with the principal due at maturity. Typically, subordinated debt investments have maturities of five to ten years. Generally, in normalized markets, we expect these securities to carry a fixed rate or a floating current yield of 8.0% to 12.0% over a standard benchmark. In addition, we may receive additional returns from any warrants we may receive in connection with these investments. In some cases, a portion of the total interest may accrue or be paid-in-kind, or PIK.
Preferred equity typically includes a stated value or liquidation preference structurally ahead of common equity holders. Holders of preferred equity can be entitled to a wide range of voting and other rights, depending on the structure of each separate security. Preferred equity can also include a conversion feature whereby the securities convert into common stock based on established parameters according to set ratios. We will seek to invest in primarily income-oriented equity securities of Energy companies in a manner consistent with our status as a BDC.
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We may also invest in other equity securities which are typically structurally subordinate to all other securities within the capital structure and do not have a stated maturity. As compared to more senior securities, equity interests have greater risk exposure, but also have the potential to provide a higher return. Some of these investments may take the form of common units in MLPs. MLPs typically pay their unitholders quarterly distributions, offering investors a current yield and the opportunity for a more stable return profile.
Net Profits Interests, Royalty Interests, Volumetric Production Payments, or VPPs
We may invest in energy-specific non-operating investments including net profits interests, royalty interests or VPPs. Such non-operating interests do not include the rights and obligations of operating a mineral property (costs of exploration, development and operation) and do not bear any part of the net losses. Net profits interests and royalty interests are contractual agreements whereby the holders of such interests are entitled to a portion of the mineral production or proceeds therefrom. A VPP is a type of structured investment whereby the owner sells a specific volume of production in a field or property to an investor and the investor receives a specific quota of production on a monthly basis in either raw output or proceeds therefrom. A VPP is typically set to expire after a certain length of time or after a specified aggregate total volume of the commodity has been delivered. If the producer cannot meet the supply quota for a given period, the supply obligation rolls forward to future cycles until the buyer is made financially whole.
We may invest in non-U.S. securities, which may include securities denominated in U.S. dollars or in non-U.S. currencies, to the extent permitted by the 1940 Act.
We may also invest from time to time in derivatives, such as total return swaps and credit default swaps. We anticipate that any use of derivatives would primarily be as a substitute for investing in conventional securities. Any use of derivatives may subject us to additional risks. See "Item 1A. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Investments—We may from time to time enter into total return swaps, credit default swaps or other derivative transactions which expose us to certain risks, including credit risk, market risk, liquidity risk and other risks similar to those associated with the use of leverage."
Sources of Income
The primary means through which our shareholders will receive a return of value is through interest income, dividends and capital gains generated by our investments. In addition to these sources of income, we may receive fees paid by our portfolio companies, including one-time closing fees paid at the time each investment is made. Closing fees will typically range from 1.0% to 3.0% of the purchase price of an investment. In addition, we may generate revenues in the form of non-recurring commitment, origination, structuring or diligence fees, fees for providing managerial assistance, consulting fees and performance-based fees.
Risk Management
We will seek to limit the downside potential of our investment portfolio by:
- •
- applying our investment strategies guidelines for portfolio investments;
- •
- requiring a total return on investments (including both interest and potential appreciation) that adequately compensates us for credit risk;
- •
- allocating our portfolio among various issuers, and sub-sectors, and size permitting, with an adequate number of companies, across different sub-sectors of the Energy industry, with different types of collateral; and
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- •
- negotiating or seeking debt and other securities with covenants or features that protect us while affording portfolio companies flexibility in managing their businesses consistent with preservation of capital.
Such restrictions may include affirmative and negative covenants, default penalties, lien protection, change of control provisions and board rights. We may also enter into interest rate hedging transactions at the sole discretion of FSEP II Advisor. Such transactions will enable us to selectively modify interest rate exposure as market conditions dictate.
Affirmative covenants require borrowers to take actions that are meant to ensure the solvency of the company, facilitate the lender's monitoring of the borrower and ensure payment of interest and loan principal due to lenders. Examples of affirmative covenants include covenants requiring the borrower to maintain adequate insurance, accounting and tax records, and to produce frequent financial reports for the benefit of the lender.
Negative covenants impose restrictions on the borrower and are meant to protect lenders from actions that the borrower may take that could harm the credit quality of the lender's investments. Examples of negative covenants include restrictions on the payment of dividends and restrictions on the issuance of additional debt without the lender's approval. In addition, certain covenants restrict a borrower's activities by requiring it to meet certain earnings interest coverage ratio and leverage ratio requirements. These covenants are also referred to as financial or maintenance covenants.
Investment Process
The investment professionals employed by FSEP II Advisor and GSO have spent their careers developing the resources necessary to invest in private companies. Our anticipated transaction process is highlighted below.
Our Transaction Process
In order to source transactions, FSEP II Advisor will seek to leverage GSO's significant access to transaction flow, along with GSO's trading platform, which allows for access to the syndicated loan market, which may be a key source of investment opportunities for us. GSO will seek to generate investment opportunities through its trading platform, through syndicate and club deals, through relationships with investment banks, which may be exclusive to GSO, and, subject to regulatory constraints and the allocation policies of GSO and its affiliates, as applicable, through GSO's direct origination channels. With respect to syndicate and club deals, GSO has built a network of relationships with commercial and investment banks, finance companies and other investment funds as a result of the long track record of its investment professionals in the leveraged finance marketplace. GSO may compensate certain brokers or other financial services firms out of its own profits or revenues for services provided in connection with the identification of appropriate investment opportunities. With respect to GSO's origination channel, FSEP II Advisor will seek to leverage the global presence of GSO and its long-standing personal contacts within the Energy industry to generate access to a substantial amount of directly originated transactions with what we believe to be attractive investment characteristics. We believe that the broad network of GSO will provide a significant pipeline of investment opportunities for us.
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Initial Review. In its initial review of an investment opportunity to present to FSEP II Advisor, GSO's transaction team will examine information furnished by the target company and external sources, including rating agencies, if applicable, to determine whether the investment meets our basic investment criteria and other guidelines specified by FSEP II Advisor, within the context of proper allocation of our portfolio among various issuers and industry sub-sectors, and offers an acceptable probability of attractive returns with identifiable downside risk. For the majority of securities available on the secondary market, a comprehensive analysis will be conducted and continuously maintained by a dedicated GSO research analyst, the results of which will be available for the transaction team to review. In the case of a directly originated transaction, FSEP II Advisor and GSO will conduct detailed due diligence investigations as necessary.
Credit Analysis/Due Diligence. Before undertaking an investment, the transaction team from GSO and FSEP II Advisor will conduct a thorough due diligence review of the opportunity to ensure the company fits our investment strategies, which may include:
- •
- a full operational analysis to identify the key risks and opportunities of the target's business, including a detailed review of historical and projected financial results;
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- a detailed analysis of industry dynamics, competitive position, regulatory, tax and legal matters;
- •
- on-site visits, if deemed necessary;
- •
- background checks to further evaluate management and other key personnel;
- •
- a review by legal and accounting professionals, environmental or other industry consultants, if necessary;
- •
- financial sponsor due diligence, including portfolio company and lender reference checks, if necessary; and
- •
- a review of management's experience and track record.
When possible, our advisory team will seek to structure transactions in such a way that our target companies are required to bear the costs of due diligence, including those costs related to any outside consulting work we may require.
Recommendation. FSEP II Advisor has engaged GSO to identify and recommend investment opportunities for its approval. GSO will seek to maintain a defensive approach toward its investment recommendations by emphasizing risk control in its transaction process, which includes (i) the pre-review of each opportunity by one of its portfolio managers to assess the general quality, value and fit relative to our portfolio, (ii) where possible, transaction structuring with a focus on preservation of capital in varying economic environments and (iii) ultimate approval of investment recommendations by GSO's investment committee.
Approval. After completing its internal transaction process, GSO will make formal recommendations for review and approval by FSEP II Advisor. In connection with its recommendation, it will transmit any relevant underwriting material and other information pertinent to the decision-making process. In addition, GSO will make its staff available to answer inquiries by FSEP II Advisor in connection with its recommendations. The consummation of a transaction will require unanimous approval of the members of FSEP II Advisor's investment committee.
Portfolio Monitoring. FSEP II Advisor, with the help of GSO, will monitor our portfolio with a focus toward anticipating negative credit events. To maintain portfolio company performance and help to ensure a successful exit, FSEP II Advisor and GSO will work closely with, as applicable, the lead equity sponsor, loan syndicator, portfolio company management, consultants, advisers and other security holders to discuss financial position, compliance with covenants, financial requirements and execution of the company's business plan. In addition, depending on the size, nature and performance of the
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transaction, we may occupy a seat or serve as an observer on a portfolio company's board of directors or similar governing body.
Typically, FSEP II Advisor and GSO will receive financial reports detailing operating performance, sales volumes, margins, cash flows, financial position and other key operating metrics on a quarterly basis from our portfolio companies. FSEP II Advisor and GSO will use this data, combined with due diligence gained through contact with the company's customers, suppliers, competitors, market research and other methods, to conduct an ongoing, rigorous assessment of the company's operating performance and prospects. GSO may rely on brokers or other financial services firms that may help identify potential investments from time to time for assistance in monitoring these investments.
In addition to various risk management and monitoring tools, FSEP II Advisor will use an investment rating system to characterize and monitor the expected level of returns on each investment in our portfolio. FSEP II Advisor will use an investment rating scale of 1 to 5. The following is a description of the conditions associated with each investment rating:
| | |
Investment Rating | | Summary Description |
---|
1 | | Investment exceeding expectations and/or capital gain expected. |
2 | | Performing investment generally executing in accordance with the portfolio company's business plan—full return of principal and interest expected. |
3 | | Performing investment requiring closer monitoring. |
4 | | Underperforming investment—some loss of interest or dividend possible, but still expecting a positive return on investment. |
5 | | Underperforming investment with expected loss of interest and some principal. |
FSEP II Advisor will monitor and, when appropriate, will change the investment ratings assigned to each investment in our portfolio. In connection with valuing our assets, our board of trustees will review these investment ratings on a quarterly basis. In the event that our advisory team determines that an investment is underperforming, or circumstances suggest that the risk associated with a particular investment has significantly increased, FSEP II Advisor will attempt to sell the asset in the secondary market, if applicable, or to implement a plan to attempt to exit the investment or to correct the situation.
The amount of the portfolio in each grading category may vary substantially from period to period resulting primarily from changes in the composition of the portfolio as a result of new investment, repayment and exit activities. In addition, changes in the grade of investments may be made to reflect our expectation of performance and changes in investment values.
Valuation Process. Each quarter, we will value investments in our portfolio, and such values will be disclosed each quarter in reports filed with the SEC. Investments for which market quotations are readily available will be recorded at such market quotations. With respect to investments for which market quotations are not readily available, our board of trustees will determine the fair value of such investments in good faith, utilizing the input of our valuation committee, FSEP II Advisor and any other professionals or materials that our board of trustees deems worthy and relevant, including GSO and independent third-party valuation services, if applicable. See "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Policies—Valuation of Portfolio Investments."
Managerial Assistance. As a BDC, we must offer, and provide upon request, managerial assistance to certain of our portfolio companies. This assistance could involve, among other things, monitoring the operations of our portfolio companies, participating in board and management meetings, consulting with and advising officers of portfolio companies and providing other organizational and financial guidance. Depending on the nature of the assistance required, FSEP II Advisor or GSO will provide such managerial assistance on our behalf to portfolio companies that request this assistance. To the extent fees are paid for these services, we, rather than FSEP II Advisor or GSO, will retain any fees paid for such assistance.
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While we will attempt to invest in securities that may be sold in a privately negotiated over-the-counter market, providing us a means by which we may exit our positions, we expect that a large portion of our portfolio may not be sold on this secondary market. For any investments that are not able to be sold within this market, we intend to focus primarily on investing in companies whose business models and growth prospects offer attractive exit possibilities, including repayment of our investments, an initial public offering of equity securities, a merger, a sale or a recapitalization, in each case with the potential for capital gains.
Regulation
We have elected to be regulated as a BDC under the 1940 Act. The 1940 Act contains prohibitions and restrictions relating to transactions between BDCs and their affiliates, principal underwriters and affiliates of those affiliates or underwriters. The 1940 Act requires that a majority of our trustees be persons other than "interested persons," as that term is defined in the 1940 Act. In addition, the 1940 Act provides that we may not change the nature of our business so as to cease to be, or to withdraw our election as, a BDC unless approved by a majority of our outstanding voting securities.
The 1940 Act defines "a majority of the outstanding voting securities" as the lesser of (i) 67% or more of the voting securities present at a meeting if the holders of more than 50% of our outstanding voting securities are present or represented by proxy or (ii) 50% of our voting securities. Furthermore, our investment policy is to invest, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of our total assets in securities of Energy companies. This investment policy may not be changed without at least 60 days' prior notice to holders of our common shares of any such change.
We will generally not be able to issue and sell our common shares at a price per share, after deducting upfront selling commissions, if any, that is below our net asset value per share. See "Item 1A. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Business Development Companies—Regulations governing our operation as a BDC and a RIC will affect our ability to raise, and the way in which we raise, additional capital or borrow for investment purposes, which may have a negative effect on our growth." We may, however, sell our common shares, or warrants, options or rights to acquire our common shares, at a price below the then-current net asset value of our common shares if our board of trustees determines that such sale is in our best interests and the best interests of our shareholders, and our shareholders approve such sale. In addition, we may generally issue new common shares at a price below our net asset value per share in rights offerings to existing shareholders, in payment of dividends and in certain other limited circumstances.
As a BDC, we will be subject to certain regulatory restrictions in making our investments. For example, BDCs generally are not permitted to co-invest with certain affiliated entities in transactions originated by the BDC or its affiliates in the absence of an exemptive order from the SEC. However, BDCs are permitted to, and may, co-invest in transactions where price is the only negotiated point. In an order dated June 4, 2013, the SEC granted exemptive relief to our affiliates, upon which we may rely, and which permits us, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, to co-invest in certain privately negotiated investment transactions with our co-investment affiliates. Under the terms of this relief, a "required majority" (as defined in Section 57(o) of the 1940 Act) of our independent trustees must make certain conclusions in connection with a co-investment transaction, including that (1) the terms of the proposed transaction, including the consideration to be paid, are reasonable and fair to us and our shareholders and do not involve overreaching of us or our shareholders on the part of any person concerned and (2) the transaction is consistent with the interests of our shareholders and is consistent with our investment objectives and strategies. We believe this relief will enhance our ability to further our investment objectives and strategies. We believe this relief may also increase favorable investment opportunities for us, in part by allowing us to participate in larger investments, together with our co-investment affiliates, than would be available to us if such relief had not been obtained. Because our affiliates did not seek exemptive relief to engage in co-investment transactions with GSO and its affiliates, we will be permitted to co-invest with GSO and its affiliates only in accordance with existing regulatory guidance.
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Under the 1940 Act, a BDC may not acquire any asset other than assets of the type listed in Section 55(a) of the 1940 Act, which are referred to as qualifying assets, unless, at the time the acquisition is made, qualifying assets represent at least 70% of the company's total assets. The principal categories of qualifying assets relevant to our business are any of the following:
- 1.
- Securities purchased in transactions not involving any public offering from the issuer of such securities, which issuer (subject to certain limited exceptions) is an eligible portfolio company, or from any person who is, or has been during the preceding 13 months, an affiliated person of an eligible portfolio company, or from any other person, subject to such rules as may be prescribed by the SEC. An eligible portfolio company is defined in the 1940 Act as any issuer which:
- a.
- is organized under the laws of, and has its principal place of business in, the United States;
- b.
- is not an investment company (other than a small business investment company wholly owned by the BDC) or a company that would be an investment company but for certain exclusions under the 1940 Act; and
- c.
- satisfies any of the following:
- i.
- does not have any class of securities that is traded on a national securities exchange;
- ii.
- has a class of securities listed on a national securities exchange, but has an aggregate market value of outstanding voting and non-voting common equity of less than $250 million;
- iii.
- is controlled by a BDC or a group of companies including a BDC and the BDC has an affiliated person who is a director of the eligible portfolio company; or
- iv.
- is a small and solvent company having total assets of not more than $4.0 million and capital and surplus of not less than $2.0 million.
- 2.
- Securities of any eligible portfolio company that we control.
- 3.
- Securities purchased in a private transaction from a U.S. issuer that is not an investment company or from an affiliated person of the issuer, or in transactions incident thereto, if the issuer is in bankruptcy and subject to reorganization or if the issuer, immediately prior to the purchase of its securities, was unable to meet its obligations as they came due without material assistance other than conventional lending or financing arrangements.
- 4.
- Securities of an eligible portfolio company purchased from any person in a private transaction if there is no ready market for such securities and we already own 60% of the outstanding equity of the eligible portfolio company.
- 5.
- Securities received in exchange for or distributed on or with respect to securities described in (1) through (4) above, or pursuant to the exercise of warrants or rights relating to such securities.
- 6.
- Cash, cash equivalents, U.S. government securities or high-quality debt securities maturing in one year or less from the time of investment.
In addition, a BDC must have been organized and have its principal place of business in the United States and must be operated for the purpose of making investments in the types of securities described in (1), (2) or (3) above.
In order to count portfolio securities as qualifying assets for the purpose of the 70% test, we must either control the issuer of the securities or must offer to make available to the issuer of the securities (other than small and solvent companies described above) significant managerial assistance; except that, where we purchase such securities in conjunction with one or more other persons acting together, one of the other persons in the group may make available such managerial assistance. Making available
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managerial assistance means, among other things, any arrangement whereby the BDC, through its trustees, officers or employees, offers to provide, and, if accepted, does so provide, significant guidance and counsel concerning the management, operations or business objectives and policies of a portfolio company.
Pending investment in other types of "qualifying assets," as described above, our investments may consist of cash, cash equivalents, U.S. government securities or high-quality debt securities maturing in one year or less from the time of investment, which we refer to, collectively, as temporary investments, so that 70% of our assets are qualifying assets. Typically, we will invest in U.S. Treasury bills or in repurchase agreements, provided that such agreements are fully collateralized by cash or securities issued by the U.S. government or its agencies. A repurchase agreement involves the purchase by an investor, such as us, of a specified security and the simultaneous agreement by the seller to repurchase it at an agreed-upon future date and at a price that is greater than the purchase price by an amount that reflects an agreed-upon interest rate. There is no percentage restriction on the proportion of our assets that may be invested in such repurchase agreements. However, if more than 25% of our total assets constitute repurchase agreements from a single counterparty, we would not meet the Diversification Tests (as defined below) in order to qualify as a RIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes as described below under "—Taxation as a RIC." Thus, we do not intend to enter into repurchase agreements with a single counterparty in excess of this limit. FSEP II Advisor will monitor the creditworthiness of the counterparties with which we enter into repurchase agreement transactions.
We are permitted, under specified conditions, to issue multiple classes of debt and one class of shares senior to our common shares if our asset coverage, as defined in the 1940 Act, is at least equal to 200% immediately after each such issuance. In addition, while any senior securities remain outstanding, we must make provisions to prohibit any distribution to our shareholders or the repurchase of such securities or shares unless we meet the applicable asset coverage ratios at the time of the distribution or repurchase. We may also borrow amounts up to 5% of the value of our total assets for temporary purposes without regard to asset coverage. For a discussion of the risks associated with leverage, see "Item 1A. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Debt Financing" and "Item 1A. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Business Development Companies."
We and FSEP II Advisor have each adopted a code of ethics pursuant to Rule 17j-1 promulgated under the 1940 Act that, among other things, establishes procedures for personal investments and restricts certain personal securities transactions. Personnel subject to the codes may invest in securities for their personal investment accounts, including securities that may be purchased or held by us, so long as such investments are made in accordance with each code's requirements. Our and FSEP II Advisor's codes of ethics are attached as exhibits to the registration statement on Form N-2 (File No. 333-195237) pertaining to the public offering of our common shares filed on August 22, 2014. You may also read and copy these codes of ethics at the SEC's Public Reference Room located at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. You may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at (202) 551-8090. In addition, each code of ethics is available on the EDGAR Database on the SEC's Internet site at www.sec.gov. You may also obtain a copy of each code of ethics, after paying a duplicating fee, by electronic request at the following e-mail address: publicinfo@sec.gov, or by writing the SEC's Public Reference Section, at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549.
We and FSEP II Advisor have adopted and implemented written policies and procedures reasonably designed to prevent violation of the federal securities laws and are required to review these compliance policies and procedures annually for their adequacy and the effectiveness of their implementation. Our chief compliance officer and the chief compliance officer of FSEP II Advisor are responsible for administering these policies and procedures.
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We have delegated our proxy voting responsibility to FSEP II Advisor. The proxy voting policies and procedures of FSEP II Advisor are set forth below. The guidelines will be reviewed periodically by FSEP II Advisor and our non-interested trustees, and, accordingly, are subject to change.
As an investment adviser registered under the Advisers Act, FSEP II Advisor has a fiduciary duty to act solely in the best interests of its clients. As part of this duty, it recognizes that it must vote client securities in a timely manner free of conflicts of interest and in the best interests of its clients.
These policies and procedures for voting proxies for the investment advisory clients of FSEP II Advisor are intended to comply with Section 206 of, and Rule 206(4)-6 promulgated under, the Advisers Act.
FSEP II Advisor will vote proxies relating to our securities in the best interest of its clients' shareholders. It will review on a case-by-case basis each proposal submitted for a shareholder vote to determine its impact on the portfolio securities held by its clients. Although FSEP II Advisor will generally vote against proposals that may have a negative impact on its clients' portfolio securities, it may vote for such a proposal if there exists compelling long-term reasons to do so.
The proxy voting decisions of FSEP II Advisor are made by the senior officers who are responsible for monitoring each of its clients' investments. To ensure that its vote is not the product of a conflict of interest, it will require that: (a) anyone involved in the decision-making process disclose to its chief compliance officer any potential conflict that he or she is aware of and any contact that he or she has had with any interested party regarding a proxy vote; and (b) employees involved in the decision making process or vote administration are prohibited from revealing how FSEP II Advisor intends to vote on a proposal in order to reduce any attempted influence from interested parties.
Shareholders may obtain information, without charge, regarding how FSEP II Advisor voted proxies with respect to our portfolio securities by making a written request for proxy voting information to: Chief Compliance Officer, FS Energy and Power Fund II, 201 Rouse Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19112 or by calling us collect at (215) 495-1150.
We will be periodically examined by the SEC for compliance with the 1940 Act.
We are required to provide and maintain a bond issued by a reputable fidelity insurance company to protect us against larceny and embezzlement. Furthermore, as a BDC, we are prohibited from protecting any trustee or officer against any liability to us or our shareholders arising from willful misconduct, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of such person's office.
We are subject to the reporting and disclosure requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, including the filing of quarterly, annual and current reports, proxy statements and other required items. In addition, we are subject to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which imposes a wide variety of regulatory requirements on publicly held companies and their insiders. Many of these requirements affect us. For example:
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- pursuant to Rule 13a-14 promulgated under the Exchange Act, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer are required to certify the accuracy of the financial statements contained in our periodic reports;
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- pursuant to Item 307 of Regulation S-K, our periodic reports are required to disclose our conclusions about the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures; and
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- pursuant to Rule 13a-15 promulgated under the Exchange Act, beginning with our fiscal year ending December 31, 2015, our management is required to prepare a report regarding its assessment of our internal control over financial reporting.
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The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires us to review our current policies and procedures to determine whether we comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder. We monitor our compliance with all regulations that are adopted under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and take actions necessary to ensure that we are in compliance therewith. In addition, upon commencement of investment operations, we intend to voluntarily comply with Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and will engage our independent registered public accounting firm to audit our internal control over financial reporting.
Taxation as a RIC
We have elected to be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and intend to qualify annually, as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code. As a RIC, we generally will not have to pay corporate-level U.S. federal income taxes on any ordinary income or capital gains that we distribute as dividends to our shareholders. To qualify for and maintain our qualification as a RIC, we must, among other things, meet certain source-of-income and asset diversification requirements, as well as distribute to our shareholders, for each tax year, dividends of an amount at least equal to 90% of our "investment company taxable income," which is generally the sum of our net ordinary income plus the excess, if any, of realized net short-term capital gains over realized net long-term capital losses, determined without regard to any deduction for dividends paid, or the Annual Distribution Requirement.
If we:
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- qualify as a RIC; and
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- satisfy the Annual Distribution Requirement,
then we will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on the portion of our income or capital gains we distribute (or are deemed to distribute) as dividends to shareholders. We will be subject to U.S. federal income tax at the regular corporate rates on any income or capital gains not distributed (or deemed distributed) as dividends to our shareholders.
As a RIC, we will be subject to a 4% nondeductible federal excise tax on certain undistributed income unless we distribute dividends in a timely manner to our shareholders generally of an amount at least equal to the sum of (1) 98% of our net ordinary income (taking into account certain deferrals and elections) for the calendar year, (2) 98.2% of our capital gain net income, which is the excess of capital gains over capital losses (as adjusted for certain ordinary losses) for the one-year period ending October 31 of that calendar year and (3) any net ordinary income and capital gain net income for the preceding years that were not distributed during such years and on which we paid no U.S. federal income tax, or the Excise Tax Avoidance Requirement. Any distribution declared by us during October, November or December of any calendar year, payable to shareholders of record on a specified date in such a month and actually paid during January of the following calendar year, will be treated as if it had been paid by us, as well as received by our U.S. shareholders on December 31 of the calendar year in which the distribution was declared. We generally will endeavor in each tax year to avoid any material U.S. federal excise tax on our earnings.
We may incur in the future such excise tax on a portion of our income and capital gains. While we intend to distribute income and capital gains to minimize exposure to the 4% excise tax, we may not be able to, or may choose not to, distribute amounts sufficient to avoid the imposition of the tax entirely. In that event, we generally will be liable for the excise tax only on the amount by which we do not meet the Excise Tax Avoidance Requirement.
In order to qualify as a RIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we must, among other things:
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- continue to qualify as a BDC under the 1940 Act at all times during each tax year;
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- derive in each tax year at least 90% of our gross income from dividends, interest, payments with respect to certain securities, loans, gains from the sale of stock or other securities, net income from certain "qualified publicly traded partnerships," or other income derived with respect to our business of investing in such stock or other securities, or the 90% Income Test; and
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- diversify our holdings so that at the end of each quarter of the tax year:
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- at least 50% of the value of our assets consists of cash, cash equivalents, U.S. government securities, securities of other RICs, and other securities if such other securities of any one issuer do not represent more than 5% of the value of our assets or more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer; and
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- no more than 25% of the value of our assets is invested in the securities, other than U.S. government securities or securities of other RICs, of one issuer, of two or more issuers that are controlled, as determined under applicable Code rules, by us and that are engaged in the same or similar or related trades or businesses or of certain "qualified publicly traded partnerships," or the Diversification Tests.
A RIC is limited in its ability to deduct expenses in excess of its investment company taxable income. If our expenses in a given tax year exceed our investment company taxable income, we may experience a net operating loss for that tax year. However, a RIC is not permitted to carry forward net operating losses to subsequent tax years and such net operating losses do not pass through to its shareholders. In addition, deductible expenses can be used only to offset investment company taxable income, not net capital gain. A RIC may not use any net capital losses (that is, the excess of realized capital losses over realized capital gains) to offset its investment company taxable income, but may carry forward such net capital losses, and use them to offset future capital gains, indefinitely. Due to these limits on deductibility of expenses and net capital losses, we may for tax purposes have aggregate taxable income for several years that we are required to distribute and that is taxable to our shareholders even if such taxable income is greater than the net income we actually earn during those years.
For U.S. federal income tax purposes, we may be required to recognize taxable income in circumstances in which we do not receive a corresponding payment in cash. For example, if we hold debt instruments that are treated under applicable tax rules as having original issue discount (such as debt instruments with PIK interest or, in certain cases, increasing interest rates or debt instruments that were issued with warrants), we must include in income each tax year a portion of the original issue discount that accrues over the life of the obligation, regardless of whether cash representing such income is received by us in the same tax year. We may also have to include in income other amounts that we have not yet received in cash, such as deferred loan origination fees that are paid after origination of the loan or are paid in non-cash compensation such as warrants or stock. We anticipate that a portion of our income may constitute original issue discount or other income required to be included in taxable income prior to receipt of cash. Further, we may elect to amortize market discount on debt investments and currently include such amounts in our taxable income, instead of upon their sale or other disposition, as any failure to make such election would limit our ability to deduct interest expense for tax purposes.
We intend to invest a portion of our net assets in below investment grade instruments. Investments in these types of instruments may present special tax issues for us. U.S. federal income tax rules are not entirely clear about issues such as when we may cease to accrue interest, original issue discount or market discount, when and to what extent deductions may be taken for bad debts or worthless instruments, how payments received on obligations in default should be allocated between principal and income and whether exchanges of debt instruments in a bankruptcy or workout context are taxable. We will address these and other issues to the extent necessary in order to seek to ensure that we distribute sufficient income to avoid any material U.S. federal income or excise tax.
Because any original issue discount or other amounts accrued will be included in our investment company taxable income for the tax year of the accrual, we may be required to make a distribution to our shareholders in order to satisfy the Annual Distribution Requirement, even though we will not have received any corresponding cash amount. As a result, we may have difficulty meeting the Annual Distribution Requirement necessary to maintain RIC tax treatment under Subchapter M of the Code. We may have to sell or otherwise dispose of some of our investments at times and/or at prices we would not consider advantageous, raise additional debt or equity capital or forgo new investment opportunities for this purpose. If we are not able to obtain cash from other sources, we may fail to qualify for RIC tax treatment and thus become subject to corporate-level income tax.
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Although we do not presently expect to do so, we are authorized to borrow funds and to sell or otherwise dispose of assets in order to satisfy distribution requirements. However, under the 1940 Act, we are not permitted to make distributions to our shareholders while our debt obligations and other senior securities are outstanding unless certain "asset coverage" tests are met. See "—Regulation—Senior Securities." Moreover, our ability to sell or otherwise dispose of assets to meet the Annual Distribution Requirement may be limited by (1) the illiquid nature of our portfolio and/or (2) other requirements relating to our status as a RIC, including the Diversification Tests. If we sell or otherwise dispose of assets in order to meet the Annual Distribution Requirement or the Excise Tax Avoidance Requirement, we may make such dispositions at times that, from an investment standpoint, are not advantageous.
To satisfy the Diversification Tests, at the close of each quarter of our tax year, we will not invest more than 25% of the value of our total assets in MLPs and certain other "qualified publicly traded partnerships". As a limited partner in the MLPs in which we seek to invest, we will be deemed to have received our share of income, gains, losses, deductions, and credits from those MLPs. Historically, a significant portion of income from MLPs has been offset by tax deductions. As a result, this income has been significantly lower than cash distributions paid by MLPs. The percentage of an MLP's income and gains which is offset by tax deductions, losses and credits will fluctuate over time for various reasons. A significant slowdown in acquisition activity or capital spending by MLPs held in our portfolio could result in a reduction of accelerated depreciation generated by new acquisitions, which may result in an increase in our investment company taxable income that we are required to distribute to shareholders to satisfy the Annual Distribution Requirement or the Excise Tax Avoidance Requirement or to eliminate our liability for U.S. federal income tax. If our income from our investments in MLPs exceeds the cash distributions received from such investments, we may need to obtain cash from other sources in order to satisfy the Annual Distribution Requirement. If we are unable to obtain cash from other sources, we may fail to qualify as a RIC and become subject to corporate-level U.S. federal income tax. We may also recognize for U.S. federal income tax purposes gain in excess of cash proceeds upon the sale of an interest in an MLP. Any such gain may need to be distributed (or deemed distributed) in order to avoid liability for corporate-level income taxes on such gain.
A portfolio company in which we invest may face financial difficulties that require us to work-out, modify or otherwise restructure our investment in the portfolio company. Any such transaction could, depending upon the specific terms of the transaction, result in unusable capital losses and future non-cash income. Any such transaction could also result in our receiving assets that give rise to non-qualifying income for purposes of the 90% Income Test or otherwise would not count toward satisfying the Diversification Tests.
Some of the income that we might otherwise earn, such as fees for providing managerial assistance, certain fees earned with respect to our investments, income recognized in a work-out or restructuring of a portfolio investment, or income recognized from an equity investment in an operating partnership, may not satisfy the 90% Income Test. To manage the risk that such income might disqualify us as a RIC for failure to satisfy the 90% Income Test, one or more subsidiary entities treated as U.S. corporations for entity-level income tax purposes may be employed to earn such income and (if applicable) hold the related asset. Such subsidiary entities will be required to pay U.S. federal income tax on their earnings, which ultimately will reduce the yield to our shareholders on such fees and income.
Employees
We do not currently have any employees. Each of our executive officers is a principal, officer or employee of FSEP II Advisor, which manages and oversees our investment operations. In the future, FSEP II Advisor may retain additional investment personnel based upon its needs.
Available Information
Within 60 days after the end of each fiscal quarter, we will distribute our quarterly report on Form 10-Q to all shareholders of record and to the securities administrator in each jurisdiction in which we will offer or sell securities. In addition, we will distribute our annual report on Form 10-K to all shareholders of record and to the securities administrator in each jurisdiction in which we will offer
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or sell securities within 120 days after the end of each fiscal year. These reports will also be available on our website atwww.franklinsquare.com and on the SEC's website atwww.sec.gov. These reports should not be considered a part of or as incorporated by reference into this annual report on Form 10-K and the information contained on our website should not be considered to be part of or as incorporated by reference into this annual report on Form 10-K.
We are required to file with or submit to the SEC annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information meeting the informational requirements of the Exchange Act. Shareholders may inspect and copy these reports, proxy statements and other information, as well as our registration statement related to our continuous public offering and the related exhibits and schedules, at the Public Reference Room of the SEC at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. Shareholders may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at (202) 551-8090. The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information filed electronically by us with the SEC, which are available on the SEC's website atwww.sec.gov. Copies of these reports, proxy and information statements and other information may be obtained, after paying a duplicating fee, by electronic request at the following e-mail address: publicinfo@sec.gov, or by writing the SEC's Public Reference Section, 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549.
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Item 1A. Risk Factors.
Investing in our common shares involves a number of significant risks. In addition to the other information contained in this annual report on Form 10-K, investors should consider carefully the following information before making an investment in our common shares. If any of the following events occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. In such case, the net asset value of our common shares could decline, and investors may lose all or part of their investment.
Risks Related to Our Continuous Public Offering and an Investment in Our Common Shares
Our common shares will not be listed on an exchange or quoted through a quotation system, and will not be for the foreseeable future, if ever. Therefore, shareholders will have limited liquidity and may not receive a full return of invested capital upon selling common shares.
Our common shares are illiquid assets for which there is not a secondary market and it is not expected that any will develop in the foreseeable future. There can be no assurance that we will complete a liquidity event. A liquidity event could include: (1) a listing of our common shares on a national securities exchange; (2) the sale of all or substantially all of our assets either on a complete portfolio basis or individually followed by a liquidation; or (3) a merger or another transaction approved by our board of trustees in which our shareholders likely will receive cash or shares of a publicly-traded company, including potentially a company that is an affiliate of us.
