MATERIAL U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES TO INVESTORS
The following is a summary of the material U.S. federal income tax consequences to investors of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of our common stock andpre-funded warrants issued pursuant to this offering. This discussion is not a complete analysis of all potential U.S. federal income tax consequences relating thereto, does not address the potential application of the Medicare contribution tax or the alternative minimum tax and does not address any estate or gift tax consequences or any tax consequences arising under any state, local or foreign tax laws, or any other U.S. federal tax laws. This discussion is based on the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, Treasury Regulations promulgated thereunder, judicial decisions and published rulings and administrative pronouncements of the Internal Revenue Service, or the IRS, all as in effect as of the date of this prospectus supplement. These authorities may change, possibly retroactively, resulting in U.S. federal income tax consequences different from those discussed below. We have not requested a ruling from the IRS with respect to the statements made and the conclusions reached in the following summary, and there can be no assurance that the IRS will agree with such statements and conclusions.
This discussion is limited to holders who purchase our common stock andpre-funded warrants issued pursuant to this offering and who hold such common stock andpre-funded warrants as a “capital asset” within the meaning of Section 1221 of the Code (generally, property held for investment). This discussion does not address all of the U.S. federal income tax consequences that may be relevant to a particular holder in light of such holder’s particular circumstances. This discussion also does not consider any specific facts or circumstances that may be relevant to holders subject to special rules under the U.S. federal income tax laws, including, without limitation, certain former citizens or long-term residents of the United States, partnerships or other pass-through entities and the equity holders therein, “controlled foreign corporations,” “passive foreign investment companies,” corporations that accumulate earnings to avoid U.S. federal income tax, banks, financial institutions, investment funds, insurance companies, brokers, dealers or traders in securities,tax-exempt organizations,tax-qualified retirement plans, persons that own, or have owned, actually or constructively, more than 5% of our common stock orpre-funded warrants, persons subject to special tax accounting rules under Section 451(b) of the Code, “qualified foreign pension funds” as defined in Section 897(l)(2) of the Code and entities all of the interests of which are held by qualified foreign pension funds and persons holding our common stock orpre-funded warrants as part of a hedging or conversion transaction or straddle, or a constructive sale, or other risk reduction strategy.
If an entity or arrangement that is classified as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes holds our common stock orpre-funded warrants, the U.S. federal income tax treatment of a partner will generally depend on the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Partnerships holding our common stock orpre-funded warrants, as well as the partners in such partnerships, are urged to consult their tax advisors as to particular U.S. federal income tax consequences to them of holding and disposing of our common stock andpre-funded warrants.
PROSPECTIVE INVESTORS SHOULD CONSULT THEIR TAX ADVISORS REGARDING THE PARTICULAR U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES TO THEM OF ACQUIRING, OWNING AND DISPOSING OF OUR COMMON STOCK ANDPRE-FUNDED WARRANTS, AS WELL AS ANY TAX CONSEQUENCES ARISING UNDER ANY STATE, LOCAL OR FOREIGN TAX LAWS AND ANY OTHER U.S. FEDERAL TAX LAWS. IN ADDITION, SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN U.S. FEDERAL TAX LAWS WERE ENACTED IN 2017. PROSPECTIVE INVESTORS SHOULD ALSO CONSULT WITH THEIR TAX ADVISORS WITH RESPECT TO SUCH CHANGES IN U.S. TAX LAW AS WELL AS POTENTIAL CONFORMING CHANGES IN STATE TAX LAWS.
Definition of U.S. Holder andNon-U.S. Holder
For purposes of this discussion, a U.S. holder is any of the following:
| • | | an individual citizen or resident of the United States; |
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