Revenue | REVENUE Performance Obligations A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer and is the unit of account for revenue in ASC Topic 606. A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied. To determine the proper revenue recognition method, consideration is given as to whether a single contract should be accounted for as more than one performance obligation. For most of our contracts, the customer contracts with us to perform an integrated set of tasks and deliverables as a single service solution, whereby each service is not separately identifiable from other promises in the contract and therefore is not distinct. As a result, when this integrated set of tasks exists, the contract is accounted for as one performance obligation. The vast majority of our contracts have a single performance obligation. Unexercised contract options and indefinite delivery and indefinite quantity (IDIQ) contracts are considered to be separate contracts when the option or IDIQ task order is exercised or awarded. Contract modifications are routine in the performance of our contracts. Contracts are often modified to account for changes in contract specifications or requirements. In most instances, contract modifications are for goods or services that are not distinct, and therefore, are accounted for as part of the existing contract. Our performance obligations are satisfied over time as services are provided throughout the contract term. We recognize revenue over time using the input method (e.g., costs incurred to date relative to total estimated costs at completion) to measure progress. Our over time recognition is reinforced by the fact that our customers simultaneously receive and consume the benefits of our services as they are performed. This continuous transfer of control requires that we track progress towards completion of performance obligations in order to measure and recognize revenue. Determining progress on performance obligations requires us to make judgments that affect the timing of revenue recognition. Remaining performance obligations represent firm orders by the customer and excludes potential orders under IDIQ contracts, unexercised contract options and contracts awarded to us that are being protested by competitors with the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) or in the U.S. Court of Federal Claims. The level of order activity related to programs can be affected by the timing of government funding authorizations and their project evaluation cycles. Year-over-year comparisons could, at times, be impacted by these factors, among others. Our contracts are multi-year contracts and typically include an initial period of one year or less with annual one-year (or less) option periods. The number of option periods varies by contract, and there is no guarantee that an option period will be exercised. The right to exercise an option period is at the sole discretion of the U.S. government when we are the prime contractor or of the prime contractor when we are a subcontractor. We expect to recognize a substantial portion of our performance obligations as revenue within the next 12 months. However, the U.S. government or the prime contractor may cancel any contract at any time through a termination for convenience or for cause. Substantially all of our contracts have terms that would permit us to recover all or a portion of our incurred costs and fees for work performed in the event of a termination for convenience. Remaining performance obligations increased by $139.1 million as of December 31, 2018 as compared to December 31, 2017 . We expect to recognize approximately 100% of the remaining performance obligations as of December 31, 2018 as revenue in 2019. Remaining performance obligations as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 are presented in the following table: Year Ended December 31, (In millions) 2018 2017 Performance Obligations $ 858 $ 719 Contract Estimates Accounting for contracts and programs involves the use of various techniques to estimate total contract revenue and costs. For contracts, we estimate the profit on a contract as the difference between the total estimated revenue and expected costs to complete a contract and recognize that profit over the life of the contract. Contract estimates are based on various assumptions to project the outcome of future events. These assumptions include labor productivity and availability; the complexity of the services being performed; the cost and availability of materials; the performance of subcontractors; and the availability and timing of funding from the customer. The impact of adjustments in contract estimates on our operating income can be reflected in either revenue or cost of revenue. Cumulative adjustments to operating income for the years ended December 31, 2018 , December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 are presented in the following table: Year Ended December 31, (In thousands) 2018 2017 2016 Favorable adjustments $ 14,962 $ 18,256 $ 15,296 Unfavorable adjustments (13,359 ) (6,704 ) (7,837 ) Net favorable adjustments $ 1,603 $ 11,552 $ 7,459 For the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 , the net favorable adjustments to operating income increased revenue by $0.8 million, $9.7 million and $7.2 million , respectively. Revenue by Category Generally, the sales price elements for our contracts are cost-plus, cost-reimbursable or firm-fixed-price. We commonly have elements of cost-plus, cost-reimbursable and firm-fixed-price contracts on a single contract. On a cost-plus type contract, we are paid our allowable incurred costs plus a profit, which can be fixed or variable depending on the contract’s fee arrangement, up to funding levels predetermined by our customers. On cost-plus type contracts, we do not bear the risks of unexpected cost overruns, provided that we do not incur costs that exceed the predetermined funded amounts. Most of our cost-plus contracts also contain a firm-fixed-price element. Cost-plus type contracts with award and incentive fee provisions are our primary variable contract fee arrangement. Award fees provide for a fee based on actual performance relative to contractually specified performance criteria. Incentive fees provide for a fee based on the relationship between total allowable and target cost. On most of our contracts, a cost-reimbursable element captures consumable materials required for the program. Typically, these costs do not bear fees. On a firm-fixed-price type contract, we agree to perform the contractual statement of work for a predetermined contract price. A firm-fixed-price type contract typically offers higher profit margin potential than a cost-plus type contract, which is commensurate with the greater levels of risk we