In addition, any shares repurchased pursuant to our share repurchase program may be purchased at a price which may reflect a discount from the purchase price a shareholder paid for the common shares being repurchased. See "Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities—Share Repurchase Program" for a detailed description of our proposed share repurchase program.
If our common shares are listed, we cannot assure shareholders that a public trading market will develop. In addition, a liquidity event involving a listing of our common shares on a national securities exchange may include certain restrictions on the ability of shareholders to sell their common shares. Further, even if we do complete a liquidity event, shareholders may not receive a return of all of their invested capital.
We are not obligated to complete a liquidity event by a specified date; therefore, it will be difficult for an investor to sell his or her common shares.
A liquidity event could include: (1) a listing of our common shares on a national securities exchange; (2) the sale of all or substantially all of our assets either on a complete portfolio basis or individually followed by a liquidation; or (3) a merger or another transaction approved by our board of trustees in which our shareholders likely will receive cash or shares of a publicly-traded company, including potentially a company that is an affiliate of us. However, there can be no assurance that we will complete a liquidity event by a specified date or at all. If we do not successfully complete a liquidity event, liquidity for a shareholder's common shares will be limited to our share repurchase program, which we have no obligation to maintain.
We established the initial offering price for our shares on an arbitrary basis, and the offering price may not accurately reflect the value of our assets.
The price of our common shares prior to satisfying the minimum offering requirement is established on an arbitrary basis and is not based on the amount or nature of our assets or our book value. Therefore, at any given time, the offering price may be higher than the value of our interests in portfolio companies.
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Investors will not know the purchase price per share at the time they submit their subscription agreements and could receive fewer common shares than anticipated if our board of trustees determines to increase the offering price to comply with the requirement that we avoid selling common shares at a net offering price below our net asset value per share.
After satisfying the minimum offering requirement, the purchase price at which shareholders purchase common shares will be determined at each weekly closing date to ensure that the sales price, after deducting upfront selling commissions, if any, is equal to or greater than the net asset value of our common shares. As a result, in the event of an increase in our net asset value per share, a shareholder's purchase price may be higher than the prior weekly closing price per share, and therefore he, she or it may receive a smaller number of common shares than if he, she or it had subscribed at the prior weekly closing price.
We are a new company and have no operating history.
We were formed on February 6, 2014 and will not formally commence investment operations until we satisfy the minimum offering requirement of selling $1.0 million of our common shares to persons not affiliated with us or FSEP II Advisor. We are subject to all of the business risks and uncertainties associated with any new business, including the risk that we will not achieve our investment objectives, and that the value of our common shares could decline substantially.
As a new company with no investments, our continuous public offering may be deemed to be a "blind pool" offering. An investor may not have the opportunity to evaluate historical data or assess investments prior to purchasing our common shares.
None of us, FSEP II Advisor or GSO has generally identified, made or contracted to make investments on our behalf with the proceeds from our continuous public offering. As a result, an investor will not be able to evaluate the economic merits, transaction terms or other financial or operational data concerning future investments we will make using the proceeds from our continuous public offering prior to making a decision to purchase our common shares. An investor must rely on FSEP II Advisor and GSO to implement our investment policies, to evaluate all of our investment opportunities and to structure the terms of our investments rather than evaluating our investments in advance of purchasing our common shares. Because investors are not able to evaluate our investments in advance of purchasing our common shares, our continuous public offering may entail more risk than other types of offerings. This additional risk may hinder their ability to achieve their own personal investment objectives related to portfolio diversification, risk-adjusted investment returns and other objectives.
If we are unable to raise substantial funds in our ongoing, continuous "best efforts" public offering, we will be limited in the number and type of investments we may make, and the value of an investment in us may be reduced in the event our assets under-perform.
Our continuous public offering is being made on a best efforts basis, whereby the dealer manager and broker-dealers participating in the offering are only required to use their best efforts to sell our common shares and have no firm commitment or obligation to purchase any of the common shares. Even though we have established a minimum size of our offering necessary for us to release funds from the escrow account and utilize subscription funds, such amount will not, by itself, be sufficient for us to purchase a portfolio of investments that meets our investment objectives and criteria. To the extent that less than the maximum number of common shares is subscribed for, the opportunity for the allocation of our investments among various issuers and sub-sectors may be decreased and the returns achieved on those investments may be reduced as a result of allocating all of our expenses over a smaller capital base.
The dealer manager in our continuous public offering may be unable to sell a sufficient number of common shares for us to achieve our investment objectives.
The dealer manager for our continuous public offering is FS2 Capital Partners, LLC, or FS2. There is no assurance that our dealer manager will be able to sell a sufficient number of common shares to allow us to have adequate funds to purchase a portfolio of investments allocated among various issuers
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and sub-sectors and generate income sufficient to cover our expenses. As a result, we may be unable to achieve our investment objectives, and you could lose some or all of the value of your investment.
Because the dealer manager for our continuous public offering is one of our affiliates, shareholders will not have the benefit of an independent due diligence review of us by our affiliated dealer manager, which is customarily performed in firm commitment underwritten offerings; the absence of an independent due diligence review by our affiliated dealer manager increases the risks and uncertainty faced as a shareholder.
The dealer manager for our continuous public offering is one of our affiliates. As a result, its due diligence review and investigation of us cannot be considered to be an independent review. Therefore, you do not have the benefit of an independent review and investigation of our offering of the type normally performed by an unaffiliated, independent underwriter in a firm commitment underwritten public securities offering.
Our ability to successfully conduct our continuous public offering depends, in part, on the ability of the dealer manager to establish, operate and maintain a network of broker-dealers.
The success of our continuous public offering, and correspondingly our ability to implement our business strategy, depends upon the ability of the dealer manager to establish, operate and maintain a network of licensed securities broker-dealers and other agents to sell our common shares. If the dealer manager fails to perform, we may not be able to raise adequate proceeds through our continuous public offering to implement our investment strategies. If we are unsuccessful in implementing our investment strategies, shareholders could lose all or a part of their investment.
Beginning with the first full calendar quarter following the date that we satisfy our minimum offering requirement, we intend to offer to repurchase our common shares on a quarterly basis. Only a limited number of common shares will be repurchased pursuant to our share repurchase program, and to the extent shareholders are able to sell their common shares under our share repurchase program, shareholders may not be able to recover the amount of their investment in those shares.
Beginning with the first full calendar quarter following the date that we satisfy our minimum offering requirement, we intend to commence tender offers to allow shareholders to tender their common shares on a quarterly basis at the net offering price in effect on the date of repurchase. Our share repurchase program will include numerous restrictions that limit shareholders' ability to sell their common shares. We intend to limit the number of common shares repurchased pursuant to our share repurchase program as follows: (1) we currently intend to limit the number of common shares to be repurchased during any calendar year to the number of common shares we can repurchase with the proceeds we receive from the issuance of our common shares under our distribution reinvestment plan, although at the discretion of our board of trustees, we may also use cash on hand, cash available from borrowings and cash from the liquidation of investments as of the end of the applicable period to repurchase common shares; (2) beginning with the first full calendar quarter in the year following the date that we satisfy the minimum offering requirement, we will limit the number of common shares to be repurchased in any calendar year to 10.0% of the weighted average number of common shares outstanding in the prior calendar year, or 2.5% in each calendar quarter (though the actual number of common shares that we offer to repurchase may be less in light of the limitations noted above); (3) unless shareholders tender all of their common shares, shareholders must tender at least 25% of the number of common shares they have purchased and generally must maintain a minimum balance of $5,000, subsequent to submitting a portion of their common shares for repurchase by us; and (4) to the extent that the number of common shares tendered for repurchase exceeds the number of common shares that we are able to repurchase, we will repurchase common shares on a pro rata basis, not on a first-come, first-served basis. Further, we will have no obligation to repurchase common shares if the repurchase would violate the restrictions on distributions under federal law or Delaware law, which prohibits distributions that would cause a trust to fail to meet statutory tests of solvency. Any of the foregoing limitations may prevent us from accommodating all repurchase requests made in any year. For example, our affiliate, FS Investment Corporation, commenced a share repurchase program in March 2010 with substantially similar terms as our share repurchase program. Because FS Investment Corporation had relatively few shares outstanding during the first year of its operations, the limitation
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described in clause (2) above resulted in fewer than all of the tendered shares being repurchased in two tender offers conducted by FS Investment Corporation in 2010.
In addition, our board of trustees may amend, suspend or terminate the share repurchase program at any time. We will notify shareholders of such developments (1) in our quarterly reports or (2) by means of a separate mailing to shareholders, accompanied by disclosure in a current or periodic report under the Exchange Act. In addition, although we have adopted a share repurchase program, we have discretion to not repurchase common shares, to suspend the share repurchase program and to cease repurchases. Further, the share repurchase program has many limitations and should not be relied upon as a method to sell common shares promptly or at a desired price.
Additionally, our repurchase of shares will decrease our assets, and, therefore, will have the effect of increasing our expense ratio. Repurchase offers and the need to fund repurchase obligations may also affect our ability to be fully invested or force us to maintain a higher percentage of our assets in liquid investments, which may harm our investment performance.
The timing of our repurchase offers pursuant to our share repurchase program may be at a time that is disadvantageous to our shareholders.
When we make quarterly repurchase offers pursuant to our share repurchase program, we may offer to repurchase common shares at a price that is lower than the price that shareholders paid for common shares in our offering. As a result, to the extent investors have the ability to sell their common shares to us as part of our share repurchase program, the price at which a shareholder may sell common shares, which we expect will be at the net offering price in effect on the date of repurchase, may be lower than what an investor paid in connection with the purchase of common shares in our offering.
In addition, in the event a shareholder chooses to participate in our share repurchase program, the shareholder will be required to provide us with notice of intent to participate prior to knowing what the repurchase price will be on the repurchase date. Although a shareholder will have the ability to withdraw a repurchase request prior to the expiration date of such tender offer, to the extent a shareholder seeks to sell common shares to us as part of our share repurchase program, the shareholder will be required to do so without knowledge of what the repurchase price of our common shares will be on the repurchase date.
We may be unable to invest a significant portion of the net proceeds of our offering on acceptable terms in an acceptable timeframe.
Delays in investing the net proceeds of our offering may impair our performance. We cannot assure shareholders that we will be able to identify any investments that meet our investment objectives or that any investment that we make will produce a positive return. We may be unable to invest the net proceeds of our offering on acceptable terms within the time period that we anticipate or at all, which could harm our financial condition and operating results.
In addition, even if GSO identifies privately-negotiated investment opportunities that meet our investment objectives, because we do not have exemptive relief to engage in co-investment transactions with GSO and its affiliates, we will be permitted to co-invest with GSO and its affiliates only in accordance with existing regulatory guidance (i.e., where price is the only negotiated point) and the allocation policies of FSEP II Advisor, GSO and their respective affiliates.
Prior to investing in securities of portfolio companies, we will invest the net proceeds of our continuous public offering primarily in cash, cash equivalents, U.S. government securities, repurchase agreements and high-quality debt instruments maturing in one year or less from the time of investment, which may produce returns that are significantly lower than the returns which we expect to achieve when our portfolio is fully invested in securities meeting our investment objectives. As a result, any distributions that we pay while our portfolio is not fully invested in securities meeting our investment objectives may be lower than the distributions that we may be able to pay when our portfolio is fully invested in securities meeting our investment objectives.
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We may pay distributions from offering proceeds, borrowings or the sale of assets to the extent our cash flows from operations, net investment income or earnings are not sufficient to fund declared distributions.
We may fund distributions from the uninvested proceeds of our continuous public offering and borrowings, and we have not established limits on the amount of funds we may use from net offering proceeds or borrowings to make any such distributions. We may pay distributions from the sale of assets to the extent distributions exceed our earnings or cash flows from operations. Notice to shareholders will be provided in accordance with Section 19(a) of the 1940 Act with respect to any portion of our distributions not derived from our net investment income. Distributions from the proceeds of our continuous public offering or from borrowings could reduce the amount of capital we ultimately invest in our portfolio companies.
A shareholder's interest in us will be diluted if we issue additional common shares, which could reduce the overall value of an investment in us.
Our shareholders will not have preemptive rights to any common shares we issue in the future. Our declaration of trust authorizes us to issue 750,000,000 common shares. Pursuant to our declaration of trust, a majority of our entire board of trustees may amend our declaration of trust to increase the number of authorized common shares without shareholder approval. After an investor purchases common shares, our board of trustees may elect to sell additional common shares in the future, issue equity interests in private offerings or issue share-based awards to our independent trustees or employees of FSEP II Advisor. To the extent we issue additional equity interests after an investor purchases our common shares, an investor's percentage ownership interest in us will be diluted. In addition, depending upon the terms and pricing of any additional offerings and the value of our investments, a shareholder may also experience dilution in the book value and fair value of his or her common shares.
Our distributions to shareholders may be funded from expense reimbursements or waivers of investment advisory fees that are subject to repayment pursuant to our expense reimbursement agreement.
We expect that for a period of time following commencement of this offering, which time period may be significant, substantial portions of our distributions will be funded through the reimbursement of certain expenses by Franklin Square Holdings and its affiliates, including through the waiver of certain investment advisory fees by FSEP II Advisor, that are subject to repayment by us within three years. Any such distributions funded through expense reimbursements or waivers of advisory fees will not be based on our investment performance, and can only be sustained if we achieve positive investment performance in future periods and/or Franklin Square Holdings and its affiliates continue to make such reimbursements or waivers of such fees. Our future repayments of amounts reimbursed or waived by Franklin Square Holdings or its affiliates will reduce the distributions that shareholders would otherwise receive in the future. There can be no assurance that we will achieve the performance necessary to be able to pay distributions at a specific rate or at all. Franklin Square Holdings and its affiliates have no obligation to waive advisory fees or otherwise reimburse expenses in future periods.
Certain provisions of our declaration of trust and bylaws could deter takeover attempts and have an adverse impact on the value of our common shares.
Our declaration of trust and bylaws, as well as certain statutory and regulatory requirements, contain certain provisions that may have the effect of discouraging a third party from attempting to acquire us. Our board of trustees may, without shareholder action, authorize the issuance of shares in one or more classes or series, including preferred shares, and our board of trustees may, without shareholder action, amend our declaration of trust to increase the number of our common shares, of any class or series, that we will have authority to issue. These anti-takeover provisions may inhibit a change of control in circumstances that could give the holders of our common shares the opportunity to realize a premium over the value of our common shares.
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Risks Related to Our Investments
Our investments in prospective portfolio companies may be risky, and we could lose all or part of our investment.
Our investments in senior and subordinated debt, select equity investments and other investments issued by private Energy companies may be risky.
Senior Debt. There is a risk that any collateral pledged by portfolio companies in which we have taken a security interest may decrease in value over time or lose its entire value, may be difficult to sell in a timely manner, may be difficult to appraise and may fluctuate in value based upon the success of the business and market conditions, including as a result of the inability of the portfolio company to raise additional capital. To the extent our debt investment is collateralized by the securities of a portfolio company's subsidiaries, such securities may lose some or all of their value in the event of the bankruptcy or insolvency of the portfolio company. Also, in some circumstances, our security interest may be contractually or structurally subordinated to claims of other creditors. In addition, deterioration in a portfolio company's financial condition and prospects, including its inability to raise additional capital, may be accompanied by deterioration in the value of the collateral for the loan. Loans that are under-collateralized involve a greater risk of loss. In addition, second lien secured loans are granted a second priority security interest in the assets of the borrower, which means that any realization of collateral will generally be applied to pay first lien secured loans in full before second lien secured loans are paid. Consequently, the fact that a loan is secured does not guarantee that we will receive principal and interest payments according to the senior debt's terms, or at all, or that we will be able to collect on the loan should we be forced to enforce our remedies.
Subordinated Debt. Our subordinated debt investments will generally rank junior in priority of payment to senior debt and will generally be unsecured. This may result in a heightened level of risk and volatility or a loss of principal, which could lead to the loss of the entire investment. These investments may involve additional risks that could adversely affect our investment returns. To the extent interest payments associated with such debt are deferred, such debt may be subject to greater fluctuations in valuations, and such debt could subject us and our shareholders to non-cash income. Because we will not receive any principal repayments prior to the maturity of some of our subordinated debt investments, such investments will be of greater risk than amortizing loans.
Equity Investments. We expect to make select equity investments in income-oriented preferred or common equity interests, which may include interests in MLPs. In addition, when we invest in senior secured loans and bonds or subordinated debt, we may acquire warrants to purchase equity securities. The equity interests we receive may not appreciate in value and, in fact, may decline in value. Accordingly, we may not be able to realize gains from our equity interests, and any gains that we do realize on the disposition of any equity interests may not be sufficient to offset any other losses we experience.
Net Profits Interests, Royalty Interests or VPPs. We may invest in energy-specific non-operating investments including net profits interests, royalty interests or VPPs. Net profits interests and royalty interests are contractual agreements whereby the holders of such interests are entitled to a portion of the mineral production, or proceeds therefrom. A VPP is a type of structured investment whereby the owner sells a specific volume of production in a field or property to an investor and the investor receives a specific quota of production on a monthly basis in either raw output or proceeds therefrom. We will not have any operational control over these investments and our receipt of payments is contingent on the producer's ability to meet its supply obligations, which can make these types of investments highly speculative.
Non-U.S. Securities. We may invest in non-U.S. securities, which may include securities denominated in U.S. dollars or in non-U.S. currencies, to the extent permitted by the 1940 Act. Because evidences of ownership of such securities usually are held outside the United States, we would be subject to additional risks if we invested in non-U.S. securities, which include possible adverse political and economic developments, seizure or nationalization of foreign deposits and adoption of governmental restrictions which might adversely affect or restrict the payment of principal and interest on the non-U.S. securities to shareholders located outside the country of the issuer, whether from currency blockage or otherwise. Because non-U.S. securities may be purchased with and payable in
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foreign currencies, the value of these assets as measured in U.S. dollars may be affected unfavorably by changes in currency rates and exchange control regulations.
In addition, we may invest in securities that are rated below investment grade by rating agencies or that would be rated below investment grade if they were rated. Below investment grade securities, which are often referred to as "junk," have predominantly speculative characteristics with respect to the issuer's capacity to pay interest and repay principal. They may also be difficult to value and illiquid.
Our portfolio companies may incur debt that ranks equally with, or senior to, our investments in such companies.
Our portfolio companies may have, or may be permitted to incur, other debt that ranks equally with, or senior to, the debt in which we invest. By their terms, such debt instruments may entitle the holders to receive payment of interest or principal on or before the dates on which we are entitled to receive payments with respect to the debt instruments in which we invest. Also, in the event of insolvency, liquidation, dissolution, reorganization or bankruptcy of a portfolio company, holders of debt instruments ranking senior to our investment in that portfolio company would typically be entitled to receive payment in full before we receive any proceeds. After repaying such senior creditors, such portfolio company may not have any remaining assets to use for repaying its obligation to us. In the case of debt ranking equally with debt instruments in which we invest, we would have to share on an equal basis any distributions with other creditors holding such debt in the event of an insolvency, liquidation, dissolution, reorganization or bankruptcy of the relevant portfolio company.
There may be circumstances where our debt investments could be subordinated to claims of other creditors or we could be subject to lender liability claims.
If one of our portfolio companies were to go bankrupt, depending on the facts and circumstances, including the extent to which we actually provided managerial assistance to that portfolio company, a bankruptcy court might recharacterize our debt investment and subordinate all or a portion of our claim to that of other creditors. In situations where a bankruptcy carries a high degree of political significance, our legal rights may be subordinated to other creditors. We may also be subject to lender liability claims for actions taken by us with respect to a borrower's business or in instances where we exercise control over the borrower or render significant managerial assistance.
We generally will not control our portfolio companies.
We do not expect to control most of our portfolio companies, even though we may have board representation or board observation rights, and our debt agreements with such portfolio companies may contain certain restrictive covenants. As a result, we are subject to the risk that a portfolio company in which we invest may make business decisions with which we disagree and the management of such company, as representatives of the holders of their common equity, may take risks or otherwise act in ways that do not serve our interests as debt investors. Due to the lack of liquidity for our investments in non-traded companies, we may not be able to dispose of our interests in our portfolio companies as readily as we would like or at an appropriate valuation. As a result, a portfolio company may make decisions that could decrease the value of our portfolio holdings.
We will be exposed to risks associated with changes in interest rates.
We will be subject to financial market risks, including changes in interest rates. General interest rate fluctuations may have a substantial negative impact on our investments, investment opportunities and cost of capital and, accordingly, may have a material adverse effect on our investment objectives, our rate of return on invested capital and our ability to service our debt and make distributions to our shareholders. In addition, an increase in interest rates would make it more expensive to use debt for our financing needs, if any.
Interest rates have recently been at or near historic lows. In the event of a rising interest rate environment, payments under floating rate debt instruments generally would rise and there may be a significant number of issuers of such floating rate debt instruments that would be unable or unwilling to pay such increased interest costs and may otherwise be unable to repay their loans. Investments in floating rate debt instruments may also decline in value in response to rising interest rates if the
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interest rates of such investments do not rise as much, or as quickly, as market interest rates in general. Similarly, during periods of rising interest rates, fixed rate debt instruments may decline in value because the fixed rates of interest paid thereunder may be below market interest rates.
Second priority liens on collateral securing debt investments that we will make in our portfolio companies may be subject to control by senior creditors with first priority liens. If there is a default, the value of the collateral may not be sufficient to repay in full both the first priority creditors and us.
Certain debt investments that we intend to make in portfolio companies may be secured on a second priority basis by the same collateral securing first priority debt of such companies. The first priority liens on the collateral will secure the portfolio company's obligations under any outstanding senior debt and may secure certain other future debt that may be permitted to be incurred by such company under the agreements governing the loans. The holders of obligations secured by the first priority liens on the collateral will generally control the liquidation of and be entitled to receive proceeds from any realization of the collateral to repay their obligations in full before us. In addition, the value of the collateral in the event of liquidation will depend on market and economic conditions, the availability of buyers and other factors. There can be no assurance that the proceeds, if any, from the sale or sales of all of the collateral would be sufficient to satisfy the debt instruments we hold which are secured by the second priority liens after payment in full of all obligations secured by the first priority liens on the collateral. If such proceeds are not sufficient to repay amounts outstanding under the debt instruments we hold which are secured by the second priority liens, then we, to the extent not repaid from the proceeds of the sale of the collateral, will only have an unsecured claim against such company's remaining assets, if any.
The rights we may have with respect to the collateral securing the debt investments we make in our portfolio companies with senior debt outstanding may also be limited pursuant to the terms of one or more intercreditor agreements that we enter into with the holders of senior debt. Under such an intercreditor agreement, at any time that obligations that have the benefit of the first priority liens are outstanding, any of the following actions that may be taken in respect of the collateral will be at the direction of the holders of the obligations secured by the first priority liens: the ability to cause the commencement of enforcement proceedings against the collateral; the ability to control the conduct of such proceedings; the approval of amendments to collateral documents; releases of liens on the collateral; and waivers of past defaults under collateral documents. We may not have the ability to control or direct such actions, even if our rights are adversely affected.
Economic recessions or downturns could impair our portfolio companies and harm our operating results.
Many of our potential portfolio companies may be susceptible to economic slowdowns or recessions (such as the economic downturn that occurred from 2008 through 2009) and may be unable to repay our debt investments during these periods. Therefore, our non-performing assets are likely to increase, and the value of our portfolio is likely to decrease, during these periods. Adverse economic conditions may also decrease the value of any collateral securing our debt investments. A prolonged recession may further decrease the value of such collateral and result in losses of value in our portfolio and a decrease in our revenues, net income and net asset value. Unfavorable economic conditions also could increase our funding costs, limit our access to the capital markets or result in a decision by lenders not to extend credit to us on terms we deem acceptable. These events could prevent us from increasing investments and harm our operating results. Economic downturns or recessions may also result in a portfolio company's failure to satisfy financial or operating covenants imposed by us or other lenders, which could lead to defaults and, potentially, acceleration of the time when the loans are due and foreclosure on its assets representing collateral for its obligations, which could trigger cross defaults under other agreements and jeopardize our portfolio company's ability to meet its obligations under the debt that we hold and the value of any equity securities we own. We may incur expenses to the extent necessary to seek recovery upon default or to negotiate new terms with a defaulting portfolio company.
A covenant breach by our portfolio companies may harm our operating results.
A portfolio company's failure to satisfy financial or operating covenants imposed by us or other lenders could lead to defaults and, potentially, termination of its loans and foreclosure on its secured assets, which could trigger cross-defaults under other agreements and jeopardize a portfolio company's
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ability to meet its obligations under the debt or equity securities that we anticipate holding. We may incur expenses to the extent necessary to seek recovery upon default or to negotiate new terms, which may include the waiver of certain financial covenants, with a defaulting portfolio company.
Our portfolio companies may be highly leveraged.
Some of our potential portfolio companies may be highly leveraged, which may have adverse consequences to these companies and to us as an investor. These companies may be subject to restrictive financial and operating covenants and the leverage may impair these companies' ability to finance their future operations and capital needs. As a result, these companies' flexibility to respond to changing business and economic conditions and to take advantage of business opportunities may be limited. Further, a leveraged company's income and net assets will tend to increase or decrease at a greater rate than if borrowed money were not used.
Investing in middle market companies involves a number of significant risks, any one of which could have a material adverse effect on our operating results.
Investments in middle market companies involve some of the same risks that apply generally to investments in larger, more established companies. However, such investments have more pronounced risks in that they:
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- may have limited financial resources and may be unable to meet the obligations under their debt and equity securities that we may hold, which may be accompanied by a deterioration in the value of any collateral pledged under such securities and a reduction in the likelihood of us realizing any guarantees we may have obtained in connection with our investment;
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- have shorter operating histories, narrower product lines and smaller market shares than larger businesses, which tends to render them more vulnerable to competitors' actions and changing market conditions, as well as general economic downturns;
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- are more likely to depend on the management talents and efforts of a small group of persons; therefore, the death, disability, resignation or termination of one or more of these persons could have a material adverse impact on our portfolio company and, in turn, on us;
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- generally have less predictable operating results, may from time to time be parties to litigation, may be engaged in rapidly changing businesses with products subject to a substantial risk of obsolescence, and may require substantial additional capital to support their operations, finance expansion or maintain their competitive position. In addition, our executive officers and trustees and members of FSEP II Advisor may, in the ordinary course of business, be named as defendants in litigation arising from our investments in the portfolio companies; and
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- may have difficulty accessing the capital markets to meet future capital needs, which may limit their ability to grow or to repay their outstanding indebtedness upon maturity.
We may not realize gains from our equity investments.
Certain investments that we may make may include equity related securities, such as rights and warrants that may be converted into or exchanged for common stock or the cash value of the common stock. In addition, we may make direct equity investments in portfolio companies. The equity interests we receive may not appreciate in value and, in fact, may decline in value. Accordingly, we may not be able to realize gains from our equity interests, and any gains that we do realize on the disposition of any equity interests may not be sufficient to offset any other losses we experience. We may also be unable to realize any value if a portfolio company does not have a liquidity event, such as a sale of the business, recapitalization or public offering, which would allow us to sell the underlying equity interests. We may be unable to exercise any put rights we acquire which grant us the right to sell our equity securities back to the portfolio company for the consideration provided in our investment documents if the issuer is in financial distress.
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Investment strategies focused primarily on privately-held companies present certain challenges, including the lack of available information about these companies.
We intend to invest primarily in privately-held companies. Investments in private companies pose significantly greater risks than investments in public companies. First, private companies have reduced access to the capital markets, resulting in diminished capital resources and the ability to withstand financial distress. As a result, these companies, which may present greater credit risk than public companies, may be unable to meet the obligations under their debt and equity securities that we may hold. Second, the investments themselves often may be illiquid. The securities of most of the companies in which we intend to invest are not publicly-traded or actively-traded on the secondary market and are, instead, traded on a privately negotiated over-the-counter secondary market for institutional investors. In addition, such securities may be subject to legal and other restrictions on resale. As such, we may have difficulty exiting an investment promptly or at a desired price prior to maturity or outside of a normal amortization schedule. These investments may also be difficult to value because little public information generally exists about private companies, requiring an experienced due diligence team to analyze and value the potential portfolio company. Finally, these companies often may not have third-party debt ratings or audited financial statements. We must therefore rely on the ability of FSEP II Advisor and/or GSO to obtain adequate information through due diligence to evaluate the creditworthiness and potential returns from investing in these companies. These companies and their financial information will generally not be subject to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and other rules and regulations that govern public companies. If we are unable to uncover all material information about these companies, we may not make a fully informed investment decision, and we may lose money on our investments.
We expect that a substantial portion of our investments will be illiquid and the lack of liquidity may adversely affect our business.
We intend to invest in certain companies whose securities are not publicly traded or actively traded on the secondary market and are, instead, traded on a privately negotiated over-the-counter secondary market for institutional investors, and whose securities will be subject to legal and other restrictions on resale or will otherwise be less liquid than publicly traded securities. The illiquidity of certain of our investments may make it difficult for us to sell these investments when desired. In addition, if we are required to liquidate all or a portion of our portfolio quickly, we may realize significantly less than the value at which we had previously recorded these investments. The reduced liquidity of our investments may make it difficult for us to dispose of them at a favorable price, and, as a result, we may suffer losses.
We may not have the funds or ability to make additional investments in our portfolio companies.
We may not have the funds or ability to make additional investments in our portfolio companies. After our initial investment in a portfolio company, we may be called upon from time to time to provide additional funds to such company or have the opportunity to increase our investment through the exercise of a warrant to purchase common stock. There is no assurance that we will make, or will have sufficient funds to make, follow-on investments. Any decisions not to make a follow-on investment or any inability on our part to make such an investment may have a negative impact on a portfolio company in need of such an investment, may result in a missed opportunity for us to increase our participation in a successful operation or may reduce the expected return on the investment.
Our investments may include original issue discount instruments.
To the extent that we invest in original issue discount instruments and the accretion of original issue discount constitutes a portion of our income, we will be exposed to risks associated with the requirement to include such non-cash income in taxable and accounting income prior to receipt of cash, including the following:
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- Original issue discount instruments may have unreliable valuations because the accruals require judgments about collectability;
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- For accounting purposes, cash distributions to investors representing original issue discount income do not come from paid-in capital, although they may be paid from the offering proceeds. Thus, although a distribution of original issue discount income may come from the cash invested by investors, the 1940 Act does not require that investors be given notice of this fact;
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- The required recognition of PIK interest for U.S. federal income tax purposes may have a negative impact on liquidity, as it represents non-cash income that may require cash distributions to shareholders in order to maintain our ability to be subject to tax as a RIC; and
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- Original issue discount may create a risk of non-refundable cash payments to FSEP II Advisor based on non-cash accruals that may never be realized.
We may from time to time enter into total return swaps, credit default swaps or other derivative transactions which expose us to certain risks, including credit risk, market risk, liquidity risk and other risks similar to those associated with the use of leverage.
We may from time to time enter into total return swaps, credit default swaps or other derivative transactions that seek to modify or replace the investment performance of a particular reference security or other asset. These transactions are typically individually negotiated, non-standardized agreements between two parties to exchange payments, with payments generally calculated by reference to a notional amount or quantity. Swap contracts and similar derivative contracts are not traded on exchanges; rather, banks and dealers act as principals in these markets. These investments may present risks in excess of those resulting from the referenced security or other asset. Because these transactions are not an acquisition of the referenced security or other asset itself, the investor has no right directly to enforce compliance with the terms of the referenced security or other asset and has no voting or other consensual rights of ownership with respect to the referenced security or other asset. In the event of insolvency of a counterparty, we will be treated as a general creditor of the counterparty and will have no claim of title with respect to the referenced security or other asset.
A total return swap is a contract in which one party agrees to make periodic payments to another party based on the change in the market value of the referenced security or other assets underlying the total return swap during a specified period, in return for periodic payments based on a fixed or variable interest rate.
A total return swap is subject to market risk, liquidity risk and risk of imperfect correlation between the value of the total return swap and the debt obligations underlying the total return swap. In addition, we may incur certain costs in connection with a total return swap that could in the aggregate be significant.
A credit default swap is a contract in which one party buys or sells protection against a credit event with respect to an issuer, such as an issuer's failure to make timely payments of interest or principal on its debt obligations, bankruptcy or restructuring during a specified period. Generally, if we sell credit protection using a credit default swap, we will receive fixed payments from the swap counterparty and if a credit event occurs with respect to the applicable issuer, we will pay the swap counterparty par for the issuer's defaulted debt securities and the swap counterparty will deliver the defaulted debt securities to us. Generally, if we buy credit protection using a credit default swap, we will make fixed payments to the counterparty and if a credit event occurs with respect to the applicable issuer, we will deliver the issuer's defaulted securities underlying the swap to the swap counterparty and the counterparty will pay us par for the defaulted securities. Alternatively, a credit default swap may be cash settled and the buyer of protection would receive the difference between the par value and the market value of the issuer's defaulted debt securities from the seller of protection.
Credit default swaps are subject to the credit risk of the underlying issuer. If we are selling credit protection, there is a risk that we will not properly assess the risk of the underlying issuer, a credit event will occur and we will have to pay the counterparty. If we are buying credit protection, there is a risk that we will not properly assess the risk of the underlying issuer, no credit event will occur and we will receive no benefit for the premium paid.
A derivative transaction is also subject to the risk that a counterparty will default on its payment obligations thereunder or that we will not be able to meet our obligations to the counterparty. In some cases, we may post collateral to secure our obligations to the counterparty, and we may be required to
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post additional collateral upon the occurrence of certain events such as a decrease in the value of the reference security or other asset. In some cases, the counterparty may not collateralize any of its obligations to us.
Derivative investments effectively add leverage to a portfolio by providing investment exposure to a security or market without owning or taking physical custody of such security or investing directly in such market. In addition to the risks described above, such arrangements are subject to risks similar to those associated with the use of leverage. See "—Risks Related to Debt Financing."
Prepayments of our debt investments by our portfolio companies could adversely impact our results of operations and reduce our return on equity.
We are subject to the risk that the investments we will make in our portfolio companies may be repaid prior to maturity. When this occurs, we will generally reinvest these proceeds in temporary investments, pending their future investment in new portfolio companies. These temporary investments will typically have substantially lower yields than the debt being prepaid and we could experience significant delays in reinvesting these amounts. Any future investment in a new portfolio company may also be at lower yields than the debt that was repaid. As a result, our results of operations could be materially adversely affected if one or more of our portfolio companies elect to prepay amounts owed to us. Additionally, prepayments, net of prepayment fees, could negatively impact our return on equity.
Risks Related to Our Business and Structure
Our board of trustees may change our investment policy by providing our shareholders with 60 days' prior notice, or may modify or waive our current operating policies and strategies without prior notice or shareholder approval, the effects of which may be adverse.
Our investment policy is to invest, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of our total assets in securities of Energy companies. This investment policy may be changed by our board of trustees if we provide our shareholders with at least 60 days' prior notice. In addition, our board of trustees has the authority to modify or waive our current operating policies, investment criteria and strategies without prior notice and without shareholder approval. We cannot predict the effect any changes to our investment policy, current operating policies, investment criteria and strategies would have on our business, net asset value, operating results and the value of our common shares. However, the effects might be adverse, which could negatively impact our ability to pay shareholders distributions and cause them to lose all or part of their investment. Moreover, we will have significant flexibility in investing the net proceeds of our continuous public offering and may use the net proceeds from such offering in ways with which shareholders may not agree or for purposes other than those contemplated in this or any other prospectus relating to our continuous public offering. Finally, because our common shares are not expected to be listed on a national securities exchange for the foreseeable future, shareholders will be limited in their ability to sell their common shares in response to any changes in our investment policy, operating policies, investment criteria or strategies.
