Segments | 13. Segments General The Company has seven operating segments based on geographic operations that it aggregates into one reportable segment. The Company defines operating segments as components of the organization for which discrete financial information is available and operating results are evaluated on a regular basis by the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) in order to assess performance and allocate resources. The Company’s CODM is its Chief Executive Officer. The Company determined it has seven operating segments based on the Company’s seven geographic divisions, which are Central, Midwest, Northeast, Southern, Southeast, Western and Canada. On June 1, 2018, the Company acquired Titan, which resulted in the addition of a new operating segment. The Company aggregates its operating segments into a single reportable segment based on similarities between the operating segments’ economic characteristics, nature of products sold, production process, type of customer and methods of distribution. The accounting policies of the operating segments are the same as those described in the summary of significant policies. In addition to the Company’s reportable segment, the Company’s consolidated results include both corporate activities and certain other activities. Corporate includes the Company’s corporate office building and support services provided to its subsidiaries. Other includes Tool Source Warehouse, Inc., which functions primarily as an internal distributor of tools. Segment Results The CODM assesses the Company’s performance based on the periodic review of net sales, Adjusted EBITDA and certain other measures for each of the operating segments. Adjusted EBITDA is not a recognized financial measure under GAAP. However, we believe it assists investors and analysts in comparing our operating performance across reporting periods on a consistent basis by excluding items that we do not believe are indicative of our core operating performance. Management believes Adjusted EBITDA is helpful in highlighting trends in our operating results, while other measures can differ significantly depending on long‑term strategic decisions regarding capital structure, the tax jurisdictions in which companies operate and capital investments. In addition, we utilize Adjusted EBITDA in certain calculations under the ABL Facility and the First Lien Facility. The ABL Facility and the First Lien Facility permit us to make certain additional adjustments in calculating Consolidated EBITDA, such as projected net cost savings, which are not reflected in the Adjusted EBITDA data presented in this Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q. The following tables present segment results for the three and nine months ended January 31, 2019 and 2018: Three Months Ended January 31, 2019 Depreciation and Adjusted Net Sales Gross Profit Amortization EBITDA (in thousands) Geographic divisions $ 717,984 $ 232,201 $ 29,368 $ 59,321 Other 5,918 2,025 55 396 Corporate — — 797 — $ 723,902 $ 234,226 $ 30,220 $ 59,717 Three Months Ended January 31, 2018 Depreciation and Adjusted Net Sales Gross Profit Amortization EBITDA (in thousands) Geographic divisions $ 579,974 $ 193,329 $ 16,252 $ 41,658 Other 5,534 2,091 59 549 Corporate — — 179 — $ 585,508 $ 195,420 $ 16,490 $ 42,207 Nine Months Ended January 31, 2019 Depreciation and Adjusted Net Sales Gross Profit Amortization EBITDA (in thousands) Geographic divisions $ 2,316,732 $ 740,591 $ 85,284 $ 220,365 Other 19,151 6,601 168 1,769 Corporate — — 1,877 — $ 2,335,883 $ 747,192 $ 87,329 $ 222,134 Nine Months Ended January 31, 2018 Depreciation and Adjusted Net Sales Gross Profit Amortization EBITDA (in thousands) Geographic divisions $ 1,858,259 $ 606,388 $ 48,744 $ 147,534 Other 17,410 6,396 183 1,667 Corporate — — 621 — $ 1,875,669 $ 612,784 $ 49,548 $ 149,201 The following table presents a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income for the three and nine months ended January 31, 2019 and 2018: Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended January 31, January 31, 2019 2018 2019 2018 (in thousands) Net income $ 5,815 $ 19,686 $ 39,377 $ 53,052 Interest expense 19,526 7,871 54,896 23,288 Write-off of debt discount and deferred financing fees — — — 74 Interest income (10) (44) (43) (93) Provision (benefit) for income taxes 1,442 (4,488) 12,337 15,555 Depreciation expense 11,919 6,009 34,067 18,021 Amortization expense 18,301 10,481 53,262 31,527 Stock appreciation expense(a) 442 631 1,425 1,863 Redeemable noncontrolling interests(b) (35) 340 778 1,370 Equity-based compensation(c) 1,140 430 2,638 1,277 Severance and other permitted costs(d) 229 8 5,947 325 Transaction costs (acquisitions and other)(e) 1,066 75 6,660 321 Gain on sale of assets (118) (51) (412) (648) Effects of fair value adjustments to inventory(f) — 89 4,129 276 Change in fair value of financial instruments(g) — 276 6,395 710 Secondary public offering costs(h) — 894 — 1,525 Debt transaction costs(i) — — 678 758 Adjusted EBITDA $ 59,717 $ 42,207 $ 222,134 $ 149,201 (a) Represents non‑cash expense related to stock appreciation rights agreements. (b) Represents non‑cash compensation expense related to changes in the redemption values of noncontrolling interests . (c) Represents non‑cash equity‑based compensation expense related to the issuance of share-based awards. (d) Represents severance expenses and other costs permitted in calculations under the ABL Facility and the First Lien Facility. (e) Represents one‑time costs related to acquisitions paid to third parties. (f) Represents the non‑cash cost of sales impact of purchase accounting adjustments to increase inventory to its estimated fair value. (g) Represents the mark‑to‑market adjustments for derivative financial instruments. (h) Represents one-time costs related to our secondary offering paid to third-party advisors. (i) Represents costs paid to third-party advisors related to debt refinancing activities. Revenues by Product The following table presents the Company’s net sales to external customers by main product lines for the three and nine months ended January 31, 2019 and 2018: Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended January 31, January 31, 2019 2018 2019 2018 (in thousands) Wallboard $ 297,358 $ 256,413 $ 949,781 $ 829,568 Ceilings 105,219 90,360 339,450 291,716 Steel framing 117,432 96,744 382,304 304,598 Other products 203,893 141,991 664,348 449,787 Total net sales $ 723,902 $ 585,508 $ 2,335,883 $ 1,875,669 Geographic Information The following table presents the Company’s net sales by major geographic area for the three and nine months ended January 31, 2019 and 2018: Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended January 31, January 31, 2019 2018 2019 2018 (in thousands) United States $ 624,672 $ 585,508 $ 2,021,750 $ 1,875,669 Canada 99,230 — 314,133 — Total net sales $ 723,902 $ 585,508 $ 2,335,883 $ 1,875,669 The average exchange rates for translating Canada net sales from Canadian dollars to U.S. dollars were 0.7491 and 0.7609 for the three and nine months ended January 31, 2019, respectively. The average exchange rates were 0.7895 and 0.7875 for the three and nine months ended January 31, 2018, respectively. The following table presents the Company’s long-lived assets by major geographic area as of January 31, 2019 and April 30, 2018: January 31, April 30, 2019 2018 (in thousands) United States $ 871,596 $ 813,909 Canada 480,994 — Total long-lived assets $ 1,352,590 $ 813,909 |