assume on a firm-fixed-price type contract. Although a firm-fixed-price type contract generally permits us to retain profits if the total actual contract costs are less than the estimated contract costs, we bear the risk that increased or unexpected costs may reduce our profit or cause us to sustain losses on the contract. Although the overall scope of work required under the contract may not change, profit may be adjusted as experience is gained and as efficiencies are realized or costs are incurred. The following tables present our revenue disaggregated by different categories. Revenue by contract type for the years 2018 , 2017 and 2016 are as follows: Year Ended December 31, (In thousands) 2018 2017 2016 Cost-plus and cost-reimbursable ¹ $ 995,415 $ 818,908 $ 892,842 Firm-fixed-price 283,889 295,880 297,677 Total revenue $ 1,279,304 $ 1,114,788 $ 1,190,519 ¹ Includes time and material contracts Revenue by geographic region in which the contract is performed for the years 2018 , 2017 and 2016 are as follows: Year Ended December 31, (In thousands) 2018 2017 2016 Middle East $ 889,620 $ 871,821 $ 976,586 United States 269,750 168,003 157,161 Europe 119,934 74,964 56,772 Total revenue $ 1,279,304 $ 1,114,788 $ 1,190,519 Revenue by contract relationship for the years 2018 , 2017 and 2016 are as follows: Year Ended December 31, (In thousands) 2018 2017 2016 Prime contractor $ 1,200,726 $ 1,083,485 $ 1,131,773 Subcontractor 78,578 31,303 58,746 Total revenue $ 1,279,304 $ 1,114,788 $ 1,190,519 Revenue by customer for the years 2018 , 2017 and 2016 are as follows: Year Ended December 31, (In thousands) 2018 2017 2016 Army $ 934,427 $ 915,554 $ 1,004,842 Air Force 259,511 177,338 165,611 Navy 38,802 21,896 20,066 Other 46,564 — — Total revenue $ 1,279,304 $ 1,114,788 $ 1,190,519 Contract Balances The timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections results in billed and unbilled accounts receivable (contract assets) and customer advances and deposits (contract liabilities) on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Amounts are billed as work progresses in accordance with agreed-upon contractual terms at periodic intervals (e.g., biweekly or monthly). Generally, billing occurs subsequent to revenue recognition, resulting in contract assets. However, we may receive advances or deposits from our customers, before revenue is recognized, resulting in contract liabilities. These advance billings and payments are not considered significant financing components because they are frequently intended to ensure that both parties are in conformance with the primary contract terms. These assets and liabilities are reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheets on a contract-by-contract basis at the end of each reporting period. During the year ended December 31, 2018 , we recognized $0.9 million in revenue from performance obligations that were satisfied in prior periods. As of December 31, 2018 , we had contract assets of $181.0 million . Refer to Note 7, "Receivables," for additional information regarding the composition of our receivables balances. As of December 31, 2018 , our contract liabilities were insignificant. ASC Topic 606 Impact We adopted ASC Topic 606 on January 1, 2018, using the modified retrospective method with an unfavorable cumulative-effect adjustment of $0.1 million to opening retained earnings. The new ASC Topic 606 guidance was applied to contracts that were not completed as of the effective date of the guidance. During implementation of the standard, we identified performance obligations on the basis of the current version of the executed contract, including any contract modifications since inception; determined the transaction price, including any variable consideration, as of the effective date; and allocated the transaction price determined to the performance obligation identified. ASC Topic 606 differs from former ASC Topic 605 as we no longer recognize adjustments in estimated costs at completion as costs incurred in excess of billings on the balance sheet for firm-fixed price contracts. Adjustments in contract estimates for firm-fixed price contracts will result in more variability to revenue from period to period. The cumulative impact of an adjustment in estimated profit recorded to date on a contract will continue to be recognized in the period it is identified. We determined that certain incentive bonuses met the criteria of incremental costs of acquiring contracts. We capitalize these bonuses and recognize these costs ratably over the terms of the related contracts, including the base year and any subsequent anticipated option years. Prior to the adoption of ASC 606, we recognized these costs as they were incurred. As of December 31, 2018 , we have capitalized $0.4 million and recognized less than $0.1 million of amortization expense related to certain incentive bonuses for the year ended December 31, 2018 . The adoption of ASC Topic 606 had the most significant impact to our accounting for firm-fixed-price contracts. Under ASC Topic 606 guidance, our firm-fixed-price contracts recognize revenue and earnings over time with the continuous transfer of services to the customer, using an input measure (e.g., costs incurred to date relative to total estimated costs at completion) to reflect progress. Adjustments in estimated costs at completion were previously recorded as costs incurred in excess of billings or billings in excess of costs on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Adjustments in contract estimates for firm-fixed-price contracts are now recorded as unbilled receivables. This change will result in more variability to revenue from period to period. Despite this variability, a firm-fixed-price contract’s cash flows and overall profitability at contract completion are the same. The effects of the adoption of ASC Topic 606, using the modified retrospective method on January 1, 2018, are outlined in the following table: (In thousands) Year Ended December 31, 2017 Impact January 1, 2018 Receivables (unbilled) $ 121,601 $ 10,457 $ 132,058 Costs incurred in excess of billings $ 12,751 $ (12,751 ) $ — Billings in excess of costs $ 3,766 $ (3,766 ) $ — Impact to contract liabilities $ — $ 1,621 $ 1,621 Retained earnings, net of tax $ 117,415 $ (95 ) $ 117,320 The following table reflects the balances of financial statement line items under the ASC Topic 606 revenue recognition guidance compared to the former ASC Topic 605 revenue guidance for the year ended December 31, 2018 : Year Ended December 31, 2018 New Guidance Former Guidance (In thousands) ASC Topic 606 ASC Topic 605 Revenue $ 1,279,304 $ 1,269,560 Cost of revenue $ 1,164,609 $ 1,148,199 Selling, general and administrative expenses $ 66,372 $ 66,372 Operating income $ 48,323 $ 54,989 |