Future disruptions or instability in capital markets could negatively impact our ability to raise capital and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
From time to time, the global capital markets may experience periods of disruption and instability, which could materially and adversely impact the broader financial and credit markets and reduce the availability to us of debt and equity capital. For example, between 2008 and 2009, instability in the global capital markets resulted in disruptions in liquidity in the debt capital markets, significant write-offs in the financial services sector, the repricing of credit risk in the broadly syndicated credit market and the failure of major domestic and international financial institutions. In particular, the financial services sector was negatively impacted by significant write-offs as the value of the assets held by financial firms declined, impairing their capital positions and abilities to lend and invest. We believe that such value declines were exacerbated by widespread forced liquidations as leveraged holders of financial assets, faced with declining prices, were compelled to sell to meet margin requirements and maintain compliance with applicable capital standards. Such forced liquidations also impaired or eliminated many investors and investment vehicles, leading to a decline in the supply of capital for investment and depressed pricing levels for many assets. These events significantly diminished overall
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confidence in the debt and equity markets, engendered unprecedented declines in the values of certain assets, caused extreme economic uncertainty and significantly reduced the availability of debt and equity capital for the market as a whole and financial services firms in particular. While market conditions have experienced relative stability in recent years, there have been continuing periods of volatility and there can be no assurance that adverse market conditions will not repeat themselves in the future.
Future volatility and dislocation in the capital markets could create a challenging environment in which to raise or access capital. For example, the re-appearance of market conditions similar to those experienced from 2008 through 2009 for any substantial length of time could make it difficult to extend the maturity of or refinance our existing indebtedness or obtain new indebtedness with similar terms. Significant changes or volatility in the capital markets may also have a negative effect on the valuations of our investments. While most of our investments will not be publicly traded, applicable accounting standards require us to assume as part of our valuation process that our investments are sold in a principal market to market participants (even if we plan on holding an investment through its maturity) and impairments of the market values or fair market values of our investments, even if unrealized, must be reflected in our financial statements for the applicable period, which could result in significant reductions to our net asset value for the period. With certain limited exceptions, we are only allowed to borrow amounts or issue debt securities if our asset coverage, as calculated pursuant to the 1940 Act, equals at least 200% immediately after such borrowing. Equity capital may also be difficult to raise during periods of adverse or volatile market conditions because, subject to some limited exceptions, as a BDC, we are generally not able to issue additional common shares at a price less than net asset value without first obtaining approval for such issuance from our shareholders and our independent directors. If we are unable to raise capital or refinance existing debt on acceptable terms, then we may be limited in our ability to make new commitments or to fund existing commitments to our portfolio companies. Significant changes in the capital markets may also affect the pace of our investment activity and the potential for liquidity events involving our investments. Thus, the illiquidity of our investments may make it difficult for us to sell such investments to access capital if required, and as a result, we could realize significantly less than the value at which we have recorded our investments if we were required to sell them for liquidity purposes.
Uncertainty with respect to the financial stability of the United States and several countries in the European Union (EU) could have a significant adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
In August 2011, Standard & Poor's Ratings Services, or S&P, lowered its long-term sovereign credit rating on the U.S. from "AAA" to "AA+," which was affirmed by S&P in June 2013. Moody's Investors Service, Inc. and Fitch Ratings, Inc. have also warned that they may downgrade the U.S. federal government's credit rating. In addition, the economic downturn and the significant government interventions into the financial markets and fiscal stimulus spending over the last several years have contributed to significantly increased U.S. budget deficits. The U.S. government has on several occasions adopted legislation to suspend the federal debt ceiling. If the debt ceiling is not increased, the U.S. Treasury Department will not be authorized to issue additional debt that increases the current amount outstanding. Further downgrades or warnings by S&P or other rating agencies, and the U.S. government's credit and deficit concerns in general, including issues around the federal debt ceiling, could cause interest rates and borrowing costs to rise, which may negatively impact both the perception of credit risk associated with our debt portfolio and our ability to access the debt markets on favorable terms. Furthermore, in February 2014, the Federal Reserve began scaling back its bond-buying program, or quantitative easing, which it ended in October 2014. Quantitative easing was designed to stimulate the economy and expand the Federal Reserve's holdings of long-term securities until key economic indicators, such as the unemployment rate, showed signs of improvement. It is unclear what effect, if any, the end of quantitative easing and fluctuating interest rates will have on the value of our investments or our ability to access the debt markets on favorable terms.
In 2010, a financial crisis emerged in Europe, triggered by high budget deficits and rising direct and contingent sovereign debt in Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal and Spain, which created concerns about the ability of these nations to continue to service their sovereign debt obligations. In January 2012, S&P lowered its long-term sovereign credit rating for France, Italy, Spain and six other European
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countries, which has negatively impacted global markets and economic conditions. In addition, in April 2012, S&P further lowered its long-term sovereign credit rating for Spain. While the financial stability of such countries has improved, risks resulting from any future debt crisis in Europe or any similar crisis could have a detrimental impact on the global economic recovery, sovereign and non-sovereign debt in these countries and the financial condition of U.S. and European financial institutions. Market disruptions in Europe, including the increased cost of funding for certain governments and financial institutions, could negatively impact the global economy, and there can be no assurance that assistance packages will be available, or if available, will be sufficient to stabilize countries and markets in Europe. To the extent uncertainty regarding any economic recovery in Europe negatively impacts consumer confidence levels and spending, personal bankruptcy rates, levels of incurrence and default on consumer debt and home prices, or other credit factors, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be significantly and adversely affected.
Our ability to achieve our investment objectives depends on FSEP II Advisor's and GSO's ability to manage and support our investment process and if either our agreement with FSEP II Advisor or FSEP II Advisor's agreement with GSO were to be terminated, or if either FSEP II Advisor or GSO were to lose any members of their respective senior management teams, our ability to achieve our investment objectives could be significantly harmed.
Because we have no employees, we will depend on the investment expertise, skill and network of business contacts of FSEP II Advisor and GSO. FSEP II Advisor, with the assistance of GSO, will evaluate, negotiate, structure, execute, monitor and service our investments. Our future success will depend to a significant extent on the continued service and coordination of FSEP II Advisor and GSO, as well as their respective senior management teams. The departure of any members of FSEP II Advisor's senior management team could have a material adverse effect on our ability to achieve our investment objectives. Likewise, the departure of any key employees of GSO may impact its ability to render services to us under the terms of its investment sub-advisory agreement with FSEP II Advisor.
Our ability to achieve our investment objectives will depend on FSEP II Advisor's ability, with the assistance of GSO, to identify, analyze, invest in, finance and monitor companies that meet our investment criteria. FSEP II Advisor's capabilities in structuring the investment process, providing competent, attentive and efficient services to us, and facilitating access to financing on acceptable terms depend on the employment of investment professionals in an adequate number and of adequate sophistication to match the corresponding flow of transactions. To achieve our investment objectives, FSEP II Advisor may need to hire, train, supervise and manage new investment professionals to participate in our investment selection and monitoring process. FSEP II Advisor may not be able to find investment professionals in a timely manner or at all. Failure to support our investment process could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
In addition, each of the investment advisory and administrative services agreement that FSEP II Advisor has entered into with us, as well as the investment sub-advisory agreement that FSEP II Advisor has entered into with GSO have termination provisions that allow the parties to terminate the agreements without penalty. The investment advisory and administrative services agreement may be terminated at any time, without penalty, by FSEP II Advisor, upon 120 days' notice to us. The investment sub-advisory agreement may be terminated at any time, without the payment of any penalty, upon 60 days' written notice by GSO or, if our board of trustees or the holders of a majority of our outstanding voting securities determine that the investment sub-advisory agreement with GSO should be terminated, by FSEP II Advisor. If either agreement is terminated, it may adversely affect the quality of our investment opportunities. In addition, in the event such agreements are terminated, it may be difficult for us to replace FSEP II Advisor or for FSEP II Advisor to replace GSO. Furthermore, the termination of either of these agreements may adversely impact the terms of any financing arrangement into which we may enter, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.
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Because our business model depends to a significant extent upon relationships with private equity sponsors, investment banks and commercial banks, the inability of FSEP II Advisor and GSO to maintain or develop these relationships, or the failure of these relationships to generate investment opportunities, could adversely affect our business.
If FSEP II Advisor or GSO fails to maintain its existing relationships with private equity sponsors, investment banks and commercial banks on which they rely to provide us with potential investment opportunities or develop new relationships with other sponsors or sources of investment opportunities, we may not be able to grow our investment portfolio. In addition, individuals with whom FSEP II Advisor and GSO have relationships generally are not obligated to provide us with investment opportunities, and, therefore, there is no assurance that such relationships will generate investment opportunities for us. GSO may compensate certain brokers or other financial services firms out of GSO's own profits or revenues for services provided in connection with the identification of appropriate investment opportunities.
Our financial condition and results of operations will depend on our ability to manage future growth effectively.
Our ability to achieve our investment objectives will depend on our ability to acquire suitable investments and monitor and administer those investments, which will depend, in turn, on our investment adviser's ability to identify, invest in and monitor companies that meet our investment criteria.
Accomplishing this result on a cost-effective basis will largely be a function of the structuring of our investment process and the ability of FSEP II Advisor to provide competent, attentive and efficient services to us. Our executive officers and the members of FSEP II Advisor's investment committee have substantial responsibilities in connection with their roles at Franklin Square Holdings and with the other entities affiliated with Franklin Square Holdings, as well as responsibilities under the investment advisory and administrative services agreement. They may also be called upon to provide significant managerial assistance to certain of our portfolio companies. These demands on their time, which will increase as the number of investments grow, may distract them or slow the rate of investment. In order to grow, FSEP II Advisor will need to hire, train, supervise, manage and retain new employees. However, we cannot assure shareholders that FSEP II Advisor will be able to do so effectively. Any failure to manage our future growth effectively could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our business will require a substantial amount of capital to grow because we intend to distribute most of our income.
Our business will require a substantial amount of capital. We intend to issue equity securities and may borrow from financial institutions. A reduction in the availability of new capital could limit our ability to grow. We intend to distribute at least 90% of our investment company taxable income each year to maintain our RIC status. As a result, any such cash earnings may not be available to fund investment originations. We expect to borrow from financial institutions and issue debt and equity securities. If we fail to obtain funds from such sources or from other sources to fund our investments, it could limit our ability to grow, which may have an adverse effect on the value of our securities. In addition, as a BDC, our ability to borrow or issue preferred shares may be restricted if our total assets are less than 200% of our total borrowings and preferred shares.
We may face increasing competition for investment opportunities, which could delay deployment of our capital, reduce returns and result in losses.
We compete for investments with other BDCs and investment funds (including private equity funds, mezzanine funds and collateralized loan obligation, or CLO, funds), as well as traditional financial services companies such as commercial banks and other sources of funding. Moreover, alternative investment vehicles, such as hedge funds, have begun to invest in areas in which they have not traditionally invested, including making investments in middle market private U.S. companies, which we define as companies with annual revenue of $50 million to $2.5 billion at the time of investment. As a result of these new entrants, competition for investment opportunities in middle-
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market private U.S. companies may intensify. Many of our competitors are substantially larger and have considerably greater financial, technical and marketing resources than we do. For example, some competitors may have a lower cost of capital and access to funding sources that are not available to us. In addition, some of our competitors may have higher risk tolerances or different risk assessments than we have. These characteristics could allow our competitors to consider a wider variety of investments, establish more relationships and offer better pricing and more flexible structuring than we are able to do. We may lose investment opportunities if we do not match our competitors' pricing, terms and structure. If we are forced to match our competitors' pricing, terms and structure, we may not be able to achieve acceptable returns on our investments or may bear substantial risk of capital loss. A significant part of our competitive advantage stems from the fact that the market for investments in middle-market private U.S. companies is underserved by traditional commercial banks and other financial sources. A significant increase in the number and/or the size of our competitors in this target market could force us to accept less attractive investment terms. Furthermore, many of our competitors have greater experience operating under, or are not subject to, the regulatory restrictions that the 1940 Act imposes on us as a BDC.
A significant portion of our investment portfolio will be recorded at fair value as determined in good faith by our board of trustees and, as a result, there will be uncertainty as to the value of our portfolio investments.
Under the 1940 Act, we are required to carry our portfolio investments at market value or, if there is no readily available market value, at fair value as determined by our board of trustees. There will not be a public market for the securities of the privately-held companies in which we intend to invest. Many of our investments will not be publicly traded or actively traded on a secondary market but, instead, will be traded on a privately negotiated over-the-counter secondary market for institutional investors or not traded at all. As a result, we will value these securities quarterly at fair value as determined in good faith by our board of trustees.
Certain factors that may be considered in determining the fair value of our investments include dealer quotes for securities traded on the secondary market for institutional investors, the nature and realizable value of any collateral, the portfolio company's earnings and its ability to make payments on its indebtedness, the markets in which the portfolio company does business, comparison to comparable publicly traded companies, discounted cash flows and other relevant factors. Because such valuations, and particularly valuations of private securities and private companies, are inherently uncertain, may fluctuate over short periods of time and may be based on estimates, our determinations of fair value may differ materially from the values that would have been used if a ready market for these non-traded securities existed. Due to this uncertainty, our fair value determinations may cause our net asset value on a given date to materially understate or overstate the value that we may ultimately realize upon the sale of one or more of our investments.
There is a risk that investors in our common shares may not receive distributions or that our distributions may not grow over time.
We cannot assure shareholders that we will achieve investment results that will allow us to make a specified level of cash distributions or year-to-year increases in cash distributions. All distributions will be paid at the discretion of our board of trustees and will depend on our earnings, our net investment income, our financial condition, maintenance of our RIC status, compliance with applicable BDC regulations and such other factors as our board of trustees may deem relevant from time to time. In addition, due to the asset coverage test applicable to us as a BDC, we may be limited in our ability to make distributions. See "Item. 1 Business—Regulation—Senior Securities."
Our distribution proceeds may exceed our earnings, particularly during the period before we have substantially invested the net proceeds from our continuous public offering. Therefore, portions of the distributions that we make may represent a return of capital to shareholders, which will lower their tax basis in their common shares.
The tax treatment and characterization of our distributions may vary significantly from time to time due to the nature of our investments. The ultimate tax characterization of our distributions made during a calendar year may not finally be determined until after the end of that calendar year. We may make distributions during a tax year that exceed our investment company taxable income and net
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capital gains for that tax year. In such a situation, the amount by which our total distributions exceed investment company taxable income and net capital gains generally would be treated as a return of capital up to the amount of a shareholder's tax basis in the shares, with any amounts exceeding such tax basis treated as a gain from the sale or exchange of such shares. A return of capital generally is a return of a shareholder's investment rather than a return of earnings or gains derived from our investment activities and will be made after deducting the fees and expenses payable in connection with the offering, including any fees payable to FSEP II Advisor. Moreover, we may pay all or a substantial portion of our distributions from the proceeds of our continuous public offering or from borrowings in anticipation of future cash flow, which could constitute a return of shareholders' capital and will lower such shareholders' tax basis in our shares, which may result in increased tax liability to shareholders when they sell such shares.
Changes in laws or regulations governing our operations or the operations of our business partners may adversely affect our business or cause us to alter our business strategy.
We, our portfolio companies and our business partners are subject to regulation at the local, state and federal level. New legislation may be enacted or new interpretations, rulings or regulations could be adopted, including those governing the types of investments we are permitted to make, any of which could harm us and our shareholders, potentially with retroactive effect. Changes in laws or regulations governing the operations of those with whom we do business, including selected broker-dealers and other financial representatives selling our common shares, could also have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, over the last several years there has been an increase in regulatory attention to the extension of credit outside of the traditional banking sector, raising the possibility that some portion of the non-bank financial sector will be subject to new regulation. New legislation, interpretations, rulings or regulations could require changes to certain business practices of us or our portfolio companies, negatively impact the operations, cash flows or financial condition of us or our portfolio companies, impose additional costs on us or our portfolio companies or otherwise adversely affect our business or the business of our portfolio companies.
In addition, any changes to the laws and regulations governing our operations, including with respect to permitted investments, may cause us to alter our investment strategies to avail ourselves of new or different opportunities or make other changes to our business. Such changes could result in material differences to our strategies and plans as set forth in this annual report on Form 10-K and may result in our investment focus shifting from the areas of expertise of FSEP II Advisor and GSO to other types of investments in which FSEP II Advisor and GSO may have less expertise or little or no experience. Thus, any such changes, if they occur, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of a shareholder's investment.
As a public company, we are subject to regulations not applicable to private companies, such as provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Efforts to comply with such regulations will involve significant expenditures, and non-compliance with such regulations may adversely affect us.
As a public company, we are subject to regulations not applicable to private companies, including provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the related rules and regulations promulgated by the SEC. Beginning with our fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, our management is required to report on our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and rules and regulations of the SEC thereunder. We are required to review on an annual basis our internal control over financial reporting, and on a quarterly and annual basis, to evaluate and disclose changes in our internal control over financial reporting. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act also generally requires an attestation from our independent registered public accounting firm on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting.
As a newly-formed company, developing an effective system of internal controls may require significant expenditures, which may negatively impact our financial performance and our ability to make distributions. This process will also result in a diversion of management's time and attention. We cannot be certain as to the timing of the completion of our evaluation, testing and remediation actions or the impact of the same on our operations and we may not be able to ensure that the process is effective or that our internal controls over financial reporting are or will be effective in a timely manner. In the event that we are unable to develop or maintain an effective system of internal controls
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and maintain or achieve compliance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and related rules, we may be adversely affected.
Price declines in the large corporate leveraged loan market may adversely affect the fair value of our syndicated loan portfolio, reducing our net asset value through increased net unrealized depreciation.
Prior to the onset of the financial crisis, CLOs, a type of leveraged investment vehicle holding corporate loans, hedge funds and other highly leveraged investment vehicles, comprised a substantial portion of the market for purchasing and holding first and second lien secured loans. As the secondary market pricing of the loans underlying these portfolios deteriorated during the fourth quarter of 2008, it is our understanding that many investors, as a result of their generally high degrees of leverage, were forced to raise cash by selling their interests in performing loans in order to satisfy margin requirements or the equivalent of margin requirements imposed by their lenders. This resulted in a forced deleveraging cycle of price declines, compulsory sales, and further price declines, with widespread redemption requests and other constraints resulting from the credit crisis generating further selling pressure.
While prices appreciated measurably in recent years, conditions in the large corporate leveraged loan market may experience similar disruptions or deterioration, which may cause pricing levels to similarly decline or be volatile. As a result, we may suffer unrealized depreciation and could incur realized losses in connection with the sale of our syndicated loans, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Declines in market values or fair market values of our investments could result in significant net unrealized depreciation of our portfolio, which, in turn, would reduce our net asset value.
Under the 1940 Act, we are required to carry our investments at market value or, if no market value is ascertainable, at fair value as determined in good faith by or under the direction of our board of trustees. While most of our investments will not be publicly traded, applicable accounting standards require us to assume as part of our valuation process that our investments are sold in a principal market to market participants (even if we plan on holding an investment through its maturity) and impairments of the market values or fair market values of our investments, even if unrealized, must be reflected in our financial statements for the applicable period as unrealized depreciation, which could result in significant reductions to our net asset value for a given period.
The impact of recent financial reform legislation on us is uncertain.
In light of recent conditions in the U.S. and global financial markets and the U.S. and global economy, legislators, the presidential administration and regulators have increased their focus on the regulation of the financial services industry. The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, as amended, or the Dodd-Frank Act, institutes a wide range of reforms that will have an impact on all financial institutions. Many of the requirements called for in the Dodd-Frank Act will be implemented over time, most of which will be subject to implementing regulations over the course of several years. Given the uncertainty associated with the manner in which the provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act will be implemented by the various regulatory agencies and through regulations, the full impact such requirements will have on our business, results of operations or financial condition is unclear. The changes resulting from the Dodd-Frank Act may require us to invest significant management attention and resources to evaluate and make necessary changes in order to comply with new statutory and regulatory requirements. Failure to comply with any such laws, regulations or principles, or changes thereto, may negatively impact our business, results of operations and financial condition. While we cannot predict what effect any changes in the laws or regulations or their interpretations would have on us as a result of the Dodd-Frank Act, these changes could be materially adverse to us and our shareholders.
We may experience fluctuations in our quarterly results.
We could experience fluctuations in our quarterly operating results due to a number of factors, including our ability or inability to make investments in companies that meet our investment criteria, the interest rate payable on the debt securities we acquire, the level of our expenses, variations in and
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the timing of the recognition of realized and unrealized gains or losses, the degree to which we encounter competition in our markets and general economic conditions. As a result of these factors, results for any previous period should not be relied upon as being indicative of performance in future periods.
If we, our affiliates and our and their respective third-party service providers are unable to maintain the availability of electronic data systems and safeguard the security of data, our ability to conduct business may be compromised, which could impair our liquidity, disrupt our business, damage our reputation and cause losses.
Cybersecurity refers to the combination of technologies, processes, and procedures established to protect information technology systems and data from unauthorized access, attack, or damage. We, our affiliates and our and their respective third-party service providers are subject to cybersecurity risks. Cybersecurity risks have significantly increased in recent years and, while we have not experienced any material losses relating to cyber attacks or other information security breaches, we could suffer such losses in the future. Our, our affiliates and our and their respective third-party service providers' computer systems, software and networks may be vulnerable to unauthorized access, computer viruses or other malicious code and other events that could have a security impact. If one or more of such events occur, this potentially could jeopardize confidential and other information, including nonpublic personal information and sensitive business data, processed and stored in, and transmitted through, computer systems and networks, or otherwise cause interruptions or malfunctions in our operations or the operations of our affiliates and our and their respective third-party service providers. This could result in significant losses, reputational damage, litigation, regulatory fines or penalties, or otherwise adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. Privacy and information security laws and regulation changes, and compliance with those changes, may result in cost increases due to system changes and the development of new administrative processes. In addition, we may be required to expend significant additional resources to modify our protective measures and to investigate and remediate vulnerabilities or other exposures arising from operational and security risks. We currently do not maintain insurance coverage relating to cybersecurity risks and we may be subject to litigation and financial losses that are not fully insured.
Risks Related to FSEP II Advisor and Its Affiliates
FSEP II Advisor has no prior experience managing a BDC or a RIC.
While FSEP II Advisor's management team consists of substantially the same personnel that form the investment and operations team of the investment advisers to Franklin Square Holdings' five other affiliated BDCs, FSEP II Advisor is a new entity and has no prior experience managing a BDC or a RIC and has no experience investing in Energy companies. Therefore, FSEP II Advisor may not be able to successfully operate our business or achieve our investment objectives. As a result, an investment in our common shares may entail more risk than the shares of a comparable company with a substantial operating history.
The 1940 Act and the Code impose numerous constraints on the operations of BDCs and RICs that do not apply to other types of investment vehicles. For example, under the 1940 Act, BDCs are required to invest at least 70% of their total assets primarily in securities of qualifying U.S. private or thinly-traded public companies. Moreover, qualification for RIC tax treatment under Subchapter M of the Code requires satisfaction of source-of-income, diversification and other requirements. The failure to comply with these provisions in a timely manner could prevent us from qualifying as a BDC or a RIC or could force us to pay unexpected taxes and penalties, which could be material. FSEP II Advisor's lack of experience in managing a portfolio of assets under such constraints may hinder its ability to take advantage of attractive investment opportunities and, as a result, achieve our investment objectives.
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FSEP II Advisor, GSO and their respective affiliates, including our officers and some of our trustees, face conflicts of interest as a result of compensation arrangements between us and FSEP II Advisor, and FSEP II Advisor and GSO, which could result in actions that are not in the best interests of our shareholders.
FSEP II Advisor, GSO and their respective affiliates may receive substantial fees from us in return for their services, and these fees could influence the advice provided to us. We may pay to FSEP II Advisor an incentive fee that is based on the performance of our portfolio and an annual base management fee that is based on the average weekly value of our gross assets, and FSEP II Advisor will share a portion of these fees with GSO pursuant to the investment sub-advisory agreement between FSEP II Advisor and GSO. Because the incentive fee is based on the performance of our portfolio, FSEP II Advisor may be incentivized to make investments on our behalf, and GSO may be incentivized to recommend investments for us to FSEP II Advisor, that are riskier or more speculative than would be the case in the absence of such compensation arrangement. The way in which the incentive fee is determined may also encourage FSEP II Advisor to use leverage to increase the return on our investments. In addition, because the base management fee will be based upon the average weekly value of our gross assets, which includes any borrowings for investment purposes, FSEP II Advisor may be incentivized to recommend the use of leverage or the issuance of additional equity to make additional investments and increase the average weekly value of our gross assets. Under certain circumstances, the use of leverage may increase the likelihood of default, which could disfavor holders of our common shares. Our compensation arrangements could therefore result in our making riskier or more speculative investments, or relying more on leverage to make investments, than would otherwise be the case. This could result in higher investment losses, particularly during cyclical economic downturns.
We may be obligated to pay FSEP II Advisor incentive compensation even if we incur a net loss due to a decline in the value of our portfolio.
Our investment advisory and administrative services agreement entitles FSEP II Advisor to receive incentive compensation on income regardless of any capital losses. In such case, we may be required to pay FSEP II Advisor incentive compensation for a fiscal quarter even if there is a decline in the value of our portfolio or if we incur a net loss for that quarter.
In addition, any incentive fee payable by us that relates to our net investment income may be computed and paid on income that may include interest that has been accrued but not yet received. If a portfolio company defaults on a loan that is structured to provide accrued interest, it is possible that accrued interest previously included in the calculation of the incentive fee will become uncollectible. FSEP II Advisor is not under any obligation to reimburse us for any part of the incentive fee it received that was based on accrued income that we never received as a result of a default by an entity on the obligation that resulted in the accrual of such income, and such circumstances would result in our paying an incentive fee on income we never received.
For U.S. federal income tax purposes, we will be required to recognize taxable income (such as deferred interest that is accrued as original issue discount) in some circumstances in which we do not receive a corresponding payment in cash and to make distributions with respect to such income. Under such circumstances, we may have difficulty meeting the Annual Distribution Requirement necessary to maintain RIC tax treatment under the Code. This difficulty in making the required distribution may be amplified to the extent that we are required to pay an incentive fee with respect to such accrued income. As a result, we may have to sell some of our investments at times and/or at prices we would not consider advantageous, raise additional debt or equity capital, or forgo new investment opportunities for this purpose. If we are not able to obtain cash from other sources, we may fail to qualify for RIC tax treatment and thus become subject to corporate-level income tax.
There may be conflicts of interest related to obligations FSEP II Advisor's and GSO's senior management and investment teams have to our affiliates and to other clients.
The members of the senior management and investment teams of both FSEP II Advisor and GSO serve or may serve as officers, directors or principals of entities that operate in the same or a related line of business as we do, or of investment funds managed by the same personnel. For example, the officers, managers and other personnel of FSEP II Advisor also serve in similar capacities to the
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investment advisers to Franklin Square Holdings' five other affiliated BDCs, FS Investment Corporation, FS Investment Corporation II, FS Investment Corporation III, FS Investment Corporation IV and FS Energy and Power Fund, and Franklin Square Holdings' affiliated closed-end management investment company, FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund. In serving in these multiple and other capacities, they may have obligations to other clients or investors in those entities, the fulfillment of which may not be in our best interests or in the best interest of our shareholders. Our investment objectives may overlap with the investment objectives of such investment funds, accounts or other investment vehicles. For example, we rely on FSEP II Advisor to manage our day-to-day activities and to implement our investment strategies. FSEP II Advisor and certain of its affiliates are presently, and plan in the future to continue to be, involved with activities which are unrelated to us. As a result of these activities, FSEP II Advisor, its employees and certain of its affiliates will have conflicts of interest in allocating their time between us and other activities in which they are or may become involved, including the management of other entities affiliated with Franklin Square Holdings. FSEP II Advisor and its employees will devote only as much of its or their time to our business as FSEP II Advisor and its employees, in their judgment, determine is reasonably required, which may be substantially less than their full time.
Furthermore, GSO, on which FSEP II Advisor will rely to assist it in identifying investment opportunities and making investment recommendations, has similar conflicts of interest. GSO or its wholly-owned subsidiary, GDFM, serves as investment sub-adviser to Franklin Square Holdings' five other affiliated BDCs and Franklin Square Holdings' affiliated closed-end management investment company. GSO, its affiliates and their respective members, partners, officers and employees will devote as much of their time to our activities as they deem necessary and appropriate. GSO and its affiliates are not restricted from forming additional investment funds, from entering into other investment advisory relationships or from engaging in other business activities, even though such activities may be in competition with us and/or may involve substantial time and resources of GSO. Also, in connection with such business activities, GSO and its affiliates may have existing business relationships or access to material, non-public information that may prevent it from recommending investment opportunities that would otherwise fit within our investment objectives. All of these factors could be viewed as creating a conflict of interest in that the time, effort and ability of the members of GSO, its affiliates and their officers and employees will not be devoted exclusively to our business but will be allocated between us and the management of the monies of other advisees of GSO and its affiliates.
The time and resources that individuals employed by FSEP II Advisor and GSO devote to us may be diverted, and we may face additional competition due to the fact that individuals employed by FSEP II Advisor and GSO are not prohibited from raising money for or managing another entity that makes the same types of investments that we target.
Neither FSEP II Advisor nor GSO, or individuals employed by FSEP II Advisor or GSO, are prohibited from raising money for and managing another investment entity that makes the same types of investments as those we target. As a result, the time and resources that these individuals may devote to us may be diverted. In addition, we may compete with any such investment entity for the same investors and investment opportunities. In an order dated June 4, 2013, the SEC granted exemptive relief to our affiliates upon which we may rely, and which permits us, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, to co-invest in certain privately negotiated investment transactions with our co-investment affiliates. Because our affiliates did not seek exemptive relief to engage in co-investment transactions with GSO and its affiliates, we will be permitted to co-invest with GSO and its affiliates only in accordance with existing regulatory guidance. Affiliates of GSO, whose primary businesses include the origination of investments, engage in investment advisory business with accounts that compete with us. Affiliates of GSO have no obligation to make their originated investment opportunities available to GSO or to us.
FSEP II Advisor's liability is limited under our investment advisory and administrative services agreement, and we are required to indemnify it against certain liabilities, which may lead it to act in a riskier manner on our behalf than it would when acting for its own account.
Pursuant to our investment advisory and administrative services agreement, FSEP II Advisor and its officers, managers, partners, members (and their members, including the owners of their members),
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agents, employees, controlling persons and any other person or entity affiliated with FSEP II Advisor will not be liable to us for their acts under our investment advisory and administrative services agreement, absent willful misfeasance, bad faith or gross negligence in the performance of their duties. We have agreed to indemnify, defend and protect FSEP II Advisor and its officers, managers, partners, members (and their members, including the owners of their members), agents, employees, controlling persons and any other person or entity affiliated with FSEP II Advisor with respect to all damages, liabilities, costs and expenses resulting from acts of FSEP II Advisor not arising out of willful misfeasance, bad faith or gross negligence in the performance of their duties under our investment advisory and administrative services agreement. These protections may lead FSEP II Advisor to act in a riskier manner when acting on our behalf than it would when acting for its own account.
Risks Related to Business Development Companies
The requirement that we invest a sufficient portion of our assets in qualifying assets could preclude us from investing in accordance with our current business strategies; conversely, the failure to invest a sufficient portion of our assets in qualifying assets could result in our failure to maintain our status as a BDC.
As a BDC, we may not acquire any assets other than "qualifying assets" unless, at the time of such acquisition, at least 70% of our total assets are qualifying assets. Therefore, we may be precluded from investing in what we believe are attractive investments if such investments are not qualifying assets. Similarly, these rules could prevent us from making additional investments in existing portfolio companies, which could result in the dilution of our position, or could require us to dispose of investments at an inopportune time to comply with the 1940 Act. If we were forced to sell non-qualifying investments in the portfolio for compliance purposes, the proceeds from such sale could be significantly less than the current value of such investments. Conversely, if we fail to invest a sufficient portion of our assets in qualifying assets, we could lose our status as a BDC, which would subject us to substantially more regulatory restrictions and significantly decrease our operating flexibility.
Failure to maintain our status as a BDC would reduce our operating flexibility.
If we do not remain a BDC, we might be regulated as a closed-end investment company under the 1940 Act, which would subject us to substantially more regulatory restrictions under the 1940 Act and correspondingly decrease our operating flexibility.
Regulations governing our operation as a BDC and a RIC will affect our ability to raise, and the way in which we raise, additional capital or borrow for investment purposes, which may have a negative effect on our growth.
As a result of our need each year to satisfy the Annual Distribution Requirement necessary in order to be subject to tax as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code, we may need to periodically access the capital markets to raise cash to fund new investments. We may issue "senior securities," as defined in the 1940 Act, including issuing preferred shares, borrowing money from banks or other financial institutions, or issuing debt securities only in amounts such that our asset coverage, as defined in the 1940 Act, equals at least 200% after such incurrence or issuance. Our ability to issue certain other types of securities is also limited. Under the 1940 Act, we are also generally prohibited from issuing or selling our common shares at a price per share, after deducting upfront selling commissions, if any, that is below our net asset value per common share, without first obtaining approval for such issuance from our shareholders and our independent trustees. Compliance with these limitations on our ability to raise capital may unfavorably limit our investment opportunities. These limitations may also reduce our ability in comparison to other companies to profit from favorable spreads between the rates at which we can borrow and the rates at which we can lend.
We expect to borrow for investment purposes. If the value of our assets declines, we may be unable to satisfy the asset coverage test under the 1940 Act, which would prohibit us from paying distributions and, as a result, could cause us to be subject to tax on our net investment income and gains as a regular corporation, regardless of the amount of distributions paid. If we cannot satisfy the asset coverage test, we may be required to sell a portion of our investments and, depending on the
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nature of our debt financing, repay a portion of our indebtedness at a time when such sales may be disadvantageous.
Under the 1940 Act, we generally are prohibited from issuing or selling our common shares at a price per common share, after deducting upfront selling commissions, if any, that is below the net asset value per common share, which may be a disadvantage as compared with other public companies. We may, however, sell our common shares, or warrants, options or rights to acquire our common shares, at a price below the then-current net asset value of the common shares if our board of trustees and independent trustees determine that such sale is in our best interests and the best interests of our shareholders, and our shareholders as well as those shareholders that are not affiliated with us approve such sale.
Future legislation may allow us to incur additional leverage.
As a BDC, we are generally not permitted to incur indebtedness unless immediately after such borrowing we have an asset coverage for total borrowings of at least 200% (i.e., the amount of debt may not exceed 50% of the value of our assets). Legislation was previously introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives that proposed a modification to this section of the 1940 Act to permit an increase in the amount of debt that BDCs could incur by modifying the percentage from 200% to 150%. Similar legislation may be reintroduced and may pass that permits us to incur additional leverage under the 1940 Act. As a result, we may be able to incur additional indebtedness in the future, and, therefore, the risk of an investment in us may increase.
