Note 6. Stock-Based Compensation | 6. Stock-Based Compensation The following table summarizes the activity for all stock options outstanding for the six months ended June 30: 2020 2019 Shares Weighted Average Exercise Price Shares Weighted Average Exercise Price Options outstanding at beginning of year 585,215 $ 14.37 478,503 $ 9.73 Granted 151,231 7.14 30,216 22.42 Exercised - - (28,170 ) 7.10 Forfeited (13,252 ) 11.54 (74,031 ) 10.39 Balance at June 30 723,194 $ 9.71 406,518 $ 10.73 Options exercisable at June 30: 305,778 $ 9.68 267,739 $ 7.64 Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value for options granted during the period: $ 4.55 $ 14.94 The following table summarizes additional information about stock options outstanding and exercisable at June 30, 2020: Options Outstanding Options Exercisable Options Outstanding Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life Weighted Average Exercise Price Aggregate Intrinsic Value Options Exercisable Weighted Average Exercise Price Aggregate Intrinsic Value 723,194 8.11 $ 9.71 $ 787,728 305,778 $ 9.68 $ 301,117 The Company recognized stock-based compensation expense for stock options of $414,272 and $174,871 for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $864,937 and $337,700 for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. In May 2020, the Company modified the exercise price on 203,750 stock option awards to $5.10, the closing market price on the Nasdaq Capital Market on May 14, 2020. No director or officer awards were modified. The effect on stock-based compensation for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 was approximately $51,000. The effect on stock-based compensation over the remaining service period will be approximately $168,000. The Black-Scholes option-pricing model was used to estimate the fair value of equity-based awards with the following weighted-average assumptions for the six months ended June 30: 2020 2019 Risk-free interest rate 0.35% - 1.66% 1.82% - 2.47% Expected volatility 73.3% - 74.4% 78.1% - 80.0% Expected life (years) 5.5 to 6.12 5.5 to 6.08 Expected dividend yield 0% 0% The inputs for the Black-Scholes valuation model require management’s significant assumptions. Prior to the Company’s initial public offering, the price per share of common stock was determined by the Company’s board based on recent prices of common stock sold in private offerings. Subsequent to the initial public offering, the price per share of common stock is determined by using the closing market price on the Nasdaq Capital Market on the grant date. The risk-free interest rates are based on the rate for U.S. Treasury securities at the date of grant with maturity dates approximately equal to the expected life at the grant date. The expected life is based on the simplified method in accordance with the SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin Nos. 107 and 110. The expected volatility is estimated based on historical volatility information of peer companies that are publicly available in combination with the Company’s calculated volatility since being publicly traded. All assumptions used to calculate the grant date fair value of non-employee options are generally consistent with the assumptions used for options granted to employees. In the event the Company terminates any of its consulting agreements, the unvested options issued in connection with the agreements would also be cancelled. Restricted stock awards were granted to two members of the Company’s board during the three months ended June 30, 2020. The Company had 15,686 and 0 shares of restricted stock outstanding as of June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and 0 and 2,571 shares of restricted stock vested during the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019. The Company recognized stock-based compensation expense for restricted stock of $10,912 and $4,260 for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $10,912 and $17,047 for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The Company initially reserved a maximum of 750,000 shares of common stock for issuance under the 2017 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2017 Plan”). The number of shares reserved for issuance was automatically increased by 102,540 shares on January 1, 2020 and will increase automatically on January 1 of each of 2021 through 2027 by the number of shares equal to 1.0% of the aggregate number of outstanding shares of Company common stock as of the immediately preceding December 31. However, the Company’s board may reduce the amount of the increase in any particular year. The total remaining shares available for grant under the Company’s 2017 Plan as of June 30, 2020 is 325,677. Total unrecognized compensation cost related to stock options and restricted stock is estimated to be recognized as follows: 2020 $ 794,868 2021 1,187,562 2022 929,554 2023 576,648 2024 105,954 Total estimated compensation cost to be recognized $ 3,594,586 The Company recognized stock-based compensation expense related to its employee stock purchase plan of ($1,991) and $13,115 for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively and $11,993 and $22,144 for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The Company initially reserved a total of 100,000 shares for issuance under the employee stock purchase plan. The number of shares reserved for issuance was automatically increased by 51,270 shares on January 1, 2020 and will increase automatically on each subsequent January 1 by the number of shares equal to 0.5% of the total outstanding number of shares of Company common stock as of the immediately preceding December 31. However, the Company’s board may reduce the amount of the increase in any particular year. The total remaining shares available for issuance under the employee stock purchase plan as of June 30, 2020 is 119,956. The Company recognized total stock-based compensation expense as follows for the three and six months ended June 30: Three Months Ended Six Months Ended June 30, June 30, 2020 2019 2020 2019 Stock-based compensation expense in operating expenses: Research and development $ 265,446 $ 101,303 $ 558,562 $ 201,560 General and administrative 157,747 90,943 329,280 175,331 Total $ 423,193 $ 192,246 $ 887,842 $ 376,891 |