Stockholders' Equity | 8. Stockholders’ Equity The following shares of common stock were reserved for future issuance as of March 31, 2017: Total Shares Reserved 2014 Equity Incentive Plan 10,403,584 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan 871,592 Total reserved shares of common stock 11,275,176 Equity Incentive Plan Under the terms of the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan, (“2014 EIP”), we may grant options, RSAs and RSUs to employees, directors, consultants and other service providers. As of March 31, 2017, a total of 10,403,584 shares of common stock were reserved for issuance under the 2014 Plan, of which 4,784,205 shares were available for future grant and 5,619,379 shares were subject to outstanding options and RSUs. Restricted Stock Units The RSUs granted prior to our October 2014 IPO had a time-based service condition and a liquidity-based performance condition, and vest when both conditions are met. The liquidity-based performance condition was satisfied upon the closing of our IPO. The fair value of RSUs is determined as the closing stock price on the date of grant. The weighted average grant date fair value of RSUs granted during the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016 was $15.09 and $15.78, respectively. As of March 31, 2017, there was $27.1 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to RSUs that is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 3.2 years. The aggregate intrinsic value of the RSUs outstanding as of March 31, 2017 was $37.9 million. The following is a summary of RSU activity under our 2014 EIP: RSUs Shares Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Unvested as of December 31, 2016 1,286,262 $16.61 Granted 744,913 $15.09 Forfeited (16,905 ) $15.49 Vested (195,955 ) $13.34 Unvested as of March 31, 2017 1,818,315 $16.35 Vested and unreleased 25,403 Outstanding as of March 31, 2017 1,843,718 Under our RSU net settlement procedures, we withhold shares at settlement to cover the minimum payroll withholding tax obligations. During the three months ended March 31, 2017, we settled 195,957 RSUs, of which 175,723 RSUs were net settled by withholding 20,234 shares. The value of the RSUs withheld was $0.3 million, based on the closing price of our common stock on the settlement date. During the three months ended March 31, 2016, we settled 52,933 RSUs, of which 50,912 RSUs were net settled by withholding 2,021 shares. The value of the RSUs withheld was $32,000, based on the closing price of our common stock on the settlement date. The value of RSUs withheld in each period was remitted to the appropriate taxing authorities and has been reflected as a financing activity in our condensed consolidated statements of cash flows. Stock Options The following is a summary of stock option activity under our 2014 EIP: Shares Weighted Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years) Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands) Outstanding as of December 31, 2016 3,733,847 $24.14 Granted 155,100 $14.89 Exercised — $ — Forfeited or expired (113,286 ) $30.79 Outstanding as of March 31, 2017 3,775,661 $23.56 5.5 $6,519 Vested and expected to vest as of March 31, 2017 3,775,661 $23.56 5.5 $6,519 Exercisable as of March 31, 2017 1,392,218 $24.24 5.0 $2,821 Aggregate intrinsic value represents the difference between the closing stock price of our common stock on March 31, 2017 and the exercise price of outstanding, in-the-money options. As of March 31, 2017, there was $29.8 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to stock options that is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.6 years. No options were exercised during the three months ended March 31, 2017. Options for 1,244 shares of our common stock were exercised during the three months ended March 31, 2016, with an intrinsic value of $10,000. As we believe it is more likely than not that no stock option related tax benefits will be realized, we do not record any net tax benefits related to exercised options. The fair value of each option issued was estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes valuation model. The following table summarizes the weighted-average assumptions used as inputs to the Black-Scholes model, and resulting weighted-average grant date fair values of stock options granted to employees during the periods indicated: Three months ended March 31, 2017 Three months ended March 31, 2016 Assumptions: Expected term (years) 4.4 4.5 Expected volatility 69.2 % 68.8 % Risk-free interest rate 1.9 % 1.5 % Expected dividend yield 0.0 % 0.0 % Fair Value: Weighted-average estimated grant date fair value per share $ 8.21 $ 11.42 Options granted 155,100 325,900 Total estimated grant date fair value $ 1,273,000 $ 3,722,000 There were no options granted to consultants in the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016. The estimated fair value of stock options that vested in the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016 was $4.2 million and $2.7 million, respectively. Employee Stock Purchase Plan As of March 31, 2017, there were 871,592 shares available for purchase under the 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“2014 ESPP”). The Company recorded $0.1 million and no expense related to the 2014 ESPP in the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. No shares were purchased during the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Stock-based Compensation Expense Total stock-based compensation expense related to all employee and non-employee stock awards was as follows: Three 2017 2016 (in thousands) Research and development $ 2,141 $ 2,246 General and administrative 3,206 2,478 Total stock-based compensation expense $ 5,347 $ 4,724 |