Our ability to enter into transactions with our affiliates will be restricted.
We will be prohibited under the 1940 Act from participating in certain transactions with certain of our affiliates without the prior approval of a majority of the independent members of our board of trustees and, in some cases, the SEC. Any person that owns, directly or indirectly, 5% or more of our outstanding voting securities will be our affiliate for purposes of the 1940 Act and we will generally be prohibited from buying or selling any securities from or to such affiliate, absent the prior approval of our board of trustees. The 1940 Act also prohibits certain "joint" transactions with certain of our affiliates, which could include investments in the same portfolio company (whether at the same or different times), without prior approval of our board of trustees and, in some cases, the SEC. In an order dated June 4, 2013, the SEC granted exemptive relief to our affiliates, upon which we may rely, which permits us, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, to co-invest in certain privately negotiated investment transactions with our co-investment affiliates. If a person acquires more than 25% of our voting securities, we will be prohibited from buying or selling any security from or to such person or certain of that person's affiliates, or entering into prohibited joint transactions with such persons to the extent not covered by the exemptive relief, absent the prior approval of the SEC. Similar restrictions limit our ability to transact business with our officers or trustees or their affiliates. As a result of these restrictions, we may be prohibited from buying or selling any security from or to any portfolio company of a private equity fund managed by FSEP II Advisor without the prior approval of the SEC, which may limit the scope of investment opportunities that would otherwise be available to us.
We are uncertain of our sources for funding our future capital needs and if we cannot obtain debt or equity financing on acceptable terms or at all, our ability to acquire investments and to expand our operations will be adversely affected.
Any working capital reserves we maintain may not be sufficient for investment purposes, and we may require debt or equity financing to operate. We may also need to access the capital markets to refinance existing debt obligations to the extent maturing obligations are not repaid with cash flows from operations. In order to maintain our ability to be subject to tax as a RIC, each year we must distribute to our shareholders on a timely basis generally an amount equal to at least 90% of our investment company taxable income, determined without regard to any deduction for dividends paid, and the amounts of such distributions will therefore not be available to fund investment originations or to repay maturing debt. In addition, with certain limited exceptions, we are only allowed to borrow amounts or issue debt securities or preferred stock, which we refer to collectively as "senior securities," such that our asset coverage, as calculated pursuant to the 1940 Act, equals at least 200% immediately
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after such borrowing, which, in certain circumstances, may restrict our ability to borrow or issue debt securities or preferred stock. In the event that we develop a need for additional capital in the future for investments or for any other reason, and we cannot obtain debt or equity financing on acceptable terms, or at all, our ability to acquire investments and to expand our operations will be adversely affected. As a result, we would be less able to allocate our portfolio among various issuers and sub-sectors and achieve our investment objectives, which may negatively impact our results of operations and reduce our ability to make distributions to our shareholders.
Energy Company Risks
Our investment policy is to invest, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of our total assets in securities of Energy companies. This investment policy may not be changed without at least 60 days' prior notice to holders of our common shares of any such change. The revenues, income (or losses) and valuations of Energy companies can fluctuate suddenly and dramatically due to a number of factors.
Because our investment policy is to invest at least 80% of our total assets in securities of Energy companies, our portfolio will not be well allocated among various industries.
As there can be a correlation in the valuation of the securities in our portfolio, a decline in value of the securities of one company may be accompanied by a decline in the valuations of the securities of other companies within the Energy industry that we may hold in our portfolio. A decline in value of the securities of such issuers or a downturn in the Energy sector might have a more severe impact on us than on an entity that is more broadly allocated among various industries.
An increase or decrease in commodity supply or demand may adversely affect our business.
A decrease in the production of natural gas, natural gas liquids, crude oil, coal or other energy commodities, a decrease in the volume of such commodities available for transportation, mining, processing, storage or distribution, or a sustained decline in demand for such commodities may adversely impact the financial performance or prospects of Energy companies in which we may invest. Energy companies are subject to supply and demand fluctuations in the markets they serve which will be impacted by a wide range of factors, including fluctuating commodity prices, weather, increased conservation or use of alternative fuel sources, increased governmental or environmental regulation, depletion of natural gas, natural gas liquids, crude oil or coal production, rising interest rates, declines in domestic or foreign production of natural gas, natural gas liquids and crude oil, accidents or catastrophic events and economic conditions, among others.
An increase or decrease in commodity pricing may adversely affect our business.
The return on our prospective investments in Energy companies will be dependent on the margins received by those companies for the exploration, development, production, gathering, transportation, processing, storing, refining, distribution, mining, generation or marketing of natural gas, natural gas liquids, crude oil, refined products, coal or power. These margins may fluctuate widely in response to a variety of factors including global and domestic economic conditions, weather conditions, natural disasters, the supply and price of imported energy commodities, the production and storage levels of energy commodities in certain regions or in the world, political instability, terrorist activities, transportation facilities, energy conservation, domestic and foreign governmental regulation and taxation and the availability of local, intrastate and interstate transportation systems. Volatility of commodity prices may also make it more difficult for Energy companies in which we may invest to raise capital to the extent the market perceives that their performance may be directly or indirectly tied to commodity prices.
A decline in oil and natural gas prices for a prolonged period of time could have a material adverse effect on us.
A prolonged decline in oil and natural gas prices would adversely affect the credit quality and performance of certain of the debt and equity investments in Energy companies we may make. A decrease in credit quality and performance would, in turn, negatively affect the fair value of these
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investments, which would consequently negatively affect our net asset value. Should a prolonged decline in oil and natural gas prices occur, it is likely that our future portfolio companies' abilities to satisfy financial or operating covenants that may be imposed by us or other lenders will be adversely affected, thereby negatively impacting their financial condition and their ability to satisfy their debt service and other obligations to us. Likewise, should a prolonged decline in oil and natural gas prices occur, it is likely that our portfolio companies' cash flow and profit generating capacities would also be adversely affected thereby negatively impacting their ability to pay us dividends or distributions on certain of the investments we may make.
Cyclicality within the Energy sector may adversely affect our business.
Industries within the Energy sector are cyclical with fluctuations in commodity prices and demand for commodities driven by a variety of factors. The highly cyclical nature of the industries within the Energy sector may lead to volatile changes in commodity prices, which may adversely affect the earnings of Energy companies in which we may invest.
Changes in international, foreign, federal, state or local government regulation may adversely affect our business.
Energy companies are subject to significant international, foreign, federal, state and local government regulation, including how facilities are constructed, maintained and operated, environmental and safety controls, and the prices they may charge for the products and services they provide. Various governmental authorities have the power to enforce compliance with these regulations and the permits issued under them, and violators are subject to administrative, civil and criminal penalties, including civil fines, injunctions or both. For example, many state and federal environmental laws provide for civil penalties as well as regulatory remediation, thus adding to the potential liability an Energy company may face. More extensive laws, regulations or enforcement policies could be enacted in the future which would likely increase compliance costs and may adversely affect the financial performance of Energy companies in which we may invest.
In particular, changes to laws and increased regulations or enforcement policies as a result of oil spills may adversely affect the financial performance of Energy companies. Additionally, changes to laws and increased regulation or restrictions on the use of hydraulic fracturing may adversely impact the ability of Energy companies to economically develop oil and natural gas resources and, in turn, reduce production for such commodities. Any such changes or increased regulations or policies may adversely affect the performance of Energy companies in which we may invest.
Energy companies are subject to various operational risks.
Energy companies are subject to various operational risks, such as disruption of operations, mining, drilling or installation accidents, inability to timely and effectively integrate newly acquired assets, unanticipated operation and maintenance expenses, lack of proper asset integrity, underestimated cost projections, inability to renew or increased costs of rights of way, failure to obtain the necessary permits to operate and failure of third-party contractors to perform their contractual obligations. Thus, some Energy companies may be subject to construction risk, acquisition risk or other risks arising from their specific business strategies.
Energy companies that focus on exploration and production are subject to numerous reserve and production related risks.
Exploration and production businesses are subject to overstatement of the quantities of their reserves based upon any reserve estimates that prove to be inaccurate, the possibility that no commercially productive oil, natural gas or other energy reservoirs will be discovered as a result of drilling or other exploration activities, the curtailment, delay or cancellation of exploration activities as a result of unexpected conditions or miscalculations, title problems, pressure or irregularities in formations, equipment failures or accidents, adverse weather conditions, compliance with environmental and other governmental requirements and cost of, or shortages or delays in the availability of, drilling rigs and other exploration equipment, and operational risks and hazards associated with the development of the underlying properties, including natural disasters, blowouts, explosions, fires, leakage of crude oil, natural gas or other resources, mechanical failures, cratering and pollution.
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Competition between Energy companies may adversely affect our business.
The Energy companies in which we may invest face substantial competition in acquiring assets, expanding or constructing assets and facilities, obtaining and retaining customers and contracts, securing trained personnel and operating their assets. Many of their competitors may have superior financial and other resources.
Inability by companies in which we may invest to make accretive acquisitions may adversely affect our business.
The ability of Energy companies in which we may invest to grow and, where applicable, to increase dividends or distributions to their equity holders can be highly dependent on their ability to make acquisitions of infrastructure assets that result in an increase in free cash flow. In the event that such companies are unable to make such accretive acquisitions because they are unable to identify attractive acquisition candidates or negotiate acceptable purchase contracts, because they are unable to raise financing for such acquisitions on economically acceptable terms, or because they are outbid by competitors, their future growth and ability to make or raise dividends or distributions will be limited and their ability to repay their debt and make payments to preferred equity holders may be weakened. Furthermore, even if these companies do consummate acquisitions that they believe will be accretive, the acquisitions may instead result in a decrease in free cash flow.
A significant accident or event that is not fully insured could adversely affect the operations and financial condition of Energy companies in which we may invest.
The operations of Energy companies in which we may invest are subject to many hazards inherent in the transporting, processing, storing, distributing, mining, generating or marketing of natural gas, natural gas liquids, crude oil, coal, refined products, power or other commodities, or in the exploring, managing or producing of such commodities, including: damage to pipelines, storage tanks, vessels or related equipment and surrounding properties caused by hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, fires and other natural disasters or by acts of terrorism; inadvertent damage from construction or other equipment; leaks of natural gas, natural gas liquids, crude oil, refined products or other commodities; and fires and explosions. Further, since the September 11th terrorist attacks, the U.S. government has issued warnings that energy assets and facilities, specifically U.S. pipeline infrastructure, may be targeted in future terrorist attacks. These risks could result in substantial losses due to personal injury or loss of life, severe damage to and destruction of property and equipment and pollution or other environmental damage and may result in the curtailment or suspension of their related operations. Not all Energy companies are fully insured against all risks inherent to their businesses. If a significant accident or event occurs that is not fully insured, it could adversely affect the Energy company's operations and financial condition. In addition, any increased governmental regulation to mitigate such risks (including regulations related to recent oil spills or hydraulic fracturing), could increase insurance premiums and other operating costs for Energy companies in which we may invest.
Energy reserves naturally deplete as they are produced over time and this may adversely affect our business.
Energy reserves naturally deplete as they are produced over time. Many Energy companies are either engaged in the production of natural gas, natural gas liquids, crude oil or coal, or are engaged in transporting, storing, distributing and processing these items or their derivatives on behalf of shippers. To maintain or grow their revenues, these companies or their customers need to maintain or expand their reserves through exploration of new sources of supply, through the development of existing sources or through acquisitions. The financial performance of Energy companies in which we may invest may be adversely affected if they, or the companies to whom they provide services, are unable to cost-effectively acquire additional reserves sufficient to replace the depleted reserves. If an Energy company fails to add reserves by acquiring or developing them, its reserves and production will decline over time as the reserves are produced. If an Energy company is not able to raise capital on favorable terms, it may not be able to add to or maintain its reserves.
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Infrastructure assets may be the future target of terrorist organizations.
The terrorist attacks in the United States on September 11, 2001, had a disruptive effect on the economy and the securities markets. United States military and related action in the Middle East and elsewhere could have significant adverse effects on the U.S. economy and the stock market. Uncertainty surrounding military strikes or actions or a sustained military campaign may affect an Energy company's operations in unpredictable ways, including disruptions of fuel supplies and markets, and infrastructure assets could be direct targets, or indirect casualties, of an act of terror. The U.S. government has issued warnings that infrastructure assets, specifically the United States' pipeline infrastructure, may be the future target of terrorist organizations. In addition, changes in the insurance markets have made certain types of insurance more difficult, if not impossible, to obtain and have generally resulted in increased premium costs.
Certain Energy companies are dependent on their parents or sponsors for a majority of their revenues and may be subject to affiliate party risk.
Certain Energy companies in which we may invest are dependent on their parents or sponsors for a majority of their revenues. Any failure by an Energy company's parent or sponsor to satisfy its payments or obligations would impact the Energy company's revenues and cash flows and ability to make distributions.
Changing economic, regulatory and political conditions in some countries, including political and military conflicts, may adversely affect the businesses in which we invest.
Changing economic, regulatory and political conditions in some countries, including political and military conflicts, have from time to time resulted in attacks on vessels, mining of waterways, piracy, terrorism, labor strikes, boycotts and government inspections or requisitioning of vessels. These types of events could impact the delivery of commodities or impact pricing of commodities.
Legislative or regulatory tax changes could adversely affect Energy companies.
It is possible that new U.S. or non-U.S. taxes on the Energy industry could be implemented and/or U.S. or non-U.S. tax benefits could be eliminated or reduced, reducing the profitability of Energy companies and their available cash flow. Certain U.S. federal income tax deductions currently available with respect to oil and natural gas exploration and development may be eliminated as a result of future legislation. However, it is unclear whether any such changes will be enacted or how soon such changes could be effective. Notwithstanding this uncertainty, the passage of any legislation as a result of budget proposals, or any similar change in U.S. federal income tax law could eliminate certain tax deductions that are currently available with respect to the Energy industry, and any such change could negatively affect the financial condition and business operations of Energy companies.
Risks Related to Our Investments in MLPs
An investment in MLP units involves certain risks which differ from an investment in the common stock of a corporation. Holders of MLP units have limited control and voting rights on matters affecting the partnership. In addition, there are certain tax risks associated with an investment in MLP units. See "—Risks Related to U.S. Federal Income Tax."
An MLP's cash flow, and consequently its distributions, are subject to operational and general energy industry risks, which may result in disparate quarterly distributions.
A portion of the cash flow received by us may be derived from investments in the equity securities of MLPs. The amount of cash that an MLP has available for distributions and the tax character of such distributions depend upon the amount of cash generated by the MLP's operations. Cash available for distribution will vary from quarter to quarter and is largely dependent on factors affecting the MLP's operations and factors affecting the Energy industry in general. In addition to the risk factors described above, other factors which may reduce the amount of cash an MLP has available for distribution in a given quarter include increased operating costs, maintenance capital expenditures, acquisition costs, expansion, construction or exploration costs and borrowing costs.
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Investments in MLPs may have limited liquidity.
Although common units of some MLPs may trade on public exchanges, certain of these securities may trade less frequently, particularly those with smaller capitalizations. Securities with limited trading volumes may display volatile or erratic price movements. As a result, these securities may be difficult to dispose of at a fair price at the times when we believe it is desirable to do so. These securities are also more difficult to value, and our judgment as to value will often be given greater weight than market quotations, if any exist. Investment of our capital in securities that are less actively traded, or over time experience decreased trading volume, may restrict our ability to take advantage of other market opportunities. In addition, many MLP units are privately-held.
Investments in MLPs are susceptible to interest rate fluctuation risks.
Interest rate risk is the risk that securities will decline in value because of changes in market interest rates. The yields of equity and debt securities of MLPs are susceptible in the short-term to fluctuations in interest rates and, like treasury bonds, the prices of these securities typically decline when interest rates rise. Accordingly, our net asset value may be impacted by an increase in interest rates. Further, rising interest rates could adversely impact the financial performance of MLPs in which we invest by increasing their costs of capital. This may reduce their ability to execute acquisitions or expansion projects in a cost-effective manner.
Investments in MLPs are subject to certain tax risks.
MLPs are not subject to tax at the partnership level. Rather, each partner is allocated a share of the MLP's income, gains, losses, deductions, and expenses. A change in current tax law, or a change in the underlying business of a given MLP could result in the MLP being treated as a corporation for U.S. federal tax purposes, which would result in such MLP being required to pay U.S. federal income tax on its taxable income. Such treatment also would have the effect of reducing the amount of cash available for distribution by the affected MLP.
Our investments in MLPs may be subject to additional fees and expenses, including management and incentive fees, and, as a result, our investments in MLPs may achieve a lower rate of return than our other investments.
MLPs are subject to additional fees, some of which are paid regardless of the performance of its assets. We will pay certain management fees to the adviser entity of any MLP in which we invest. FSEP II Advisor will also earn its base management fee from us based on our gross assets, including our investment in any such MLP; therefore, we will be paying both FSEP II Advisor's base management fee and any management fees charged by an MLP. As a result, our investment returns attributable to MLPs in which we invest may be lower than other investments we select. In addition, because the fees received by an MLP adviser are typically based on the managed assets of the MLP, including the proceeds of any leverage it may incur, the MLP adviser has a financial incentive to utilize leverage, which may create a conflict of interest between the MLP adviser and us as a shareholder in the MLP.
Risks Related to Debt Financing
If we borrow money, which we currently intend to do, the potential for gain or loss on amounts invested in us will be magnified and may increase the risk of investing in us.
The use of borrowings and other types of financing, also known as leverage, magnifies the potential for gain or loss on amounts invested and, therefore, increase the risks associated with investing in our common shares. If we use leverage to partially finance our investments, through borrowing from banks and other lenders, we, and therefore, our shareholders will experience increased risks of investing in our common shares. Any lenders and debt holders would have fixed dollar claims on our assets that are senior to the claims of our shareholders. If the value of our assets increases, then leverage would cause the net asset value attributable to our common shares to increase more sharply than it would have had we not utilized leverage. Conversely, if the value of our assets decreases, leverage would cause net asset value to decline more sharply than it otherwise would have had we not utilized leverage. Similarly, any increase in our income in excess of interest payable on our indebtedness would cause our net investment income to increase more than it would without leverage,
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while any decrease in our income would cause net investment income to decline more sharply than it would have had we not utilized leverage. Such a decline could negatively affect our ability to make distributions to shareholders. Leverage is generally considered a speculative investment technique. In addition, the decision to utilize leverage will increase our assets and, as a result, will increase the amount of base management fees payable to FSEP II Advisor.
Changes in interest rates may affect our cost of capital and net investment income.
Because we intend to use debt to finance investments, our net investment income will depend, in part, upon the difference between the rate at which we borrow funds and the rate at which we invest those funds. As a result, we can offer no assurance that a significant change in market interest rates will not have a material adverse effect on our net investment income. In periods of rising interest rates when we have debt outstanding, our cost of funds will increase, which could reduce our net investment income. We expect that our long-term fixed-rate investments will be financed primarily with equity and long-term debt. We may use interest rate risk management techniques in an effort to limit our exposure to interest rate fluctuations. These techniques may include various interest rate hedging activities to the extent permitted by the 1940 Act. These activities may limit our ability to participate in the benefits of lower interest rates with respect to the hedged portion of our portfolio. Adverse developments resulting from changes in interest rates or hedging transactions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Also, we have limited experience in entering into hedging transactions, and we will initially have to develop such expertise or arrange for such expertise to be provided.
A rise in the general level of interest rates can be expected to lead to higher interest rates applicable to our debt investments. Accordingly, an increase in interest rates would make it easier for us to meet or exceed the incentive fee hurdle rate and may result in a substantial increase of the amount of incentive fees payable to FSEP II Advisor with respect to pre-incentive fee net investment income.
Risks Related to U.S. Federal Income Tax
We will be subject to corporate-level income tax if we are unable to qualify as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code or to satisfy RIC distribution requirements.
In order for us to maintain RIC tax treatment under Subchapter M of the Code, we must meet the following annual distribution, income source and asset diversification requirements. See "Item 1. Business—Taxation as a RIC."
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- The Annual Distribution Requirement for RIC tax treatment will be satisfied if we distribute to our shareholders, for each tax year, dividends of an amount at least equal to 90% of our "investment company taxable income," which is generally the sum of our net ordinary income and realized net short-term capital gains in excess of realized net long-term capital losses, without regard to any deduction for dividends paid. Because we may use debt financing, we are subject to an asset coverage ratio requirement under the 1940 Act and may in the future become subject to certain financial covenants under loan and credit agreements that could, under certain circumstances, restrict us from making distributions necessary to satisfy the Annual Distribution Requirement. If we are unable to obtain cash from other sources, we could fail to qualify for RIC tax treatment and thus become subject to corporate-level income tax.
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- The 90% Income Test will be satisfied if we obtain at least 90% of our gross income for each tax year from dividends, interest, gains from the sale of securities or similar sources.
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- The Diversification Test will be satisfied if we meet certain asset diversification requirements at the end of each quarter of our tax year. To satisfy these requirements, at least 50% of the value of our assets must consist of cash, cash equivalents, U.S. government securities, securities of other RICs and other securities if such securities of any one issuer do not represent more than 5% of the value of our assets or more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer; and no more than 25% of the value of our assets can be invested in the securities, other than U.S. government securities or securities of other RICs, of one issuer, of two or more issuers that are controlled, as determined under applicable Code rules, by us and that are
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engaged in the same or similar or related trades or businesses or of certain "qualified publicly traded partnerships." Failure to meet these requirements may result in our having to dispose of certain investments quickly in order to prevent the loss of RIC status. Because most of our investments will be in private companies, and therefore will be relatively illiquid, any such dispositions could be made at disadvantageous prices and could result in substantial losses.
We must satisfy these tests on an ongoing basis in order to maintain RIC tax treatment, and may be required to make distributions to shareholders at times when it would be more advantageous to invest cash in our existing or other investments, or when we do not have funds readily available for distribution. Compliance with the RIC tax requirements may hinder our ability to operate solely on the basis of maximizing profits and the value of our shareholders' investments. If we fail to qualify for or maintain RIC tax treatment for any reason and are subject to corporate income tax, the resulting corporate taxes could substantially reduce our net assets, the amount of income available for distribution and the amount of our distributions.
Some of our equity investments may be subject to corporate-level income tax.
We may invest in certain debt and equity investments through taxable subsidiaries and the net taxable income of these taxable subsidiaries will be subject to federal and state corporate income taxes. We may invest in certain foreign debt and equity investments which could be subject to foreign taxes (such as income tax, withholding, and value added taxes).
We may have difficulty paying our required distributions if we recognize income before or without receiving cash representing such income.
For U.S. federal income tax purposes, we may be required to recognize taxable income in circumstances in which we do not receive a corresponding payment in cash. For example, if we hold debt instruments that are treated under applicable tax rules as having original issue discount (such as debt instruments with PIK interest or, in certain cases, increasing interest rates or debt instruments that were issued with warrants), we must include in income each tax year a portion of the original issue discount that accrues over the life of the debt instrument, regardless of whether cash representing such income is received by us in the same tax year. We may also have to include in income other amounts that we have not yet received in cash, such as deferred loan origination fees that are paid after origination of the loan or are paid in non-cash compensation such as warrants or stock. We anticipate that a portion of our income may constitute original issue discount or other income required to be included in taxable income prior to receipt of cash. Further, we may elect to amortize market discount on debt instruments and currently include such amounts in our taxable income, instead of upon their sale or other disposition, as any failure to make such election would limit our ability to deduct interest expense for tax purposes.
Because any original issue discount or other amounts accrued will be included in our investment company taxable income for the tax year of the accrual, we may be required to make a distribution to our shareholders in order to satisfy the Annual Distribution Requirement, even though we will not have received any corresponding cash amount. As a result, we may have difficulty meeting the Annual Distribution Requirement necessary to maintain RIC tax treatment under Subchapter M of the Code. We may have to sell some of our investments at times and/or at prices we would not consider advantageous, raise additional debt or equity capital or forgo new investment opportunities for this purpose. If we are not able to obtain cash from other sources, we may fail to qualify for or maintain RIC tax treatment and thus become subject to corporate-level income tax.
Furthermore, we may invest in the equity securities of non-U.S. corporations (or other non-U.S. entities classified as corporations for U.S. federal income tax purposes) that could be treated under the Code and U.S. Treasury regulations as "passive foreign investment companies" and/or "controlled foreign corporations." The rules relating to investment in these types of non-U.S. entities are designed to ensure that U.S. taxpayers are either, in effect, taxed currently (or on an accelerated basis with respect to corporate level events) or taxed at increased tax rates at distribution or disposition. In certain circumstances, these rules also could require us to recognize taxable income or gains where we do not receive a corresponding payment in cash.
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Legislative or regulatory tax changes could adversely affect you.
At any time, the federal income tax laws governing RICs or the administrative interpretations of those laws or regulations may be amended. Any of those new laws, regulations or interpretations may take effect retroactively and could adversely affect the taxation of us or of you as a shareholder. In particular, recent legislative efforts to change or simplify tax laws, and increase corporate tax receipts could result in the enactment of proposals to eliminate "pass-through entities" for tax purposes. We cannot predict the likelihood of any such changes. Such legislation, if approved by Congress and enacted into law, could result in MLPs no longer being treated as partnerships for tax purposes and, instead, being taxed as corporations. Therefore, changes in tax laws, regulations or administrative interpretations or any amendments thereto could diminish the value of an investment in our shares or the value or the resale potential of our investments.
We may be adversely affected if an MLP or other non-corporate business structure in which we invest is treated as a corporation, rather than a partnership, for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
Our ability to meet our investment objectives will depend on the level of taxable income and distributions and dividends we receive from the MLPs and other Energy company securities in which we may invest, a factor over which we have no control. The benefit we derive from an investment in MLPs will be largely dependent on the MLPs being treated as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As a partnership, an MLP generally is not subject to any tax liability at the entity level. If, as a result of a change in current law or a change in an MLP's business, an MLP is treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, such MLP would be obligated to pay U.S. federal income tax on its income at the corporate tax rate. If an MLP were classified as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the amount of cash available for distribution would be reduced and distributions received by us would be taxed under U.S. federal income tax laws applicable to corporate distributions (as dividend income, return of capital or capital gain). Therefore, treatment of an MLP as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes would result in a reduction in the after-tax return to us, likely causing a reduction in the value of our common shares. In addition, if we receive Form 1065, Schedule K-1 from an MLP after having mailed Form 1099-DIVs to our shareholders, and our estimates with respect to the applicable MLP are determined to have been materially incorrect, we may be required to mail amended Form 1099-DIVs to our shareholders.
We may be adversely affected if an MLP or other non-corporate business structure in which we invest is unable to take advantage of certain tax deductions for U.S. federal income tax purposes and our income from investments in MLPs may exceed the cash received from such investments.
As a limited partner in the MLPs in which we will seek to invest, we will be deemed to have received our share of income, gains, losses, deductions and credits from those MLPs. Historically, a significant portion of income from MLPs has been offset by tax deductions. As a result, this income has been significantly lower than cash distributions paid by MLPs. We may incur a current tax liability on our share of an MLP's income and gains that is not offset by tax deductions, losses, and credits, or our net operating loss carryforwards, if any. The percentage of an MLP's income and gains which is offset by tax deductions, losses, and credits will fluctuate over time for various reasons. A significant slowdown in acquisition activity or capital spending by MLPs held in our portfolio could result in a reduction of accelerated depreciation generated by new acquisitions, which may result in an increase in our net ordinary income that we are required to distribute to shareholders to maintain our ability to be subject to tax as a RIC. If our income from our investments in MLPs exceeds the cash distributions received from such investments, we may need to obtain cash from other sources in order to satisfy the Annual Distribution Requirement. If we are unable to obtain cash from other sources, we may fail to qualify for RIC tax treatment and may become subject to corporate-level U.S. federal income tax. We may also recognize gain in excess of cash proceeds upon the sale of an interest in an MLP. Any such U.S. gain may need to be distributed or deemed distributed in order to avoid liability for corporate-level income or excise taxes on such gain.
Our portfolio investments may present special tax issues.
Investments in below-investment grade debt instruments and certain equity securities may present special tax issues for us. U.S. federal income tax rules are not entirely clear about issues such as when
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we may cease to accrue interest, original issue discount or market discount, when and to what extent deductions may be taken for bad debts or worthless debt in equity securities, how payments received on obligations in default should be allocated between principal and interest income, as well as whether exchanges of debt instruments in a bankruptcy or workout context are taxable. Such matters could cause us to recognize taxable income for U.S. federal income tax purposes, even in the absence of cash or economic gain, and require us to make taxable distributions to our shareholders to maintain our RIC status or preclude the imposition of either U.S. federal corporate income or excise taxation.
Additionally, because such taxable income may not be matched by corresponding cash received by us, we may be required to borrow money or dispose of other investments to be able to make distributions to our shareholders. These and other issues will be considered by us, to the extent determined necessary, in order that we minimize the level of any U.S. federal income or excise tax that we would otherwise incur.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.
Not applicable.
Item 2. Properties.
We do not own any real estate or other physical properties materially important to our operation. Our headquarters are located at 201 Rouse Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19112. We believe that our office facilities are suitable and adequate for our business as it is presently conducted.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings.
We are not currently subject to any material legal proceedings, nor, to our knowledge, is any material legal proceeding threatened against us. From time to time, we may be party to certain legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business, including proceedings relating to the enforcement of our rights under contracts with our portfolio companies. While the outcome of any legal proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, we do not expect that these proceedings will have a material adverse effect upon our financial condition or results of operations.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.
Not applicable.
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PART II
Many of the amounts and percentages presented in Part II have been rounded for convenience of presentation and all dollar amounts, excluding per share amounts, are presented in thousands unless otherwise noted.
Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.
Market Information
There is currently no market for our common shares, and we do not expect that a market for our common shares will develop in the foreseeable future. None of our shares have been authorized for issuance under any equity compensation plans. Under Delaware law, our shareholders generally will not be personally liable for our debts or obligations.
Set forth below is a chart describing the classes of our securities outstanding as of February 26, 2016:
| | | | | | | | | | |
(1) | | (2) | | (3) | | (4) | |
---|
Title of Class | | Amount Authorized | | Amount Held by Us or for Our Account | | Amount Outstanding Exclusive of Amount Under Column (3) | |
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Common Shares | | | 750,000,000 | | | — | | | 22,222.222 | |
As of February 26, 2016, we had two record holders of our common shares.
Share Repurchase Program
To provide our shareholders with limited liquidity, we intend to conduct quarterly tender offers pursuant to our share repurchase program.
Beginning with the first full calendar quarter following the date that we satisfy the minimum offering requirement, and on a quarterly basis thereafter, we intend to offer to repurchase common shares on such terms as may be determined by our board of trustees in its complete and absolute discretion unless, in the judgment of the independent trustees of our board of trustees, such repurchases would not be in the best interests of our shareholders or would violate applicable law. We intend to conduct such repurchase offers in accordance with the requirements of Rule 13e-4 promulgated under the Exchange Act and the 1940 Act. In months in which we repurchase common shares pursuant to our share repurchase program, we expect to conduct repurchases on the same date that we hold our first weekly closing in such month for the sale of common shares in this continuous public offering. Any offer to repurchase common shares will be conducted solely through tender offer materials mailed to each shareholder.
Our board of trustees will also consider the following factors, among others, in making its determination regarding whether to cause us to offer to repurchase common shares and under what terms:
- •
- the effect of such repurchases on our qualification as a RIC (including the consequences of any necessary asset sales);
- •
- the liquidity of our assets (including fees and costs associated with disposing of assets);
- •
- our investment plans and working capital requirements;
- •
- the relative economies of scale with respect to our size;
- •
- our history in repurchasing common shares or portions thereof; and
- •
- the condition of the securities markets.
We currently intend to limit the number of common shares to be repurchased during any calendar year to the number of common shares we can repurchase with the proceeds we receive from the issuance of common shares under our distribution reinvestment plan. Because our distribution reinvestment plan is structured as an "opt in" program that requires shareholders to affirmatively elect
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to have their cash distributions reinvested in additional common shares, such requirement may contribute to the illiquidity of our common shares. At the discretion of our board of trustees, we may also use cash on hand, cash available from borrowings and cash from the liquidation of investments as of the end of the applicable period to repurchase common shares. In addition, beginning with the first full calendar quarter in the year following the date that we satisfy the minimum offering requirement, we will limit the number of common shares to be repurchased in any calendar year to 10% of the weighted average number of common shares outstanding in the prior calendar year, or 2.5% in each calendar quarter, though the actual number of common shares that we offer to repurchase may be less in light of the limitations noted above. We intend to offer to repurchase common shares on each date of repurchase at the net offering price in effect on the date of repurchase. In months in which we repurchase common shares pursuant to our share repurchase program, we expect to conduct repurchases on the same date that we hold our first weekly closing in such month for the sale of common shares in our public offering. Our board of trustees may amend, suspend or terminate the share repurchase program at any time.
RIC Status and Distributions
We have elected to be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and intend to qualify annually, as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code. As a RIC, we generally will not have to pay corporate-level U.S. federal income taxes on any ordinary income or capital gains that we timely distribute each tax year as dividends to our shareholders. To maintain our qualification as a RIC, we must, among other things, meet certain source-of-income and asset diversification requirements. In addition, in order to maintain RIC tax treatment, we must distribute to our shareholders, for each tax year, dividends generally of an amount at least equal to 90% of our "investment company taxable income," which is generally the sum of our net ordinary income plus the excess, if any, of realized net short-term capital gains over realized net long-term capital losses, determined without regard to any deduction for dividends paid. We may maintain undistributed investment company taxable income and/or net capital gains at the close of a tax year. As long as the distributions at least equal to the amount and character of such undistributed investment company taxable income and/or net capital gains, as appropriate, are declared by the later of the fifteenth day of the ninth month following the close of a tax year or the due date of the tax return, including extensions for such tax year, distributions paid up to one year after the current tax year can be carried back to the prior tax year for determining the distributions paid in such tax year. We intend to make sufficient distributions to our shareholders to maintain our RIC tax treatment each tax year. We will also generally be subject to nondeductible U.S. federal excise taxes on certain undistributed income unless we distribute dividends in a timely manner to our shareholders generally of an amount at least equal to the sum of (1) 98% of our net ordinary income (taking into account certain deferrals and elections) for the calendar year, (2) 98.2% of our capital gain net income, which is the excess of capital gains over capital losses (as adjusted for certain ordinary losses) for the one year period ending October 31 of that calendar year and (3) any net ordinary income and capital gain net income for the preceding years that were not distributed during such years and on which we paid no U.S. federal income tax. Any distribution declared by us during October, November or December of any calendar year, payable to shareholders of record on a specified date in such a month and actually paid during January of the following calendar year, will be treated as if it had been paid by us, as well as received by our U.S. shareholders on December 31 of the calendar year in which the distribution was declared. We generally will endeavor in each tax year to avoid any material U.S. federal excise tax on our earnings.
Subject to our board of trustees' discretion and applicable legal restrictions, we intend to authorize and declare ordinary cash distributions on either a weekly, semi-monthly or monthly basis and pay such distributions on either a monthly or quarterly basis beginning no later than the first calendar quarter after the month in which the minimum offering requirement is met. We will calculate each shareholder's specific distribution amount for the period using record and declaration dates, and each shareholder's distributions will begin to accrue on the date we accept such shareholder's subscription for our common shares. From time to time, we may also pay special interim distributions in the form of cash or common shares at the discretion of our board of trustees. The timing and amount of any future distributions to shareholders are subject to applicable legal restrictions and the sole discretion of our board of trustees. We have not established limits on the amount of funds we may use from available sources to make distributions. For additional information regarding our distributions, see "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—RIC Tax Treatment and Distributions."
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Item 6. Selected Financial Data
The following selected financial data for the year ended December 31, 2015 and for the period from February 6, 2014 (Inception) to December 31, 2014 is derived from our financial statements which have been audited by RSM US LLP (formerly McGladrey LLP through October 25, 2015), or RSM, our independent registered public accounting firm. The data should be read in conjunction with "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and our financial statements and notes thereto included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 10-K.
| | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended December 31, 2015 | | Period from February 6, 2014 (Inception) to December 31, 2014 | |
---|
Balance sheet data: | | | | | | | |
Total assets | | $ | 200 | | $ | 200 | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Total net assets | | $ | 200 | | $ | 200 | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
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Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and the related notes thereto included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 10-K.
Forward-Looking Statements
Some of the statements in this annual report on Form 10-K constitute forward-looking statements because they relate to future events or our future performance or financial condition. The forward-looking statements contained in this annual report on Form 10-K may include statements as to:
- •
- our future operating results;
- •
- our business prospects and the prospects of the companies in which we may invest;
- •
- the impact of the investments that we expect to make;
- •
- the ability of our portfolio companies to achieve their objectives;
- •
- our expected financing arrangements and investments;
- •
- changes in the general interest rate environment;
- •
- the adequacy of our cash resources, financing sources and working capital;
- •
- the timing and amount of cash flows, distributions and dividends, if any, from our portfolio companies;
- •
- our contractual arrangements and relationships with third parties;
- •
- actual and potential conflicts of interest with FSEP II Advisor, FB Income Advisor, LLC, FSIC II Advisor, LLC, FSIC III Advisor, LLC, FSIC IV Advisor, LLC, FS Investment Advisor, LLC, FS Global Advisor, LLC, FS Investment Corporation, FS Investment Corporation II, FS Investment Corporation III, FS Investment Corporation IV, FS Energy and Power Fund, FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund, GSO or any of their affiliates;
- •
- the dependence of our future success on the general economy and its effect on the industries in which we may invest;
- •
- our use of financial leverage;
- •
- the ability of FSEP II Advisor to locate suitable investments for us and to monitor and administer our investments;
- •
- the ability of FSEP II Advisor or its affiliates to attract and retain highly talented professionals;
- •
- our ability to maintain our qualification as a RIC and as a BDC;
- •
- the impact on our business of the Dodd-Frank Act and the rules and regulations issued thereunder;
- •
- the effect of changes to tax legislation and our tax position; and
- •
- the tax status of the enterprises in which we may invest.
In addition, words such as "anticipate," "believe," "expect" and "intend" indicate a forward-looking statement, although not all forward-looking statements include these words. The forward-looking statements contained in this annual report on Form 10-K involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those implied or expressed in the forward-looking statements for any reason, including those factors set forth in "Item 1A. Risk Factors." Other factors that could cause actual results to differ materially include:
- •
- changes in the economy;
- •
- risks associated with possible disruption in our operations or the economy generally due to terrorism or natural disasters; and
- •
- future changes in laws or regulations and conditions in our operating areas.
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We have based the forward-looking statements included in this annual report on Form 10-K on information available to us on the date of this annual report on Form 10-K. Except as required by the federal securities laws, we undertake no obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. Shareholders are advised to consult any additional disclosures that we may make directly to shareholders or through reports that we may file in the future with the SEC, including annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K. The forward-looking statements and projections contained in this annual report on Form 10-K are excluded from the safe harbor protection provided by Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Exchange Act.
Overview
We were formed as a Delaware statutory trust under the Delaware Statutory Trust Act on February 6, 2014 and will not formally commence investment operations until we raise gross proceeds in excess of $1,000 from sales of our common shares in our continuous public offering, all of which must be from persons who are not affiliated with us or FSEP II Advisor. We are an externally managed, non-diversified, closed-end management investment company that has elected to be regulated as a BDC under the 1940 Act and has elected to be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and intends to qualify annually, as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code.
Our investment activities will be managed by FSEP II Advisor and supervised by our board of trustees, a majority of whom are independent. Under the investment advisory and administrative services agreement, we have agreed to pay FSEP II Advisor an annual base management fee based on the average weekly value of our gross assets and an incentive fee based on our performance. FSEP II Advisor has engaged GSO to act as our investment sub-adviser. GSO will assist FSEP II Advisor in identifying investment opportunities and will make investment recommendations for approval by FSEP II Advisor according to guidelines set by FSEP II Advisor.
Our investment policy will be to invest, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of our total assets in securities of Energy companies. This investment policy may not be changed without at least 60 days' prior notice to holders of our common shares of any such change.
Our investment objective is to generate current income and long-term capital appreciation. We have identified and intend to focus on the following investment categories, which we believe will allow us to generate an attractive total return with an acceptable level of risk.
Direct Originations: We intend to leverage our relationship with GSO and its global sourcing and origination platform including its industry relationships, to directly source investment opportunities. Such investments will be originated or structured for us or made by us and will not be generally available to the broader market. These investments may include both debt and equity components, although we do not expect to make equity investments (other than income-oriented equity investments) independent of having an existing credit relationship. We believe directly originated investments may offer higher returns and more favorable protections than broadly syndicated transactions.
Opportunistic: We intend to seek to capitalize on market price inefficiencies by investing in loans, bonds and other securities where the market price of such investment reflects a lower value than deemed warranted by our fundamental analysis. We believe that market price inefficiencies may occur due to, among other things, general dislocations in the markets, a misunderstanding by the market of a particular company or an Energy industry sub-sector being out of favor with the broader investment community. We will seek to allocate capital to these securities that have been misunderstood or mispriced by the market and where we believe there is an opportunity to earn an attractive return on our investment. Such opportunities may include both event driven investments and anchor orders.
In the case of event driven investments, we intend to take advantage of dislocations that arise in the markets due to an impending event and where the market's apparent expectation of value differs substantially from our fundamental analysis. Such events may include a looming debt maturity or default, a merger, spin-off or other corporate reorganization, an adverse regulatory or legal ruling, or a material contract expiration, any of which may significantly improve or impair a company's financial position. Compared to other investment strategies, event driven investing depends more heavily on our ability to successfully predict the outcome of an individual event rather than on underlying
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macroeconomic fundamentals. As a result, successful event driven strategies may offer both substantial diversification benefits and the ability to generate performance in uncertain market environments.
We may also invest in certain opportunities that are originated and then syndicated by a commercial or investment bank but where we provide a capital commitment significantly above the average syndicate participant, i.e., an anchor order. In these types of investments, we may receive fees, preferential pricing or other benefits not available to other lenders in return for our significant capital commitment. Our decision to provide an anchor order to a syndicated transaction will be predicated on a rigorous credit analysis, our familiarity with a particular company, Energy industry sub-sector or financial sponsor, and the broader investment experiences of FSEP II Advisor and GSO.
Broadly Syndicated/Other: Although our primary focus will be to invest in directly originated transactions and opportunistic investments, in certain circumstances we will also invest in the broadly syndicated loan and high yield markets. Broadly syndicated loans and bonds are generally more liquid than our directly originated investments and will provide a complement to our less liquid strategies. In addition, and because we expect to typically receive more attractive financing terms on these positions than we would on our less liquid assets, we expect to be able to leverage the broadly syndicated portion of our portfolio in such a way that will maximize the levered return potential of our portfolio.
We anticipate that our portfolio will be comprised primarily of income-oriented securities, which refers to debt securities and income-oriented preferred and common equity interests, of privately-held Energy companies within the United States. We intend to weight our portfolio towards senior and subordinated debt. In addition to investments purchased from dealers or other investors in the secondary market, we expect to invest in primary market transactions and directly originated investments as this will provide us with the ability to tailor investments to best match a project's or company's needs with our investment objectives. Our portfolio may also be comprised of select income-oriented preferred or common equity interests, which refers to equity interests that pay consistent, high-yielding dividends, that we believe will produce both current income and long-term capital appreciation. These income-oriented preferred or common equity interests may include interests in MLPs. In connection with certain of our future debt investments, we may on occasion receive equity interests such as warrants or options as additional consideration. In addition, a portion of our portfolio may be comprised of minority interests in the form of common or preferred equity or other equity-related securities, such as rights and warrants that may be converted into or exchanged for common stock or other equity or the cash value of common stock, in our target companies, as well as derivatives, including total return swaps and credit default swaps. Upon satisfying the minimum offering requirement, we will commence investment operations and investors will be subject to the fees and expenses disclosed in this prospectus. Prior to raising sufficient capital, we may make smaller investments than we expect to make once we raise sufficient capital due to liquidity constraints. Once we raise sufficient capital, we expect that our investments will generally range between $5,000 and $75,000 each, although investments may vary proportionately as the size of our capital base changes and will ultimately be made at the discretion of FSEP II Advisor, subject to oversight by our board of trustees.
Revenues
The principal measure of our financial performance will be net increase in net assets resulting from operations, which includes net investment income, net realized gain or loss on investments, net realized gain or loss on foreign currency, net unrealized appreciation or depreciation on investments and net unrealized gain or loss on foreign currency. Net investment income is the difference between our income from interest, dividends, fees and other investment income and our operating and other expenses. Net realized gain or loss on investments is the difference between the proceeds received from dispositions of portfolio investments and their amortized cost, including the respective realized gain or loss on foreign currency for those foreign denominated investment transactions. Net realized gain or loss on foreign currency is the portion of realized gain or loss attributable to foreign currency fluctuations. Net unrealized appreciation or depreciation on investments is the net change in the fair value of our investment portfolio, including the respective unrealized gain or loss on foreign currency for those foreign denominated investments. Net unrealized gain or loss on foreign currency is the net change in the value of receivables or accruals due to the impact of foreign currency fluctuations.
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We plan to generate revenues in the form of interest income on the debt investments we anticipate holding. We may also generate revenues in the form of dividends and other distributions on the equity or other securities we anticipate holding. In addition, we may generate revenues in the form of non-recurring commitment, closing, origination, structuring or diligence fees, fees for providing managerial assistance, consulting fees, prepayment fees and performance-based fees. Any such fees generated in connection with our investments will be recognized as earned.
Expenses
Our primary operating expenses will be the payment of management and incentive fees and other expenses under the investment advisory and administrative services agreement, interest expense from financing arrangements and other expenses necessary for our operations. The management and incentive fees will compensate FSEP II Advisor for its work in identifying, evaluating, negotiating, executing, monitoring and servicing our investments. FSEP II Advisor will be responsible for compensating our investment sub-adviser.
We will reimburse FSEP II Advisor for expenses necessary to perform services related to our administration and operations, including FSEP II Advisor's allocable portion of the compensation and related expenses of certain personnel of Franklin Square Holdings providing administrative services to us on behalf of FSEP II Advisor. Such services will include the provision of general ledger accounting, fund accounting, legal services, investor relations and other administrative services. FSEP II Advisor also will perform, or oversee the performance of, our corporate operations and required administrative services, which includes being responsible for the financial records that we are required to maintain and preparing reports for our shareholders and reports filed with the SEC. In addition, FSEP II Advisor will assist us in calculating our net asset value, overseeing the preparation and filing of tax returns and the printing and dissemination of reports to our shareholders, and generally overseeing the payment of our expenses and the performance of administrative and professional services rendered to us by others. See "—Related Party Transactions" for additional information regarding the reimbursements payable to FSEP II Advisor for administrative services.
The amount of the reimbursement payable to FSEP II Advisor will be the lesser of (1) FSEP II Advisor's actual costs incurred in providing such services and (2) the amount that we estimate we would be required to pay alternative service providers for comparable services in the same geographic location. FSEP II Advisor will be required to allocate the cost of such services to us based on factors such as assets, revenues, time allocations and/or other reasonable metrics. Our board of trustees will review the methodology employed in determining how the expenses are allocated to us and the proposed allocation of the administrative expenses among us and certain affiliates of FSEP II Advisor. Our board of trustees will then assess the reasonableness of such reimbursements for expenses allocated to us based on the breadth, depth and quality of such services as compared to the estimated cost to us of obtaining similar services from third-party service providers known to be available. In addition, our board of trustees will consider whether any single third-party service provider would be capable of providing all such services at comparable cost and quality. Finally, our board of trustees will, among other things, compare the total amount paid to FSEP II Advisor for such services as a percentage of our net assets to the same ratio as reported by other comparable BDCs. We will not reimburse FSEP II Advisor for any services for which it receives a separate fee, or for rent, depreciation, utilities, capital equipment or other administrative items allocated to a controlling person of FSEP II Advisor.
We will bear all other expenses of our operations and transactions, including (without limitation) fees and expenses relating to:
- •
- corporate and organization expenses relating to offerings of our common shares, subject to limitations included in the investment advisory and administrative services agreement;
- •
- the cost of calculating our net asset value, including the cost of any third-party pricing or valuation services;
- •
- the cost of effecting sales and repurchases of our common shares and other securities;
- •
- investment advisory fees;
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- •
- fees payable to third parties relating to, or associated with, making investments and valuing investments, including fees and expenses associated with performing due diligence reviews of prospective investments;
- •
- interest payments on our debt or related obligations;
- •
- research and market data (including news and quotation equipment and services, and any computer hardware and connectivity hardware (e.g., telephone and fiber optic lines) incorporated into the cost of obtaining such research and market data);
- •
- transfer agent and custodial fees;
- •
- fees and expenses associated with marketing efforts;
- •
- federal and state registration fees;
- •
- federal, state and local taxes;
- •
- annual fees of the Delaware trustee;
- •
- fees and expenses of trustees not also serving in an executive officer capacity for us or FSEP II Advisor;
- •
- costs of proxy statements, shareholders' reports and notices and other filings;
- •
- fidelity bond, trustees and officers/errors and omissions liability insurance and other insurance premiums;
- •
- direct costs such as printing, mailing, long distance telephone and staff;
- •
- fees and expenses associated with accounting, corporate governance, independent audits and outside legal costs;
- •
- costs associated with our reporting and compliance obligations under the 1940 Act and applicable federal and state securities laws, including compliance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act;
- •
- brokerage commissions for our investments; and
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- all other expenses incurred by FSEP II Advisor, GSO or us in connection with administering our business, including expenses incurred by FSEP II Advisor or GSO in performing administrative services for us and administrative personnel paid by FSEP II Advisor or GSO, to the extent they are not controlling persons of FSEP II Advisor, GSO or any of their respective affiliates, subject to the limitations included in the investment advisory and administrative services agreement.
In addition, we have contracted with State Street to provide various accounting and administrative services, including, but not limited to, preparing preliminary financial information for review by FSEP II Advisor, preparing and monitoring expense budgets, maintaining accounting and corporate books and records, processing trade information provided by us and performing testing with respect to RIC compliance.
Expense Reimbursement
Pursuant to the expense reimbursement agreement, Franklin Square Holdings has agreed to reimburse us for expenses in an amount that is sufficient to ensure that no portion of our distributions to shareholders will be paid from our offering proceeds or borrowings. However, because certain investments we may make, including preferred and common equity investments, may generate dividends and other distributions to us that are treated for tax purposes as a return of capital, a portion of our distributions to shareholders may also be deemed to constitute a return of capital for tax purposes to the extent that we may use such dividends or other distribution proceeds to fund our distributions to shareholders. Under those circumstances, Franklin Square Holdings will not reimburse us for the portion of such distributions to shareholders that represent a return of capital for tax purposes.
Under the expense reimbursement agreement, Franklin Square Holdings will reimburse us quarterly for expenses in an amount equal to the difference between our cumulative distributions paid to our shareholders in each quarter, less the sum of our investment company taxable income, net capital gains and dividends and other distributions paid to us on account of preferred and common
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equity investments in portfolio companies (to the extent such amounts are not included in net investment company taxable income or net capital gains) in each quarter.
Pursuant to the expense reimbursement agreement, we have a conditional obligation to reimburse Franklin Square Holdings for any amounts funded by Franklin Square Holdings under such agreement if (and only to the extent that), during any fiscal quarter occurring within three years of the date on which Franklin Square Holdings funded such amount, the sum of our net investment company taxable income, net capital gains and the amount of any dividends and other distributions paid to us on account of preferred and common equity investments in portfolio companies (to the extent not included in net investment company taxable income or net capital gains) exceeds the cumulative ordinary cash distributions paid by us to our shareholders during such quarter; provided, however, that (i) we will only reimburse Franklin Square Holdings for expense support payments made by Franklin Square Holdings with respect to any calendar quarter to the extent that the payment of such reimbursement (together with any other reimbursement paid during such fiscal year) does not cause "other operating expenses" (as defined below) (on an annualized basis and net of any expense support payments received by us during such fiscal year) to exceed the lesser of (A) 1.75% of our average net assets attributable to our common shares for the fiscal year-to-date period after taking such payments into account and (B) the percentage of our average net assets attributable to our common shares represented by "other operating expenses" during the fiscal year in which such expense support payment from Franklin Square Holdings was made (provided, however, that this clause (B) shall not apply to any reimbursement payment which relates to an expense support payment from Franklin Square Holdings made during the same fiscal year); and (ii) we will not reimburse Franklin Square Holdings for expense support payments made by Franklin Square Holdings for any calendar quarter if the annualized rate of regular cash distributions declared by us at the time of such reimbursement payment is less than the annualized rate of regular cash distributions declared by us at the time Franklin Square Holdings made the expense support payment to which such reimbursement payment relates. We are not obligated to pay interest on the reimbursements we are required to make to Franklin Square Holdings under the expense reimbursement agreement. "Other operating expenses" means our total "operating expenses" (as defined below), excluding base management fees, incentive fees, organization and offering costs, financing fees and costs, interest expense, brokerage commissions and extraordinary expenses. "Operating expenses" means all operating costs and expenses incurred, as determined in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP, for investment companies.
Franklin Square Holdings has indicated that it expects to continue such reimbursements until it deems that we have achieved economies of scale sufficient to ensure that we bear a reasonable level of expenses in relation to our income.
The specific amount of expenses reimbursed by Franklin Square Holdings pursuant to the expense reimbursement agreement, if any, will be determined at the end of each quarter. We or Franklin Square Holdings may terminate the expense reimbursement agreement at any time. Upon termination of the expense reimbursement agreement by Franklin Square Holdings, Franklin Square Holdings will be required to fund any amounts accrued thereunder as of the date of termination. Similarly, our conditional obligation to reimburse Franklin Square Holdings pursuant to the terms of the expense reimbursement agreement shall survive the termination of such agreement by either party.
Franklin Square Holdings is controlled by our chairman, president and chief executive officer, Michael C. Forman, and our vice-chairman, David J. Adelman. There can be no assurance that the expense reimbursement agreement will remain in effect or that Franklin Square Holdings will reimburse any portion of our expenses in future quarters.
Portfolio Investment Activity for the Year Ended December 31, 2015 and for the Period from February 6, 2014 (Inception) to December 31, 2014
For the year ended December 31, 2015 and for the period from February 6, 2014 (Inception) to December 31, 2014, we did not make or sell any investments.
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Financial Condition, Liquidity and Capital Resources
We intend to generate cash primarily from the net proceeds of our continuous public offering and from cash flows from fees, interest and dividends earned from our investments, as well as principal repayments and proceeds from sales of our investments. Immediately after we satisfy the minimum offering requirement, gross subscription funds will total at least $1,000. Subsequent to satisfying the minimum offering requirement, we will sell our common shares on a continuous basis at an initial offering price of $10.60 per share. We will accept subscriptions on a continuous basis and issue common shares at weekly closings at prices that, after deducting upfront selling commissions, if any, must be above our net asset value per share. In connection with each weekly closing, our board of trustees or a committee thereof is required, within 48 hours of the time that each closing and sale is made, to make the determination that we are not selling common shares at a price per share which, after deducting upfront selling commissions, if any, is below our then-current net asset value per share.
Prior to investing in securities of portfolio companies, we will invest the net proceeds from our continuous public offering and from any sales and paydowns of our existing investments primarily in cash, cash equivalents, U.S. government securities, repurchase agreements and high-quality debt instruments maturing in one year or less from the time of investment, consistent with our BDC election and our election to be taxed as a RIC.
We may borrow funds to make investments, including before we have fully invested the proceeds from our continuous public offering, to the extent we determine that additional capital would allow us to take advantage of additional investment opportunities, if the market for debt financing presents attractively priced debt financing opportunities, or if our board of trustees determines that leveraging our portfolio would be in our best interests and the best interests of our shareholders. However, we have not currently decided whether, and to what extent, we will finance portfolio investments using debt. We do not currently anticipate issuing any preferred shares.
Capital Contributions by Franklin Square Holdings
In April 2014, pursuant to a private placement, Michael C. Forman and David J. Adelman, the co-founders of Franklin Square Holdings, contributed an aggregate of $200 to purchase approximately 22,222 common shares at $9.00 per share. Messrs. Forman and Adelman have agreed not to tender these common shares for repurchase as long as FSEP II Advisor remains our investment adviser.
RIC Status and Distributions
We have elected to be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and intend to qualify annually, as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code. As a RIC, we generally will not have to pay corporate-level U.S. federal income taxes on any ordinary income or capital gains that we timely distribute each tax year as dividends to our shareholders. To maintain our qualification as a RIC, we must, among other things, meet certain source-of-income and asset diversification requirements. In addition, in order to maintain RIC tax treatment, we must distribute to our shareholders, for each tax year, dividends generally of an amount at least equal to 90% of our "investment company taxable income," which is generally the sum of our net ordinary income plus the excess, if any, of realized net short-term capital gains over realized net long-term capital losses, determined without regard to any deduction for dividends paid. In addition, we may, in certain cases, satisfy the Annual Distribution Requirement by distributing dividends relating to a tax year after the close of such tax year under the "spillover dividend" provisions of Subchapter M of the Code. If we distribute a spillover dividend, such dividend will be included in a shareholder's gross income for the tax year in which the spillover distribution is paid. We intend to make sufficient distributions to our shareholders to maintain our RIC tax treatment each tax year. We will also be subject to nondeductible U.S. federal excise taxes on certain undistributed income unless we distribute dividends in a timely manner to our shareholders of an amount at least equal to the sum of (1) 98% of our net ordinary income (taking into account certain deferrals and elections) for the calendar year, (2) 98.2% of our capital gain net income, which is the excess of capital gains over capital losses (as adjusted for certain ordinary losses) for the one-year period ending October 31 of that calendar year and (3) any ordinary income and capital gain net income for the preceding years that were not distributed during such years and on which we paid no U.S. federal income tax. Any distribution declared by us during October, November or December of
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any calendar year, payable to shareholders of record on a specified date in such a month and actually paid during January of the following calendar year, will be treated as if it had been paid by us, as well as received by our U.S. shareholders, on December 31 of the calendar year in which the distribution was declared. We generally will endeavor in each tax year to avoid any material U.S. federal excise tax on our earnings.
Subject to our board of trustees' discretion and applicable legal restrictions, we intend to authorize and declare ordinary cash distributions on either a weekly, semi-monthly or monthly basis and pay such distributions on either a monthly or quarterly basis beginning no later than the first calendar quarter after the month in which the minimum offering requirement is met. We will calculate each shareholder's specific distribution amount for the period using record and declaration dates, and each shareholder's distributions will begin to accrue on the date we accept such shareholder's subscription for our common shares. From time to time, we may also pay special interim distributions in the form of cash or common shares at the discretion of our board of trustees. The timing and amount of any future distributions to shareholders are subject to applicable legal restrictions and the sole discretion of our board of trustees. We have not established limits on the amount of funds we may use from available sources to make distributions.
During certain periods, our distributions may exceed our earnings, especially during the period before we have substantially invested the proceeds from our continuous public offering of our common shares. As a result, it is possible that a portion of the distributions we make will represent a return of capital. Notice to shareholders will be provided in accordance with Section 19(a) of the 1940 Act with respect to any portion of our distributions not derived from our net investment income. A return of capital generally is a return of a shareholder's investment rather than a return of earnings or gains derived from our investment activities and will be made after deducting the fees and expenses payable in connection with our continuous public offering, including any fees payable to FSEP II Advisor. Moreover, a return of capital will generally not be taxable, but will reduce each shareholder's cost basis in our common shares, and will result in a higher reported capital gain or lower reported capital loss when the common shares on which such return of capital was received is sold. Each year a statement on Form 1099-DIV identifying the sources of the distributions will be mailed to our shareholders.
We intend to make our ordinary distributions in the form of cash out of assets legally available for distribution, unless shareholders elect to receive their distributions in additional common shares under our distribution reinvestment plan. Although distributions paid in the form of additional common shares will generally be subject to U.S. federal, state and local taxes in the same manner as cash distributions, shareholders who elect to participate in our distribution reinvestment plan will not receive any corresponding cash distributions with which to pay any such applicable taxes. Shareholders receiving distributions in the form of additional common shares will generally be treated as receiving a distribution in the amount of the fair market value of our common shares.
We have adopted an "opt in" distribution reinvestment plan for our shareholders. As a result, if we make a cash distribution, our shareholders will receive the distribution in cash unless they specifically "opt in" to the distribution reinvestment plan so as to have their cash distribution reinvested in additional common shares. However, certain state authorities or regulators may impose restrictions from time to time that may prevent or limit a shareholder's ability to participate in our distribution reinvestment plan.
We may fund our cash distributions to shareholders from any sources of funds legally available to us, including offering proceeds, borrowings, net investment income from operations, capital gains proceeds from the sale of assets, non-capital gains proceeds from the sale of assets, dividends or other distributions paid to us on account of preferred and common equity investments in portfolio companies and expense reimbursements and other related payments from Franklin Square Holdings. We have not established limits on the amount of funds we may use from available sources to make distributions.
We expect that for a period of time following commencement of our continuous public offering, which time period may be significant, substantial portions of our distributions may be funded through the reimbursement of certain expenses by Franklin Square Holdings and its affiliates, including through the waiver of certain investment advisory fees by FSEP II Advisor, that are subject to repayment by us within three years. The purpose of this arrangement is to ensure that no portion of our distributions to shareholders will be paid from offering proceeds or borrowings. Any such distributions funded through
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expense reimbursements or waivers of advisory fees will not be based on our investment performance, and can only be sustained if we achieve positive investment performance in future periods and/or Franklin Square Holdings and its affiliates continue to make such reimbursements or waivers of such fees. Our future repayments of amounts reimbursed or waived by Franklin Square Holdings or its affiliates will reduce the distributions that shareholders would otherwise receive in the future. There can be no assurance that we will achieve the performance necessary to be able to pay distributions at a specific rate or at all. Franklin Square Holdings and its affiliates, including FSEP II Advisor, have no obligation to waive advisory fees or otherwise reimburse expenses in future periods.
The determination of the tax attributes of our distributions will be made annually as of the end of our fiscal year based upon our taxable income for the full year and distributions paid for the full year. The actual tax characteristics of distributions to shareholders will be reported to shareholders annually on Form 1099-DIV.
Critical Accounting Policies
Our financial statements are prepared in conformity with GAAP, which requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Critical accounting policies are those that require the application of management's most difficult, subjective or complex judgments, often because of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain and that may change in subsequent periods. In preparing the financial statements, management will make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. In preparing the financial statements, management also will utilize available information, including our past history, industry standards and the current economic environment, among other factors, in forming its estimates and judgments, giving due consideration to materiality. Actual results may differ from these estimates. In addition, other companies may utilize different estimates, which may impact the comparability of our results of operations to those of companies in similar businesses. As we execute our expected operating plans, we will describe additional critical accounting policies in the notes to our future financial statements in addition to those discussed below.
Valuation of Portfolio Investments
We intend to determine the net asset value of our investment portfolio each quarter. Securities are valued at fair value as determined in good faith by our board of trustees. In connection with that determination, we expect that FSEP II Advisor will provide our board of trustees with portfolio company valuations which are based on relevant inputs, including, but not limited to, indicative dealer quotes, values of like securities, recent portfolio company financial statements and forecasts, and valuations prepared by independent third-party valuation services.
Accounting Standards Codification Topic 820,Fair Value Measurements and Disclosure, or ASC Topic 820, issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, clarifies the definition of fair value and requires companies to expand their disclosure about the use of fair value to measure assets and liabilities in interim and annual periods subsequent to initial recognition. ASC Topic 820 defines fair value as the price that would be received from the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. ASC Topic 820 also establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value. These tiers include: Level 1, defined as observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets; Level 2, which includes inputs such as quoted prices for similar securities in active markets and quoted prices for identical securities where there is little or no activity in the market; and Level 3, defined as unobservable inputs for which little or no market data exists, therefore requiring an entity to develop its own assumptions.
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With respect to investments for which market quotations are not readily available, we intend to undertake a multi-step valuation process each quarter, as described below:
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- our quarterly fair valuation process will begin with FSEP II Advisor's management team reviewing and documenting valuations of each portfolio company or investment, which valuations may be obtained from an independent third-party valuation service, if applicable;
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- FSEP II Advisor's management team will then provide the valuation committee with the preliminary valuations for each portfolio company or investment;
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- preliminary valuations will then be discussed with the valuation committee;
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- the valuation committee will review the preliminary valuations and FSEP II Advisor's management team, together with our independent third-party valuation services, if applicable, will supplement the preliminary valuations to reflect any comments provided by the valuation committee;
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- following its review, the valuation committee will recommend that our board of trustees approve our fair valuations; and
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- our board of trustees will discuss the valuations and determine the fair value of each such investment in our portfolio in good faith based on various statistical and other factors, including the input and recommendation of FSEP II Advisor, the valuation committee and any independent third-party valuation services, if applicable.
Determination of fair value involves subjective judgments and estimates. Accordingly, these notes to our financial statements will refer to the uncertainty with respect to the possible effect of such valuations and any change in such valuations on our financial statements. In making its determination of fair value, our board of trustees may use any approved independent third-party pricing or valuation services. However, our board of trustees will not be required to determine fair value in accordance with the valuation provided by any single source, and may use any relevant data, including information obtained from FSEP II Advisor or any approved independent third-party valuation or pricing service that our board of trustees deems to be reliable in determining fair value under the circumstances. Below is a description of factors that FSEP II Advisor's management team, any approved independent third-party valuation services and our board of trustees may consider when determining the fair value of our investments.
Valuation of fixed income investments, such as loans and debt securities, will depend upon a number of factors, including prevailing interest rates for like securities, expected volatility in future interest rates, call features, put features and other relevant terms of the debt. For investments without readily available market prices, we may incorporate these factors into discounted cash flow models to arrive at fair value. Other factors that may be considered include the borrower's ability to adequately service its debt, the fair market value of the borrower in relation to the face amount of its outstanding debt and the quality of collateral securing our debt investments.
For convertible debt securities, fair value will generally approximate the fair value of the debt plus the fair value of an option to purchase the underlying security (the security into which the debt may convert) at the conversion price. To value such an option, a standard option pricing model may be used.
Our equity interests in portfolio companies for which there is no liquid public market will be valued at fair value. Our board of trustees, in its determination of fair value, may consider various factors, such as multiples of earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, or EBITDA, cash flows, net income, revenues or, in limited instances, book value or liquidation value. All of these factors may be subject to adjustments based upon the particular circumstances of a portfolio company or our actual investment position. For example, adjustments to EBITDA may take into account compensation to previous owners or acquisition, recapitalization, restructuring or other related items.
FSEP II Advisor's management team, any approved independent third-party valuation services and our board of trustees may also consider private merger and acquisition statistics, public trading multiples discounted for illiquidity and other factors, valuations implied by third-party investments in the portfolio companies or industry practices in determining fair value. FSEP II Advisor's management
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team, any approved independent third-party valuation services and our board of trustees may also consider the size and scope of a portfolio company and its specific strengths and weaknesses, and may apply discounts or premiums, where and as appropriate, due to the higher (or lower) financial risk and/or the smaller size of portfolio companies relative to comparable firms, as well as such other factors as our board of trustees, in consultation with FSEP II Advisor's management team and any approved independent third-party valuation services, if applicable, may consider relevant in assessing fair value.
Generally, the value of our equity interests in public companies for which market quotations are readily available is based upon the most recent closing public market price. Portfolio securities that carry certain restrictions on sale will typically be valued at a discount from the public market value of the security.
If we receive warrants or other equity securities at nominal or no additional cost in connection with an investment in a debt security, the cost basis in the investment will be allocated between the debt securities and any such warrants or other equity securities received at the time of origination. Our board of trustees will subsequently value these warrants or other equity securities received at their fair value.
The fair values of our investments will be determined in good faith by our board of trustees. Our board of trustees will be solely responsible for the valuation of our portfolio investments at fair value as determined in good faith pursuant to our valuation policy and consistently applied valuation process. Our board of trustees will delegate day-to-day responsibility for implementing our valuation policy to FSEP II Advisor's management team, and will authorize FSEP II Advisor's management team to utilize independent third-party valuation and pricing services that have been approved by our board of trustees. The valuation committee will be responsible for overseeing FSEP II Advisor's implementation of the valuation process. We intend to value all of our Level 2 and Level 3 assets by using the midpoint of the prevailing bid and ask prices from dealers on the date of the relevant period end which will be provided by independent third-party pricing services and screened for validity by such services. For investments for which third-party pricing services are unable to obtain quoted prices, we intend to obtain bid and ask prices directly from dealers who make a market in such investments. To the extent that we hold investments for which no active secondary market exists and, therefore, no bid and ask prices can be readily obtained, our valuation committee will utilize independent third-party valuation services to value such investments on a quarterly basis.
We will periodically benchmark the bid and ask prices we receive from third-party pricing services and/or dealers, as applicable, against the actual prices at which we purchase and sell our investments. We may also use other methods including the use of independent valuation firms, to determine fair value for securities for which we cannot obtain prevailing bid and ask prices through third-party pricing services or independent dealers or where our board of trustees otherwise may determine that the use of such other methods is appropriate. We will periodically benchmark the valuations provided by the independent valuation firms against the actual prices at which we purchase and sell our investments. We believe that these prices will be reliable indicators of fair value. The valuation committee and board of trustees will review and approve the valuation determinations made with respect to these investments in a manner consistent with our valuation policy.
Revenue Recognition
We expect that security transactions will be accounted for on the trade date. We will record interest income on an accrual basis to the extent that we expect to collect such amounts. We will record dividend income on the ex-dividend date. We will not accrue as a receivable interest or dividends on loans and securities if we have reason to doubt our ability to collect such income. Our policy will be to place investments on non-accrual status when there is reasonable doubt that interest income will be collected. We will consider many factors relevant to an investment when placing it on or removing it from non-accrual status including, but not limited to, the delinquency status of the investment, economic and business conditions, the overall financial condition of the underlying investment, the value of the underlying collateral, bankruptcy status, if any, and any other facts or circumstances relevant to the investment. If there is reasonable doubt that we will receive any previously accrued interest, then the interest income will be written-off. Payments received on non-accrual investments may
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be recognized as income or applied to principal depending upon the collectability of the remaining principal and interest. Non-accrual investments may be restored to accrual status when principal and interest become current and are likely to remain current based on our judgment.
Loan origination fees, original issue discount and market discount will be capitalized and we will amortize such amounts as interest income over the respective term of the loan or security. Upon the prepayment of a loan or security, any unamortized loan origination fees and original issue discount will be recorded as interest income. Structuring and other non-recurring upfront fees will be recorded as fee income when earned. We will record prepayment premiums on loans and securities as fee income when we receive such amounts.
Net Realized Gains or Losses, Net Change in Unrealized Appreciation or Depreciation and Net Change in Unrealized Gains or Losses on Foreign Currency
Gains or losses on the sale of investments will be calculated by using the specific identification method. We will measure realized gains or losses by the difference between the net proceeds from the repayment or sale and the amortized cost basis of the investment, without regard to unrealized appreciation or depreciation previously recognized, but considering unamortized upfront fees. Net change in unrealized appreciation or depreciation will reflect the change in portfolio investment values during the reporting period, including any reversal of previously recorded unrealized gains or losses when gains or losses are realized and the respective unrealized gain or loss on foreign currency for any foreign denominated investments we may hold. Net change in unrealized gains or losses on foreign currency will reflect the change in the value of receivables or accruals during the reporting period due to the impact of foreign currency fluctuations.
Organization Costs
Organization costs include, among other things, the cost of organizing as a Delaware statutory trust, including the cost of legal services and other fees pertaining to our organization. These costs will be expensed as we raise proceeds in our continuous public offering. For the year ended December 31, 2015 and for the period from February 6, 2014 (Inception) to December 31, 2014, we incurred organization costs of $132 and $214, respectively, which were paid on our behalf by Franklin Square Holdings. See also "—Related Party Transactions."
Offering Costs
Offering costs primarily include, among other things, marketing expense and printing, legal and due diligence fees and other costs pertaining to our continuous public offering of our common shares, including the preparation of our registration statement on Form N-2 and salaries and direct expenses of FSEP II Advisor's personnel, employees of its affiliates and others while engaged in such activities. We will charge offering costs against capital in excess of par value on our balance sheets as we raise proceeds in our continuous public offering. For the year ended December 31, 2015 and for the period from February 6, 2014 (Inception) to December 31, 2014, we incurred offering costs of $1,122 and $2,187, respectively, which were paid on our behalf by Franklin Square Holdings. See also "—Related Party Transactions."
Under the terms of the investment advisory and administrative services agreement, upon satisfaction of the minimum offering requirement, FSEP II Advisor will be entitled to receive up to 0.75% of gross proceeds raised in our continuous public offering until all organization and offering costs funded by FSEP II Advisor or its affiliates (including Franklin Square Holdings) have been recovered.
Income Taxes
We have elected to be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and intend to qualify annually, as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code. To maintain our qualification as a RIC and maintain RIC tax treatment, we must, among other things, meet certain source-of-income and asset diversification requirements, as well as distribute to our shareholders, for each tax year, dividends of an amount generally at least equal to 90% of our "investment company taxable income," which is generally the sum of our net ordinary income plus the excess, if any, of realized net short-term capital gains over
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realized net long-term capital losses, determined without regard to any deduction for dividends paid. As a RIC, we generally will not have to pay corporate-level U.S. federal income taxes on any income or capital gains that we distribute as dividends to our shareholders. We intend to make distributions in an amount sufficient to maintain our RIC tax treatment each tax year and to avoid any U.S. federal income taxes on income so distributed. We will also be subject to nondeductible U.S. federal excise taxes if we do not timely distribute dividends each calendar year of an amount at least equal to the sum of 98% of ordinary income (taking into account certain deferrals and elections) for the calendar year, 98.2% of any capital gain net income (adjusted for certain ordinary losses) for the one-year period ending on October 31 of such calendar year, and any recognized and undistributed ordinary income from prior years for which we paid no U.S. federal income taxes.
Uncertainty in Income Taxes
We will evaluate our tax positions to determine if the tax positions taken meet the minimum recognition threshold in connection with accounting for uncertainties in income tax positions taken or expected to be taken for the purposes of measuring and recognizing tax benefits or liabilities in our financial statements. Recognition of a tax benefit or liability with respect to an uncertain tax position is required only when the position is "more likely than not" to be sustained assuming examination by taxing authorities. We will recognize interest and penalties, if any, related to unrecognized tax liabilities as income tax expense in our statements of operations. During the year ended December 31, 2015 and the period from February 6, 2014 (Inception) to December 31, 2014, we did not record any provision for income tax for uncertain tax positions as well as did not incur any related interest or penalties.
Distributions
Distributions to our shareholders will be recorded as of the record date. Subject to our board of trustees' discretion and applicable legal restrictions, we intend to authorize and declare ordinary cash distributions on either a weekly, semi-monthly or monthly basis and pay such distributions on either a monthly or quarterly basis. Net realized capital gains, if any, will be distributed or deemed distributed at least annually.
Capital Gains Incentive Fee
Pursuant to the terms of the investment advisory and administrative services agreement, the incentive fee on capital gains will be determined and payable in arrears as of the end of each calendar year (or upon termination of such agreement). Such fee will equal 20.0% of our incentive fee capital gains (i.e., our realized capital gains on a cumulative basis from inception, calculated as of the end of the applicable period, computed net of all realized capital losses and unrealized capital depreciation on a cumulative basis), less the aggregate amount of any previously paid capital gains incentive fees. On a quarterly basis, we will accrue for the capital gains incentive fee by calculating such fee as if it were due and payable as of the end of such period.
While the investment advisory and administrative services agreement with FSEP II Advisor neither includes nor contemplates the inclusion of unrealized gains in the calculation of the capital gains incentive fee, pursuant to an interpretation of an American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Technical Practice Aid for investment companies, we will include unrealized gains in the calculation of the capital gains incentive fee expense and related accrued capital gains incentive fee. This accrual will reflect the incentive fees that would be payable to FSEP II Advisor as if our entire portfolio was liquidated at its fair value as of the balance sheet date even though FSEP II Advisor is not entitled to an incentive fee with respect to unrealized gains unless and until such gains are actually realized.
Subordinated Income Incentive Fee
Pursuant to the investment advisory and administrative services agreement, FSEP II Advisor may also be entitled to receive a subordinated incentive fee on income. The subordinated incentive fee on income, which will be calculated and payable quarterly in arrears, will equal 20.0% of "pre-incentive fee net investment income" for the immediately preceding quarter and will be subject to a hurdle rate, expressed as a rate of return on adjusted capital, equal to 1.625% per quarter, or an annualized hurdle rate of 6.5%. As a result, FSEP II Advisor will not earn this incentive fee for any quarter until our
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pre-incentive fee net investment income for such quarter exceeds the hurdle rate of 1.625%. For purposes of this fee, "adjusted capital" means cumulative gross proceeds generated from sales of our common shares (including proceeds from our distribution reinvestment plan) reduced for amounts paid for share repurchases pursuant to our share repurchase program. Once our pre-incentive fee net investment income in any quarter exceeds the hurdle rate, FSEP II Advisor will be entitled to a "catch-up" fee equal to the amount of the pre-incentive fee net investment income in excess of the hurdle rate, until our pre-incentive fee net investment income for such quarter equals 2.031%, or 8.125% annually, of adjusted capital. Thereafter, FSEP II Advisor will receive 20.0% of pre-incentive fee net investment income.
Contractual Obligations
We have entered into an agreement with FSEP II Advisor to provide us with investment advisory and administrative services. Payments for investment advisory services under the investment advisory and administrative services agreement will be equal to (a) an annual base management fee of 2.0% of the average weekly value of our gross assets and (b) an incentive fee based on our performance. FSEP II Advisor and, to the extent it is required to provide such services, our investment sub-adviser, will be reimbursed for administrative expenses incurred on our behalf. For the year ended December 31, 2015 and the period from February 6, 2014 (Inception) to December 31, 2014, no services had been performed by FSEP II Advisor under the investment advisory and administrative services agreement, and no fees or reimbursements had been earned or paid to date.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We currently have no off-balance sheet arrangements, including any risk management of commodity pricing or other hedging practices.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
None.
Related Party Transactions
Compensation of the Investment Adviser and Dealer Manager
Pursuant to the investment advisory and administrative services agreement, after we meet the minimum offering requirement, FSEP II Advisor will be entitled to receive an annual base management fee of 2.0% of the average weekly value of our gross assets and an incentive fee based on our performance. Base management fees will be paid on a quarterly basis in arrears.
The incentive fee will consist of two parts. The first part of the incentive fee, which is referred to as the subordinated incentive fee on income, will be calculated and payable quarterly in arrears, will equal 20.0% of "our pre-incentive fee net investment income" for the immediately preceding quarter and will be subject to a hurdle rate, expressed as a rate of return on adjusted capital, equal to 1.625% per quarter, or an annualized hurdle rate of 6.5%. For purposes of this fee, "adjusted capital" means cumulative gross proceeds generated from sales of our common shares (including proceeds from our distribution reinvestment plan) reduced for amounts paid for share repurchases pursuant to our share repurchase program. The second part of the incentive fee, which is referred to as the incentive fee on capital gains, will be accrued for on a quarterly basis and, if earned, will be paid annually. We will accrue this incentive fee based on net realized and unrealized gains; however, under the terms of the investment advisory and administrative services agreement, the fee payable to FSEP II Advisor will be based on realized gains and no such fee will be payable with respect to unrealized gains unless and until such gains are actually realized. See "—Critical Accounting Policies—Capital Gains Incentive Fee" and "—Critical Accounting Policies—Subordinated Income Incentive Fee."
Pursuant to the investment advisory and administrative services agreement, FSEP II Advisor will oversee our day-to-day operations, including the provision of general ledger accounting, fund accounting, legal services, investor relations and other administrative services. FSEP II Advisor will also perform, or oversee the performance of, our corporate operations and required administrative services, which will include being responsible for the financial records which we will be required to maintain and
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preparing reports for our shareholders and reports filed with the SEC. In addition, FSEP II Advisor will assist us in calculating the net asset value, overseeing the preparation and filing of tax returns and the printing and dissemination of reports to our shareholders, and generally overseeing the payment of our expenses and the performance of administrative and professional services rendered to us by others.
We will reimburse FSEP II Advisor for expenses necessary to perform services related to our administration and operations, including FSEP II Advisor's allocable portion of the compensation and related expenses of certain personnel of Franklin Square Holdings providing administrative services to us on behalf of FSEP II Advisor. The amount of this reimbursement will be the lesser of (1) FSEP II Advisor's actual costs incurred in providing such services and (2) the amount that we estimate we would be required to pay alternative service providers for comparable services in the same geographic location. FSEP II Advisor will be required to allocate the cost of such services to us based on factors such as assets, revenues, time allocations and/or other reasonable metrics. Our board of trustees will review the methodology employed in determining how the expenses are allocated to us and the proposed allocation of the administrative expenses among us and certain affiliates of FSEP II Advisor. Our board of trustees will then assess the reasonableness of such reimbursements for expenses allocated to us based on the breadth, depth and quality of such services as compared to the estimated cost to us of obtaining similar services from third-party service providers known to be available. In addition, our board of trustees will consider whether any single third-party service provider would be capable of providing all such services at comparable cost and quality. Finally, our board of trustees will, among other things, compare the total amount paid to FSEP II Advisor for such services as a percentage of our net assets to the same ratio as reported by other comparable BDCs. We will not reimburse FSEP II Advisor for any services for which it receives a separate fee, or for rent, depreciation, utilities, capital equipment or other administrative items allocated to a controlling person of FSEP II Advisor.
Franklin Square Holdings funded organization and offering costs in the amount of $1,254 and $2,401 for the year ended December 31, 2015 and for the period from February 6, 2014 (Inception) to December 31, 2014, respectively. These costs include legal, accounting, marketing and printing expenses associated with our organization and offering activities, including costs related to preparation of our registration statement and prospectus, and salaries and other direct expenses of FSEP II Advisor's personnel, employees of its affiliates and others while engaged in such activities on our behalf. Under the terms of the investment advisory and administrative services agreement, there is no liability on our part for the organization and offering costs funded by FSEP II Advisor or its affiliates (including Franklin Square Holdings) until the investment advisory and administrative services agreement is effective and we have met the minimum offering requirement. At such time, FSEP II Advisor will be entitled to receive up to 0.75% of gross proceeds raised in our continuous public offering until all organization and offering costs funded by FSEP II Advisor or its affiliates (including Franklin Square Holdings) have been recovered. The minimum reimbursement to FSEP II Advisor for such fees is $7.5, assuming we are able to raise $1,000 in gross proceeds. The investment advisory and administrative services agreement will not be effective until we meet the minimum offering requirement.
The dealer manager for our continuous public offering is FS2, which is one of our affiliates. Under the dealer manager agreement among us, FSEP II Advisor and FS2, FS2 will be entitled to receive upfront sales commissions in connection with the sale of common shares in our continuous public offering, all or a portion of which may be re-allowed to selected broker-dealers and financial representatives.
Capital Contributions by Franklin Square Holdings
In April 2014, pursuant to a private placement, Michael C. Forman and David J. Adelman, the co-founders of Franklin Square Holdings, contributed an aggregate of $200 to purchase approximately 22,222 common shares at $9.00 per share. Messrs. Forman and Adelman have agreed not to tender these common shares for repurchase as long as FSEP II Advisor remains our investment adviser.
Potential Conflicts of Interest
FSEP II Advisor's senior management team is comprised of substantially the same personnel as the senior management teams of FB Income Advisor, LLC, FSIC II Advisor, LLC, FSIC III
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Advisor, LLC, FSIC IV Advisor, LLC, FS Investment Advisor, LLC and FS Global Advisor, LLC, the investment advisers to Franklin Square Holdings' other affiliated BDCs and affiliated closed-end management investment company. As a result, such personnel provide investment advisory services to us and each of FS Investment Corporation, FS Investment Corporation II, FS Investment Corporation III, FS Investment Corporation IV, FS Energy and Power Fund and FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund. While none of FSEP II Advisor, FB Income Advisor, LLC, FSIC II Advisor, LLC, FSIC III Advisor, LLC, FSIC IV Advisor, LLC, FS Investment Advisor, LLC or FS Global Advisor, LLC is currently making private corporate debt investments for clients other than us, FS Investment Corporation, FS Investment Corporation II, FS Investment Corporation III, FS Investment Corporation IV, FS Energy and Power Fund or FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund, respectively, any, or all, may do so in the future. In the event that FSEP II Advisor undertakes to provide investment advisory services to other clients in the future, it intends to allocate investment opportunities in a fair and equitable manner consistent with our investment objectives and strategies, if necessary, so that we will not be disadvantaged in relation to any other client of FSEP II Advisor or its management team. In addition, even in the absence of FSEP II Advisor retaining additional clients, it is possible that some investment opportunities may be provided to FS Investment Corporation, FS Investment Corporation II, FS Investment Corporation III, FS Investment Corporation IV, FS Energy and Power Fund and/or FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund rather than to us.
Exemptive Relief
In an order dated June 4, 2013, the SEC granted exemptive relief to our affiliates, upon which we may rely, and which permits us, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, to co-invest in certain privately negotiated investment transactions with our co-investment affiliates. We believe this relief will enhance our ability to further our investment objectives and strategies. We believe this relief may also increase favorable investment opportunities for us, in part by allowing us to participate in larger investments, together with our co-investment affiliates, than would be available to us if such relief had not been obtained. Because our affiliates did not seek exemptive relief to engage in co-investment transactions with our investment sub-adviser, GSO and its affiliates, we will be permitted to co-invest with GSO and its affiliates only in accordance with existing regulatory guidance.
Expense Reimbursement
Pursuant to the expense reimbursement agreement, Franklin Square Holdings has agreed to reimburse us for expenses in an amount that is sufficient to ensure that no portion of our distributions to shareholders will be paid from our offering proceeds or borrowings. See "—Overview—Expense Reimbursement" for a detailed description of the expense reimbursement agreement.
During the year ended December 31, 2015 and for the period from February 6, 2014 (Inception) to December 31, 2014, we did not accrue any expense reimbursements from Franklin Square Holdings.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
We will be subject to financial market risks, including changes in interest rates. A rise in the general level of interest rates can be expected to lead to higher interest rates applicable to the variable rate investments we may hold and to declines in the value of any fixed rate investments we may hold. However, we expect that many of the variable rate investments we may hold will provide for an interest rate floor, which may prevent our interest income from increasing until benchmark interest rates increase beyond a threshold amount. To the extent that a substantial portion of our investments may be in variable rate investments, an increase in interest rates beyond this threshold would make it easier for us to meet or exceed the hurdle rate applicable to the subordinated incentive fee on income, and may result in a substantial increase in our net investment income and to the amount of incentive fees payable to FSEP II Advisor with respect to our increased pre-incentive fee net investment income.
In addition, in the future we may seek to borrow funds in order to make additional investments. Our net investment income will depend, in part, upon the difference between the rate at which we borrow funds and the rate at which we invest those funds. As a result, we would be subject to risks relating to changes in market interest rates. In periods of rising interest rates when we or any future subsidiaries have debt outstanding or financing arrangements in effect, our interest expense would
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increase, which could reduce our net investment income, especially to the extent we hold fixed rate investments.
We expect that our long-term investments will be financed primarily with equity and debt. If deemed prudent, we may use interest rate risk management techniques in an effort to minimize our exposure to interest rate fluctuations. These techniques may include various interest rate hedging activities to the extent permitted by the 1940 Act. Adverse developments resulting from changes in interest rates or hedging transactions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. During the year ended December 31, 2015 and during the period from February 6, 2014 (Inception) to December 31, 2014, we did not engage in interest rate hedging activities.
In addition, we may have risk regarding portfolio valuation. See "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Policies—Valuation of Portfolio Investments."
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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
Index to Financial Statements
| | | | |
| | Page | |
---|
Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting | | | 76 | |
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | | | 77 | |
Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 | | | 78 | |
Notes to Financial Statements | | | 79 | |
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MANAGEMENT'S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. In connection with the preparation of our annual financial statements, management has conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework set forth inInternal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 2013. Management's assessment included an evaluation of the design of our internal control over financial reporting and testing of the operational effectiveness of those controls. Based on this evaluation, we have concluded that, as of December 31, 2015, our internal control over financial reporting was effective to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Board of Trustees and Shareholders
FS Energy and Power Fund II
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
We have audited the accompanying balance sheets of FS Energy and Power Fund II (the "Company") as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. Our audits included consideration of internal control over financial reporting as a basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purposes of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness on the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of FS Energy and Power Fund II as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
/s/ RSM US LLP
Blue Bell, Pennsylvania
February 26, 2016
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FS Energy and Power Fund II
Balance Sheets
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
| | | | | | | |
| | December 31, | |
---|
| | 2015 | | 2014 | |
---|
Assets | | | | | | | |
Cash and cash equivalents | | $ | 200 | | $ | 200 | |
| | | | | | | |
Total assets | | $ | 200 | | $ | 200 | |
| | | | | | | |
Commitments and contingencies ($3,655 and $2,401, respectively)(1) | | | | | | | |
Shareholders' equity | | | | | | | |
Preferred shares, $0.001 par value, 50,000,000 shares authorized, none issued and outstanding | | $ | — | | $ | — | |
Common shares, $0.001 par value, 750,000,000 shares authorized, 22,222 shares issued and outstanding | | | — | | | — | |
Capital in excess of par value | | | 200 | | | 200 | |
| | | | | | | |
Total shareholders' equity | | $ | 200 | | $ | 200 | |
| | | | | | | |
Net asset value per common share at period end | | $ | 9.00 | | $ | 9.00 | |
- (1)
- See Note 5 for a discussion of the Company's commitments and contingencies.
See notes to financial statements.
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FS Energy and Power Fund II
Notes to Financial Statements
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 1. Principal Business and Organization
FS Energy and Power Fund II, or the Company, was formed as a Delaware statutory trust under the Delaware Statutory Trust Act on February 6, 2014 and has been inactive since that date except for matters relating to its organization. The Company expects to formally commence investment operations upon raising gross offering proceeds in excess of $1,000, or the minimum offering requirement, all of which must be from sales of its common shares of beneficial interest, or common shares, in its continuous public offering to persons who are not affiliated with the Company or the Company's investment adviser, FSEP II Advisor, LLC, or FSEP II Advisor. FSEP II Advisor is a private investment firm that is registered as an investment adviser under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended, and is an affiliate of the Company.
The Company has elected to be regulated as a business development company, or BDC, under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, or the 1940 Act. The Company is an externally managed, non-diversified, closed-end management investment company that has elected to be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and intends to qualify annually, as a regulated investment company, or RIC, as defined under Subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code.
The Company's investment objective is to generate current income and long-term capital appreciation by investing primarily in privately-held U.S. companies in the energy and power industry. The Company's investment policy is to invest, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of its total assets in securities of energy and power related, or Energy, companies. The Company considers Energy companies to be those companies that engage in the exploration, development, production, gathering, transportation, processing, storage, refining, distribution, mining, generation or marketing of natural gas, natural gas liquids, crude oil, refined products, coal or power, including those companies that provide equipment or services to companies engaged in any of the foregoing.
Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation: The accompanying audited financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP. The Company is considered an investment company under GAAP and follows the accounting and reporting guidance applicable to investment companies. The Company has evaluated the impact of subsequent events through the date the financial statements were issued and filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC.
Use of Estimates: The preparation of the audited financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Many of the amounts have been rounded, and all amounts are in thousands, except share and per share amounts.
Cash and Cash Equivalents: The Company considers all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. All cash balances are maintained with high credit quality financial institutions, which are members of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.
Valuation of Portfolio Investments: The Company intends to determine the net asset value of its investment portfolio each quarter. Securities are valued at fair value as determined in good faith by the Company's board of trustees. In connection with that determination, the Company expects that FSEP II Advisor will provide the Company's board of trustees with portfolio company valuations which are based on relevant inputs, including, but not limited to, indicative dealer quotes, values of like securities,
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FS Energy and Power Fund II
Notes to Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
recent portfolio company financial statements and forecasts, and valuations prepared by independent third-party valuation services.
Accounting Standards Codification Topic 820,Fair Value Measurements and Disclosure, or ASC Topic 820, issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, clarifies the definition of fair value and requires companies to expand their disclosure about the use of fair value to measure assets and liabilities in interim and annual periods subsequent to initial recognition. ASC Topic 820 defines fair value as the price that would be received from the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. ASC Topic 820 also establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value. These tiers include: Level 1, defined as observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets; Level 2, which includes inputs such as quoted prices for similar securities in active markets and quoted prices for identical securities where there is little or no activity in the market; and Level 3, defined as unobservable inputs for which little or no market data exists, therefore requiring an entity to develop its own assumptions.
With respect to investments for which market quotations are not readily available, the Company intends to undertake a multi-step valuation process each quarter, as described below:
- •
- the Company's quarterly fair valuation process will begin with FSEP II Advisor's management team reviewing and documenting valuations of each portfolio company or investment, which valuations may be obtained from an independent third-party valuation service, if applicable;
- •
- FSEP II Advisor's management team will then provide the valuation committee with the preliminary valuations for each portfolio company or investment;
- •
- preliminary valuations will then be discussed with the valuation committee;
- •
- the valuation committee will review the preliminary valuations and FSEP II Advisor's management team, together with its independent third-party valuation services, if applicable, will supplement the preliminary valuations to reflect any comments provided by the valuation committee;
- •
- following its review, the valuation committee will recommend that the Company's board of trustees approve the fair valuations; and
- •
- the Company's board of trustees will discuss the valuations and determine the fair value of each such investment in the Company's portfolio in good faith based on various statistical and other factors, including the input and recommendation of FSEP II Advisor, the valuation committee and any independent third-party valuation services, if applicable.
Determination of fair value involves subjective judgments and estimates. Accordingly, these notes to the Company's financial statements will refer to the uncertainty with respect to the possible effect of such valuations and any change in such valuations on the Company's financial statements. In making its determination of fair value, the Company's board of trustees may use any approved independent third-party pricing or valuation services. However, the Company's board of trustees will not be required to determine fair value in accordance with the valuation provided by any single source, and may use any relevant data, including information obtained from FSEP II Advisor or any approved independent third-party valuation or pricing service that the board of trustees deems to be reliable in determining fair value under the circumstances. Below is a description of factors that FSEP II Advisor's management team, any approved independent third-party valuation services and our board of trustees may consider when determining the fair value of our investments.
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FS Energy and Power Fund II
Notes to Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
Valuation of fixed income investments, such as loans and debt securities, will depend upon a number of factors, including prevailing interest rates for like securities, expected volatility in future interest rates, call features, put features and other relevant terms of the debt. For investments without readily available market prices, the Company may incorporate these factors into discounted cash flow models to arrive at fair value. Other factors that may be considered include the borrower's ability to adequately service its debt, the fair market value of the borrower in relation to the face amount of its outstanding debt and the quality of collateral securing the Company's debt investments.
For convertible debt securities, fair value will generally approximate the fair value of the debt plus the fair value of an option to purchase the underlying security (the security into which the debt may convert) at the conversion price. To value such an option, a standard option pricing model may be used.
The Company's equity interests in portfolio companies for which there is no liquid public market will be valued at fair value. The Company's board of trustees, in its determination of fair value, may consider various factors, such as multiples of earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, or EBITDA, cash flows, net income, revenues or, in limited instances, book value or liquidation value. All of these factors may be subject to adjustments based upon the particular circumstances of a portfolio company or the Company's actual investment position. For example, adjustments to EBITDA may take into account compensation to previous owners or acquisition, recapitalization, restructuring or other related items.
FSEP II Advisor's management team, any approved independent third-party valuation services and the Company's board of trustees may also consider private merger and acquisition statistics, public trading multiples discounted for illiquidity and other factors, valuations implied by third-party investments in the portfolio companies or industry practices in determining fair value. FSEP II Advisor's management team, any approved independent third-party valuation services and the Company's board of trustees may also consider the size and scope of a portfolio company and its specific strengths and weaknesses, and may apply discounts or premiums, where and as appropriate, due to the higher (or lower) financial risk and/or the smaller size of portfolio companies relative to comparable firms, as well as such other factors as its board of trustees, in consultation with FSEP II Advisor's management team and any approved independent third-party valuation services, if applicable, may consider relevant in assessing fair value.
Generally, the value of the Company's equity interests in public companies for which market quotations are readily available is based upon the most recent closing public market price. Portfolio securities that carry certain restrictions on sale will typically be valued at a discount from the public market value of the security.
If the Company receives warrants or other equity securities at nominal or no additional cost in connection with an investment in a debt security, the cost basis in the investment will be allocated between the debt securities and any such warrants or other equity securities received at the time of origination. The Company's board of trustees will subsequently value these warrants or other equity securities received at their fair value.
The fair values of the Company's investments will be determined in good faith by the Company's board of trustees. The Company's board of trustees will be solely responsible for the valuation of the Company's portfolio investments at fair value as determined in good faith pursuant to the Company's valuation policy and consistently applied valuation process. The Company's board of trustees will delegate day-to-day responsibility for implementing the Company's valuation policy to FSEP II Advisor's management team, and will authorize FSEP II Advisor's management team to utilize independent third-party valuation and pricing services that have been approved by the Company's
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FS Energy and Power Fund II
Notes to Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
board of trustees. The valuation committee will be responsible for overseeing FSEP II Advisor's implementation of the valuation process. The Company intends to value all of its Level 2 and Level 3 assets by using the midpoint of the prevailing bid and ask prices from dealers on the date of the relevant period end which will be provided by independent third-party pricing services and screened for validity by such services. For investments for which third-party pricing services are unable to obtain quoted prices, the Company intends to obtain bid and ask prices directly from dealers who make a market in such investments. To the extent that the Company holds investments for which no active secondary market exists and, therefore, no bid and ask prices can be readily obtained, the Company's valuation committee will utilize independent third-party valuation services to value such investments on a quarterly basis.
The Company will periodically benchmark the bid and ask prices it receives from third-party pricing services and/or dealers, as applicable, against the actual prices at which it purchases and sells its investments. The Company may also use other methods including the use of independent valuation firms, to determine fair value for securities for which the Company cannot obtain prevailing bid and ask prices through the Company's third-party pricing services or independent dealers or where the Company board of trustees otherwise may determine that the use of such other methods is appropriate. The Company will periodically benchmark the valuations provided by the independent valuation firms against the actual prices at which the Company purchases and sells its investments. The Company believes that these prices will be reliable indicators of fair value. The Company's valuation committee and board of trustees will review and approve the valuation determinations made with respect to these investments in a manner consistent with the Company's valuation policy.
Revenue Recognition: Security transactions will be accounted for on the trade date. The Company will record interest income on an accrual basis to the extent that we expect to collect such amounts. The Company will record dividend income on the ex-dividend date. The Company will not accrue as a receivable interest or dividends on loans and securities if the Company has reason to doubt its ability to collect such income. The Company's policy will be to place investments on non-accrual status when there is reasonable doubt that interest income will be collected. The Company will consider many factors relevant to an investment when placing it on or removing it from non-accrual status including, but not limited to, the delinquency status of the investment, economic and business conditions, the overall financial condition of the underlying investment, the value of the underlying collateral, bankruptcy status, if any, and any other facts or circumstances relevant to the investment. If there is reasonable doubt that the Company will receive any previously accrued interest, then the interest income will be written-off. Payments received on non-accrual investments may be recognized as income or applied to principal depending upon the collectability of the remaining principal and interest. Non-accrual investments may be restored to accrual status when principal and interest become current and are likely to remain current based on our judgment.
Loan origination fees, original issue discount and market discount will be capitalized and the Company will amortize such amounts as interest income over the respective term of the loan or security. Upon the prepayment of a loan or security, any unamortized loan origination fees and original issue discount will be recorded as interest income. Structuring and other non-recurring upfront fees will be recorded as fee income when earned. The Company will record prepayment premiums on loans and securities as fee income when it receives such amounts.
Net Realized Gains or Losses, Net Change in Unrealized Appreciation or Depreciation and Net Change in Unrealized Gains or Losses on Foreign Currency: Gains or losses on the sale of investments will be calculated by using the specific identification method. The Company will measure realized gains or losses by the difference between the net proceeds from the repayment or sale and the amortized cost basis of the investment, without regard to unrealized appreciation or depreciation previously
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FS Energy and Power Fund II
Notes to Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
recognized, but considering unamortized upfront fees. Net change in unrealized appreciation or depreciation will reflect the change in portfolio investment values during the reporting period, including any reversal of previously recorded unrealized gains or losses, when gains or losses are realized and the respective unrealized gain or loss on foreign currency for any foreign denominated investments the Company may hold. Net change in unrealized gains or losses on foreign currency will reflect the change in the value of foreign currency held, or receivables or accruals during the reporting period due to the impact of foreign currency fluctuations.
Organization Costs: Organization costs include, among other things, the cost of organizing as a Delaware statutory trust, including the cost of legal services and other fees pertaining to the Company's organization. These costs will be expensed as the Company raises proceeds in its continuous public offering. For the year ended December 31, 2015 and for the period from February 6, 2014 (Inception) to December 31, 2014, the Company incurred organization costs of $132 and $214, respectively, which were paid on its behalf by Franklin Square Holdings, L.P., or Franklin Square Holdings, an affiliate of FSEP II Advisor (see Note 3).
Offering Costs: Offering costs primarily include, among other things, marketing expense and printing, legal due diligence fees and other costs pertaining to the Company's continuous public offering of its common shares, including the preparation of the Company's registration statement on Form N-2 and salaries and direct expenses of FSEP II Advisor's personnel, employees of its affiliates and others while engaged in such activities. The Company will charge offering costs against capital in excess of par value on the Company's balance sheets as the Company raises proceeds in its continuous public offering. For the year ended December 31, 2015 and for the period from February 6, 2014 (Inception) to December 31, 2014, the Company incurred offering costs of $1,122 and $2,187, respectively, which were paid on its behalf by Franklin Square Holdings (see Note 3).
Under the terms of the investment advisory and administrative services agreement, upon satisfaction of the minimum offering requirement, FSEP II Advisor will be entitled to receive up to 0.75% of gross proceeds raised in the Company's continuous public offering until all organization and offering costs funded by FSEP II Advisor or its affiliates (including Franklin Square Holdings) have been recovered.
Income Taxes: The Company has elected to be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and intends to qualify annually, as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code. To maintain qualification as a RIC and maintain RIC tax treatment, the Company must, among other things, meet certain source-of-income and asset diversification requirements, as well as distribute to its shareholders, in respect of each tax year, dividends of an amount generally at least equal to 90% of its "investment company taxable income," which is generally the Company's net ordinary income plus the excess, if any, of realized net short-term capital gains over realized net long-term capital losses, determined without regard to any deduction for dividends paid. As a RIC, the Company will not have to pay corporate-level U.S. federal income taxes on any ordinary income or capital gains that it distributes as dividends to its shareholders. The Company intends to make distributions in an amount sufficient to qualify for and maintain its RIC tax treatment each tax year and to not pay any U.S. federal income taxes on income so distributed. The Company will also be subject to nondeductible U.S. federal excise taxes if it does not timely distribute dividends each calendar year of an amount at least equal to the sum of 98% of ordinary income (taking into account certain deferrals and elections) for the calendar year, 98.2% of any capital gain net income (adjusted for certain ordinary losses) for the one-year period ending on October 31 of such calendar year, and any recognized and undistributed ordinary income from prior years for which it paid no U.S. federal income taxes.
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FS Energy and Power Fund II
Notes to Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
Uncertainty in Income Taxes: The Company will evaluate its tax positions to determine if the tax positions taken meet the minimum recognition threshold in connection with accounting for uncertainties in income tax positions taken or expected to be taken for the purposes of measuring and recognizing tax benefits or liabilities in the financial statements. Recognition of a tax benefit or liability with respect to an uncertain tax position is required only when the position is "more likely than not" to be sustained assuming examination by taxing authorities. The Company will recognize interest and penalties, if any, related to unrecognized tax liabilities as income tax expense in the Company's statements of operations. During the year ended December 31, 2015 and during the period from February 6, 2014 (Inception) to December 31, 2014, the Company did not record any provision for income tax for uncertain tax positions as well as did not incur any related interest or penalties.
Distributions: Distributions to the Company's shareholders will be recorded as of the record date. Subject to the discretion of the Company's board of trustees and applicable legal restrictions, the Company intends to authorize and declare ordinary cash distributions on either a weekly, semi-monthly or monthly basis and pay such distributions on either a monthly or quarterly basis. Net realized capital gains, if any, will be distributed or deemed distributed at least annually.
Capital Gains Incentive Fee: The Company entered into an investment advisory and administrative services agreement with FSEP II Advisor, dated as of July 31, 2014, or the investment advisory and administrative services agreement. Pursuant to the terms of the investment advisory and administrative services agreement, the incentive fee on capital gains will be determined and payable in arrears as of the end of each calendar year (or upon termination of such agreement). Such fee will equal 20.0% of the Company's incentive fee capital gains (i.e., the Company's realized capital gains on a cumulative basis from inception, calculated as of the end of the applicable period, computed net of all realized capital losses and unrealized capital depreciation on a cumulative basis), less the aggregate amount of any previously paid capital gains incentive fees. On a quarterly basis, the Company will accrue for the capital gains incentive fee by calculating such fee as if it were due and payable as of the end of such period.
While the investment advisory and administrative services agreement with FSEP II Advisor neither includes nor contemplates the inclusion of unrealized gains in the calculation of the capital gains incentive fee, pursuant to an interpretation of an American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Technical Practice Aid for investment companies, the Company will include unrealized gains in the calculation of the capital gains incentive fee expense and related accrued capital gains incentive fee. This accrual will reflect the incentive fees that would be payable to FSEP II Advisor as if the Company's entire portfolio was liquidated at its fair value as of the balance sheet date even though FSEP II Advisor is not entitled to an incentive fee with respect to unrealized gains unless and until such gains are actually realized.
Subordinated Income Incentive Fee: Pursuant to the investment advisory and administrative services agreement, FSEP II Advisor may also be entitled to receive a subordinated incentive fee on income. The subordinated incentive fee on income, which will be calculated and payable quarterly in arrears, will equal 20.0% of the Company's "pre-incentive fee net investment income" for the immediately preceding quarter and will be subject to a hurdle rate, expressed as a rate of return on adjusted capital equal to 1.625% per quarter, or an annualized hurdle rate of 6.5%. As a result, FSEP II Advisor will not earn this incentive fee for any quarter until the Company's pre-incentive fee net investment income for such quarter exceeds the hurdle rate of 1.625%. For purposes of this fee, "adjusted capital" means cumulative gross proceeds generated from sales of the Company's common shares (including proceeds from its distribution reinvestment plan) reduced for amounts paid for share repurchases pursuant to the Company's share repurchase program. Once the Company's pre-incentive fee net investment income in any quarter exceeds the hurdle rate, FSEP II Advisor will be entitled to a
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Notes to Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
"catch-up" fee equal to the amount of the pre-incentive fee net investment income in excess of the hurdle rate, until the Company's pre-incentive fee net investment income for such quarter equals 2.031%, or 8.125% annually, of adjusted capital. Thereafter, FSEP II Advisor will receive 20.0% of pre-incentive fee net investment income.
Note 3. Related Party Transactions
Compensation of the Investment Adviser and Dealer Manager
Pursuant to the investment advisory and administrative services agreement, after the Company meets its minimum offering requirement, FSEP II Advisor will be entitled to receive an annual base management fee of 2.0% of the average weekly value of the Company's gross assets and an incentive fee based on the Company's performance. Base management fees will be paid on a quarterly basis in arrears.
The incentive fee will consist of two parts. The first part of the incentive fee, which is referred to as the subordinated incentive fee on income, will be calculated and payable quarterly in arrears, will equal 20.0% of the Company's "pre-incentive fee net investment income" for the immediately preceding quarter and will be subject to a hurdle rate, expressed as a rate of return on adjusted capital equal to 1.625% per quarter, or an annualized hurdle rate of 6.5%. As a result, FSEP II Advisor will not earn this part of the incentive fee for any quarter until the Company's pre-incentive fee net investment income for such quarter exceeds the hurdle rate of 1.625%. For purposes of this fee, "adjusted capital" means cumulative gross proceeds generated from sales of the Company's common shares (including proceeds from its distribution reinvestment plan) reduced for amounts paid for share repurchases pursuant to the Company's share repurchase program. Pre-incentive fee net investment income includes, in the case of investments with a deferred interest feature (such as original issue discount, debt instruments with PIK interest and zero coupon securities), accrued income that the Company has not yet received in cash. Once the Company's pre-incentive fee net investment income in any quarter exceeds the hurdle rate, FSEP II Advisor will be entitled to a "catch-up" fee equal to the amount of the pre-incentive fee net investment income in excess of the hurdle rate, until the Company's pre-incentive fee net investment income for such quarter equals 2.031%, or 8.125% annually, of adjusted capital. This "catch-up" feature allows FSEP II Advisor to recoup the fees foregone as a result of the existence of the hurdle rate. Thereafter, FSEP II Advisor will be entitled to receive 20.0% of the Company's pre-incentive fee net investment income.
The second part of the incentive fee, which is referred to as the incentive fee on capital gains, will be determined and payable in arrears as of the end of each calendar year (or upon termination of the investment advisory and administrative services agreement). This fee will equal 20.0% of the Company's incentive fee capital gains, which will equal the Company's realized capital gains on a cumulative basis from inception, calculated as of the end of the applicable period, computed net of all realized capital losses and unrealized capital depreciation on a cumulative basis, less the aggregate amount of any previously paid capital gains incentive fees. The Company will accrue for the capital gains incentive fee, which, if earned, will be paid annually. The Company will accrue for the capital gains incentive fee based on net realized and unrealized gains; however, under the terms of the investment advisory and administrative services agreement, the fee payable to FSEP II Advisor will be based on realized gains and no such fee will be payable with respect to unrealized gains unless and until such gains are actually realized.
The Company will also reimburse FSEP II Advisor for expenses necessary to perform services related to the Company's administration and operations, including FSEP II Advisor's allocable portion of the compensation and related expenses of certain personnel of Franklin Square Holdings providing administrative services to the Company on behalf of FSEP II Advisor. The amount of this
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FS Energy and Power Fund II
Notes to Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 3. Related Party Transactions (Continued)
reimbursement will be the lesser of (1) FSEP II Advisor's actual costs incurred in providing such services and (2) the amount that the Company estimates it would be required to pay alternative service providers for comparable services in the same geographic location. FSEP II Advisor will be required to allocate the cost of such services to the Company based on factors such as assets, revenues, time allocations and/or other reasonable metrics. The Company's board of trustees will review the methodology employed in determining how the expenses are allocated to the Company and the proposed allocation of the administrative expenses among the Company and certain affiliates of FSEP II Advisor. The Company's board of trustees will then assess the reasonableness of such reimbursements for expenses allocated to the Company based on the breadth, depth and quality of such services as compared to the estimated cost to the Company of obtaining similar services from third-party service providers known to be available. In addition, the Company's board of trustees will consider whether any single third-party service provider would be capable of providing all such services at comparable cost and quality. Finally, the Company's board of trustees will, among other things, compare the total amount paid to FSEP II Advisor for such services as a percentage of the Company's net assets to the same ratio as reported by other comparable BDCs. The Company will not reimburse FSEP II Advisor for any services for which it receives a separate fee, or for rent, depreciation, utilities, capital equipment or other administrative items allocated to a controlling person of FSEP II Advisor.
Franklin Square Holdings, an affiliate of FSEP II Advisor, funded the Company's organization and offering costs in the amount of $1,254 and $2,401, for the year ended December 31, 2015 and for the period from February 6, 2014 (Inception) to December 31, 2014, respectively. These costs include legal, accounting, marketing, printing and other expenses associated with the Company's organization and offering activities, including costs related to preparation of the Company's registration statement and prospectus, and salaries and other direct expenses of FSEP II Advisor's personnel, employees of its affiliates and others while engaged in such activities on behalf of the Company.
Under the terms of the investment advisory and administrative services agreement, there will be no liability on the Company's part for organization and offering costs funded by FSEP II Advisor or its affiliates (including Franklin Square Holdings) until the investment advisory and administrative services agreement is effective and the Company has satisfied the minimum offering requirement. At such time, FSEP II Advisor will be entitled to receive up to 0.75% of the gross proceeds raised in the Company's continuous public offering until all organization and offering costs funded by FSEP II Advisor or its affiliates (including Franklin Square Holdings) have been recovered. The minimum reimbursement to FSEP II Advisor for such fees is $7.5, assuming the Company is able to raise $1,000 in gross proceeds.
The dealer manager for the Company's continuous public offering is FS2 Capital Partners, LLC, or FS2, which is one of the Company's affiliates. Under the dealer manager agreement among the Company, FSEP II Advisor and FS2, or the dealer manager agreement, FS2 will be entitled to receive upfront sales commissions in connection with the sale of common shares in the Company's continuous public offering, all or a portion of which may be re-allowed to selected broker-dealers and financial representatives.
Capital Contributions by Franklin Square Holdings
In April 2014, pursuant to a private placement, Michael C. Forman and David J. Adelman, the co-founders of Franklin Square Holdings, contributed an aggregate of $200 to purchase approximately 22,222 common shares at $9.00 per share. Messrs. Forman and Adelman have agreed not to tender these common shares for repurchase as long as FSEP II Advisor remains the Company's investment adviser.
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FS Energy and Power Fund II
Notes to Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 3. Related Party Transactions (Continued)
Potential Conflicts of Interest
FSEP II Advisor's senior management team is comprised of substantially the same personnel as the senior management teams of FB Income Advisor, LLC, FSIC II Advisor, LLC, FSIC III Advisor, LLC, FSIC IV Advisor, LLC, FS Investment Advisor, LLC and FS Global Advisor, LLC, the investment advisers to Franklin Square Holdings' other affiliated BDCs and affiliated closed-end management investment company. As a result, such personnel provide investment advisory services to the Company and each of FS Investment Corporation, FS Investment Corporation II, FS Investment Corporation III, FS Investment Corporation IV, FS Energy and Power Fund and FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund. While none of FSEP II Advisor, FB Income Advisor, LLC, FSIC II Advisor, LLC, FSIC III Advisor, LLC, FSIC IV Advisor, LLC, FS Investment Advisor, LLC or FS Global Advisor, LLC is currently making private corporate debt investments for clients other than the Company, FS Investment Corporation, FS Investment Corporation II, FS Investment Corporation III, FS Investment Corporation IV, FS Energy and Power Fund or FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund, respectively, any, or all, may do so in the future. In the event that FSEP II Advisor undertakes to provide investment advisory services to other clients in the future, it intends to allocate investment opportunities in a fair and equitable manner consistent with the Company's investment objectives and strategies, if necessary, so that the Company will not be disadvantaged in relation to any other client of FSEP II Advisor or its management team. In addition, even in the absence of FSEP II Advisor retaining additional clients, it is possible that some investment opportunities may be provided to FS Investment Corporation, FS Investment Corporation II, FS Investment Corporation III, FS Investment Corporation IV, FS Energy and Power Fund and/or FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund.
Exemptive Relief
In an order dated June 4, 2013, the SEC granted exemptive relief to the Company's affiliates, upon which it may rely, and which permits the Company, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, to co-invest in certain privately negotiated investment transactions with certain affiliates of FSEP II Advisor, including FS Investment Corporation, FS Investment Corporation II, FS Investment Corporation III, FS Investment Corporation IV, FS Energy and Power Fund and any future BDCs that are advised by FSEP II Advisor or its affiliated investment advisers, or collectively, the co-investment affiliates. The Company believes this relief will enhance its ability to further its investment objectives and strategies. The Company believes this relief may also increase favorable investment opportunities for the Company, in part by allowing it to participate in larger investments, together with the co-investment affiliates, than would be available to the Company if such relief had not been obtained. Because the Company's affiliates did not seek exemptive relief to engage in co-investment transactions with its investment sub-adviser, GSO Capital Partners LP, or GSO, and its affiliates, the Company will be permitted to co-invest with GSO and its affiliates only in accordance with existing regulatory guidance.
Expense Reimbursement
Pursuant to an expense support and conditional reimbursement agreement, dated as of July 31, 2014, by and between Franklin Square Holdings and the Company, or the expense reimbursement agreement, Franklin Square Holdings has agreed to reimburse the Company for expenses in an amount that is sufficient to ensure that no portion of the Company's distributions to shareholders will be paid from its offering proceeds or borrowings.
However, because certain investments the Company may make, including preferred and common equity investments, may generate dividends and other distributions to the Company that are treated for tax purposes as a return of capital, a portion of the Company's distributions to shareholders may also
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FS Energy and Power Fund II
Notes to Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 3. Related Party Transactions (Continued)
be deemed to constitute a return of capital for tax purposes to the extent that the Company may use such dividends or other distribution proceeds to fund its distributions to shareholders. Under those circumstances, Franklin Square Holdings will not reimburse the Company for the portion of such distributions to shareholders that represent a return of capital for tax purposes.
Under the expense reimbursement agreement, Franklin Square Holdings will reimburse the Company quarterly for expenses in an amount equal to the difference between the Company's cumulative distributions paid to its shareholders in each quarter, less the sum of the Company's investment company taxable income, net capital gains and dividends and other distributions paid to the Company on account of preferred and common equity investments in portfolio companies (to the extent such amounts are not included in investment company taxable income or net capital gains) in each quarter.
Pursuant to the expense reimbursement agreement, the Company has a conditional obligation to reimburse Franklin Square Holdings for any amounts funded by Franklin Square Holdings under such agreement if (and only to the extent that), during any fiscal quarter occurring within three years of the date on which Franklin Square Holdings funded such amount, the sum of the Company's investment company taxable income, net capital gains and the amount of any dividends and other distributions paid to the Company on account of preferred and common equity investments in portfolio companies (to the extent not included in investment company taxable income or net capital gains) exceeds the cumulative ordinary cash distributions paid by the Company to its shareholders during such quarter; provided, however, that (i) the Company will only reimburse Franklin Square Holdings for expense support payments made by Franklin Square Holdings to the extent that the payment of such reimbursement (together with any other reimbursement paid during such fiscal year) does not cause "other operating expenses" (as defined below) (on an annualized basis and net of any expense support payments received by the Company during such fiscal year) to exceed the lesser of (A) 1.75% of the Company's average net assets attributable to its common shares for the fiscal year-to-date period after taking such payments into account and (B) the percentage of the Company's average net assets attributable to its common shares represented by "other operating expenses" during the fiscal year in which such expense support payment from Franklin Square Holdings was made (provided, however, that this clause (B) shall not apply to any reimbursement payment which relates to an expense support payment from Franklin Square Holdings made during the same fiscal year); and (ii) the Company will not reimburse Franklin Square Holdings for expense support payments made by Franklin Square Holdings if the annualized rate of regular cash distributions declared by the Company at the time of such reimbursement payment is less than the annualized rate of regular cash distributions declared by the Company at the time Franklin Square Holdings made the expense support payment to which such reimbursement payment relates. "Other operating expenses" means the Company's total "operating expenses" (as defined below), excluding base management fees, incentive fees, organization and offering expenses, financing fees and costs, interest expense, brokerage commissions and extraordinary expenses. "Operating expenses" means all operating costs and expenses incurred, as determined in accordance with GAAP for investment companies.
Franklin Square Holdings has indicated that it expects to continue such reimbursements until it deems that the Company has achieved economies of scale sufficient to ensure that it bears a reasonable level of expenses in relation to its income.
The specific amount of expenses reimbursed by Franklin Square Holdings pursuant to the expense reimbursement agreement, if any, will be determined at the end of each quarter. The Company or Franklin Square Holdings may terminate the expense reimbursement agreement at any time. Upon termination of the expense reimbursement agreement by Franklin Square Holdings, Franklin Square Holdings will be required to fund any amounts accrued thereunder as of the date of termination.
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FS Energy and Power Fund II
Notes to Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 3. Related Party Transactions (Continued)
Similarly, the conditional obligation of the Company to reimburse Franklin Square Holdings pursuant to the terms of the expense reimbursement agreement shall survive the termination of such agreement by either party.
Franklin Square Holdings is controlled by the Company's chairman, president and chief executive officer, Michael C. Forman, and the Company's vice-chairman, David J. Adelman. There can be no assurance that the expense reimbursement agreement will remain in effect or that Franklin Square Holdings will reimburse any portion of the Company's expenses in future quarters.
Note 4. Share Repurchase Program
Beginning with the first full calendar quarter following the date the Company satisfies the minimum offering requirement, and on a quarterly basis thereafter, the Company intends to offer to repurchase common shares on such terms as may be determined by the Company's board of trustees in its complete and absolute discretion unless, in the judgment of the independent trustees of the Company's board of trustees, such repurchases would not be in the best interests of the Company's shareholders or would violate applicable law. The Company intends to conduct such repurchase offers in accordance with the requirements of Rule 13e-4 promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, and the 1940 Act. In months in which the Company repurchases common shares pursuant to its share repurchase program, it expects to conduct repurchases on the same date that it holds its first weekly closing in such month for the sale of common shares in its continuous public offering. Any offer to repurchase common shares will be conducted solely through tender offer materials mailed to each shareholder.
The Company's board of trustees will also consider the following factors, among others, in making its determination regarding whether to cause the Company to offer to repurchase common shares and under what terms:
- •
- the effect of such repurchases on the Company's qualification as a RIC (including the consequences of any necessary asset sales);
- •
- the liquidity of the Company's assets (including fees and costs associated with disposing of assets);
- •
- the Company's investment plans and working capital requirements;
- •
- the relative economies of scale with respect to the Company's size;
- •
- the Company's history in repurchasing common shares or portions thereof; and
- •
- the condition of the securities markets.
The Company currently intends to limit the number of common shares to be repurchased during any calendar year to the number of common shares it can repurchase with the proceeds it receives from the issuance of common shares under its distribution reinvestment plan. Because the Company's distribution reinvestment plan is structured as an "opt in" program that requires shareholders to affirmatively elect to have their cash distributions reinvested in additional common shares, such requirement may contribute to the illiquidity of the Company's common shares. At the discretion of the Company's board of trustees, the Company may also use cash on hand, cash available from borrowings and cash from the liquidation of investments as of the end of the applicable period to repurchase common shares. In addition, beginning with the first full calendar quarter in the year following the date that the Company satisfies the minimum offering requirement, the Company will limit the number of common shares to be repurchased in any calendar year to 10.0% of the weighted average number of common shares outstanding in the prior calendar year, or 2.5% in each calendar quarter, though the
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FS Energy and Power Fund II
Notes to Financial Statements (Continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Note 4. Share Repurchase Program (Continued)
actual number of common shares that the Company offers to repurchase may be less in light of the limitations noted above. The Company intends to offer to repurchase common shares on each date of repurchase at the net offering price in effect on the date of repurchase. The Company's board of trustees may amend, suspend or terminate the share repurchase program at any time.
Note 5. Commitments and Contingencies
The Company enters into contracts that contain a variety of indemnification provisions. The Company's maximum exposure under these arrangements is unknown; however, the Company has not had prior claims or losses pursuant to these contracts. Management of FSEP II Advisor has reviewed the Company's existing contracts and expects the risk of loss to the Company to be remote.
The Company is not currently subject to any material legal proceedings and, to the Company's knowledge, no material legal proceedings are threatened against the Company. From time to time, the Company may be party to certain legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business. While the outcome of any legal proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, the Company does not expect that any such proceedings will have a material effect upon its financial condition or results of operations.
See Note 3 for a discussion of the Company's commitments to FSEP II Advisor and its affiliates (including Franklin Square Holdings) for the reimbursement of organization and offering costs funded by Franklin Square Holdings.
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Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, as appropriate, to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.
As required by Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(b), we carried out an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2015. Based on the foregoing, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were (a) designed to ensure that the information we are required to disclose in our reports under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed and reported in an accurate manner and on a timely basis and the information that we are required to disclose in our Exchange Act reports is accumulated and communicated to management to permit timely decisions with respect to required disclosure and (b) operating in an effective manner.
Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. As defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f), internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the company's principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, and effected by the company's board of trustees, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP.
Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:
1. Pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the Company's transactions and the dispositions of assets of the Company;
2. Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and board of trustees; and
3. Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, a system of internal control over financial reporting can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation and may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Management's report on internal control over financial reporting is set forth above under the heading "Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting" in Item 8 of this annual report on Form 10-K.
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Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
During the quarter ended December 31, 2015, there was no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) or 15d-15(f)) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Item 9B. Other Information.
None.
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PART III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
Set forth below is information concerning the Company's trustees and executive officers.
Information about the Board of Trustees
A majority of the members of the Company's board of trustees are not "interested persons," as defined in Section 2(a)(19) of the 1940 Act, of it or FSEP II Advisor. These individuals are referred to as the Company's independent trustees, or the Independent Trustees. Section 2(a)(19) of the 1940 Act defines an "interested person" to include, among other things, any person who has, or within the last two years had, a material business or professional relationship with the Company. The members of the Company's board of trustees that are not Independent Trustees are referred to as interested trustees, or the Interested Trustees.
The following table sets forth certain information regarding the members of our board of trustees:
INDEPENDENT TRUSTEES
| | | | | | | | |
Name, Address, Age and Position(s) with Company(1) | | Term of Office and Length of Time Served(2) | | Principal Occupation(s) During Past Five Years | | Number of Companies in Fund Complex Overseen by Trustee(3) | | Other Public Directorships Held by Trustee During the Past Five Years† |
---|
M. Walter D'Alessio Age: 82 Trustee | | Since 2014 | | Mr. D'Alessio has served as a principal of NorthMarq Advisors, LLC, a real estate and economic development advisory services firm, since December 2012. He also has served on the board of directors of FS Investment Corporation IV since September 2015, and as a member of its audit committee and valuation committee since September 2015. From 2003 to December 2012, he served as vice chairman of NorthMarq Capital, LLC, a real estate financial intermediary. He served as chairman and chief executive officer of Legg Mason Real Estate Services, Inc., a mortgage banking firm, from 1982 until 2003, when the company was sold to NorthMarq Capital. Mr. D'Alessio has also served as a director of PECO Energy Company, a subsidiary of Exelon Corporation, since 1983, where he has served at various times as a member of the audit committee and corporate governance committee. From 2000 until December 2012, he served on the board of Exelon Corporation, a provider of energy services, where he served at various times as chairman of the corporate governance committee, as a member of the compensation committee and the audit committee and as lead independent director. Mr. D'Alessio has also served as a trustee of Brandywine Realty Trust, a full service real estate company, since 1996, and as chairman of the board since March 2004. He also currently serves as a member of its compensation committee. In addition, Mr. D'Alessio has served as a member of the board of trustees of Pennsylvania Real Estate Investment Trust since 2005, and as lead independent trustee since January 2011. He is the chairman of the board of directors of Independence Blue Cross, a health insurance provider. Mr. D'Alessio is also on the board of a number of civic organizations, including the Philadelphia Industrial Development Corporation and the Greater Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce. Mr. D'Alessio received his M.S. in City Planning from the University of Illinois and his B.S. in Landscape Architecture from Pennsylvania State University. | | Two | | FS Investment Corporation IV; Legg Mason Real Estate Services, Inc.; PECO Energy Company; Exelon Corporation; Brandywine Realty Trust; Pennsylvania Real Estate Investment Trust |
| | | | In the opinion of our board of trustees, Mr. D'Alessio's experience on various public and private boards has provided him with experience and insight which is beneficial to us. | | | | |
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| | | | | | | | |
Name, Address, Age and Position(s) with Company(1) | | Term of Office and Length of Time Served(2) | | Principal Occupation(s) During Past Five Years | | Number of Companies in Fund Complex Overseen by Trustee(3) | | Other Public Directorships Held by Trustee During the Past Five Years† |
---|
Marc R. Lederman Age: 44 Trustee | | Since 2014 | | Marc Lederman is a co-founder and member of NewSpring Capital, LLC, a family of specific purpose private equity funds. Mr. Lederman has been with NewSpring Capital since 2000. He serves as a general partner of the firm's three growth equity funds, NewSpring Ventures, L.P., formed in 1999, NewSpring Growth Capital II, L.P., formed in 2006 and NewSpring Growth Capital III, L.P. formed in January 2012. Mr. Lederman serves as a director of various NewSpring Growth Capital portfolio companies. Prior to the founding of NewSpring Capital, he served in various capacities at Deloitte & Touche LLP, including as manager in the Business Assurance and Advisory Services Group and as a senior accountant. He also has served on the board of directors of FS Investment Corporation IV since September 2015, and as a member of its audit committee since September 2015. Mr. Lederman is actively involved with various civic organizations, including as a member, and executive committee member, of the Greater Philadelphia Alliance for Capital Technologies and of the Wharton Private Equity & Venture Capital Association. Mr. Lederman earned a B.S. in Accountancy from Villanova University and a M.B.A. from The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. He is a Certified Public Accountant (inactive). | | Two | | FS Investment Corporation IV |
| | | | Mr. Lederman's extensive experience in finance, investing and accounting has provided him, in the opinion of our board of trustees, with experience and insight which is beneficial to us. | | | | |
Judah C. Sommer Age: 71 Trustee | | Since 2014 | | Mr. Sommer, prior to his retirement, served as Senior Counsel and Chair of the Public Policy Group at Crowell & Moring LLP, an international law firm, from June 2012 to March 2014. He also has served on the board of directors of FS Investment Corporation IV since September 2015, and as a member of its nominating and corporate governance committee since September 2015. Prior to his position at Crowell & Moring, he served as Senior Advisor of Government Affairs from January 2011 to March 2012 and as Senior Vice President, Head of Government Affairs, from 2007 to December 2010, at UnitedHealth Group, a diversified health care company. Mr. Sommer previously served as Managing Director, Head of Global Government Affairs at Goldman Sachs & Co. from 1997 to 2007 and as Vice President from 1984-1997. He previously served in the office of U.S. Senator Jacob K. Javits of New York. Mr. Sommer is a member of the Board of Directors of the YMCA of Metropolitan Washington and is a member of the Board of Directors and Secretary of Y-USA, the YMCA's national board. He received his J.D. from New York University School of Law and his B.A. in International Relations from Johns Hopkins University. | | Two | | FS Investment Corporation IV |
| | | | Mr. Sommer's legal and public policy experience has provided him, in the opinion of our board of trustees, with experience and insight which is beneficial to us. | | | | |
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INTERESTED TRUSTEES(4)
| | | | | | | | |
Name, Address, Age and Position(s) with Company(1) | | Term of Office and Length of Time Served(2) | | Principal Occupation(s) During Past Five Years | | Number of Companies Fund Complex Overseen by Trustee(3) | | Other Public Directorships Held by Trustee During the Past Five Years† |
---|
Michael C. Forman Age: 54 Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer | | Since 2014 | | Mr. Forman has served as our chairman, president and chief executive officer since our inception in February 2014 and as the chairman and chief executive officer of FSEP II Advisor since its inception in February 2014. Mr. Forman also currently serves as chairman, president and chief executive officer of FB Income Advisor, LLC, FS Energy and Power Fund, FS Investment Advisor, LLC, FS Investment Corporation II, FSIC II Advisor, LLC, FS Investment Corporation III, FSIC III Advisor, LLC, FS Global Advisor, LLC, FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund, the FSGCOF Offered Funds, FS Investment Corporation IV, and FSIC IV Advisor, LLC and has presided in such roles since each entity's inception in October 2007, September 2010, September 2010, July 2011, November 2011, June 2013, October 2013, January 2013, January 2013, January 2013, February 2015, and September 2015, respectively. Mr. Forman also currently serves as the chairman and chief executive officer of FS Investment Corporation and has presided in such role since the entity's inception in December 2007. Mr. Forman also serves as chairman of the board of directors of FS OneEquity Partners Co. L.P., and has served in such role since September 2015. Mr. Forman served as president of FS Investment Corporation from its inception in December 2007 until April 2013. In 2005, Mr. Forman co-founded FB Capital Partners, L.P., an investment firm that previously invested in private equity, senior and mezzanine debt and real estate, and has served as managing general partner since inception. In May 2007, Mr. Forman co-founded Franklin Square Holdings. | | Nine | | FS Energy and Power Fund; FS Investment Corporation; FS Investment Corporation II; FS Investment Corporation III; FS Investment Corporation IV; CFS Global Credit Opportunities Fund; FSGCOF Offered Funds |
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| | | | | | | | |
Name, Address, Age and Position(s) with Company(1) | | Term of Office and Length of Time Served(2) | | Principal Occupation(s) During Past Five Years | | Number of Companies Fund Complex Overseen by Trustee(3) | | Other Public Directorships Held by Trustee During the Past Five Years† |
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| | | | Prior to co-founding FB Capital Partners, L.P., Mr. Forman spent nearly 20 years as an attorney in the Corporate and Securities Department at the Philadelphia based law firm of Klehr Harrison Harvey Branzburg LLP, or Klehr Harrison, where he was a partner from 1991 until leaving the firm to focus exclusively on investments. In addition to his career as an attorney and investor, Mr. Forman has been an active entrepreneur and has founded several companies, including companies engaged in the gaming, specialty finance and asset management industries. Mr. Forman serves as a member of the board of directors of a number of private companies. He is also a member of a number of civic and charitable boards, including The Franklin Institute (executive committee member), the University of the Arts (executive committee member), the Vetri Foundation for Children (chairman), the executive committee of the Greater Philadelphia Alliance for Capital and Technologies (PACT), and Murex Investments, Inc., a Pennsylvania-based economic development/venture capital firm, where he chairs the investment committee. Mr. Forman received his B.A., summa cum laude, from the University of Rhode Island, where he was elected Phi Beta Kappa, and received his J.D. from Rutgers University. | | | | |
| | | | Mr. Forman has extensive experience in corporate and securities law and has founded and served in a leadership role of various companies, including FSEP II Advisor, which serves as our investment adviser. Our board of trustees believes Mr. Forman's experience and his positions as our and FSEP II Advisor's chief executive officer make him a significant asset to us. | | | | |
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| | | | | | | | |
Name, Address, Age and Position(s) with Company(1) | | Term of Office and Length of Time Served(2) | | Principal Occupation(s) During Past Five Years | | Number of Companies Fund Complex Overseen by Trustee(3) | | Other Public Directorships Held by Trustee During the Past Five Years† |
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David J. Adelman Age: 43 Trustee | | Since 2014 | | Mr. Adelman has served as our vice-chairman since our inception in February 2014. He also currently serves as the vice-chairman of FS Investment Corporation, FB Income Advisor, LLC, FS Energy and Power Fund, FS Investment Advisor, LLC, FS Investment Corporation II, FSIC II Advisor, LLC, FS Global Advisor, LLC, FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund, the FSGCOF Offered Funds, FS Investment Corporation III, FSIC III Advisor, LLC, FS Investment Corporation IV and FSIC IV Advisor, LLC and has presided in such roles since each entity's inception in December 2007, October 2007, September 2010, September 2010, July 2011, November 2011, January 2013, January 2013, January 2013, June 2013, October 2013, February 2015 and September 2015, respectively. Mr. Adelman has significant managerial and investment experience and has served as the president and chief executive officer of Philadelphia-based Campus Apartments, Inc., or Campus Apartments, since 1997. Campus Apartments develops, manages, designs and privately finances more than 220 upscale housing facilities for colleges and universities across the United States. In 2006, Campus Apartments entered into a $1.1 billion venture with GIC Real Estate Pte Ltd., the real estate investment arm of the Government of Singapore Investment Corporation, in which Campus Apartments uses the venture's capital to acquire, develop, operate and manage student housing projects across the United States. In addition to his duties as president and chief executive officer of Campus Apartments, Mr. Adelman has been the chief executive officer of Campus Technologies, Inc. since 2001, the vice-chairman of University City District board of directors since 1997, board member of Actua Corporation (formerly known as ICG Group, Inc.) since June 2011 and a member of the National Multifamily Council (NMHC) and the Young Presidents' Organization. Mr. Adelman formerly served as a board member of Hyperion Bank and on the executive committee of the Urban Land Institute's Philadelphia Chapter. Mr. Adelman is also an active private investor and entrepreneur, having co-founded Franklin Square Holdings with Mr. Forman. Mr. Adelman received his B.A. in Political Science from Ohio State University. | | Nine | | FS Energy and Power Fund; FS Investment Corporation; FS Investment Corporation II; FS Investment Corporation III; FS Investment Corporation IV; FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund; FSGCOF Offered Funds; Actua Corp. |
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| | | | | | | | |
Name, Address, Age and Position(s) with Company(1) | | Term of Office and Length of Time Served(2) | | Principal Occupation(s) During Past Five Years | | Number of Companies Fund Complex Overseen by Trustee(3) | | Other Public Directorships Held by Trustee During the Past Five Years† |
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| | | | Mr. Adelman has substantial management, operational and financial expertise generated through his leadership roles for public and private companies, including his service as president and chief executive officer of Campus Apartments. Mr. Adelman also serves on the board of directors and in other leadership roles for various charitable and civic organizations. These varied activities have provided him, in the opinion of our board of trustees, with experience and insight which is beneficial to us. | | | | |
- †
- Includes directorships or trusteeships held in (1) any investment companies registered under the 1940 Act, (2) any company with a class of securities registered pursuant to Section 12 of the Exchange Act and (3) any company subject to the requirements of Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act.
- (1)
- The address for each trustee is c/o FS Energy and Power Fund II, 201 Rouse Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19112.
- (2)
- Trustees serve for a term until the next annual meeting of shareholders and until their successors are duly elected and qualified.
- (3)
- For purposes of this annual report on Form 10-K, the term "Fund Complex" is defined to include the Company, FS Energy and Power Fund, FS Investment Corporation, FS Investment Corporation II, FS Investment Corporation III, FS Investment Corporation IV, FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund and the FSGCOF Offered Funds.
- (4)
- "Interested person" of FS Energy and Power Fund II as defined in Section 2(a)(19) of the 1940 Act. Messrs. Forman and Adelman are each an "interested person" because of their affiliation with FSEP II Advisor.
Information about Executive Officers Who are Not Trustees
The following table sets forth certain information regarding the Company's executive officers who are not members of its board of trustees:
| | | | |
Name, Address, Age and Position(s) with Company(1) | | Term of Office and Length of Time Served | | Principal Occupation(s) During Past Five Years |
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Edward T. Gallivan, Jr. Age: 53 Chief Financial Officer | | Since 2014 | | Mr. Gallivan has served as our chief financial officer since our inception in February 2014. He has served as chief financial officer of FS Energy and Power Fund and FS Investment Corporation IV since November 2012 and September 2015, respectively. He previously served as chief financial officer of FS Investment Corporation III from June 2013 to December 2014. Mr. Gallivan was a director at BlackRock, Inc. from 2005 to October 2012, where he was head of financial reporting for over 350 mutual funds. From 1988 to 2005, Mr. Gallivan worked at State Street Research & Management Company, where he served as the assistant treasurer of mutual funds. Mr. Gallivan began his career as an auditor at the global accounting firm, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, where he practiced as a certified public accountant. Mr. Gallivan received his B.S. in Business Administration (Accounting) degree at Stonehill College in Massachusetts. |
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| | | | |
Name, Address, Age and Position(s) with Company(1) | | Term of Office and Length of Time Served | | Principal Occupation(s) During Past Five Years |
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Zachary Klehr Age: 37 Executive Vice President | | Since 2014 | | Mr. Klehr has served as our executive vice president since our inception in February 2014. Mr. Klehr also currently serves as executive vice president of FS Investment Corporation, FS Energy and Power Fund, FS Investment Corporation II, FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund, the FSGCOF Offered Funds, FS Investment Corporation III and FS Investment Corporation IV and has presided in such roles since January 2013, January 2013, January 2013, January 2013, January 2013, June 2013 and February 2015, respectively. Mr. Klehr has also served in various senior officer capacities for Franklin Square Holdings and its affiliated investment advisers, FSEP II Advisor, FSIC III Advisor, LLC, FB Income Advisor, LLC, FS Investment Advisor, LLC, FSIC II Advisor, LLC, FSIC IV Advisor, LLC and FS Global Advisor, LLC, since the later of February 2011 or such entity's inception date, including as executive vice president since September 2012. In this role, he focuses on fund administration, portfolio management, fund operations, research, education and communications. Prior to joining Franklin Square Holdings, Mr. Klehr served as a vice president at Versa Capital Management, or Versa, a private equity firm with approximately $1 billion in assets under management, from July 2007 to February 2011. At Versa, he sourced, underwrote, negotiated, structured and managed investments in middle-market distressed companies, special situations and distressed debt. Prior to Versa, Mr. Klehr spent five years at Goldman, Sachs & Co., starting as an analyst in the Investment Banking Division, then in the executive office working on firm-wide strategy covering hedge funds and other complex multi-faceted clients of the firm. Later, he joined the Financial Sponsors Group as an associate where he focused on leveraged buyouts, acquisitions and equity and debt financings for private equity clients. Mr. Klehr received his M.B.A., with honors, from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania and his B.A., cum laude, also from the University of Pennsylvania. He is active in his community and served on the board of trustees of The Philadelphia School where he was a member of the executive, governance, advancement, finance and investment committees. |
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| | | | |
Name, Address, Age and Position(s) with Company(1) | | Term of Office and Length of Time Served | | Principal Occupation(s) During Past Five Years |
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Gerald F. Stahlecker Age: 50 Executive Vice President | | Since 2014 | | Mr. Stahlecker has served as our executive vice president since our inception in February 2014 and as the executive vice president of FSEP II Advisor since its inception in February 2014. Mr. Stahlecker also serves as the executive vice president of Franklin Square Holdings and has presided in such role since January 2010. Mr. Stahlecker also serves as executive vice president of FB Income Advisor, LLC, FS Energy and Power Fund, FS Investment Advisor, LLC, FS Investment Corporation II, FSIC II Advisor, LLC, FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund, the FSGCOF Offered Funds, FS Global Advisor, LLC, FS Investment Corporation III, FSIC III Advisor, LLC, FS Investment Corporation IV and FSIC IV Advisor, LLC and has presided in such roles since January 2010, September 2010, September 2010, July 2011, November 2011, January 2013, January 2013, January 2013, June 2013, October 2013, February 2015 and September 2015, respectively. Mr. Stahlecker has also served as president of FS Investment Corporation since April 2013 and previously served as its executive vice president from March 2010 to April 2013. Mr. Stahlecker was an independent director of FS Investment Corporation and served as a member of the audit committee and as chairman of the valuation committee from FS Investment Corporation's inception in December 2007 to December 2009 when he resigned as a director in order to join our affiliates, FB Income Advisor, LLC and Franklin Square Holdings. Mr. Stahlecker is a former founding partner of Radcliffe Capital Management, L.P., or Radcliffe, a SEC-registered investment advisory firm which manages the Radcliffe Funds, a family of Cayman Islands-based, master-feeder structured hedge funds, as well as separately managed accounts for an institutional investor base. Radcliffe pursues convertible arbitrage, high-yield debt, special situations and event-driven investment strategies. From its founding in October 2002 until selling his interest in Radcliffe in July 2009, Mr. Stahlecker served as managing director and chief operating officer of Radcliffe and was the co-chair of its investment committee. Prior to co-founding Radcliffe and its affiliated entities, from May 1998 through October 2002, Mr. Stahlecker served as an officer and director of Rose Glen Capital Management, L.P., or Rose Glen, a predecessor to Radcliffe. Rose Glen managed hedge funds focusing on directly negotiated, structured debt and equity investments in public companies. Mr. Stahlecker has extensive experience in structuring and negotiating investment transactions on behalf of investors and issuers and has participated in numerous distressed and special situation restructurings on behalf of investors. From 1992 to 1998, Mr. Stahlecker was an attorney at Klehr Harrison, where he practiced corporate and securities law. While at Klehr Harrison, Mr. Stahlecker represented hedge funds, venture capital funds and other institutional investors pursuing structured equity and debt investments in public and private companies. Prior to attending law school, from 1987 to 1989, Mr. Stahlecker worked as a senior analyst at Furash & Company, a consulting boutique in Washington, D.C., where he advised banks and other financial institutions regarding mergers and acquisitions, restructurings, asset/liability management and strategic planning. Mr. Stahlecker received his B.S. in Industrial Management, with concentrations in Finance and Strategic Planning, from Carnegie Mellon University and his J.D. from Villanova University Law School, where he was an editor of the Villanova University Environmental Law Journal. Mr. Stahlecker is a member of the board of directors of the Greater Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce. Mr. Stahlecker previously served on the board of directors of the Investment Program Association, an industry trade group, and on the board of trustees of The Philadelphia School where he served as a member of its advancement, finance and investment committees. |
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| | | | |
Name, Address, Age and Position(s) with Company(1) | | Term of Office and Length of Time Served | | Principal Occupation(s) During Past Five Years |
---|
Stephen S. Sypherd Age: 38 Vice President, Treasurer and Secretary | | Since 2014 | | Mr. Sypherd has served as our vice president, treasurer and secretary since our inception in February 2014. Mr. Sypherd also currently serves as vice president, treasurer and secretary of FS Investment Corporation, FS Energy and Power Fund, FS Investment Corporation II, FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund, the FSGCOF Offered Funds, FS Investment Corporation III and FS Investment Corporation IV and has presided in such roles since January 2013, January 2013, January 2013, January 2013, January 2013, June 2013 and February 2015, respectively. Mr. Sypherd has also served in various senior officer capacities for Franklin Square Holdings and its affiliated investment advisers, FSEP II Advisor, FB Income Advisor, LLC, FS Investment Advisor, LLC, FSIC II Advisor, LLC, FSIC III Advisor, LLC, FS Global Advisor, LLC and FSIC IV Advisor, LLC since the later of August 2010 or such entity's inception date, including as managing director since August 2014 and general counsel since January 2013. He is responsible for legal and compliance matters across all entities and investment products of Franklin Square Holdings. Prior to joining Franklin Square Holdings, Mr. Sypherd served for eight years as an attorney at Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP, where he practiced corporate and securities law. Mr. Sypherd received his B.A. in Economics from Villanova University and his J.D. from the Georgetown University Law Center, where he was an executive editor of the Georgetown Law Journal. He serves on the board of trustees of the University of the Arts (and on the advancement and governance committees of that board). |
James F. Volk Age: 53 Chief Compliance Officer | | Since 2015 | | Mr. Volk has served as our chief compliance officer since April 2015. Mr. Volk also serves as the chief compliance officer of FS Investment Corporation, FS Investment Corporation II, FS Investment Corporation III, FS Energy and Power Fund, FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund, the FSGCOF Offered Funds and FS Investment Corporation IV, and has presided in such roles since April 2015, April 2015, April 2015, April 2015, April 2015, April 2015 and February 2015, respectively. He is responsible for all compliance and regulatory issues affecting us and such funds. Before joining Franklin Square Holdings in October 2014, Mr. Volk was the chief compliance officer, chief accounting officer and head of traditional fund operations at SEI Investment Company's Investment Manager Services market unit. Mr. Volk was also formerly the assistant chief accountant at the SEC's Division of Investment Management and a senior manager for PricewaterhouseCoopers. Mr. Volk graduated from the University of Delaware with a B.S. in Accounting and is an active Certified Public Accountant. |
- (1)
- The address for each officer is c/o FS Energy and Power Fund II, 201 Rouse Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19112.
Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance
Pursuant to Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act, the Company's trustees and executive officers, and any persons holding more than 10% of its shares, are required to report their beneficial ownership and any changes therein to the SEC and us. Specific due dates for those reports have been established, and the Company is required to report herein any failure to file such reports by those due dates. Based on our review of Forms 3, 4 and 5 filed by such persons and information provided by the Company's trustees and officers, it believes that during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, all Section 16(a) filings applicable to such persons were timely filed.
Code of Ethics
The Company and FSEP II Advisor have each adopted a code of ethics pursuant to Rule 17j-1 promulgated under the 1940 Act that, among other things, establishes procedures for personal investments and restricts certain personal securities transactions. Personnel subject to the codes may invest in securities for their personal investment accounts, including securities that may be purchased or held by the Company, so long as such investments are made in accordance with the codes' requirements. The Company's and FSEP II's Advisors codes of ethics are attached as exhibits to the registration statement on Form N-2 filed with the SEC on August 22, 2014. You may also read and copy these codes of ethics at the SEC's Public Reference Room located at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. You may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room
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by calling the SEC at (202) 551-8090. In addition, each code of ethics is available on the EDGAR Database on the SEC's Internet site atwww.sec.gov. You may also obtain a copy of each code of ethics, after paying a duplicating fee, by electronic request at the following e-mail address: publicinfo@sec.gov, or by writing the SEC's Public Reference Section, at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549.
Audit Committee
The Company has established an Audit Committee that operates pursuant to a charter and consists of two members, including a Chairman of the Audit Committee. The members of the audit committee are Messrs. Lederman and D'Alessio, each of whom is independent. Mr. Lederman serves as the chairman of the audit committee. The Company's board of trustees has determined that Mr. Lederman is an "audit committee financial expert" as defined by Item 407(d)(5)(ii) of Regulation S-K promulgated under the Exchange Act.
Item 11. Executive Compensation
The Company's executive officers do not receive any direct compensation from it. The Company does not currently have any employees and does not expect to have any employees. Services necessary for the Company's business are provided by individuals who are employees of FSEP II Advisor or by individuals who were contracted by it or by FSEP II Advisor to work on behalf of it, pursuant to the terms of the investment advisory and administrative services agreement. Each of the Company's executive officers is an employee of FSEP II Advisor or an outside contractor, and the day-to-day investment operations and administration of its portfolio are managed by FSEP II Advisor. In addition, the Company will reimburse FSEP II Advisor for its allocable portion of expenses incurred by FSEP II Advisor in performing its obligations under the investment advisory and administrative services agreement, including the allocable portion of the cost of its officers and their respective staffs, as permitted under the investment advisory and administrative services agreement.
Under the terms of the investment advisory and administrative services agreement, upon satisfaction of the minimum offering requirement, FSEP II Advisor will become entitled to receive up to 0.75% of gross proceeds raised in the Company's continuous public offering until all offering costs and organization costs funded by FSEP II Advisor or its affiliates (including Franklin Square Holdings) have been recovered.
The Company's board of trustees has not established a standing compensation committee because its executive officers do not receive any direct compensation from it. The Company's board of trustees, as a whole, participates in the consideration of trustee compensation and decisions on trustee compensation are based on, among other things, a review of data of comparable BDCs.
Trustee Compensation
The Company's trustees who do not also serve in an executive officer capacity for it or FSEP II Advisor will be entitled to receive annual cash retainer fees, fees for participating in in-person board and committee meetings and annual fees for serving as a committee chairperson, determined based on the Company's net assets as of the end of each fiscal quarter. These trustees are Messrs. D'Alessio, Lederman, and Sommer. Amounts payable under the arrangement will be determined and paid quarterly in arrears as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | |
Net Asset Value | | Annual Cash Retainer Fee | | Board/Committee Meeting Fee | | Annual Chairperson Fee | |
---|
$0 to $100 million | | $ | — | | $ | — | | $ | — | |
$100 million to $300 million | | $ | 25,000 | | $ | 1,000 | | $ | 5,000 | |
$300 million to $500 million | | $ | 40,000 | | $ | 1,000 | | $ | 5,000 | |
$500 million to $1 billion | | $ | 60,000 | | $ | 1,500 | | $ | 20,000 | |
> $1 billion | | $ | 80,000 | | $ | 2,500 | | $ | 25,000 | |
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The Company will also reimburse each of the above trustees for all reasonable and authorized business expenses in accordance with its policies as in effect from time to time, including reimbursement of reasonable out-of-pocket expenses incurred in connection with attending each board meeting and each committee meeting not held concurrently with a board meeting.
The Company will not pay compensation to our trustees who also serve in an executive officer capacity for the Company or FSEP II Advisor.
None of the Company's trustees received any compensation for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
The following table sets forth, as of February 26, 2016, the beneficial ownership of the members of the Company's board of trustees, its executive officers, each person known to it to beneficially own 5% or more of its outstanding common shares and all of its executive officers and trustees as a group. None of our shares have been authorized for issuance under any equity compensation plans.
Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC and includes voting or investment power with respect to the securities. There are no common shares subject to options that are currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of February 26, 2016. Ownership information for those persons who beneficially own 5% or more of the Company's outstanding common shares is based upon information furnished by its transfer agent and other information provided by such persons, if available.
| | | | | | | |
| | Shares Beneficially Owned as of February 26, 2016 | |
---|
Name and Address of Beneficial Owner(1) | | Number of Shares(2) | | Percentage(3) | |
---|
Interested Trustees | | | | | | | |
Michael C. Forman | | | 11,111.111 | | | 50.0 | % |
David J. Adelman | | | 11,111.111 | | | 50.0 | % |
Independent Trustees | | | | | | | |
M. Walter D'Alessio | | | — | | | * | |
Marc R. Lederman | | | — | | | * | |
Judah C. Sommer | | | — | | | * | |
Executive Officers | | | | | | | |
Edward T. Gallivan, Jr. | | | — | | | * | |
Zachary Klehr | | | — | | | * | |
Gerald F. Stahlecker | | | — | | | * | |
Stephen S. Sypherd | | | — | | | * | |
James F. Volk | | | — | | | * | |
All Executive Officers and Trustees as a group (10 persons) | | | 22,222.222 | | | 100.0 | % |
- *
- Less than one percent.
- (1)
- The address for each trustee and Executive Officers are c/o FS Energy and Power Fund II, 201 Rouse Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19112.
- (2)
- Beneficial ownership has been determined in accordance with Rule 13d-3 under the Exchange Act.
- (3)
- Based on a total of approximately 22,222 common shares issued and outstanding on February 26, 2016.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
Policy with Respect to Approval of Related Party Transactions
The Company has procedures in place for the review, approval and monitoring of transactions involving it and certain persons related to it. For example, the Company's code of ethics generally
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prohibits any employee, officer or trustee from engaging in any transaction where there is a conflict between such individual's personal interest and the interests of it. Waivers to the code of ethics for any executive officer or member of the Company's board of trustees must be approved by its board of trustees and are publicly disclosed as required by applicable law and regulations. In addition, the Audit Committee is required to review and approve all transactions with related persons (as defined in Item 404 of Regulation S-K promulgated under the Exchange Act). Prior to the occurrence of a liquidity event, all future transactions with the Company's affiliates will be on terms no less favorable than could be obtained from an unaffiliated third party and must be approved by a majority of its board, including a majority of the Independent Trustees.
Related Party Transactions(dollar amounts presented in thousands)
Compensation of the Investment Adviser and Dealer Manager
Pursuant to the investment advisory and administrative services agreement, after the Company meets its minimum offering requirement, FSEP II Advisor will be entitled to receive an annual base management fee of 2.0% of the average weekly value of the Company's gross assets and an incentive fee based on the Company's performance. Base management fees will be paid on a quarterly basis in arrears.
The incentive fee will consist of two parts. The first part of the incentive fee, which is referred to as the subordinated incentive fee on income, will be calculated and payable quarterly in arrears, will equal 20.0% of the Company's "pre-incentive fee net investment income" for the immediately preceding quarter and will be subject to a hurdle rate, expressed as a rate of return on adjusted capital, equal to 1.625% per quarter, or an annualized hurdle rate of 6.5%. For purposes of this fee, "adjusted capital" means cumulative gross proceeds generated from sales of the Company's common shares (including proceeds from the Company's distribution reinvestment plan) reduced for amounts paid for share repurchases pursuant to the Company's share repurchase program. The second part of the incentive fee, which is referred to as the incentive fee on capital gains, will be accrued for on a quarterly basis and, if earned, will be paid annually. The Company will accrue this incentive fee based on net realized and unrealized gains; however, under the terms of the investment advisory and administrative services agreement, the fee payable to FSEP II Advisor will be based on realized gains and no such fee will be payable with respect to unrealized gains unless and until such gains are actually realized.
Pursuant to the investment advisory and administrative services agreement, FSEP II Advisor will oversee the Company's day-to-day operations, including the provision of general ledger accounting, fund accounting, legal services, investor relations and other administrative services. FSEP II Advisor will also perform, or oversee the performance of, the Company's corporate operations and required administrative services, which will include being responsible for the financial records which the Company will be required to maintain and preparing reports for its shareholders and reports filed with the SEC. In addition, FSEP II Advisor will assist the Company in calculating its' net asset value, overseeing the preparation and filing of tax returns and the printing and dissemination of reports to its shareholders, and generally overseeing the payment of the Company's expenses and the performance of administrative and professional services rendered to the Company by others.
The Company will also reimburse FSEP II Advisor for expenses necessary to perform services related to the Company's administration and operations, including FSEP II Advisor's allocable portion of the compensation and related expenses of certain personnel of Franklin Square Holdings providing administrative services to us on behalf of FSEP II Advisor. The amount of this reimbursement will be the lesser of (1) FSEP II Advisor's actual costs incurred in providing such services and (2) the amount that the Company estimates it would be required to pay alternative service providers for comparable services in the same geographic location. FSEP II Advisor will be required to allocate the cost of such services to the Company based on factors such as assets, revenues, time allocations and/or other reasonable metrics. The Company's board of trustees will review the methodology employed in determining how the expenses are allocated to the Company and the proposed allocation of the administrative expenses among the Company and certain affiliates of FSEP II Advisor. The Company's board of trustees will then assess the reasonableness of such reimbursements for expenses allocated to the Company based on the breadth, depth and quality of such services as compared to the estimated
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cost to the Company of obtaining similar services from third-party service providers known to be available. In addition, the Company's board of trustees will consider whether any single third-party service provider would be capable of providing all such services at comparable cost and quality. Finally, the Company's board of trustees will, among other things, compare the total amount paid to FSEP II Advisor for such services as a percentage of the Company's net assets to the same ratio as reported by other comparable BDCs. The Company will not reimburse FSEP II Advisor for any services for which it receives a separate fee, or for rent, depreciation, utilities, capital equipment or other administrative items allocated to a controlling person of FSEP II Advisor.
Franklin Square Holdings has funded the Company's organization and offering costs in the amount of $1,254 and $2,401, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2015 and for the period from February 6, 2014 (Inception) to December 31, 2014. These costs include legal, accounting, marketing and printing expenses associated with the Company's organization and offering activities, including costs related to preparation of the Company's registration statement and prospectus, and salaries and other direct expenses of FSEP II Advisor's personnel, employees of its affiliates and others while engaged in such activities on behalf of the Company.
Under the terms of the investment advisory and administrative services agreement, there is no liability on the Company's part for the organization and offering costs funded by FSEP II Advisor or its affiliates (including Franklin Square Holdings) until the investment advisory and administrative services agreement is effective and the Company has met the minimum offering requirement. At such time, FSEP II Advisor will be entitled to receive up to 0.75% of gross proceeds raised in the Company's continuous public offering until organization and offering costs funded by FSEP II Advisor or its affiliates (including Franklin Square Holdings have been recovered). The minimum reimbursement to FSEP II Advisor for such fees is $7.5, assuming the Company is able to raise $1,000 in gross proceeds. The investment advisory and administrative services agreement will not be effective until the Company meets the minimum offering requirement.
The dealer manager for the Company's continuous public offering is FS2, which is one of its affiliates. Under the dealer manager agreement among us, FSEP II Advisor and FS2, FS2 will be entitled to receive upfront sales commissions in connection with the sale of common shares in the Company's continuous public offering, all or a portion of which may be re-allowed to selected broker-dealers and financial representatives.
Capital Contribution by Franklin Square Holdings
In April 2014, pursuant to a private placement, Michael C. Forman and David J. Adelman, the co-founders of Franklin Square Holdings, contributed an aggregate of $200 to purchase approximately 22,222 common shares at $9.00 per share. Messrs. Forman and Adelman have agreed not to tender these common shares for repurchase as long as FSEP II Advisor remains the Company's investment adviser.
Potential Conflicts of Interest
FSEP II Advisor's senior management team is comprised of substantially the same personnel as the senior management teams of FB Income Advisor, LLC, FSIC II Advisor, LLC, FSIC III Advisor, LLC, FSIC IV Advisor, LLC, FS Investment Advisor, LLC and FS Global Advisor, LLC, the investment advisers to Franklin Square Holdings' other affiliated BDCs and affiliated closed-end management investment company. As a result, such personnel provide investment advisory services to the Company and each of FS Investment Corporation, FS Investment Corporation II, FS Investment Corporation III, FS Investment Corporation IV, FS Energy and Power Fund and FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund. While none of FSEP II Advisor, FB Income Advisor, LLC, FSIC II Advisor, LLC, FSIC III Advisor, LLC, FSIC IV Advisor, LLC, FS Investment Advisor, LLC or FS Global Advisor, LLC is currently making private corporate debt investments for clients other than the Company, FS Investment Corporation, FS Investment Corporation II, FS Investment Corporation III, FS Investment Corporation IV, FS Energy and Power Fund or FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund, respectively, any, or all, may do so in the future. In the event that FSEP II Advisor undertakes to provide investment advisory services to other clients in the future, it intends to allocate investment opportunities in a fair and equitable manner consistent with the Company investment objectives and
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strategies, if necessary, so that the Company will not be disadvantaged in relation to any other client of FSEP II Advisor or its management team. In addition, even in the absence of FSEP II Advisor retaining additional clients, it is possible that some investment opportunities may be provided to FS Investment Corporation, FS Investment Corporation II, FS Investment Corporation III, FS Investment Corporation IV, FS Energy and Power Fund and/or FS Global Credit Opportunities Fund rather than to the Company.
Exemptive Relief
In an order dated June 4, 2013, the SEC granted exemptive relief to the Company's affiliates, upon which the Company may rely, permitting the Company, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, to co-invest in certain privately negotiated investment transactions with the Company's co-investment affiliates. The Company believes this relief may enhance the Company's ability to further the Company's investment objectives and strategies, and may also increase favorable investment opportunities for the Company, in part by allowing the Company to participate in larger investments, together with the Company's co-investment affiliates, than would be available to the Company if such relief had not been obtained. Because the Company's affiliates did not seek exemptive relief to engage in co-investment transactions with the Company's investment sub-adviser, GSO, and its affiliates, the Company will be permitted to co-invest with GSO and its affiliates only in accordance with existing regulatory guidance.
Expense Reimbursement
Pursuant to the expense reimbursement agreement, Franklin Square Holdings has agreed to reimburse the Company for expenses in an amount that is sufficient to ensure that no portion of the Company's distributions to shareholders will be paid from its offering proceeds or borrowings.
However, because certain investments the Company may make, including preferred and common equity investments, may generate dividends and other distributions to the Company that are treated for tax purposes as a return of capital, a portion of the Company's distributions to shareholders may also be deemed to constitute a return of capital for tax purposes to the extent that the Company may use such dividends or other distribution proceeds to fund its distributions to shareholders. Under those circumstances, Franklin Square Holdings will not reimburse the Company for the portion of such distributions to shareholders that represent a return of capital for tax purposes, as the purpose of the expense reimbursement arrangement is not to prevent tax-advantaged distributions to shareholders.
Under the expense reimbursement agreement, Franklin Square Holdings will reimburse the Company quarterly for expenses in an amount equal to the difference between the Company's cumulative distributions paid to its shareholders in each quarter, less the sum of the Company's net investment company taxable income, net capital gains and dividends and other distributions paid to the Company on account of preferred and common equity investments in portfolio companies (to the extent such amounts are not included in net investment company taxable income or net capital gains) in each quarter.
Pursuant to the expense reimbursement agreement, the Company has a conditional obligation to reimburse Franklin Square Holdings for any amounts funded by Franklin Square Holdings under such agreement if (and only to the extent that), during any fiscal quarter occurring within three years of the date on which Franklin Square Holdings funded such amount, the sum of the Company's net investment company taxable income, net capital gains and the amount of any dividends and other distributions paid to the Company on account of preferred and common equity investments in portfolio companies (to the extent not included in net investment company taxable income or net capital gains) exceeds the cumulative ordinary cash distributions paid by the Company to its shareholders during such quarter; provided, however, that (i) the Company will only reimburse Franklin Square Holdings for expense support payments made by Franklin Square Holdings with respect to any calendar quarter to the extent that the payment of such reimbursement (together with any other reimbursement paid during such fiscal year) does not cause "other operating expenses" (as defined below) (on an annualized basis and net of any expense support payments received by the Company during such fiscal year) to exceed the lesser of (A) 1.75% of the Company's average net assets attributable to its common shares for the fiscal year-to-date period after taking such payments into account and (B) the percentage
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of the Company's average net assets attributable to its common shares represented by "other operating expenses" during the fiscal year in which such expense support payment from Franklin Square Holdings was made (provided, however, that this clause (B) shall not apply to any reimbursement payment which relates to an expense support payment from Franklin Square Holdings made during the same fiscal year); and (ii) the Company will not reimburse Franklin Square Holdings for expense support payments made by Franklin Square Holdings for any calendar quarter if the annualized rate of regular cash distributions declared by the Company at the time of such reimbursement payment is less than the annualized rate of regular cash distributions declared by the Company at the time Franklin Square Holdings made the expense support payment to which such reimbursement payment relates. The Company is not obligated to pay interest on the reimbursements it is required to make to Franklin Square Holdings under the expense reimbursement agreement. "Other operating expenses" means the Company's total "operating expenses" (as defined below), excluding base management fees, incentive fees, organization and offering costs, financing fees and costs, interest expense, brokerage commissions and extraordinary expenses. "Operating expenses" means all operating costs and expenses incurred, as determined in accordance with GAAP for investment companies.
Franklin Square Holdings has indicated that it expects to continue such reimbursements until it deems that the Company has achieved economies of scale sufficient to ensure that it bears a reasonable level of expenses in relation to its income.
The specific amount of expenses reimbursed by Franklin Square Holdings pursuant to the expense reimbursement agreement, if any, will be determined at the end of each quarter. The Company or Franklin Square Holdings may terminate the expense reimbursement agreement at any time. Upon termination of the expense reimbursement agreement by Franklin Square Holdings, Franklin Square Holdings will be required to fund any amounts accrued thereunder as of the date of termination. Similarly, the conditional obligation of the Company to reimburse Franklin Square Holdings pursuant to the terms of the expense reimbursement agreement shall survive the termination of such agreement by either party.
Franklin Square Holdings is controlled by the Company's chairman, president and chief executive officer, Michael C. Forman, and the Company's vice-chairman, David J. Adelman. There can be no assurance that the expense reimbursement agreement will remain in effect or that Franklin Square Holdings will reimburse any portion of the Company's expenses in future quarters.
Independence of Board of Trustees
A majority of the members of the Company's board of trustees are not "interested persons," as defined in Section 2(a)(19) of the 1940 Act, of it or FSEP II Advisor. Section 2(a)(19) of the 1940 Act defines an "interested person" to include, among other things, any person who has, or within the last two years had, a material business or professional relationship with us.
The Company's board of trustees is currently comprised of five trustees, three of whom are Independent Trustees. The Company's board of trustees has determined that the following trustees are Independent Trustees: Messrs. D'Alessio, Lederman and Sommer. Based upon information requested from each trustee concerning their background, employment and affiliations, the Company's board of trustees has affirmatively determined that none of the Independent Trustees has, or since our inception has had, a material business or professional relationship with it, other than in their capacity as a member of its board of trustees or any committee or as a shareholder.
The Company's board of trustees has three standing committees: an Audit Committee, a Valuation Committee and a Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. The current members of the Company's Audit Committee are Messrs. Lederman (Chairman) and D'Alessio. The current members of the Company's Valuation Committee are Messrs. Lederman (Chairman) and D'Alessio. The current members of the Company's Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee are Messrs. Sommer (Chairman) and D'Alessio.
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Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services
Set forth in the table below are audit fees and non-audit related fees billed to the Company by RSM US LLP (formerly McGladrey LLP through October 25, 2015), or RSM, for professional services performed for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Fiscal Year | | Audit Fees | | Audit-Related Fees(1) | | Tax Fees | | All Other Fees(2) | |
---|
2014 | | $ | 75,490 | | $ | — | | $ | — | | $ | — | |
2015 | | $ | 58,740 | | $ | 26,750 | | $ | — | | $ | — | |
- (1)
- "Audit-Related Fees" are those fees billed to us by RSM for services provided by RSM or fees billed for expenses relating to the review by RSM of the Company's registration statements filed with the SEC pursuant to the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
- (2)
- "All Other Fees" are those fees billed to the Company by RSM in connection with permitted non-audit services.
The Company's Audit Committee reviews, negotiates and approves in advance the scope of work, any related engagement letter and the fees to be charged by its independent registered public accounting firm for audit services and permitted non-audit services for it and for permitted non-audit services for FSEP II Advisor and any affiliates thereof that provide services to it if such non-audit services has a direct impact on the operations or financial reporting of it. Any requests for audit, audit-related, tax and other services that have not received general pre-approval must be submitted to the Company's Audit Committee for specific pre-approval in accordance with its pre-approval policy, irrespective of the amount, and cannot commence until such approval has been granted. Normally, pre-approval is considered at regularly scheduled meetings of the Company's Audit Committee. However, the Company's Audit Committee may delegate pre-approval authority to one or more of its members. The member or members to whom such authority is delegated must report any pre-approval decisions to the Company's Audit Committee at its next scheduled meeting. The Company's Audit Committee does not delegate its responsibilities to pre-approve services performed by RSM to management. All of the audit and permitted non-audit services described above for which RSM billed the Company for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 were pre-approved by the Audit Committee.
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PART IV
Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules
a. Documents Filed as Part of this Report
The following financial statements are set forth in Item 8:
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| | Page | |
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Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting | | | 76 | |
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | | | 77 | |
Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 | | | 78 | |
Notes to Financial Statements | | | 79 | |
b. Exhibits
Please note that the agreements included as exhibits to this annual report on Form 10-K are included to provide information regarding their terms and are not intended to provide any other factual or disclosure information about FS Energy and Power Fund II or the other parties to the agreements. The agreements contain representations and warranties by each of the parties to the applicable agreement that have been made solely for the benefit of the other parties to the applicable agreement and may not describe the actual state of affairs as of the date they were made or at any other time.
The following exhibits are filed as part of this annual report or hereby incorporated by reference to exhibits previously filed with the SEC:
| | |
3.1 | | Certificate of Trust of FS Energy and Power Fund II.(Incorporated by reference to Exhibit (a)(1) filed with FS Energy and Power Fund II's registration statement on Form N-2 (File No. 333-195237), filed on April 11, 2014.) |
3.2 | | Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust of FS Energy and Power Fund II.(Incorporated by reference to Exhibit (a)(3) filed with Pre-Effective Amendment No. 2 to FS Energy and Power Fund II's registration statement on Form N-2 (File No. 333-195237), filed on August 22, 2014.) |
3.3 | | Bylaws of FS Energy and Power Fund II.(Incorporated by reference to Exhibit (b) filed with Pre-Effective Amendment No. 2 to FS Energy and Power Fund II's registration statement on Form N-2 (File No. 333-195237) filed on August 22, 2014.) |
4.1 | | Form of Subscription Agreement.(Incorporated by reference to Appendix A filed with Post-Effective Amendment No. 3 to FS Energy and Power Fund II's registration statement on Form N-2 (File No. 333-195237) filed on April 22, 2015.) |
4.2 | | Distribution Reinvestment Plan of FS Energy and Power Fund II.(Incorporated by reference to Exhibit (e) filed with Pre-Effective Amendment No. 2 to FS Energy and Power Fund II's registration statement on Form N-2 (File No. 333-195237) filed on August 22, 2014.) |
10.1 | | Investment Advisory and Administrative Services Agreement, dated as of July 31, 2014, by and between FS Energy and Power Fund II and FSEP II Advisor, LLC.(Incorporated by reference to Exhibit (g)(1) filed with Pre-Effective Amendment No. 2 to FS Energy and Power Fund II's registration statement on Form N-2 (File No. 333-195237), filed on August 22, 2014.) |
10.2 | | Form of Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement, by and between FSEP II Advisor, LLC and GSO Capital Partners L.P.(Incorporated by reference to Exhibit (g)(2) filed with Pre-Effective Amendment No. 2 to FS Energy and Power Fund II's registration statement on Form N-2 (File No. 333-195237), filed on August 22, 2014.) |
10.3 | | Dealer Manager Agreement, dated as of July 31, 2014, by and among FS Energy and Power Fund II, FSEP II Advisor, LLC and FS2 Capital Partners, LLC.(Incorporated by reference to Exhibit (h)(1) filed with Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 to FS Energy and Power Fund II's registration statement on Form N-2 (File No. 333-195237), filed on November 12, 2014.) |
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| | |
10.4 | | Form of Selected Dealer Agreement. (Included as Appendix A to the Dealer Manager Agreement).(Incorporated by reference to Exhibit (h)(1) filed with Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 to FS Energy and Power Fund II's registration statement on Form N-2 (File No. 333-195237), filed on November 12, 2014.) |
10.5 | | Custodian Agreement, dated as of September 29, 2014, by and between FS Energy and Power Fund II and State Street Bank and Trust Company.(Incorporated by reference to Exhibit (j) filed with Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 to FS Energy and Power Fund II's registration statement on Form N-2 (File No. 333-195237), filed on November 12, 2014.) |
10.6 | | Escrow Agreement, dated as of July 31, 2014, by and among FS Energy and Power Fund II, UMB Bank, N.A. and FS2 Capital Partners, LLC.(Incorporated by reference to Exhibit (k)(1) filed with Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 to FS Energy and Power Fund II's registration statement on Form N-2 (File No. 333-195237), filed on November 12, 2014.) |
10.7 | | Expense Support and Conditional Reimbursement Agreement, dated as of July 31, 2014, by and between FS Energy and Power Fund II and Franklin Square Holdings, L.P.(Incorporated by reference to Exhibit (k)(2) filed with Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 to FS Energy and Power Fund II's registration statement on Form N-2 (File No. 333-195237), filed on November 12, 2014.) |
14.1 | | Code of Ethics of the Registrant.(Incorporated by reference to Exhibit (r)(1) filed with Pre-Effective Amendment No. 2 to FS Energy and Power Fund II's registration statement on Form N-2 (File No. 333-195237), filed on August 22, 2014.) |
14.2 | | Code of Ethics of FSEP II Advisor, LLC.(Incorporated by reference to Exhibit (r)(2) filed with Pre-Effective Amendment No. 2 to FS Energy and Power Fund II's registration statement on Form N-2 (File No. 333-195237), filed on August 22, 2014.) |
31.1 | * | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. |
31.2 | * | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. |
32.1 | * | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 1350, Chapter 63 of Title 18, United States Code, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |
32.2 | * | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 1350, Chapter 63 of Title 18, United States Code, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |
c. Financial statement schedules
No financial statement schedules are filed herewith because (1) such schedules are not required or (2) the information has been presented in the aforementioned financial statements.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this annual report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
| | |
| | FS ENERGY AND POWER FUND II |
Date: February 26, 2016 | | /s/ Michael C. Forman
Michael C. Forman Chief Executive Officer |
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Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this annual report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacity and on the dates indicated.
| | |
Date: February 26, 2016 | | /s/ MICHAEL C. FORMAN
Michael C. Forman Chief Executive Officer |
Date: February 26, 2016 | | /s/ EDWARD T. GALLIVAN, JR.
Edward T. Gallivan, Jr. Chief Financial Officer (Principal Accounting and Financial Officer) |
Date: February 26, 2016 | | /s/ DAVID J. ADELMAN
David J. Adelman Trustee |
Date: February 26, 2016 | | /s/ M. WALTER D'ALESSIO
M. Walter D'Alessio Trustee |
Date: February 26, 2016 | | /s/ MARC R. LEDERMAN
Marc R. Lederman Trustee |
Date: February 26, 2016 | | /s/ JUDAH C. SOMMER
Judah C. Sommer Trustee |
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